diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 9c7f126d..9d55a62e 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 _build/
 _opam/
+_python_venv/
 dune-workspace*
 result
 *.install
@@ -14,4 +15,4 @@ node_modules/
 build.ninja
 
 .envrc
-.direnv
\ No newline at end of file
+.direnv
diff --git a/Dockerfile b/Dockerfile
index ebec23ee..3f701ea1 100644
--- a/Dockerfile
+++ b/Dockerfile
@@ -31,8 +31,7 @@ FROM dev-build-context
 ADD --chown=ocaml:ocaml . .
 
 # Prepare extra local dependencies
-RUN opam exec -- make pygments dependencies-js
-RUN opam exec -- ./french_law/python/setup_env.sh
+RUN opam exec -- make dependencies-python dependencies-js pygments
 
 # OCaml backtraces may be useful on failure
 ENV OCAMLRUNPARAM=b
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 80a5069f..4c9ab14d 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ export
 # Dependencies
 ##########################################
 
-EXECUTABLES = groff python3 colordiff node pygmentize node npm ninja pandoc
+EXECUTABLES = groff python3 colordiff node node npm ninja pandoc
 K := $(foreach exec,$(EXECUTABLES),\
         $(if $(shell which $(exec)),some string,$(warning [WARNING] No "$(exec)" executable found. \
 				Please install this executable for everything to work smoothly)))
@@ -32,10 +32,32 @@ dependencies-ocaml-with-z3:
 dependencies-js:
 	$(MAKE) -C $(FRENCH_LAW_JS_LIB_DIR) dependencies
 
-#> dependencies				: Install the Catala OCaml, JS and Git dependencies
-dependencies: dependencies-ocaml dependencies-js
+PY_VENV_DIR = _python_venv
 
-dependencies-with-z3: dependencies-ocaml-with-z3 dependencies-js
+PY_VENV_ACTIVATE = . $(PY_VENV_DIR)/bin/activate;
+
+# Rebuild when requirements change
+$(PY_VENV_DIR): $(PY_VENV_DIR)/stamp
+
+$(PY_VENV_DIR)/stamp: \
+    runtimes/python/catala/pyproject.toml \
+    syntax_highlighting/en/pygments/pyproject.toml \
+    syntax_highlighting/fr/pygments/pyproject.toml \
+    syntax_highlighting/pl/pygments/pyproject.toml
+	test -d $(PY_VENV_DIR) || python3 -m venv $(PY_VENV_DIR)
+	$(PY_VENV_ACTIVATE) python3 -m pip install -U \
+	  -e runtimes/python/catala \
+	  -e syntax_highlighting/en/pygments \
+	  -e syntax_highlighting/fr/pygments \
+	  -e syntax_highlighting/pl/pygments
+	touch $@
+
+dependencies-python: $(PY_VENV_DIR)
+
+#> dependencies				: Install the Catala OCaml, JS and Git dependencies
+dependencies: dependencies-ocaml dependencies-js dependencies-python
+
+dependencies-with-z3: dependencies-ocaml-with-z3 dependencies-js dependencies-python
 
 ##########################################
 # Catala compiler rules
@@ -104,17 +126,8 @@ SYNTAX_HIGHLIGHTING_FR=${CURDIR}/syntax_highlighting/fr
 SYNTAX_HIGHLIGHTING_EN=${CURDIR}/syntax_highlighting/en
 SYNTAX_HIGHLIGHTING_PL=${CURDIR}/syntax_highlighting/pl
 
-pygmentize_fr: $(SYNTAX_HIGHLIGHTING_FR)/set_up_pygments.sh
-	chmod +x $<
-	$<
-
-pygmentize_en: $(SYNTAX_HIGHLIGHTING_EN)/set_up_pygments.sh
-	chmod +x $<
-	$<
-
-pygmentize_pl: $(SYNTAX_HIGHLIGHTING_PL)/set_up_pygments.sh
-	chmod +x $<
-	$<
+pygmentize_%: $(PY_VENV_DIR)
+	$(PY_VENV_ACTIVATE) python3 -m pip install syntax_highlighting/$*/pygments
 
 #> pygments				: Extends your pygmentize executable with Catala lexers
 pygments: pygmentize_fr pygmentize_en pygmentize_pl
@@ -163,33 +176,35 @@ TUTORIAL_EN_DIR=$(EXAMPLES_DIR)/tutorial_en
 TUTORIEL_FR_DIR=$(EXAMPLES_DIR)/tutoriel_fr
 POLISH_TAXES_DIR=$(EXAMPLES_DIR)/polish_taxes
 
-literate_aides_logement: build
-	$(MAKE) -C $(AIDES_LOGEMENT_DIR) aides_logement.tex
-	$(MAKE) -C $(AIDES_LOGEMENT_DIR) aides_logement.html
+MAKEP = $(PY_VENV_ACTIVATE) $(MAKE)
+
+literate_aides_logement: build $(PY_VENV_DIR)
+	$(MAKEP) -C $(AIDES_LOGEMENT_DIR) aides_logement.tex
+	$(MAKEP) -C $(AIDES_LOGEMENT_DIR) aides_logement.html
 
 literate_allocations_familiales: build
-	$(MAKE) -C $(ALLOCATIONS_FAMILIALES_DIR) allocations_familiales.tex
-	$(MAKE) -C $(ALLOCATIONS_FAMILIALES_DIR) allocations_familiales.html
+	$(MAKEP) -C $(ALLOCATIONS_FAMILIALES_DIR) allocations_familiales.tex
+	$(MAKEP) -C $(ALLOCATIONS_FAMILIALES_DIR) allocations_familiales.html
 
 literate_code_general_impots: build
-	$(MAKE) -C $(CODE_GENERAL_IMPOTS_DIR) code_general_impots.tex
-	$(MAKE) -C $(CODE_GENERAL_IMPOTS_DIR) code_general_impots.html
+	$(MAKEP) -C $(CODE_GENERAL_IMPOTS_DIR) code_general_impots.tex
+	$(MAKEP) -C $(CODE_GENERAL_IMPOTS_DIR) code_general_impots.html
 
 literate_us_tax_code: build
-	$(MAKE) -C $(US_TAX_CODE_DIR) us_tax_code.tex
-	$(MAKE) -C $(US_TAX_CODE_DIR) us_tax_code.html
+	$(MAKEP) -C $(US_TAX_CODE_DIR) us_tax_code.tex
+	$(MAKEP) -C $(US_TAX_CODE_DIR) us_tax_code.html
 
 literate_tutorial_en: build
-	$(MAKE) -C $(TUTORIAL_EN_DIR) tutorial_en.tex
-	$(MAKE) -C $(TUTORIAL_EN_DIR) tutorial_en.html
+	$(MAKEP) -C $(TUTORIAL_EN_DIR) tutorial_en.tex
+	$(MAKEP) -C $(TUTORIAL_EN_DIR) tutorial_en.html
 
 literate_tutoriel_fr: build
-	$(MAKE) -C $(TUTORIEL_FR_DIR) tutoriel_fr.tex
-	$(MAKE) -C $(TUTORIEL_FR_DIR) tutoriel_fr.html
+	$(MAKEP) -C $(TUTORIEL_FR_DIR) tutoriel_fr.tex
+	$(MAKEP) -C $(TUTORIEL_FR_DIR) tutoriel_fr.html
 
 literate_polish_taxes: build
-	$(MAKE) -C $(POLISH_TAXES_DIR) polish_taxes.tex
-	$(MAKE) -C $(POLISH_TAXES_DIR) polish_taxes.html
+	$(MAKEP) -C $(POLISH_TAXES_DIR) polish_taxes.tex
+	$(MAKEP) -C $(POLISH_TAXES_DIR) polish_taxes.html
 
 #> literate_examples			: Builds the .tex and .html versions of the examples code. Needs pygments to be installed and patched with Catala.
 literate_examples: literate_allocations_familiales literate_code_general_impots \
@@ -269,11 +284,6 @@ FRENCH_LAW_LIBRARY_PYTHON = \
   $(FRENCH_LAW_PYTHON_LIB_DIR)/src/allocations_familiales.py \
   $(FRENCH_LAW_PYTHON_LIB_DIR)/src/aides_logement.py
 
-PY_VIRTUALENV = $(FRENCH_LAW_PYTHON_LIB_DIR)/env/bin/activate
-
-$(PY_VIRTUALENV):
-	@$(if $(wildcard $(PY_VIRTUALENV)),,$(error "Python virtualenv not initialised, you need to run $(FRENCH_LAW_PYTHON_LIB_DIR)/setup_env.sh"))
-
 $(FRENCH_LAW_LIBRARY_PYTHON):
 	dune build $@
 
@@ -282,15 +292,11 @@ generate_french_law_library_python:
 	dune build $(FRENCH_LAW_LIBRARY_PYTHON)
 
 #> type_french_law_library_python		: Types the French law library Python sources with mypy
-type_french_law_library_python: $(PY_VIRTUALENV) \
-  generate_french_law_library_python
-	. $(PY_VIRTUALENV) ;\
-	$(MAKE) -C $(FRENCH_LAW_PYTHON_LIB_DIR) type
+type_french_law_library_python: $(PY_VENV_DIR) generate_french_law_library_python
+	$(MAKEP) -C $(FRENCH_LAW_PYTHON_LIB_DIR) type
 
-run_french_law_library_benchmark_python: $(PY_VIRTUALENV) \
-  type_french_law_library_python
-	. $(PY_VIRTUALENV) ;\
-	$(MAKE) -C $(FRENCH_LAW_PYTHON_LIB_DIR) bench
+run_french_law_library_benchmark_python: $(PY_ENV_DIR) type_french_law_library_python
+	$(MAKEP) -C $(FRENCH_LAW_PYTHON_LIB_DIR) bench
 
 ##########################################
 # High-level test and benchmarks commands
diff --git a/french_law/python/README.md b/french_law/python/README.md
index f91093d3..0d4f1748 100644
--- a/french_law/python/README.md
+++ b/french_law/python/README.md
@@ -3,9 +3,17 @@
 This folder contains a ready-to-use Python library featuring French public
 algorithms coded up in Catala.
 
-The Python version expected to run the Python code is above 3.6. For the commands
-noted below to run, you are expected to setup a virtual Python environment with
-`virtualenv` by running the `setup_env.sh` script.
+The Python version expected to run the Python code is above 3.6. For the
+commands noted below to run, you are expected to setup a virtual Python
+environment: run `make dependencies-python` from the root of the Catala
+repository.
+
+Then activate the environment (needs to be done every time you open a new shell
+session). From the root of the Catala repository, run the following command:
+
+```
+. _python_venv/bin/activate
+```
 
 ## Organization
 
diff --git a/syntax_highlighting/README.md b/syntax_highlighting/README.md
index 2ce581e5..8081f5dc 100644
--- a/syntax_highlighting/README.md
+++ b/syntax_highlighting/README.md
@@ -40,19 +40,20 @@ You can now reload VSCode and check that you have syntax highlighting on any `.c
 
 ## Pygments
 
-Pygments is a Python-based versatile lexer for various
-programming languages. To use a version of Pygments
-augmented with the Catala plugin, simply enter from the root of the repository
+Pygments is a Python-based versatile lexer for various programming languages. To
+use a version of Pygments augmented with the Catala plugin, simply enter from
+the root of the repository
 
-    sudo make pygments
+    make pygments
 
-This will execute the
-script `syntax_highlighting/fr/pygments/set_up_pygments.sh`,
-`syntax_highlighting/pl/pygments/set_up_pygments.sh` and
-`syntax_highlighting/en/pygments/set_up_pygments.sh`.
+This will setup a Python virtual environment ("venv"), and install the syntax
+highlighting plugins that allow Pygments to handle Catala files. Those are
+defined in `syntax_highlighting/XX/pygments/`.
 
-The scripts patch your `pygmentize` executable, used for instance by the `minted` LaTeX package.
-It will now point to the Catala-enabled version with the appropriate `catala_*` lexer.
+Pygments is used for instance by the `minted` LaTeX package. To make sure it is
+available, you need to "activate" the python venv each time using:
+
+    . _python_venv/bin/activate
 
 ## GNU gedit
 
diff --git a/syntax_highlighting/en/pygments/pyproject.toml b/syntax_highlighting/en/pygments/pyproject.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b39f9490
--- /dev/null
+++ b/syntax_highlighting/en/pygments/pyproject.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+[build-system]
+requires = ["setuptools"]
+build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
+
+[project]
+name = "catala_en_lexer"
+version = "0.8"
+dependencies = ["pygments"]
+
+[project.entry-points."pygments.lexers"]
+catala-en-lexer = "catala_en_lexer.lexer:CatalaEnLexer"
diff --git a/syntax_highlighting/en/pygments/setup.py b/syntax_highlighting/en/pygments/setup.py
index 54262069..1030e433 100644
--- a/syntax_highlighting/en/pygments/setup.py
+++ b/syntax_highlighting/en/pygments/setup.py
@@ -1,10 +1,3 @@
 from setuptools import setup, find_packages
 
-setup(
-    name='catala_en_lexer',
-    packages=find_packages(),
-    entry_points="""
-    [pygments.lexers]
-    catala_en_lexer = catala_en_lexer.lexer:CatalaEnLexer
-    """,
-)
+setup()
diff --git a/syntax_highlighting/en/set_up_pygments.sh b/syntax_highlighting/en/set_up_pygments.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 2980e469..00000000
--- a/syntax_highlighting/en/set_up_pygments.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-#! /usr/bin/env sh
-
-set -eu
-
-cd "$(dirname "$0")"
-cd pygments && python3 setup.py develop --user
diff --git a/syntax_highlighting/fr/pygments/pyproject.toml b/syntax_highlighting/fr/pygments/pyproject.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c4ebe3ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/syntax_highlighting/fr/pygments/pyproject.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+[build-system]
+requires = ["setuptools"]
+build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
+
+[project]
+name = "catala_fr_lexer"
+version = "0.8"
+dependencies = ["pygments"]
+
+[project.entry-points."pygments.lexers"]
+catala-fr-lexer = "catala_fr_lexer.lexer:CatalaFrLexer"
diff --git a/syntax_highlighting/fr/pygments/setup.py b/syntax_highlighting/fr/pygments/setup.py
index 175167dc..1030e433 100644
--- a/syntax_highlighting/fr/pygments/setup.py
+++ b/syntax_highlighting/fr/pygments/setup.py
@@ -1,10 +1,3 @@
 from setuptools import setup, find_packages
 
-setup(
-    name='catala_fr_lexer',
-    packages=find_packages(),
-    entry_points="""
-    [pygments.lexers]
-    catala_fr_lexer = catala_fr_lexer.lexer:CatalaFrLexer
-    """,
-)
+setup()
diff --git a/syntax_highlighting/fr/set_up_pygments.sh b/syntax_highlighting/fr/set_up_pygments.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index ee40d124..00000000
--- a/syntax_highlighting/fr/set_up_pygments.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-#! /usr/bin/env sh
-
-set -ue
-
-cd "$(dirname "$0")"
-cd pygments && python3 setup.py develop --user
diff --git a/syntax_highlighting/pl/pygments/pyproject.toml b/syntax_highlighting/pl/pygments/pyproject.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b3eb2161
--- /dev/null
+++ b/syntax_highlighting/pl/pygments/pyproject.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+[build-system]
+requires = ["setuptools"]
+build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
+
+[project]
+name = "catala_pl_lexer"
+version = "0.8"
+dependencies = ["pygments"]
+
+[project.entry-points."pygments.lexers"]
+catala-pl-lexer = "catala_pl_lexer.lexer:CatalaPlLexer"
diff --git a/syntax_highlighting/pl/pygments/setup.py b/syntax_highlighting/pl/pygments/setup.py
index c596b013..1030e433 100644
--- a/syntax_highlighting/pl/pygments/setup.py
+++ b/syntax_highlighting/pl/pygments/setup.py
@@ -1,10 +1,3 @@
 from setuptools import setup, find_packages
 
-setup(
-    name='catala_pl_lexer',
-    packages=find_packages(),
-    entry_points="""
-    [pygments.lexers]
-    catala_pl_lexer = catala_pl_lexer.lexer:CatalaPlLexer
-    """,
-)
+setup()
diff --git a/syntax_highlighting/pl/set_up_pygments.sh b/syntax_highlighting/pl/set_up_pygments.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 2980e469..00000000
--- a/syntax_highlighting/pl/set_up_pygments.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-#! /usr/bin/env sh
-
-set -eu
-
-cd "$(dirname "$0")"
-cd pygments && python3 setup.py develop --user