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@ -13,12 +13,7 @@ Leo is a functional, statically-typed programming language built for writing pri
* [2.2a Build from Crates.io](#22a-build-from-cratesio)
* [2.2b Build from Source Code](#22b-build-from-source-code)
* [3. Quick Start](#3-quick-start)
* [4. Flying Tour](#4-flying-tour)
* [4.1 Functions](#41-functions)
* [4.2 Testing](#42-testing)
* [4.3 Data Types](#43-data-types)
* [4.4 Circuits](#44-circuits)
* [4.5 Imports](#45-imports)
* [4. Documentation](#4-documentation)
* [5. Contributing](#5-contributing)
* [6. License](#6-license)
@ -26,10 +21,16 @@ Leo is a functional, statically-typed programming language built for writing pri
## 1. Overview
Welcome to the Leo programming language.
Leo exists to provide a simple high-level language that compiles to a rank one constraint system (R1CS) circuit.
With Leo, you can write circuits to support zero-knowledge tokens, private stable coins, and decentralized marketplaces.
Leo exists to provide a simple high-level language that abstracts low-level cryptographic concepts and makes it easy to
integrate private applications into your stack. Leo compiles to R1CS circuits making zero-knowledge proofs practical.
With Leo, you can support zero-knowledge tokens, private stable coins, and decentralized marketplaces.
The syntax of Leo is influenced by JavaScript, Python, Scala, and Rust with a strong emphasis on readability and ease-of-use.
Leo provides developers with never before seen tools to sanity check circuits including unit tests, integration tests, and console functions.
Leo is one part of a greater ecosystem for building private applications on [Aleo](https://aleo.org/). If your goal is to build a user experience
on the web that is both truly personal and truly private, then we recommend downloading the [Aleo Studio IDE](https://aleo.studio/)
and checking out the [Aleo Package Manager]().
## 2. Build Guide
@ -100,105 +101,12 @@ The `leo run` command will compile the main program, generate keys for a trusted
Congratulations! You've just run your first Leo program.
## 4. Flying Tour
## 4. Documentation
The best way to get to know Leo is by writing some code. We will fly through a high level overview of a Leo file.
To gain a deeper understanding of the Leo language, then check out the [developer documentation](https://developer.aleo.org/developer/getting_started/overview)
**Square Root Example**: Let's prove that we know the square root of a number.
**`src/main.leo`**
```rust // change this to leo
function main(a: u32, b: u32) -> bool {
return square_root(a, b)
}
function square_root(a: u32, b: u32) -> bool {
return a * a == b
}
test function test_square_root() {
let a: u32 = 5;
let b: u32 = 25;
let result = square_root(a, b);
console.assert(result == true);
}
```
### 4.1 Functions
The `main` function is the entrypoint of a Leo program.
`leo run` will provide private inputs directly to the function for proving and store the program result in an output file.
The `square_root` function is called by `main` with private inputs `a` and `b` which are both unsigned `u32` integers.
### 4.2 Testing
A naive way to test `square_root` would be to execute `leo run` several times on different inputs and check the output of the program each time.
Luckily, we can write unit tests in Leo using the `test function` syntax.
In `test_square_root` we can sanity check our code without having to load in private inputs from a file every time.
Want to upgrade your test function into an integration test?
In Leo you can add a test context annotation that loads different sets of private inputs to make your test suite even more robust.
The last line of `test_square_root` uses the console function `console.assert`.
This function along with `console.log`, `console.debug`, and `console.error` provide developers with tools that are run without
affecting the underlying constraint system.
### 4.3 Data Types
Leo supports boolean, unsigned integer, signed integer, field, group element, and address data types.
Collections of data types can be created in the form of static arrays and tuples.
### 4.4 Circuits
**Circuits Example**
**`src/main.leo`**
```rust
circuit Point {
x: u32,
y: u32,
static function new() -> Self {
return Self {
x: 0,
y: 0,
}
}
function add() -> u32 {
return self.x + self.y
}
}
function main() {
let mut p = Point::new();
p.x = 4u32;
p.y = 6u32;
let sum = p.add();
console.log("The sum is {}", sum);
}
```
Circuits in leo are similar to structures in other object-oriented languages.
They provide a composite data type that can store primitive values and provide functions for instantiation and computation.
The `static` keyword modifies the `new` function so it can be called without instantiating the circuit.
Leo introduces `Self` and `self` keywords to access circuit member values.
### 4.5 Imports
Imports fetch other circuits and functions and bring them into the current file scope.
Leo supports imports for dependencies that are declared locally or in an imported package.
Importing packages can be accomplished using the `leo add` command in the CLI.
* [Leo Hello World](https://developer.aleo.org/developer/getting_started/hello_world)
* [Leo Language Documentation](https://developer.aleo.org/developer/language/layout)
* [Leo CLI Documentation](https://developer.aleo.org/developer/cli/new)
* [Homepage](https://developer.aleo.org/developer/getting_started/overview)
## 5. Contributing
@ -206,6 +114,5 @@ Please see our guidelines in the [developer documentation](https://developer.ale
Thank you for helping make Leo better!
## 6. License
[![License: GPL v3](https://img.shields.io/badge/License-GPLv3-blue.svg)](./LICENSE.md)