Added Chapter 7

This commit is contained in:
Nishant Shukla 2014-06-21 11:53:35 -04:00
parent aa1aa43d3b
commit 797db94d9e
41 changed files with 1019 additions and 1 deletions

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-- Initial Code0601.cabal generated by cabal init. For further
-- documentation, see http://haskell.org/cabal/users-guide/
name: Code0701
version: 0.1.0.0
synopsis: Moving average.
-- description:
homepage: haskelldata.com
license: GPL-2
license-file: ../LICENSE
author: Nishant Shukla
maintainer: nick722@gmail.com
-- copyright:
category: Math
build-type: Simple
-- extra-source-files:
cabal-version: >=1.10
executable Code0701
main-is: Main.hs
-- other-modules:
-- other-extensions:
build-depends: base >=4.6 && <4.7
-- hs-source-dirs:
default-language: Haskell2010

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-- Computing the moving average
main = do
rawInput <- readFile "input.txt"
let input = clean rawInput
print input
putStrLn $ "mean is " ++ (show.mean) input
putStrLn $ "moving average is " ++ (show.avg) input
clean :: String -> [Double]
clean raw = map (\s -> read s :: Double) (lines raw)
avg :: [Double] -> Double
avg (x:xs) = a*x + (1-a)*(avg xs)
where a = 0.95
avg [] = 0
mean :: Fractional a => [a] -> a
mean xs = (sum xs) / (fromIntegral (length xs))
-- [4.0,3.0,2.0,5.0,3.0,4.0,1.0,3.0,12.0,3.0]
-- mean is 4.0
-- moving average is 3.9478627675211913

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Ch07/Code01_avg/Makefile Normal file
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default:
cabal install --bindir=./
clean:
rm -rf dist Setup.hs Code0701 *~

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Ch07/Code01_avg/input.txt Normal file
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4
3
2
5
3
4
1
3
12
3

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-- Initial Code0602.cabal generated by cabal init. For further
-- documentation, see http://haskell.org/cabal/users-guide/
name: Code0702
version: 0.1.0.0
synopsis: Moving median.
-- description:
homepage: haskelldata.com
license: GPL-2
license-file: ../LICENSE
author: Nishant Shukla
maintainer: nick722@gmail.com
-- copyright:
category: Math
build-type: Simple
-- extra-source-files:
cabal-version: >=1.10
executable Code0702
main-is: Main.hs
-- other-modules:
-- other-extensions:
build-depends: base >=4.6 && <4.7, heap >=1.0 && <1.1
-- hs-source-dirs:
default-language: Haskell2010

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Ch07/Code02_med/Main.hs Normal file
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import Data.Heap
import Data.Maybe (fromJust)
-- Computing the moving median
main = do
rawInput <- readFile "input.txt"
let input = clean rawInput
print $ input
print $ median input (empty :: MaxHeap Int) (empty :: MinHeap Int)
clean :: String -> [Int]
clean raw = map (\s -> read s :: Int) (lines raw)
median (x:xs) maxheap minheap = case viewHead maxheap of
Just theMax -> if x < theMax
then median xs (insert x maxheap) minheap
else median xs maxheap (insert x minheap)
Nothing -> median xs (insert x maxheap) minheap
median [] maxheap minheap
| size maxheap + 1 < size minheap =
median [] (insert minelem maxheap) $
(snd.fromJust.view) minheap
| size minheap + 1 < size maxheap =
median [] ((snd.fromJust.view) maxheap) $
insert maxelem minheap
| size maxheap == size minheap =
(fromIntegral maxelem + fromIntegral minelem)/2.0
| size maxheap > size minheap = fromIntegral maxelem
| otherwise = fromIntegral minelem
where maxelem = fromJust (viewHead maxheap)
minelem = fromJust (viewHead minheap)

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Ch07/Code02_med/Makefile Normal file
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default:
cabal install --bindir=./
clean:
rm -rf dist Setup.hs Code0702 *~

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Ch07/Code02_med/input.txt Normal file
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3
4
2
5
6
4
2
6
4
1

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-- Initial Code0603.cabal generated by cabal init. For further
-- documentation, see http://haskell.org/cabal/users-guide/
name: Code0703
version: 0.1.0.0
synopsis: Linear regression.
-- description:
homepage: haskelldata.com
license: GPL-2
license-file: ../LICENSE
author: Nishant Shukla
maintainer: nick722@gmail.com
-- copyright:
category: Math
build-type: Simple
-- extra-source-files:
cabal-version: >=1.10
executable Code0703
main-is: Main.hs
-- other-modules:
-- other-extensions:
build-depends: base >=4.6 && <4.7, statistics-linreg >=0.2 && <0.3, vector >=0.10 && <0.11
-- hs-source-dirs:
default-language: Haskell2010

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import Statistics.LinearRegression
import qualified Data.Vector.Unboxed as U
-- Computing a linear regression
main = do
let xs = U.fromList [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0] :: U.Vector Double
let ys = U.fromList [1.0, 2.0, 1.3, 3.75, 2.25] :: U.Vector Double
let (b, m) = linearRegression xs ys
print $ concat ["y = ", show m, " x + ", show b]

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Ch07/Code03_lin/Makefile Normal file
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default:
cabal install --bindir=./
clean:
rm -rf dist Setup.hs Code0703 *~

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-- Initial Code0604.cabal generated by cabal init. For further
-- documentation, see http://haskell.org/cabal/users-guide/
name: Code0704
version: 0.1.0.0
synopsis: Quadratic regression.
-- description:
homepage: haskelldata.com
license: GPL-2
license-file: ../LICENSE
author: Nishant Shukla
maintainer: nick722@gmail.com
-- copyright:
category: Math
build-type: Simple
-- extra-source-files:
cabal-version: >=1.10
executable Code0704
main-is: Main.hs
-- other-modules:
-- other-extensions:
build-depends: base >=4.6 && <4.7, array >=0.4 && <0.5, dsp >=0.2 && <0.3
-- hs-source-dirs:
default-language: Haskell2010

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import Data.Array (listArray, elems)
import Matrix.LU (solve)
-- Computing the quadratic regression
fit d vals = elems $ solve mat vec where
mat = listArray ((1,1), (d,d)) $ matrixArray
vec = listArray (1,d) $ take d vals
matrixArray = concat [polys x d | x <- [0..fromIntegral (d-1)]]
polys x d = map (x**) [0..fromIntegral (d-1)]
main = print $ fit 3 [1,6,17,34,57,86,121,162,209,262,321]
equation coeffs = zip coeffs (reverse [1..length coeffs])

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default:
cabal install --bindir=./
clean:
rm -rf dist Setup.hs Code0704 *~

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-- Initial Code0605.cabal generated by cabal init. For further
-- documentation, see http://haskell.org/cabal/users-guide/
name: Code0705
version: 0.1.0.0
synopsis: Covariance matrix.
-- description:
homepage: haskelldata.com
license: GPL-2
license-file: ../LICENSE
author: Nishant Shukla
maintainer: nick722@gmail.com
-- copyright:
category: Math
build-type: Simple
-- extra-source-files:
cabal-version: >=1.10
executable Code0705
main-is: Main.hs
-- other-modules:
-- other-extensions:
build-depends: base >=4.6 && <4.7, hstats
-- hs-source-dirs:
default-language: Haskell2010

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import Math.Statistics
-- Computing the covariance matrix
main = do print $ covMatrix matrixArray
where matrixArray = [ [1,1,0,0]
, [0,1,0,1]
, [1,1,0,1] ]

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Ch07/Code05_cov/Makefile Normal file
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default:
cabal install --bindir=./
clean:
rm -rf dist Setup.hs Code0705 *~

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-- Initial Code0606.cabal generated by cabal init. For further
-- documentation, see http://haskell.org/cabal/users-guide/
name: Code0706
version: 0.1.0.0
synopsis: Pairwise tuples.
-- description:
homepage: haskelldata.com
license: GPL-2
license-file: ../LICENSE
author: Nishant Shukla
maintainer: nick722@gmail.com
-- copyright:
category: Data
build-type: Simple
-- extra-source-files:
cabal-version: >=1.10
executable Code0706
main-is: Main.hs
-- other-modules:
-- other-extensions:
build-depends: base >=4.6 && <4.7
-- hs-source-dirs:
default-language: Haskell2010

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Ch07/Code06_pair/Main.hs Normal file
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import Data.List (tails, nub, sort)
-- Finding all pairs in a list
main = do
print $ pairs [1,2,3,4]
pairs xs = [(x, y) | (x:ys) <- tails (nub xs), y <- ys]

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default:
cabal install --bindir=./
clean:
rm -rf dist Setup.hs Code0706 *~

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-- Initial Code0607.cabal generated by cabal init. For further
-- documentation, see http://haskell.org/cabal/users-guide/
name: Code0707
version: 0.1.0.0
synopsis: Pearson coefficient.
-- description:
homepage: haskelldata.com
license: GPL-2
license-file: ../LICENSE
author: Nishant Shukla
maintainer: nick722@gmail.com
-- copyright:
category: Math
build-type: Simple
-- extra-source-files:
cabal-version: >=1.10
executable Code0707
main-is: Main.hs
-- other-modules:
-- other-extensions:
build-depends: base >=4.6 && <4.7, hstats >=0.3 && <0.4, csv >=0.1 && <0.2
-- hs-source-dirs:
default-language: Haskell2010

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Ch07/Code07_pear/Main.hs Normal file
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import Math.Statistics (pearson)
import Text.CSV
import Data.List (tails, nub)
-- Computing the pearson coefficient to detect similarities
main = do
let fileName = "ratings.csv"
input <- readFile fileName
let csv = parseCSV fileName input
print $ calcSimilarities csv
calcSimilarities :: Either e [Record] -> (Double, ([String],[String]))
calcSimilarities (Left err) = error "error parsing"
calcSimilarities (Right csv) = maximum $ zip
[ pearson (convertList a) (convertList b)
| (a,b) <- csvPairs] $ csvPairs
where csvPairs = pairs $ filter (/= [""]) csv
convertList :: [String] -> [Double]
convertList = map read
pairs xs = [(x, y) | (x:ys) <- tails (nub xs), y <- ys]

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default:
cabal install --bindir=./
clean:
rm -rf dist Setup.hs Code0707 *~

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4,5,4,4,3
2,5,4,3,1
5,5,5,5,5
1 4 5 4 4 3
2 2 5 4 3 1
3 5 5 5 5 5

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-- Initial Code0608.cabal generated by cabal init. For further
-- documentation, see http://haskell.org/cabal/users-guide/
name: Code0708
version: 0.1.0.0
synopsis: Bayesian network.
-- description:
homepage: haskelldata.com
license: GPL-2
license-file: ../LICENSE
author: Nishant Shukla
maintainer: nick722@gmail.com
-- copyright:
category: Math
build-type: Simple
-- extra-source-files:
cabal-version: >=1.10
executable Code0708
main-is: Main.hs
-- other-modules:
-- other-extensions:
build-depends: base >=4.6 && <4.7, probability >=0.2 && <0.3
-- hs-source-dirs:
default-language: Haskell2010

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import qualified Numeric.Probability.Distribution as Dist
import Numeric.Probability.Distribution ((??), (?=<<), )
prob p = Dist.choose p True False
-- P (A) "formatting error"
a :: Dist.T Rational Bool
a = prob 0.2
-- P (B) "semantic error"
b :: Dist.T Rational Bool
b = prob 0.05
-- P (C | AB) "runs"
c :: Bool -> Bool -> Dist.T Rational Bool
c False False = prob 0.9
c False True = prob 0.5
c True False = prob 0.3
c True True = prob 0.1
-- P (D | C) "passes test cases"
d :: Bool -> Dist.T Rational Bool
d False = prob 0.1
d True = prob 0.4
-- P (E | C) "well written"
e :: Bool -> Dist.T Rational Bool
e False = prob 0.5
e True = prob 0.2
data Network = N { aVal :: Bool
, bVal :: Bool
, cVal :: Bool
, dVal :: Bool
, eVal :: Bool }
deriving (Eq, Ord, Show) -- need all?
bNetwork :: Dist.T Rational Network
bNetwork = do a' <- a
b' <- b
c' <- c a' b'
d' <- d c'
e' <- e c'
return (N a' b' c' d' e')
-- Using Baysian networks to compute probabilities
main = print $ eVal ?? dVal ?=<< bNetwork

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Ch07/Code08_net/Makefile Normal file
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default:
cabal install --bindir=./
clean:
rm -rf dist Setup.hs Code0708 *~

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-- Initial Code0609.cabal generated by cabal init. For further
-- documentation, see http://haskell.org/cabal/users-guide/
name: Code0709
version: 0.1.0.0
synopsis: Playing cards.
-- description:
homepage: haskelldata.com
license: GPL-2
license-file: ../LICENSE
author: Nishant Shukla
maintainer: nick722@gmail.com
-- copyright:
category: Math
build-type: Simple
-- extra-source-files:
cabal-version: >=1.10
executable Code0709
main-is: Main.hs
-- other-modules:
-- other-extensions:
build-depends: base >=4.6 && <4.7, probability >=0.2 && <0.3, transformers >=0.3 && <0.4
-- hs-source-dirs:
default-language: Haskell2010

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import qualified Numeric.Probability.Distribution as Dist
import Numeric.Probability.Distribution ((??))
import Control.Monad.Trans.State (StateT(StateT, runStateT), evalStateT)
import Control.Monad (replicateM)
import Data.List (delete)
data Suit = Club | Spade | Heart | Diamond
deriving (Eq,Ord,Show,Enum)
data Rank = Plain Int | Jack | Queen | King | Ace
deriving (Eq,Ord,Show)
type Card = (Rank,Suit)
plains :: [Rank]
plains = map Plain [2..10]
faces :: [Rank]
faces = [Jack,Queen,King,Ace]
isFace :: Card -> Bool
isFace (r,_) = r `elem` faces
isPlain :: Card -> Bool
isPlain (r,_) = r `elem` plains
ranks :: [Rank]
ranks = plains ++ faces
suits :: [Suit]
suits = [Club, Spade, Heart, Diamond]
deck :: [Card]
deck = [ (r,s) | r <- ranks, s <- suits ]
selectOne :: (Fractional prob, Eq a) =>
StateT ([a]) (Dist.T prob) a
selectOne =
StateT $ Dist.uniform . removeEach
select :: (Fractional prob, Eq a) => Int -> [a] -> Dist.T prob [a]
select n = evalStateT (replicateM n selectOne)
removeEach xs = zip xs (map (flip delete xs) xs)
-- Finding probabilities in playing cards
main = do
print $ Dist.just [(Plain 3, Heart), (Plain 3, Diamond)] ?? select 2 deck

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default:
cabal install --bindir=./
clean:
rm -rf dist Setup.hs Code0709 *~

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-- Initial Code0610.cabal generated by cabal init. For further
-- documentation, see http://haskell.org/cabal/users-guide/
name: Code0710
version: 0.1.0.0
synopsis: Markov chain.
-- description:
homepage: haskelldata.com
license: GPL-2
license-file: ../LICENSE
author: Nishant Shukla
maintainer: nick722@gmail.com
-- copyright:
category: Math
build-type: Simple
-- extra-source-files:
cabal-version: >=1.10
executable Code0710
main-is: Main.hs
-- other-modules:
-- other-extensions:
build-depends: base >=4.6 && <4.7, markov-chain >=0.0 && <0.1, random >=1.0 && <1.1
-- hs-source-dirs:
default-language: Haskell2010

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import Data.MarkovChain
import System.Random (mkStdGen)
-- Using a Markov chain
main = do
rawText <- readFile "big.txt"
let g = mkStdGen 100
putStrLn $ "Generated character by character: \n"
putStrLn $ take 100 $ run 3 rawText 0 g
putStrLn $ "\nGenerated word by word: \n"
putStrLn $ unwords $ take 100 $ run 2 (words rawText) 0 g

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default:
wget -N norvig.com/big.txt
cabal install --bindir=./
clean:
rm -rf dist Setup.hs Code0710 big.txt *~

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-- Initial Code0611.cabal generated by cabal init. For further
-- documentation, see http://haskell.org/cabal/users-guide/
name: Code0711
version: 0.1.0.0
synopsis: Constructing an n-gram.
-- description:
homepage: haskelldata.com
license: GPL-2
license-file: ../LICENSE
author: Nishant Shukla
maintainer: nick722@gmail.com
-- copyright:
category: Data
build-type: Simple
-- extra-source-files:
cabal-version: >=1.10
executable Code0711
main-is: Main.hs
-- other-modules:
-- other-extensions:
build-depends: base >=4.6 && <4.7
-- hs-source-dirs:
default-language: Haskell2010

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main = print $ ngram 3 "hello world"
-- Creating all n-grams of a list
ngram :: Int -> [a] -> [[a]]
ngram n xs
| n <= length xs = take n xs : ngram n (drop 1 xs)
| otherwise = []

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default:
cabal install --bindir=./
clean:
rm -rf dist Setup.hs Code0711 *~

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-- Initial Code0612.cabal generated by cabal init. For further
-- documentation, see http://haskell.org/cabal/users-guide/
name: Code0712
version: 0.1.0.0
synopsis: Neural networks.
-- description:
homepage: haskelldata.com
license: GPL-2
license-file: ../LICENSE
author: Nishant Shukla
maintainer: nick722@gmail.com
-- copyright:
category: Math
build-type: Simple
-- extra-source-files:
cabal-version: >=1.10
executable Code0712
main-is: Main.hs
-- other-modules:
-- other-extensions:
build-depends: base >=4.6 && <4.7, random >=1.0 && <1.1
-- hs-source-dirs:
default-language: Haskell2010

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import Control.Monad (replicateM)
import System.Random (randomR, getStdRandom)
type Inputs = [Float]
type Weights = [Float]
type Threshold = Float
type Output = Float
type Expected = Float
type Actual = Float
type Delta = Float
type Interval = Int
type Step = (Weights, Interval)
output :: Inputs -> Weights -> Threshold -> Output
output xs ws t
| (dot xs ws) > t = 1
| otherwise = 0
where dot as bs = sum $ zipWith (*) as bs
adjustWeights :: Inputs -> Weights -> Expected -> Actual -> Weights
adjustWeights xs ws ex ac = add ws delta
where delta = map (err * learningRate *) xs
add = zipWith (+)
err = ex - ac
learningRate = 0.1
step :: Inputs -> Weights -> Expected -> Weights
step xs ws ex = adjustWeights xs ws ex (output xs ws t)
where t = 0.2
epoch :: [(Inputs, Expected)] -> Weights -> (Weights, Delta)
epoch inputs ws = (newWeights, delta)
where newWeights = foldl (\acc (xs, ex) -> step xs acc ex) ws inputs
delta = (sum (absSub newWeights ws)) / length' ws
absSub as bs = map abs $ zipWith (-) as bs
length' = fromIntegral . length
run :: [(Inputs, Expected)] -> Weights -> Interval -> Step
run inputs ws n
| delta == 0.0 = (newWeights, n)
| otherwise = run inputs newWeights (n+1)
where (newWeights, delta) = epoch inputs ws
initialWeights :: Int -> IO [Float]
initialWeights nb = do
let interval = randomR (-0.5,0.5)
(replicateM nb (getStdRandom interval))
-- Classifying points using a neural network
main :: IO ()
main = do
w <- initialWeights 2
let (ws,i) = run [([0,0],0),([0,1],0),([1,0],0),([1,1],1)] w 1
print (ws,i)

5
Ch07/Code12_NN/Makefile Normal file
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default:
cabal install --bindir=./
clean:
rm -rf dist Setup.hs Code0712 *~

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GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
Version 2, June 1991
Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
Preamble
The licenses for most software are designed to take away your
freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public
License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This
General Public License applies to most of the Free Software
Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
the GNU Lesser General Public License instead.) You can apply it to
your programs, too.
When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it
if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it
in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.
These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you
distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that
you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the
source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their
rights.
We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and
(2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy,
distribute and/or modify the software.
Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain
that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free
software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we
want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so
that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original
authors' reputations.
Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software
patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free
program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the
program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any
patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
modification follow.
GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains
a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed
under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program", below,
refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program"
means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law:
that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it,
either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another
language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in
the term "modification".) Each licensee is addressed as "you".
Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not
covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of
running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program
is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the
Program (independent of having been made by running the Program).
Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.
1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's
source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you
conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate
copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the
notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty;
and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License
along with the Program.
You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and
you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion
of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and
distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1
above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices
stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.
b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in
whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any
part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third
parties under the terms of this License.
c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively
when run, you must cause it, when started running for such
interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an
announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a
notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide
a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under
these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this
License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but
does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on
the Program is not required to print an announcement.)
These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If
identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program,
and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in
themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those
sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you
distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based
on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of
this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the
entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.
Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest
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exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or
collective works based on the Program.
In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program
with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of
a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under
the scope of this License.
3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it,
under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of
Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable
source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections
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years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your
cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete
machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be
distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium
customarily used for software interchange; or,
c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer
to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is
allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you
received the program in object code or executable form with such
an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for
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If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering
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access to copy the source code from the same place counts as
distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not
compelled to copy the source along with the object code.
4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program
except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is
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However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under
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infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues),
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otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
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may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent
license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by
all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then
the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to
refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.
If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under
any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to
apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other
circumstances.
It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any
such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the
integrity of the free software distribution system, which is
implemented by public license practices. Many people have made
generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed
through that system in reliance on consistent application of that
system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing
to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot
impose that choice.
This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to
be a consequence of the rest of this License.
8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the
original copyright holder who places the Program under this License
may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding
those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among
countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates
the limitation as if written in the body of this License.
9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will
be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
address new problems or concerns.
Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program
specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any
later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions
either of that version or of any later version published by the Free
Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of
this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software
Foundation.
10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author
to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free
Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes
make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals
of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and
of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.
NO WARRANTY
11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY
FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN
OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES
PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED
OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS
TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE
PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING,
REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR
REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES,
INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING
OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY
YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER
PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE
POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
<one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
Copyright (C) <year> <name of author>
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this
when it starts in an interactive mode:
Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) year name of author
Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may
be called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be
mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program.
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if
necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:
Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program
`Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker.
<signature of Ty Coon>, 1 April 1989
Ty Coon, President of Vice
This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into
proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may
consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the
library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General
Public License instead of this License.

View File

@ -6,8 +6,21 @@ Refer to the book for step-by-step explanations.
<p align="center"><a href="http://haskelldata.com" target="_blank"><img src="http://haskelldata.com/images/ch07.png"/></a></p>
# How to use
# Recipes:
* **Code01**: Calculating a moving average
* **Code02**: Calculating a moving median
* **Code03**: Approximating a linear regression
* **Code04**: Approximating a quadratic regression
* **Code05**: Obtaining the covariance matrix from samples
* **Code06**: Finding all unique pairings in a list
* **Code07**: Using the Pearson correlation coefficient
* **Code08**: Evaluating a Bayesian network
* **Code09**: Creating a data structure for playing cards
* **Code10**: Using a Markov chain to generate text
* **Code11**: Creating n-grams from a list
* **Code12**: Constructing a neural network perception
# How to use
### Setting up the environment
Install the [Haskell Platform](http://www.haskell.org/platform/).