import re
import sys
from enum import Enum
from random import randint
from typing import List
import stransi
from rich.segment import Segment
from rich.style import Style
from textual import events
from textual.message import Message, MessageTarget
from textual.app import App, ComposeResult
from textual.containers import Container, Horizontal, Vertical
from textual.geometry import Offset, Region, Size
from textual.css.query import NoMatches
from textual.reactive import var, reactive
from textual.strip import Strip
from textual.widget import Widget
from textual.widgets import Button, Static
class Tool(Enum):
"""The tools available in the Paint app."""
free_form_select = 1
select = 2
eraser = 3
fill = 4
pick_color = 5
magnifier = 6
pencil = 7
brush = 8
airbrush = 9
text = 10
line = 11
curve = 12
rectangle = 13
polygon = 14
ellipse = 15
rounded_rectangle = 16
def get_icon(self) -> str:
"""Get the icon for this tool."""
# Alternatives considered:
# - Free-Form Select: โ๏ธ๐๐๐ธโจโ๐ซฅ๐ซ/๐ธโ
# - Rectangular Select: โฌโง๐ฒ
# - Eraser: ๐งผ๐งฝ๐งน๐ซ๐๐๏ธ
# - Fill Bucket (Flood Fill): ๐๐ฆ๐ง๐๐๐๐ชฃ๐ซ
# - Pick Color: ๐จ๐
# - Magnifier: ๐๐๐๐ฌ๐ญ๐ง๐ต๏ธโโ๏ธ๐ต๏ธโโ๏ธ
# - Pencil: โ๏ธโ๏ธ๐๐๏ธ๐๏ธโ๏ธ๐๐๐๏ธ
# - Brush: ๐๏ธ๐๐จโ๐จ๐งโ๐จ๐
# - Airbrush: ๐จแโ๐งด๐ฅค๐ซ
# - Text: ๐๐๐๐๐ค๐A
# - Line: ๐๐๐โ๐โงน
# - Curve: โช๏ธ๐ช๐ใฐ๏ธโกโ ~โผโโฝโฟใใฐ๏น๏นโโ๏ฝ
# - Rectangle: โญโฌโฎโฏโผ๏ธโป๏ธโฌโฌ๐ง๐ฉ
# - Polygon: โ๐๐โฌฃโฌโณโฒ๐บ๐ป๐ท๐ถ
# - Ellipse: โฌญ๐ด๐ต๐ถ๐ท๐ธ๐น๐ ๐ก๐ข๐ฃ๐ซง
# - Rounded Rectangle: โขโฌโฌ
return {
Tool.free_form_select: "โ",
Tool.select: "โฌ",
Tool.eraser: "๐งผ",
Tool.fill: "๐ซ",
Tool.pick_color: "๐",
Tool.magnifier: "๐",
Tool.pencil: "โ๏ธ",
Tool.brush: "๐๏ธ",
Tool.airbrush: "๐จ",
Tool.text: "A",
Tool.line: "โ",
Tool.curve: "๏ฝ",
Tool.rectangle: "โญ",
Tool.polygon: "๐",
Tool.ellipse: "โฌญ",
Tool.rounded_rectangle: "โข",
}[self]
def get_name(self) -> str:
"""Get the name of this tool."""
return {
Tool.free_form_select: "Free-Form Select",
Tool.select: "Rectangular Select",
Tool.eraser: "Eraser",
Tool.fill: "Fill Bucket",
Tool.pick_color: "Pick Color",
Tool.magnifier: "Magnifier",
Tool.pencil: "Pencil",
Tool.brush: "Brush",
Tool.airbrush: "Airbrush",
Tool.text: "Text",
Tool.line: "Line",
Tool.curve: "Curve",
Tool.rectangle: "Rectangle",
Tool.polygon: "Polygon",
Tool.ellipse: "Ellipse",
Tool.rounded_rectangle: "Rounded Rectangle",
}[self]
palette = [
"rgb(0,0,0)", # Black
"rgb(128,128,128)", # Dark Gray
"rgb(128,0,0)", # Dark Red
"rgb(128,128,0)", # Pea Green
"rgb(0,128,0)", # Dark Green
"rgb(0,128,128)", # Slate
"rgb(0,0,128)", # Dark Blue
"rgb(128,0,128)", # Lavender
"rgb(128,128,64)",
"rgb(0,64,64)",
"rgb(0,128,255)",
"rgb(0,64,128)",
"rgb(64,0,255)",
"rgb(128,64,0)",
"rgb(255,255,255)", # White
"rgb(192,192,192)", # Light Gray
"rgb(255,0,0)", # Bright Red
"rgb(255,255,0)", # Yellow
"rgb(0,255,0)", # Bright Green
"rgb(0,255,255)", # Cyan
"rgb(0,0,255)", # Bright Blue
"rgb(255,0,255)", # Magenta
"rgb(255,255,128)",
"rgb(0,255,128)",
"rgb(128,255,255)",
"rgb(128,128,255)",
"rgb(255,0,128)",
"rgb(255,128,64)",
]
class ToolsBox(Container):
"""Widget containing tool buttons"""
def compose(self) -> ComposeResult:
"""Add our buttons."""
with Container(id="tools_box"):
# tool buttons
for tool in Tool:
yield Button(tool.get_icon(), id="tool_button_" + tool.name)
class ColorsBox(Container):
"""Color palette widget."""
def compose(self) -> ComposeResult:
"""Add our selected color and color well buttons."""
with Container(id="colors_box"):
with Container(id="selected_colors"):
yield Static(id="selected_color", classes="color_well")
with Container(id="available_colors"):
for color in palette:
button = Button("", id="color_button_" + color, classes="color_well")
button.styles.background = color
yield button
debug_region_updates = False
ansi_escape_pattern = re.compile(r"(\N{ESC}\[[\d;]*[a-zA-Z])")
class AnsiArtDocument:
"""A document that can be rendered as ANSI."""
def __init__(self, width: int, height: int) -> None:
"""Initialize the document."""
self.width = width
self.height = height
self.ch = [[" " for _ in range(width)] for _ in range(height)]
self.bg = [["#ffffff" for _ in range(width)] for _ in range(height)]
self.fg = [["#000000" for _ in range(width)] for _ in range(height)]
def copy_region(self, source, source_region: Region = None, target_region: Region = None):
if source_region is None:
source_region = Region(0, 0, source.width, source.height)
if target_region is None:
target_region = Region(0, 0, source_region.width, source_region.height)
source_offset = source_region.offset
target_offset = target_region.offset
if debug_region_updates:
random_color = "rgb(" + str(randint(0, 255)) + "," + str(randint(0, 255)) + "," + str(randint(0, 255)) + ")"
for y in range(target_region.height):
for x in range(target_region.width):
if source_region.contains(x + source_offset.x, y + source_offset.y):
self.ch[y + target_offset.y][x + target_offset.x] = source.ch[y + source_offset.y][x + source_offset.x]
self.bg[y + target_offset.y][x + target_offset.x] = source.bg[y + source_offset.y][x + source_offset.x]
self.fg[y + target_offset.y][x + target_offset.x] = source.fg[y + source_offset.y][x + source_offset.x]
if debug_region_updates:
# self.bg[y + target_offset.y][x + target_offset.x] = "rgb(" + str((x + source_offset.x) * 255 // self.width) + "," + str((y + source_offset.y) * 255 // self.height) + ",0)"
self.bg[y + target_offset.y][x + target_offset.x] = random_color
else:
if debug_region_updates:
self.ch[y + target_offset.y][x + target_offset.x] = "?"
self.bg[y + target_offset.y][x + target_offset.x] = "#ff00ff"
self.fg[y + target_offset.y][x + target_offset.x] = "#000000"
def get_ansi(self) -> str:
"""Get the ANSI representation of the document. Untested. This is a freebie from the AI."""
def color_to_rgb(color_code: str) -> str:
"""Convert a color code to the RGB values format used for ANSI escape codes."""
if color_code.startswith('#'):
# Convert hex code to RGB values
color_code = color_code.lstrip('#')
rgb = tuple(int(color_code[i:i+2], 16) for i in (0, 2, 4))
elif color_code.startswith('rgb(') and color_code.endswith(')'):
# Convert "rgb(r,g,b)" style to RGB values
rgb_str = color_code[4:-1]
rgb = tuple(int(x.strip()) for x in rgb_str.split(','))
else:
raise ValueError("Invalid color code")
return f"{rgb[0]};{rgb[1]};{rgb[2]}"
ansi = ""
for y in range(self.height):
for x in range(self.width):
if x == 0:
ansi += "\033[0m"
ansi += "\033[48;2;" + color_to_rgb(self.bg[y][x]) + ";38;2;" + color_to_rgb(self.fg[y][x]) + "m" + self.ch[y][x]
ansi += "\033[0m\r\n"
return ansi
def get_html(self) -> str:
"""Get the HTML representation of the document."""
html = ""
for y in range(self.height):
for x in range(self.width):
html += "" + self.ch[y][x] + ""
html += "
"
return html
@staticmethod
def from_ascii(text: str) -> 'AnsiArtDocument':
"""Creates a document from the given ASCII plain text."""
lines = text.splitlines()
width = 0
for line in lines:
width = max(len(line), width)
height = len(lines)
document = AnsiArtDocument(width, height)
for y, line in enumerate(lines):
for x, char in enumerate(line):
document.ch[y][x] = char
return document
@staticmethod
def from_ansi(text: str) -> 'AnsiArtDocument':
"""Creates a document from the given ANSI text."""
ansi = stransi.Ansi(text)
document = AnsiArtDocument(1, 1)
width = 1
height = 1
x = 0
y = 0
bg_color = "#000000"
fg_color = "#ffffff"
for instruction in ansi.instructions():
if isinstance(instruction, str):
# Text
for char in instruction:
if char == '\r':
x = 0
elif char == '\n':
x = 0
y += 1
height = max(y, height)
if len(document.ch) <= y:
document.ch.append([])
document.bg.append([])
document.fg.append([])
else:
x += 1
width = max(x, width)
document.ch[y].append(char)
document.bg[y].append(bg_color)
document.fg[y].append(fg_color)
elif isinstance(instruction, stransi.SetColor):
# Color
if instruction.role == stransi.color.ColorRole.FOREGROUND:
rgb = instruction.color.rgb
fg_color = "rgb(" + str(int(rgb.red * 255)) + "," + str(int(rgb.green * 255)) + "," + str(int(rgb.blue * 255)) + ")"
elif instruction.role == stransi.color.ColorRole.BACKGROUND:
rgb = instruction.color.rgb
bg_color = "rgb(" + str(int(rgb.red * 255)) + "," + str(int(rgb.green * 255)) + "," + str(int(rgb.blue * 255)) + ")"
elif isinstance(instruction, stransi.SetAttribute):
# Attribute
pass
else:
raise ValueError("Unknown instruction type")
document.width = width
document.height = height
# Fill in the rest of the lines
# just using the last color, not sure if that's correct...
for y in range(document.height):
for x in range(document.width - len(document.ch[y])):
document.ch[y].append(' ')
document.bg[y].append(bg_color)
document.fg[y].append(fg_color)
return document
@staticmethod
def from_text(text: str) -> 'AnsiArtDocument':
"""Creates a document from the given text, detecting if uses ANSI or not."""
if ansi_escape_pattern.search(text):
return AnsiArtDocument.from_ansi(text)
else:
return AnsiArtDocument.from_ascii(text)
class Action:
"""An action that can be undone efficiently using a region update."""
def __init__(self, name, document: AnsiArtDocument, region: Region = None) -> None:
"""Initialize the action using the document state before modification."""
if region is None:
region = Region(0, 0, document.width, document.height)
self.name = name
self.region = region
self.update(document)
def update(self, document: AnsiArtDocument) -> None:
"""Grabs the image data from the current region of the document."""
self.sub_image_before = AnsiArtDocument(self.region.width, self.region.height)
self.sub_image_before.copy_region(document, self.region)
def undo(self, target_document: AnsiArtDocument) -> None:
"""Undo this action. Note that a canvas refresh is not performed here."""
target_document.copy_region(self.sub_image_before, target_region=self.region)
def bresenham_walk(x0: int, y0: int, x1: int, y1: int) -> None:
"""Bresenham's line algorithm"""
dx = abs(x1 - x0)
dy = abs(y1 - y0)
sx = 1 if x0 < x1 else -1
sy = 1 if y0 < y1 else -1
err = dx - dy
while True:
yield x0, y0
if x0 == x1 and y0 == y1:
break
e2 = 2 * err
if e2 > -dy:
err = err - dy
x0 = x0 + sx
if e2 < dx:
err = err + dx
y0 = y0 + sy
def midpoint_ellipse(xc: int, yc: int, rx: int, ry: int) -> None:
"""Midpoint ellipse drawing algorithm. Yields points out of order."""
# Source: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/midpoint-ellipse-drawing-algorithm/
x = 0
y = ry
# Initial decision parameter of region 1
d1 = ((ry * ry) - (rx * rx * ry) +
(0.25 * rx * rx))
dx = 2 * ry * ry * x
dy = 2 * rx * rx * y
# For region 1
while (dx < dy):
# Yield points based on 4-way symmetry
yield x + xc, y + yc
yield -x + xc, y + yc
yield x + xc, -y + yc
yield -x + xc, -y + yc
# Checking and updating value of
# decision parameter based on algorithm
if (d1 < 0):
x += 1
dx = dx + (2 * ry * ry)
d1 = d1 + dx + (ry * ry)
else:
x += 1
y -= 1
dx = dx + (2 * ry * ry)
dy = dy - (2 * rx * rx)
d1 = d1 + dx - dy + (ry * ry)
# Decision parameter of region 2
d2 = (((ry * ry) * ((x + 0.5) * (x + 0.5))) +
((rx * rx) * ((y - 1) * (y - 1))) -
(rx * rx * ry * ry))
# Plotting points of region 2
while (y >= 0):
# Yielding points based on 4-way symmetry
yield x + xc, y + yc
yield -x + xc, y + yc
yield x + xc, -y + yc
yield -x + xc, -y + yc
# Checking and updating parameter
# value based on algorithm
if (d2 > 0):
y -= 1
dy = dy - (2 * rx * rx)
d2 = d2 + (rx * rx) - dy
else:
y -= 1
x += 1
dx = dx + (2 * ry * ry)
dy = dy - (2 * rx * rx)
d2 = d2 + dx - dy + (rx * rx)
class Canvas(Widget):
"""The image document widget."""
# Is it kosher to include an event in a message?
# Is it better (and possible) to bubble up the event, even though I'm capturing the mouse?
# Or would it be better to just have Canvas own duplicate state for all tool parameters?
# That's what I was refactoring to avoid. So far I've made things more complicated,
# but I'm betting it will be good when implementing different tools.
# Maybe the PaintApp widget can capture the mouse events instead?
# Not sure if that would work as nicely when implementing selections.
# I'd have to think about it.
# But it would make the Canvas just be a widget for rendering, which seems good.
class ToolStart(Message):
"""Message when starting drawing."""
def __init__(self, mouse_down_event: events.MouseDown) -> None:
self.mouse_down_event = mouse_down_event
super().__init__()
class ToolUpdate(Message):
"""Message when dragging on the canvas."""
def __init__(self, mouse_move_event: events.MouseMove) -> None:
self.mouse_move_event = mouse_move_event
super().__init__()
def __init__(self, **kwargs) -> None:
"""Initialize the canvas."""
super().__init__(**kwargs)
self.image = None
self.pointer_active = False
def on_mouse_down(self, event) -> None:
self.post_message(self.ToolStart(event))
self.pointer_active = True
self.capture_mouse(True)
def on_mouse_move(self, event) -> None:
# Hack to fix mouse coordinates, not needed for mouse down.
# This seems like a bug.
event.x += int(self.parent.scroll_x)
event.y += int(self.parent.scroll_y)
if self.pointer_active:
self.post_message(self.ToolUpdate(event))
def on_mouse_up(self, event) -> None:
self.pointer_active = False
self.capture_mouse(False)
def get_content_width(self, container: Size, viewport: Size) -> int:
return self.image.width
def get_content_height(self, container: Size, viewport: Size, width: int) -> int:
return self.image.height
def render_line(self, y: int) -> Strip:
"""Render a line of the widget. y is relative to the top of the widget."""
if y >= self.image.height:
return Strip.blank(self.size.width)
segments = []
for x in range(self.image.width):
bg = self.image.bg[y][x]
fg = self.image.fg[y][x]
ch = self.image.ch[y][x]
segments.append(Segment(ch, Style.parse(fg+" on "+bg)))
return Strip(segments, self.size.width)
class PaintApp(App):
"""MS Paint like image editor in the terminal."""
CSS_PATH = "paint.css"
show_tools_box = var(True)
show_colors_box = var(True)
selected_tool = var(Tool.pencil)
selected_color = var(palette[0])
selected_char = var(" ")
filename = var(None)
image = var(None)
undos: List[Action] = []
redos: List[Action] = []
NAME_MAP = {
# key to button id
}
def watch_show_tools_box(self, show_tools_box: bool) -> None:
"""Called when show_tools_box changes."""
self.query_one("#tools_box").display = show_tools_box
if self.has_class("show_tools_box"):
self.remove_class("show_tools_box")
else:
self.add_class("show_tools_box")
def watch_show_colors_box(self, show_colors_box: bool) -> None:
"""Called when show_colors_box changes."""
self.query_one("#colors_box").display = show_colors_box
if self.has_class("show_colors_box"):
self.remove_class("show_colors_box")
else:
self.add_class("show_colors_box")
def watch_selected_tool(self, old_selected_tool: Tool, selected_tool: Tool) -> None:
"""Called when selected_tool changes."""
self.query_one("#tool_button_" + old_selected_tool.name).classes = "tool_button"
self.query_one("#tool_button_" + selected_tool.name).classes = "tool_button selected"
def watch_selected_color(self, old_selected_color: str, selected_color: str) -> None:
"""Called when selected_color changes."""
self.query_one("#selected_color").styles.background = selected_color
def stamp_brush(self, x: int, y: int, affected_region: Region) -> Region:
brush_diameter = 1
if self.selected_tool == Tool.brush:
brush_diameter = 3
if brush_diameter == 1:
self.stamp_char(x, y)
else:
# plot points within a circle
for i in range(brush_diameter):
for j in range(brush_diameter):
if (i - brush_diameter // 2) ** 2 + (j - brush_diameter // 2) ** 2 <= (brush_diameter // 2) ** 2:
self.stamp_char(x + i - brush_diameter // 2, y + j - brush_diameter // 2)
# expand the affected region to include the brush
brush_diameter += 2 # safety margin
return affected_region.union(Region(x - brush_diameter // 2, y - brush_diameter // 2, brush_diameter, brush_diameter))
def stamp_char(self, x: int, y: int) -> None:
if x < self.image.width and y < self.image.height and x >= 0 and y >= 0:
self.image.ch[y][x] = self.selected_char
self.image.bg[y][x] = self.selected_color
def undo(self) -> None:
if len(self.undos) > 0:
action = self.undos.pop()
redo_action = Action("Undo " + action.name, self.image, action.region)
action.undo(self.image)
self.redos.append(redo_action)
self.canvas.refresh()
def redo(self) -> None:
if len(self.redos) > 0:
action = self.redos.pop()
undo_action = Action("Undo " + action.name, self.image, action.region)
action.undo(self.image)
self.undos.append(undo_action)
self.canvas.refresh()
def file_save(self) -> None:
"""Save the image to a file."""
if self.filename:
ansi = self.image.get_ansi()
with open(self.filename, "w") as f:
f.write(ansi)
# else:
# self.file_save_as()
def file_save_as(self) -> None:
"""Save the image as a new file."""
raise NotImplementedError
# def file_open(self) -> None:
# """Open an image from a file."""
# filename = self.query_one("#file_open").value
# if filename:
# with open(filename, "r") as f:
# self.image = AnsiArtDocument.from_ansi(f.read())
# self.canvas.image = self.image
def compose(self) -> ComposeResult:
"""Add our widgets."""
with Container(id="paint"):
yield Container(
ToolsBox(),
Container(
Canvas(id="canvas"),
id="editing-area",
),
id="main-horizontal-split",
)
yield ColorsBox()
def on_mount(self) -> None:
"""Called when the app is mounted."""
# Image can be set from the outside, via CLI
if self.image is None:
self.image = AnsiArtDocument(80, 24)
self.canvas = self.query_one("#canvas")
self.canvas.image = self.image
def on_canvas_tool_start(self, event: Canvas.ToolStart) -> None:
"""Called when the user starts drawing on the canvas."""
if self.selected_tool != Tool.pencil and self.selected_tool != Tool.brush and self.selected_tool != Tool.ellipse:
self.selected_tool = Tool.pencil
# TODO: support other tools
self.image_at_start = AnsiArtDocument(self.image.width, self.image.height)
self.image_at_start.copy_region(self.image)
self.mouse_at_start = (event.mouse_down_event.x, event.mouse_down_event.y)
region = Region(event.mouse_down_event.x, event.mouse_down_event.y, 1, 1)
if len(self.redos) > 0:
self.redos = []
action = Action(self.selected_tool.get_name(), self.image)
self.undos.append(action)
if self.selected_tool == Tool.pencil or self.selected_tool == Tool.brush:
region = self.stamp_brush(event.mouse_down_event.x, event.mouse_down_event.y, region)
action.region = region
action.region = action.region.intersection(Region(0, 0, self.image.width, self.image.height))
action.update(self.image_at_start)
self.canvas.refresh(region)
event.stop()
def on_canvas_tool_update(self, event: Canvas.ToolUpdate) -> None:
"""Called when the user is drawing on the canvas."""
mm = event.mouse_move_event
action = self.undos[-1]
affected_region = Region(mm.x, mm.y, 1, 1)
replace_action = self.selected_tool in [Tool.ellipse, Tool.rectangle, Tool.line, Tool.rounded_rectangle]
if replace_action:
old_action = self.undos.pop()
old_action.undo(self.image)
action = Action(self.selected_tool.get_name(), self.image, affected_region)
self.undos.append(action)
if self.selected_tool == Tool.pencil or self.selected_tool == Tool.brush:
for x, y in bresenham_walk(mm.x - mm.delta_x, mm.y - mm.delta_y, mm.x, mm.y):
affected_region = self.stamp_brush(x, y, affected_region)
elif self.selected_tool == Tool.ellipse:
center_x = (self.mouse_at_start[0] + mm.x) // 2
center_y = (self.mouse_at_start[1] + mm.y) // 2
radius_x = abs(self.mouse_at_start[0] - mm.x) // 2
radius_y = abs(self.mouse_at_start[1] - mm.y) // 2
for x, y in midpoint_ellipse(center_x, center_y, radius_x, radius_y):
affected_region = self.stamp_brush(x, y, affected_region)
else:
raise NotImplementedError
# Update action region and image data
action.region = action.region.union(affected_region)
action.region = action.region.intersection(Region(0, 0, self.image.width, self.image.height))
action.update(self.image_at_start)
# Only for refreshing, include replaced action region
# (The new action is allowed to shrink the region compared to the old one)
if replace_action:
affected_region = affected_region.union(old_action.region)
self.canvas.refresh(affected_region)
event.stop()
def on_key(self, event: events.Key) -> None:
"""Called when the user presses a key."""
def press(button_id: str) -> None:
try:
self.query_one(f"#{button_id}", Button).press()
except NoMatches:
pass
key = event.key
button_id = self.NAME_MAP.get(key)
if button_id is not None:
press(self.NAME_MAP.get(key, key))
elif key == "ctrl+q" or key == "meta+q":
self.exit()
elif key == "ctrl+s":
self.file_save()
elif key == "ctrl+shift+s":
self.file_save_as()
# elif key == "ctrl+o":
# self.file_open()
# elif key == "ctrl+n":
# self.file_new()
# elif key == "ctrl+shift+n":
# self.clear_image()
elif key == "ctrl+t":
self.show_tools_box = not self.show_tools_box
elif key == "ctrl+w":
self.show_colors_box = not self.show_colors_box
elif key == "ctrl+z":
self.undo()
# Ctrl+Shift+Z doesn't seem to work on Ubuntu or VS Code terminal
elif key == "ctrl+shift+z" or key == "shift+ctrl+z" or key == "ctrl+y" or key == "f4":
self.redo()
elif key == "ctrl+d":
self.action_toggle_dark()
def on_button_pressed(self, event: Button.Pressed) -> None:
"""Called when a button is clicked or activated with the keyboard."""
button_id = event.button.id
assert button_id is not None
if button_id.startswith("tool_button_"):
self.selected_tool = Tool[button_id[len("tool_button_") :]]
elif button_id.startswith("color_button_"):
self.selected_color = button_id[len("color_button_") :]
if __name__ == "__main__":
app = PaintApp()
if len(sys.argv) > 1:
with open(sys.argv[1], 'r') as my_file:
app.image = AnsiArtDocument.from_text(my_file.read())
app.filename = sys.argv[1]
app.run()