Merge pull request #39 from AleoHQ/refactor/field-type

Refactor/field type

README.md

@@ -60,19 +60,20 @@ function main() -> field {
     let c = b - 1; 
     let d = c * 4;
     let e = d / 2;
-    let f = e ** 3u32; //Field exponents must be a `u32` type.
+    return e
-    return f
 }
 ```
 
-### Group Elements
+### Affine Points
+The set of affine points on the elliptic curve passed into the leo compiler forms a group.
+Leo supports this set as a primitive data type.
 
 ```rust
 function main() -> group {
     let a = 1000group; // explicit type
-    let a: group = 21888242871839275222246405745257275088548364400416034343698204186575808495617; // explicit type
+    let a = (21888242871839275222246405745257275088548364400416034343698204186575808495617, 21888242871839275222246405745257275088548364400416034343698204186575808495617)group; // explicit type
-    let b = a + 1; // implicit type
+    let b = a + 0; // implicit type
-    let c = b - 1; 
+    let c = b - 0; 
     return c
 }
 ```
@@ -142,6 +143,8 @@ function main() -> u32 {
 ```
 
 ### If Else Conditional Statement
+** **Experimental** **
+The current constraint system is not optimized for statement branching. Please use the ternary expression above until this feature is stable.
 ```rust
 function main(a: private bool, b: private bool) -> u32 {
   let mut res = 0u32;
@@ -158,7 +161,7 @@ function main(a: private bool, b: private bool) -> u32 {
 
 ### For loop
 ```rust
-function main() -> field {
+function main() -> fe {
   let mut a = 1field;
   for i in 0..4 {
     a = a + 1;
@@ -173,7 +176,7 @@ function test1(a : u32) -> u32 {
   return a + 1
 }
 
-function test2(b: field) -> field {
+function test2(b: fe) -> field {
   return b * 2field
 }
 
@@ -226,6 +229,12 @@ function main(a: public field) -> field {
   return a
 }
 ```
+Private by default. Below `a` is implicitly private.
+```rust
+function main(a: field) -> field {
+  return a
+}
+```
 Function inputs are passed by value.
 ```rust
 function test(mut a: u32) {
@@ -241,28 +250,61 @@ function main() -> u32 {
 ```
 
 ## Circuits
-```rust
+Circuits in Leo are similar to classes in object oriented langauges. Circuits are defined above functions in a Leo program.  Circuits can have one or more members.
-bab
-```
 
+
+Members can be defined as fields which hold primitive values
 ```rust
 circuit Point {
     x: u32
     y: u32
 }
 function main() -> u32 {
-    let p = Point {x: 1, y: 0}
+    let p = Point {x: 1, y: 0};
     return p.x
 }
 ```
+
+Members can also be defined as functions.
 ```rust
-circuit Foo {
+circuit Circ {
-    x: bool
+  function echo(x: u32) -> u32 {
+    return x
+  }
 }
-function main() -> Foo {
+
-    let mut f = Foo {x: true};
+function main() -> u32 {
-    f.x = false;
+  let c = Circ { };
-    return f
+  return c.echo(1u32)
+}
+```
+
+Circuit functions can be made static, enabling them to be called without instantiation.
+```rust
+circuit Circ {
+  static function echo(x: u32) -> u32 {
+    return x
+  }
+}
+
+function main() -> u32 {
+  return Circ::echo(1u32)
+}
+```
+
+The `Self` keyword is supported in circuit functions.
+```rust
+circuit Circ {
+  b: bool
+
+  static function new() -> Self {
+    return Self { b: true }
+  }
+}
+
+function main() -> Circ {
+  let c = Circ::new();
+  return c.b
 }
 ```
 
@@ -311,12 +353,34 @@ This will enforce that the two values are equal in the constraint system.
 function main() {
   assert_eq(45, 45);
   
-  assert_eq(2field, 2field);
+  assert_eq(2fe, 2fe);
   
   assert_eq(true, true);
 }
 ```
 
+## Testing
+
+Use the `test` keyword to add tests to a leo program. Tests must have 0 function inputs and 0 function returns.
+
+```rust
+function main(a: u32) -> u32 {
+    return a
+}
+
+test function expect_pass() {
+  let a = 1u32;
+
+  let res = main(a);
+
+  assert_eq!(res, 1u32);
+}
+
+test function expect_fail() {
+  assert_eq!(1u8, 0u8);
+}
+```
+
 
 # Leo CLI
 
@@ -361,6 +425,12 @@ To execute unit tests on your program, run:
 ```
 leo test
 ```
+The results of test compilation and the constraint system will be printed:
+```
+ INFO  leo  Running 2 tests
+ INFO  leo  test language::expect_pass compiled. Constraint system satisfied: true
+ERROR  leo  test language::expect_fail errored: Assertion 1u8 == 0u8 failed
+```
 
 ## Run
 

compiler/src/ast.rs

@@ -90,10 +90,10 @@ pub enum BinaryOperator {
     Or,
     And,
     Eq,
-    Neq,
+    Ne,
-    Geq,
+    Ge,
     Gt,
-    Leq,
+    Le,
     Lt,
     Add,
     Sub,
@@ -812,10 +812,10 @@ fn precedence_climber() -> PrecClimber<Rule> {
         Operator::new(Rule::operation_or, Assoc::Left),
         Operator::new(Rule::operation_and, Assoc::Left),
         Operator::new(Rule::operation_eq, Assoc::Left)
-            | Operator::new(Rule::operation_neq, Assoc::Left),
+            | Operator::new(Rule::operation_ne, Assoc::Left),
-        Operator::new(Rule::operation_geq, Assoc::Left)
+        Operator::new(Rule::operation_ge, Assoc::Left)
             | Operator::new(Rule::operation_gt, Assoc::Left)
-            | Operator::new(Rule::operation_leq, Assoc::Left)
+            | Operator::new(Rule::operation_le, Assoc::Left)
             | Operator::new(Rule::operation_lt, Assoc::Left),
         Operator::new(Rule::operation_add, Assoc::Left)
             | Operator::new(Rule::operation_sub, Assoc::Left),
@@ -927,10 +927,10 @@ fn binary_expression<'ast>(
         Rule::operation_or => Expression::binary(BinaryOperator::Or, lhs, rhs, span),
         Rule::operation_and => Expression::binary(BinaryOperator::And, lhs, rhs, span),
         Rule::operation_eq => Expression::binary(BinaryOperator::Eq, lhs, rhs, span),
-        Rule::operation_neq => Expression::binary(BinaryOperator::Neq, lhs, rhs, span),
+        Rule::operation_ne => Expression::binary(BinaryOperator::Ne, lhs, rhs, span),
-        Rule::operation_geq => Expression::binary(BinaryOperator::Geq, lhs, rhs, span),
+        Rule::operation_ge => Expression::binary(BinaryOperator::Ge, lhs, rhs, span),
         Rule::operation_gt => Expression::binary(BinaryOperator::Gt, lhs, rhs, span),
-        Rule::operation_leq => Expression::binary(BinaryOperator::Leq, lhs, rhs, span),
+        Rule::operation_le => Expression::binary(BinaryOperator::Le, lhs, rhs, span),
         Rule::operation_lt => Expression::binary(BinaryOperator::Lt, lhs, rhs, span),
         Rule::operation_add => Expression::binary(BinaryOperator::Add, lhs, rhs, span),
         Rule::operation_sub => Expression::binary(BinaryOperator::Sub, lhs, rhs, span),

compiler/src/compiler.rs

@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ use std::{fs, marker::PhantomData, path::PathBuf};
 pub struct Compiler<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>> {
     package_name: String,
     main_file_path: PathBuf,
-    program: Program<F>,
+    program: Program,
-    program_inputs: Vec<Option<InputValue<F>>>,
+    program_inputs: Vec<Option<InputValue>>,
     output: Option<ConstrainedValue<F, G>>,
     _engine: PhantomData<F>,
 }
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>> Compiler<F, G> {
         Ok(program)
     }
 
-    pub fn set_inputs(&mut self, program_inputs: Vec<Option<InputValue<F>>>) {
+    pub fn set_inputs(&mut self, program_inputs: Vec<Option<InputValue>>) {
         self.program_inputs = program_inputs;
     }
 
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>> Compiler<F, G> {
         // Build program from abstract syntax tree
         let package_name = self.package_name.clone();
 
-        self.program = Program::<F>::from(syntax_tree, package_name);
+        self.program = Program::from(syntax_tree, package_name);
         self.program_inputs = vec![None; self.program.num_parameters];
 
         log::debug!("Program parsing complete\n{:#?}", self.program);

compiler/src/constraints/boolean.rs

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
         cs: &mut CS,
         name: String,
         private: bool,
-        input_value: Option<InputValue<F>>,
+        input_value: Option<InputValue>,
     ) -> Result<ConstrainedValue<F, G>, BooleanError> {
         // Check that the input value is the correct type
         let bool_value = match input_value {

compiler/src/constraints/expression.rs

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use crate::{
         CircuitFieldDefinition, CircuitMember, Expression, Identifier, RangeOrExpression,
         SpreadOrExpression,
     },
-    GroupType, Integer, IntegerType, Type,
+    FieldType, GroupType, Integer, IntegerType, Type,
 };
 
 use snarkos_models::{
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
         &mut self,
         file_scope: String,
         function_scope: String,
-        expected_types: &Vec<Type<F>>,
+        expected_types: &Vec<Type>,
-        unresolved_identifier: Identifier<F>,
+        unresolved_identifier: Identifier,
     ) -> Result<ConstrainedValue<F, G>, ExpressionError> {
         // Evaluate the identifier name in the current function scope
         let variable_name = new_scope(function_scope, unresolved_identifier.to_string());
@@ -60,8 +60,8 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
             (ConstrainedValue::Integer(num_1), ConstrainedValue::Integer(num_2)) => {
                 Ok(Self::enforce_integer_add(cs, num_1, num_2)?)
             }
-            (ConstrainedValue::FieldElement(fe_1), ConstrainedValue::FieldElement(fe_2)) => {
+            (ConstrainedValue::Field(fe_1), ConstrainedValue::Field(fe_2)) => {
-                Ok(self.enforce_field_add(cs, fe_1, fe_2)?)
+                Ok(ConstrainedValue::Field(fe_1.add(cs, &fe_2)?))
             }
             (ConstrainedValue::Group(ge_1), ConstrainedValue::Group(ge_2)) => {
                 Ok(ConstrainedValue::Group(ge_1.add(cs, &ge_2)?))
@@ -91,8 +91,8 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
             (ConstrainedValue::Integer(num_1), ConstrainedValue::Integer(num_2)) => {
                 Ok(Self::enforce_integer_sub(cs, num_1, num_2)?)
             }
-            (ConstrainedValue::FieldElement(fe_1), ConstrainedValue::FieldElement(fe_2)) => {
+            (ConstrainedValue::Field(fe_1), ConstrainedValue::Field(fe_2)) => {
-                Ok(self.enforce_field_sub(cs, fe_1, fe_2)?)
+                Ok(ConstrainedValue::Field(fe_1.sub(cs, &fe_2)?))
             }
             (ConstrainedValue::Group(ge_1), ConstrainedValue::Group(ge_2)) => {
                 Ok(ConstrainedValue::Group(ge_1.sub(cs, &ge_2)?))
@@ -122,8 +122,8 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
             (ConstrainedValue::Integer(num_1), ConstrainedValue::Integer(num_2)) => {
                 Ok(Self::enforce_integer_mul(cs, num_1, num_2)?)
             }
-            (ConstrainedValue::FieldElement(fe_1), ConstrainedValue::FieldElement(fe_2)) => {
+            (ConstrainedValue::Field(fe_1), ConstrainedValue::Field(fe_2)) => {
-                Ok(self.enforce_field_mul(cs, fe_1, fe_2)?)
+                Ok(ConstrainedValue::Field(fe_1.mul(cs, &fe_2)?))
             }
             (ConstrainedValue::Unresolved(string), val_2) => {
                 let val_1 = ConstrainedValue::from_other(string, &val_2)?;
@@ -152,8 +152,8 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
             (ConstrainedValue::Integer(num_1), ConstrainedValue::Integer(num_2)) => {
                 Ok(Self::enforce_integer_div(cs, num_1, num_2)?)
             }
-            (ConstrainedValue::FieldElement(fe_1), ConstrainedValue::FieldElement(fe_2)) => {
+            (ConstrainedValue::Field(fe_1), ConstrainedValue::Field(fe_2)) => {
-                Ok(self.enforce_field_div(cs, fe_1, fe_2)?)
+                Ok(ConstrainedValue::Field(fe_1.div(cs, &fe_2)?))
             }
             (ConstrainedValue::Unresolved(string), val_2) => {
                 let val_1 = ConstrainedValue::from_other(string, &val_2)?;
@@ -181,9 +181,6 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
             (ConstrainedValue::Integer(num_1), ConstrainedValue::Integer(num_2)) => {
                 Ok(Self::enforce_integer_pow(cs, num_1, num_2)?)
             }
-            (ConstrainedValue::FieldElement(fe_1), ConstrainedValue::Integer(num_2)) => {
-                Ok(self.enforce_field_pow(cs, fe_1, num_2)?)
-            }
             (ConstrainedValue::Unresolved(string), val_2) => {
                 let val_1 = ConstrainedValue::from_other(string, &val_2)?;
                 self.enforce_pow_expression(cs, val_1, val_2)
@@ -192,9 +189,6 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
                 let val_2 = ConstrainedValue::from_other(string, &val_1)?;
                 self.enforce_pow_expression(cs, val_1, val_2)
             }
-            (_, ConstrainedValue::FieldElement(num_2)) => {
-                Err(ExpressionError::InvalidExponent(num_2.to_string()))
-            }
             (val_1, val_2) => Err(ExpressionError::IncompatibleTypes(format!(
                 "{} * {}",
                 val_1, val_2,
@@ -215,9 +209,9 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
             (ConstrainedValue::Integer(num_1), ConstrainedValue::Integer(num_2)) => {
                 Ok(Self::evaluate_integer_eq(num_1, num_2)?)
             }
-            // (ResolvedValue::FieldElement(fe_1), ResolvedValue::FieldElement(fe_2)) => {
+            (ConstrainedValue::Field(fe_1), ConstrainedValue::Field(fe_2)) => {
-            //     Self::field_eq(fe_1, fe_2)
+                Ok(ConstrainedValue::Boolean(Boolean::Constant(fe_1.eq(&fe_2))))
-            // }
+            }
             (ConstrainedValue::Group(ge_1), ConstrainedValue::Group(ge_2)) => {
                 Ok(ConstrainedValue::Boolean(Boolean::Constant(ge_1.eq(&ge_2))))
             }
@@ -236,22 +230,23 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
         }
     }
 
-    fn evaluate_geq_expression(
+    fn evaluate_ge_expression(
         &mut self,
         left: ConstrainedValue<F, G>,
         right: ConstrainedValue<F, G>,
     ) -> Result<ConstrainedValue<F, G>, ExpressionError> {
         match (left, right) {
-            // (ResolvedValue::FieldElement(fe_1), ResolvedValue::FieldElement(fe_2)) => {
+            (ConstrainedValue::Field(fe_1), ConstrainedValue::Field(fe_2)) => {
-            //     Self::field_geq(fe_1, fe_2)
+                let result = fe_1.ge(&fe_2);
-            // }
+                Ok(ConstrainedValue::Boolean(Boolean::Constant(result)))
+            }
             (ConstrainedValue::Unresolved(string), val_2) => {
                 let val_1 = ConstrainedValue::from_other(string, &val_2)?;
-                self.evaluate_geq_expression(val_1, val_2)
+                self.evaluate_ge_expression(val_1, val_2)
             }
             (val_1, ConstrainedValue::Unresolved(string)) => {
                 let val_2 = ConstrainedValue::from_other(string, &val_1)?;
-                self.evaluate_geq_expression(val_1, val_2)
+                self.evaluate_ge_expression(val_1, val_2)
             }
             (val_1, val_2) => Err(ExpressionError::IncompatibleTypes(format!(
                 "{} >= {}, values must be fields",
@@ -266,9 +261,10 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
         right: ConstrainedValue<F, G>,
     ) -> Result<ConstrainedValue<F, G>, ExpressionError> {
         match (left, right) {
-            // (ResolvedValue::FieldElement(fe_1), ResolvedValue::FieldElement(fe_2)) => {
+            (ConstrainedValue::Field(fe_1), ConstrainedValue::Field(fe_2)) => {
-            //     Self::field_gt(fe_1, fe_2)
+                let result = fe_1.gt(&fe_2);
-            // }
+                Ok(ConstrainedValue::Boolean(Boolean::Constant(result)))
+            }
             (ConstrainedValue::Unresolved(string), val_2) => {
                 let val_1 = ConstrainedValue::from_other(string, &val_2)?;
                 self.evaluate_gt_expression(val_1, val_2)
@@ -284,22 +280,23 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
         }
     }
 
-    fn evaluate_leq_expression(
+    fn evaluate_le_expression(
         &mut self,
         left: ConstrainedValue<F, G>,
         right: ConstrainedValue<F, G>,
     ) -> Result<ConstrainedValue<F, G>, ExpressionError> {
         match (left, right) {
-            // (ResolvedValue::FieldElement(fe_1), ResolvedValue::FieldElement(fe_2)) => {
+            (ConstrainedValue::Field(fe_1), ConstrainedValue::Field(fe_2)) => {
-            //     Self::field_leq(fe_1, fe_2)
+                let result = fe_1.le(&fe_2);
-            // }
+                Ok(ConstrainedValue::Boolean(Boolean::Constant(result)))
+            }
             (ConstrainedValue::Unresolved(string), val_2) => {
                 let val_1 = ConstrainedValue::from_other(string, &val_2)?;
-                self.evaluate_leq_expression(val_1, val_2)
+                self.evaluate_le_expression(val_1, val_2)
             }
             (val_1, ConstrainedValue::Unresolved(string)) => {
                 let val_2 = ConstrainedValue::from_other(string, &val_1)?;
-                self.evaluate_leq_expression(val_1, val_2)
+                self.evaluate_le_expression(val_1, val_2)
             }
             (val_1, val_2) => Err(ExpressionError::IncompatibleTypes(format!(
                 "{} <= {}, values must be fields",
@@ -314,9 +311,10 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
         right: ConstrainedValue<F, G>,
     ) -> Result<ConstrainedValue<F, G>, ExpressionError> {
         match (left, right) {
-            // (ResolvedValue::FieldElement(fe_1), ResolvedValue::FieldElement(fe_2)) => {
+            (ConstrainedValue::Field(fe_1), ConstrainedValue::Field(fe_2)) => {
-            //     Self::field_lt(fe_1, fe_2)
+                let result = fe_1.lt(&fe_2);
-            // }
+                Ok(ConstrainedValue::Boolean(Boolean::Constant(result)))
+            }
             (ConstrainedValue::Unresolved(string), val_2) => {
                 let val_1 = ConstrainedValue::from_other(string, &val_2)?;
                 self.evaluate_lt_expression(val_1, val_2)
@@ -338,10 +336,10 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
         cs: &mut CS,
         file_scope: String,
         function_scope: String,
-        expected_types: &Vec<Type<F>>,
+        expected_types: &Vec<Type>,
-        first: Expression<F>,
+        first: Expression,
-        second: Expression<F>,
+        second: Expression,
-        third: Expression<F>,
+        third: Expression,
     ) -> Result<ConstrainedValue<F, G>, ExpressionError> {
         let resolved_first = match self.enforce_expression(
             cs,
@@ -374,6 +372,10 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
                     Integer::conditionally_select(cs, &resolved_first, &integer_2, &integer_3)?;
                 Ok(ConstrainedValue::Integer(result))
             }
+            (ConstrainedValue::Field(fe_1), ConstrainedValue::Field(fe_2)) => {
+                let result = FieldType::conditionally_select(cs, &resolved_first, &fe_1, &fe_2)?;
+                Ok(ConstrainedValue::Field(result))
+            }
             (ConstrainedValue::Group(ge_1), ConstrainedValue::Group(ge_2)) => {
                 let result = G::conditionally_select(cs, &resolved_first, &ge_1, &ge_2)?;
                 Ok(ConstrainedValue::Group(result))
@@ -390,8 +392,8 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
         cs: &mut CS,
         file_scope: String,
         function_scope: String,
-        expected_types: &Vec<Type<F>>,
+        expected_types: &Vec<Type>,
-        array: Vec<Box<SpreadOrExpression<F>>>,
+        array: Vec<Box<SpreadOrExpression>>,
     ) -> Result<ConstrainedValue<F, G>, ExpressionError> {
         // Check explicit array type dimension if given
         let mut expected_types = expected_types.clone();
@@ -454,7 +456,7 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
         cs: &mut CS,
         file_scope: String,
         function_scope: String,
-        index: Expression<F>,
+        index: Expression,
     ) -> Result<usize, ExpressionError> {
         let expected_types = vec![Type::IntegerType(IntegerType::U32)];
         match self.enforce_branch(
@@ -474,9 +476,9 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
         cs: &mut CS,
         file_scope: String,
         function_scope: String,
-        expected_types: &Vec<Type<F>>,
+        expected_types: &Vec<Type>,
-        array: Box<Expression<F>>,
+        array: Box<Expression>,
-        index: RangeOrExpression<F>,
+        index: RangeOrExpression,
     ) -> Result<ConstrainedValue<F, G>, ExpressionError> {
         let array = match self.enforce_branch(
             cs,
@@ -515,8 +517,8 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
         cs: &mut CS,
         file_scope: String,
         function_scope: String,
-        identifier: Identifier<F>,
+        identifier: Identifier,
-        members: Vec<CircuitFieldDefinition<F>>,
+        members: Vec<CircuitFieldDefinition>,
     ) -> Result<ConstrainedValue<F, G>, ExpressionError> {
         let mut program_identifier = new_scope(file_scope.clone(), identifier.to_string());
 
@@ -589,9 +591,9 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
         cs: &mut CS,
         file_scope: String,
         function_scope: String,
-        expected_types: &Vec<Type<F>>,
+        expected_types: &Vec<Type>,
-        circuit_identifier: Box<Expression<F>>,
+        circuit_identifier: Box<Expression>,
-        circuit_member: Identifier<F>,
+        circuit_member: Identifier,
     ) -> Result<ConstrainedValue<F, G>, ExpressionError> {
         let (circuit_name, members) = match self.enforce_branch(
             cs,
@@ -650,9 +652,9 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
         cs: &mut CS,
         file_scope: String,
         function_scope: String,
-        expected_types: &Vec<Type<F>>,
+        expected_types: &Vec<Type>,
-        circuit_identifier: Box<Expression<F>>,
+        circuit_identifier: Box<Expression>,
-        circuit_member: Identifier<F>,
+        circuit_member: Identifier,
     ) -> Result<ConstrainedValue<F, G>, ExpressionError> {
         // Get defined circuit
         let circuit = match self.enforce_expression(
@@ -704,9 +706,9 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
         cs: &mut CS,
         file_scope: String,
         function_scope: String,
-        expected_types: &Vec<Type<F>>,
+        expected_types: &Vec<Type>,
-        function: Box<Expression<F>>,
+        function: Box<Expression>,
-        arguments: Vec<Expression<F>>,
+        arguments: Vec<Expression>,
     ) -> Result<ConstrainedValue<F, G>, ExpressionError> {
         let function_value = self.enforce_expression(
             cs,
@@ -743,7 +745,7 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn enforce_number_implicit(
-        expected_types: &Vec<Type<F>>,
+        expected_types: &Vec<Type>,
         value: String,
     ) -> Result<ConstrainedValue<F, G>, ExpressionError> {
         if expected_types.len() == 1 {
@@ -761,8 +763,8 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
         cs: &mut CS,
         file_scope: String,
         function_scope: String,
-        expected_types: &Vec<Type<F>>,
+        expected_types: &Vec<Type>,
-        expression: Expression<F>,
+        expression: Expression,
     ) -> Result<ConstrainedValue<F, G>, ExpressionError> {
         let mut branch =
             self.enforce_expression(cs, file_scope, function_scope, expected_types, expression)?;
@@ -778,9 +780,9 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
         cs: &mut CS,
         file_scope: String,
         function_scope: String,
-        expected_types: &Vec<Type<F>>,
+        expected_types: &Vec<Type>,
-        left: Expression<F>,
+        left: Expression,
-        right: Expression<F>,
+        right: Expression,
     ) -> Result<(ConstrainedValue<F, G>, ConstrainedValue<F, G>), ExpressionError> {
         let resolved_left = self.enforce_branch(
             cs,
@@ -805,8 +807,8 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
         cs: &mut CS,
         file_scope: String,
         function_scope: String,
-        expected_types: &Vec<Type<F>>,
+        expected_types: &Vec<Type>,
-        expression: Expression<F>,
+        expression: Expression,
     ) -> Result<ConstrainedValue<F, G>, ExpressionError> {
         match expression {
             // Variables
@@ -819,7 +821,7 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
 
             // Values
             Expression::Integer(integer) => Ok(Self::get_integer_constant(integer)),
-            Expression::FieldElement(fe) => Ok(Self::get_field_element_constant(fe)),
+            Expression::Field(field) => Ok(ConstrainedValue::Field(FieldType::constant(field)?)),
             Expression::Group(group_affine) => {
                 Ok(ConstrainedValue::Group(G::constant(group_affine)?))
             }
@@ -932,7 +934,7 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
 
                 Ok(self.evaluate_eq_expression(resolved_left, resolved_right)?)
             }
-            Expression::Geq(left, right) => {
+            Expression::Ge(left, right) => {
                 let (resolved_left, resolved_right) = self.enforce_binary_expression(
                     cs,
                     file_scope.clone(),
@@ -942,7 +944,7 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
                     *right,
                 )?;
 
-                Ok(self.evaluate_geq_expression(resolved_left, resolved_right)?)
+                Ok(self.evaluate_ge_expression(resolved_left, resolved_right)?)
             }
             Expression::Gt(left, right) => {
                 let (resolved_left, resolved_right) = self.enforce_binary_expression(
@@ -956,7 +958,7 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
 
                 Ok(self.evaluate_gt_expression(resolved_left, resolved_right)?)
             }
-            Expression::Leq(left, right) => {
+            Expression::Le(left, right) => {
                 let (resolved_left, resolved_right) = self.enforce_binary_expression(
                     cs,
                     file_scope.clone(),
@@ -966,7 +968,7 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
                     *right,
                 )?;
 
-                Ok(self.evaluate_leq_expression(resolved_left, resolved_right)?)
+                Ok(self.evaluate_le_expression(resolved_left, resolved_right)?)
             }
             Expression::Lt(left, right) => {
                 let (resolved_left, resolved_right) = self.enforce_binary_expression(

compiler/src/constraints/field.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+//! Methods to enforce constraints on field elements in a resolved Leo program.
+
+use crate::{
+    constraints::ConstrainedValue, errors::FieldError, types::InputValue, FieldType, GroupType,
+};
+
+use snarkos_errors::gadgets::SynthesisError;
+use snarkos_models::{
+    curves::{Field, PrimeField},
+    gadgets::{r1cs::ConstraintSystem, utilities::alloc::AllocGadget},
+};
+
+pub(crate) fn field_from_input<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>>(
+    cs: &mut CS,
+    name: String,
+    private: bool,
+    input_value: Option<InputValue>,
+) -> Result<ConstrainedValue<F, G>, FieldError> {
+    // Check that the parameter value is the correct type
+    let field_option = match input_value {
+        Some(input) => {
+            if let InputValue::Field(field_string) = input {
+                Some(field_string)
+            } else {
+                return Err(FieldError::Invalid(input.to_string()));
+            }
+        }
+        None => None,
+    };
+
+    // Check visibility of parameter
+    let field_value = if private {
+        FieldType::alloc(cs.ns(|| name), || {
+            field_option.ok_or(SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing)
+        })?
+    } else {
+        FieldType::alloc_input(cs.ns(|| name), || {
+            field_option.ok_or(SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing)
+        })?
+    };
+
+    Ok(ConstrainedValue::Field(field_value))
+}

compiler/src/constraints/field_element.rs

@@ -1,471 +0,0 @@
-//! Methods to enforce constraints on field elements in a resolved Leo program.
-
-use crate::{
-    constraints::{ConstrainedProgram, ConstrainedValue},
-    errors::FieldElementError,
-    types::{FieldElement, InputValue, Integer},
-    GroupType,
-};
-
-use snarkos_errors::gadgets::SynthesisError;
-use snarkos_models::{
-    curves::{Field, PrimeField},
-    gadgets::r1cs::{ConstraintSystem, LinearCombination, Variable as R1CSVariable},
-};
-
-impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> ConstrainedProgram<F, G, CS> {
-    pub(crate) fn field_element_from_input(
-        &mut self,
-        cs: &mut CS,
-        name: String,
-        private: bool,
-        input_value: Option<InputValue<F>>,
-    ) -> Result<ConstrainedValue<F, G>, FieldElementError> {
-        // Check that the parameter value is the correct type
-        let field_option = match input_value {
-            Some(input) => {
-                if let InputValue::Field(fe) = input {
-                    Some(fe)
-                } else {
-                    return Err(FieldElementError::InvalidField(input.to_string()));
-                }
-            }
-            None => None,
-        };
-
-        // Check visibility of parameter
-        let field_value = if private {
-            cs.alloc(
-                || name,
-                || field_option.ok_or(SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing),
-            )?
-        } else {
-            cs.alloc_input(
-                || name,
-                || field_option.ok_or(SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing),
-            )?
-        };
-
-        Ok(ConstrainedValue::FieldElement(FieldElement::Allocated(
-            field_option,
-            field_value,
-        )))
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn get_field_element_constant(fe: FieldElement<F>) -> ConstrainedValue<F, G> {
-        ConstrainedValue::FieldElement(fe)
-    }
-
-    // pub(crate) fn field_eq(fe1: F, fe2: F) -> ResolvedValue<F> {
-    //     ResolvedValue::Boolean(Boolean::Constant(fe1.eq(&fe2)))
-    // }
-    //
-    // pub(crate) fn field_geq(fe1: F, fe2: F) -> ResolvedValue<F> {
-    //     ResolvedValue::Boolean(Boolean::Constant(fe1.ge(&fe2)))
-    // }
-    //
-    // pub(crate) fn field_gt(fe1: F, fe2: F) -> ResolvedValue<F> {
-    //     ResolvedValue::Boolean(Boolean::Constant(fe1.gt(&fe2)))
-    // }
-    //
-    // pub(crate) fn field_leq(fe1: F, fe2: F) -> ResolvedValue<F> {
-    //     ResolvedValue::Boolean(Boolean::Constant(fe1.le(&fe2)))
-    // }
-    //
-    // pub(crate) fn field_lt(fe1: F, fe2: F) -> ResolvedValue<F> {
-    //     ResolvedValue::Boolean(Boolean::Constant(fe1.lt(&fe2)))
-    // }
-
-    pub(crate) fn enforce_field_eq(
-        &mut self,
-        cs: &mut CS,
-        fe_1: FieldElement<F>,
-        fe_2: FieldElement<F>,
-    ) {
-        let mut lc = LinearCombination::zero();
-
-        match (fe_1, fe_2) {
-            (FieldElement::Constant(fe_1_constant), FieldElement::Constant(fe_2_constant)) => {
-                // lc = lc + (fe_1_constant * 1) - (fe_2_constant * 1)
-                // lc = lc + fe_1 - fe_2
-                lc = lc + (fe_1_constant, CS::one()) - (fe_2_constant, CS::one());
-            }
-            // else, return an allocated result
-            (
-                FieldElement::Allocated(_fe_1_value, fe_1_variable),
-                FieldElement::Constant(fe_2_constant),
-            ) => {
-                // lc = lc + fe_1 - (fe_2_constant * 1)
-                // lc = lc + fe_1 - fe_2
-                lc = lc + fe_1_variable - (fe_2_constant, CS::one())
-            }
-            (
-                FieldElement::Constant(fe_1_constant),
-                FieldElement::Allocated(_fe_2_value, fe_2_variable),
-            ) => {
-                // lc = lc + (fe_1_constant * 1) - fe_2
-                // lc = lc + fe_1 - fe_2
-                lc = lc + (fe_1_constant, CS::one()) - fe_2_variable
-            }
-            (
-                FieldElement::Allocated(_fe_1_value, fe_1_variable),
-                FieldElement::Allocated(_fe_2_value, fe_2_variable),
-            ) => {
-                // lc = lc + fe_1 - fe_2
-                lc = lc + fe_1_variable - fe_2_variable
-            }
-        }
-
-        // enforce that the linear combination is zero
-        cs.enforce(|| "field equality", |lc| lc, |lc| lc, |_| lc);
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn enforce_field_add(
-        &mut self,
-        cs: &mut CS,
-        fe_1: FieldElement<F>,
-        fe_2: FieldElement<F>,
-    ) -> Result<ConstrainedValue<F, G>, FieldElementError> {
-        Ok(match (fe_1, fe_2) {
-            // if both constants, then return a constant result
-            (FieldElement::Constant(fe_1_constant), FieldElement::Constant(fe_2_constant)) => {
-                ConstrainedValue::FieldElement(FieldElement::Constant(
-                    fe_1_constant.add(&fe_2_constant),
-                ))
-            }
-            // else, return an allocated result
-            (
-                FieldElement::Allocated(fe_1_value, fe_1_variable),
-                FieldElement::Constant(fe_2_constant),
-            ) => {
-                let sum_value: Option<F> = fe_1_value.map(|v| v.add(&fe_2_constant));
-                let sum_variable: R1CSVariable = cs.alloc(
-                    || "field addition",
-                    || sum_value.ok_or(SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing),
-                )?;
-
-                cs.enforce(
-                    || "sum = 1 * (fe_1 + fe2)",
-                    |lc| lc + CS::one(),
-                    |lc| lc + fe_1_variable + (fe_2_constant, CS::one()),
-                    |lc| lc + sum_variable.clone(),
-                );
-
-                ConstrainedValue::FieldElement(FieldElement::Allocated(sum_value, sum_variable))
-            }
-            (
-                FieldElement::Constant(fe_1_constant),
-                FieldElement::Allocated(fe_2_value, fe_2_variable),
-            ) => {
-                let sum_value: Option<F> = fe_2_value.map(|v| fe_1_constant.add(&v));
-                let sum_variable: R1CSVariable = cs.alloc(
-                    || "field addition",
-                    || sum_value.ok_or(SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing),
-                )?;
-
-                cs.enforce(
-                    || "sum = 1 * (fe_1 + fe_2)",
-                    |lc| lc + CS::one(),
-                    |lc| lc + (fe_1_constant, CS::one()) + fe_2_variable,
-                    |lc| lc + sum_variable.clone(),
-                );
-
-                ConstrainedValue::FieldElement(FieldElement::Allocated(sum_value, sum_variable))
-            }
-            (
-                FieldElement::Allocated(fe_1_value, fe_1_variable),
-                FieldElement::Allocated(fe_2_value, fe_2_variable),
-            ) => {
-                let sum_value: Option<F> = match (fe_1_value, fe_2_value) {
-                    (Some(fe_1_value), Some(fe_2_value)) => Some(fe_1_value.add(&fe_2_value)),
-                    (_, _) => None,
-                };
-                let sum_variable: R1CSVariable = cs.alloc(
-                    || "field addition",
-                    || sum_value.ok_or(SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing),
-                )?;
-
-                cs.enforce(
-                    || "sum = 1 * (fe_1 + fe_2)",
-                    |lc| lc + CS::one(),
-                    |lc| lc + fe_1_variable + fe_2_variable,
-                    |lc| lc + sum_variable.clone(),
-                );
-
-                ConstrainedValue::FieldElement(FieldElement::Allocated(sum_value, sum_variable))
-            }
-        })
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn enforce_field_sub(
-        &mut self,
-        cs: &mut CS,
-        fe_1: FieldElement<F>,
-        fe_2: FieldElement<F>,
-    ) -> Result<ConstrainedValue<F, G>, FieldElementError> {
-        Ok(match (fe_1, fe_2) {
-            // if both constants, then return a constant result
-            (FieldElement::Constant(fe_1_constant), FieldElement::Constant(fe_2_constant)) => {
-                ConstrainedValue::FieldElement(FieldElement::Constant(
-                    fe_1_constant.sub(&fe_2_constant),
-                ))
-            }
-            // else, return an allocated result
-            (
-                FieldElement::Allocated(fe_1_value, fe_1_variable),
-                FieldElement::Constant(fe_2_constant),
-            ) => {
-                let sub_value: Option<F> = fe_1_value.map(|v| v.sub(&fe_2_constant));
-                let sub_variable: R1CSVariable = cs.alloc(
-                    || "field subtraction",
-                    || sub_value.ok_or(SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing),
-                )?;
-
-                cs.enforce(
-                    || "sub = 1 * (fe_1 - fe2)",
-                    |lc| lc + CS::one(),
-                    |lc| lc + fe_1_variable - (fe_2_constant, CS::one()),
-                    |lc| lc + sub_variable.clone(),
-                );
-
-                ConstrainedValue::FieldElement(FieldElement::Allocated(sub_value, sub_variable))
-            }
-            (
-                FieldElement::Constant(fe_1_constant),
-                FieldElement::Allocated(fe_2_value, fe_2_variable),
-            ) => {
-                let sub_value: Option<F> = fe_2_value.map(|v| fe_1_constant.sub(&v));
-                let sub_variable: R1CSVariable = cs.alloc(
-                    || "field subtraction",
-                    || sub_value.ok_or(SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing),
-                )?;
-
-                cs.enforce(
-                    || "sub = 1 * (fe_1 - fe_2)",
-                    |lc| lc + CS::one(),
-                    |lc| lc + (fe_1_constant, CS::one()) - fe_2_variable,
-                    |lc| lc + sub_variable.clone(),
-                );
-
-                ConstrainedValue::FieldElement(FieldElement::Allocated(sub_value, sub_variable))
-            }
-            (
-                FieldElement::Allocated(fe_1_value, fe_1_variable),
-                FieldElement::Allocated(fe_2_value, fe_2_variable),
-            ) => {
-                let sub_value: Option<F> = match (fe_1_value, fe_2_value) {
-                    (Some(fe_1_value), Some(fe_2_value)) => Some(fe_1_value.sub(&fe_2_value)),
-                    (_, _) => None,
-                };
-                let sub_variable: R1CSVariable = cs.alloc(
-                    || "field subtraction",
-                    || sub_value.ok_or(SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing),
-                )?;
-
-                cs.enforce(
-                    || "sub = 1 * (fe_1 - fe_2)",
-                    |lc| lc + CS::one(),
-                    |lc| lc + fe_1_variable - fe_2_variable,
-                    |lc| lc + sub_variable.clone(),
-                );
-
-                ConstrainedValue::FieldElement(FieldElement::Allocated(sub_value, sub_variable))
-            }
-        })
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn enforce_field_mul(
-        &mut self,
-        cs: &mut CS,
-        fe_1: FieldElement<F>,
-        fe_2: FieldElement<F>,
-    ) -> Result<ConstrainedValue<F, G>, FieldElementError> {
-        Ok(match (fe_1, fe_2) {
-            // if both constants, then return a constant result
-            (FieldElement::Constant(fe_1_constant), FieldElement::Constant(fe_2_constant)) => {
-                ConstrainedValue::FieldElement(FieldElement::Constant(
-                    fe_1_constant.mul(&fe_2_constant),
-                ))
-            }
-            // else, return an allocated result
-            (
-                FieldElement::Allocated(fe_1_value, fe_1_variable),
-                FieldElement::Constant(fe_2_constant),
-            ) => {
-                let mul_value: Option<F> = fe_1_value.map(|v| v.mul(&fe_2_constant));
-                let mul_variable: R1CSVariable = cs.alloc(
-                    || "field multiplication",
-                    || mul_value.ok_or(SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing),
-                )?;
-
-                cs.enforce(
-                    || "mul = fe_1 * fe_2",
-                    |lc| lc + fe_1_variable,
-                    |lc| lc + (fe_2_constant, CS::one()),
-                    |lc| lc + mul_variable.clone(),
-                );
-
-                ConstrainedValue::FieldElement(FieldElement::Allocated(mul_value, mul_variable))
-            }
-            (
-                FieldElement::Constant(fe_1_constant),
-                FieldElement::Allocated(fe_2_value, fe_2_variable),
-            ) => {
-                let mul_value: Option<F> = fe_2_value.map(|v| fe_1_constant.mul(&v));
-                let mul_variable: R1CSVariable = cs.alloc(
-                    || "field multiplication",
-                    || mul_value.ok_or(SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing),
-                )?;
-
-                cs.enforce(
-                    || "mul = fe_1 * fe_2",
-                    |lc| lc + (fe_1_constant, CS::one()),
-                    |lc| lc + fe_2_variable,
-                    |lc| lc + mul_variable.clone(),
-                );
-
-                ConstrainedValue::FieldElement(FieldElement::Allocated(mul_value, mul_variable))
-            }
-            (
-                FieldElement::Allocated(fe_1_value, fe_1_variable),
-                FieldElement::Allocated(fe_2_value, fe_2_variable),
-            ) => {
-                let mul_value: Option<F> = match (fe_1_value, fe_2_value) {
-                    (Some(fe_1_value), Some(fe_2_value)) => Some(fe_1_value.mul(&fe_2_value)),
-                    (_, _) => None,
-                };
-                let mul_variable: R1CSVariable = cs.alloc(
-                    || "field multiplication",
-                    || mul_value.ok_or(SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing),
-                )?;
-
-                cs.enforce(
-                    || "mul = fe_1 * fe_2",
-                    |lc| lc + fe_1_variable,
-                    |lc| lc + fe_2_variable,
-                    |lc| lc + mul_variable.clone(),
-                );
-
-                ConstrainedValue::FieldElement(FieldElement::Allocated(mul_value, mul_variable))
-            }
-        })
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn enforce_field_div(
-        &mut self,
-        cs: &mut CS,
-        fe_1: FieldElement<F>,
-        fe_2: FieldElement<F>,
-    ) -> Result<ConstrainedValue<F, G>, FieldElementError> {
-        Ok(match (fe_1, fe_2) {
-            // if both constants, then return a constant result
-            (FieldElement::Constant(fe_1_constant), FieldElement::Constant(fe_2_constant)) => {
-                ConstrainedValue::FieldElement(FieldElement::Constant(
-                    fe_1_constant.div(&fe_2_constant),
-                ))
-            }
-            // else, return an allocated result
-            (
-                FieldElement::Allocated(fe_1_value, fe_1_variable),
-                FieldElement::Constant(fe_2_constant),
-            ) => {
-                let div_value: Option<F> = fe_1_value.map(|v| v.div(&fe_2_constant));
-                let div_variable: R1CSVariable = cs.alloc(
-                    || "field division",
-                    || div_value.ok_or(SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing),
-                )?;
-                let fe_2_inverse_value = fe_2_constant.inverse().unwrap();
-
-                cs.enforce(
-                    || "div = fe_1 * fe_2^-1",
-                    |lc| lc + fe_1_variable,
-                    |lc| lc + (fe_2_inverse_value, CS::one()),
-                    |lc| lc + div_variable.clone(),
-                );
-
-                ConstrainedValue::FieldElement(FieldElement::Allocated(div_value, div_variable))
-            }
-            (
-                FieldElement::Constant(fe_1_constant),
-                FieldElement::Allocated(fe_2_value, _fe_2_variable),
-            ) => {
-                let div_value: Option<F> = fe_2_value.map(|v| fe_1_constant.div(&v));
-                let div_variable: R1CSVariable = cs.alloc(
-                    || "field division",
-                    || div_value.ok_or(SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing),
-                )?;
-                let fe_2_inverse_value = fe_2_value.map(|v| v.inverse().unwrap());
-                let fe_2_inverse_variable = cs.alloc(
-                    || "field inverse",
-                    || fe_2_inverse_value.ok_or(SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing),
-                )?;
-
-                cs.enforce(
-                    || "div = fe_1 * fe_2^-1",
-                    |lc| lc + (fe_1_constant, CS::one()),
-                    |lc| lc + fe_2_inverse_variable,
-                    |lc| lc + div_variable.clone(),
-                );
-
-                ConstrainedValue::FieldElement(FieldElement::Allocated(div_value, div_variable))
-            }
-            (
-                FieldElement::Allocated(fe_1_value, fe_1_variable),
-                FieldElement::Allocated(fe_2_value, _fe_2_variable),
-            ) => {
-                let div_value: Option<F> = match (fe_1_value, fe_2_value) {
-                    (Some(fe_1_value), Some(fe_2_value)) => Some(fe_1_value.div(&fe_2_value)),
-                    (_, _) => None,
-                };
-                let div_variable: R1CSVariable = cs.alloc(
-                    || "field division",
-                    || div_value.ok_or(SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing),
-                )?;
-                let fe_2_inverse_value = fe_2_value.map(|v| v.inverse().unwrap());
-                let fe_2_inverse_variable = cs.alloc(
-                    || "field inverse",
-                    || fe_2_inverse_value.ok_or(SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing),
-                )?;
-
-                cs.enforce(
-                    || "div = fe_1 * fe_2^-1",
-                    |lc| lc + fe_1_variable,
-                    |lc| lc + fe_2_inverse_variable,
-                    |lc| lc + div_variable.clone(),
-                );
-
-                ConstrainedValue::FieldElement(FieldElement::Allocated(div_value, div_variable))
-            }
-        })
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn enforce_field_pow(
-        &mut self,
-        cs: &mut CS,
-        fe_1: FieldElement<F>,
-        num: Integer,
-    ) -> Result<ConstrainedValue<F, G>, FieldElementError> {
-        Ok(match fe_1 {
-            // if both constants, then return a constant result
-            FieldElement::Constant(fe_1_constant) => ConstrainedValue::FieldElement(
-                FieldElement::Constant(fe_1_constant.pow(&[num.to_usize() as u64])),
-            ),
-            // else, return an allocated result
-            FieldElement::Allocated(fe_1_value, _fe_1_variable) => {
-                let pow_value: Option<F> = fe_1_value.map(|v| v.pow(&[num.to_usize() as u64]));
-                let pow_variable: R1CSVariable = cs.alloc(
-                    || "field exponentiation",
-                    || pow_value.ok_or(SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing),
-                )?;
-
-                // cs.enforce( //todo: find a linear combination for this
-                //     || "pow = 1 + fe_1^num",
-                //     |lc| lc + fe_1_variable,
-                //     |lc| lc + (fe_2_inverse_value, CS::one()),
-                //     |lc| lc + pow_variable.clone());
-
-                ConstrainedValue::FieldElement(FieldElement::Allocated(pow_value, pow_variable))
-            }
-        })
-    }
-}

compiler/src/constraints/function.rs

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 use crate::{
     constraints::{new_scope, ConstrainedProgram, ConstrainedValue},
     errors::{FunctionError, ImportError},
-    group_from_input,
+    field_from_input, group_from_input,
     types::{Expression, Function, Identifier, InputValue, Program, Type},
     GroupType,
 };
@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
         scope: String,
         caller_scope: String,
         function_name: String,
-        expected_types: Vec<Type<F>>,
+        expected_types: Vec<Type>,
-        input: Expression<F>,
+        input: Expression,
     ) -> Result<ConstrainedValue<F, G>, FunctionError> {
         // Evaluate the function input value as pass by value from the caller or
         // evaluate as an expression in the current function scope
@@ -57,8 +57,8 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
         cs: &mut CS,
         scope: String,
         caller_scope: String,
-        function: Function<F>,
+        function: Function,
-        inputs: Vec<Expression<F>>,
+        inputs: Vec<Expression>,
     ) -> Result<ConstrainedValue<F, G>, FunctionError> {
         let function_name = new_scope(scope.clone(), function.get_name());
 
@@ -118,9 +118,9 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
         cs: &mut CS,
         name: String,
         private: bool,
-        array_type: Type<F>,
+        array_type: Type,
         array_dimensions: Vec<usize>,
-        input_value: Option<InputValue<F>>,
+        input_value: Option<InputValue>,
     ) -> Result<ConstrainedValue<F, G>, FunctionError> {
         let expected_length = array_dimensions[0];
         let mut array_value = vec![];
@@ -170,18 +170,16 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
     fn allocate_main_function_input(
         &mut self,
         cs: &mut CS,
-        _type: Type<F>,
+        _type: Type,
         name: String,
         private: bool,
-        input_value: Option<InputValue<F>>,
+        input_value: Option<InputValue>,
     ) -> Result<ConstrainedValue<F, G>, FunctionError> {
         match _type {
             Type::IntegerType(integer_type) => {
                 Ok(self.integer_from_parameter(cs, integer_type, name, private, input_value)?)
             }
-            Type::FieldElement => {
+            Type::Field => Ok(field_from_input(cs, name, private, input_value)?),
-                Ok(self.field_element_from_input(cs, name, private, input_value)?)
-            }
             Type::Group => Ok(group_from_input(cs, name, private, input_value)?),
             Type::Boolean => Ok(self.bool_from_input(cs, name, private, input_value)?),
             Type::Array(_type, dimensions) => {
@@ -195,8 +193,8 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
         &mut self,
         cs: &mut CS,
         scope: String,
-        function: Function<F>,
+        function: Function,
-        inputs: Vec<Option<InputValue<F>>>,
+        inputs: Vec<Option<InputValue>>,
     ) -> Result<ConstrainedValue<F, G>, FunctionError> {
         let function_name = new_scope(scope.clone(), function.get_name());
 
@@ -231,7 +229,7 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
     pub(crate) fn resolve_definitions(
         &mut self,
         cs: &mut CS,
-        program: Program<F>,
+        program: Program,
     ) -> Result<(), ImportError> {
         let program_name = program.name.clone();
 

compiler/src/constraints/group.rs

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ pub(crate) fn group_from_input<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: Const
     cs: &mut CS,
     name: String,
     private: bool,
-    input_value: Option<InputValue<F>>,
+    input_value: Option<InputValue>,
 ) -> Result<ConstrainedValue<F, G>, GroupError> {
     // Check that the parameter value is the correct type
     let group_option = match input_value {

compiler/src/constraints/import.rs

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
         &mut self,
         cs: &mut CS,
         scope: String,
-        import: Import<F>,
+        import: Import,
     ) -> Result<(), ImportError> {
         let path = current_dir().map_err(|error| ImportError::DirectoryError(error))?;
 

compiler/src/constraints/integer/integer.rs

@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
         integer_type: IntegerType,
         name: String,
         private: bool,
-        integer_value: Option<InputValue<F>>,
+        integer_value: Option<InputValue>,
     ) -> Result<ConstrainedValue<F, G>, IntegerError> {
         // Check that the input value is the correct type
         let integer_option = match integer_value {

compiler/src/constraints/mod.rs

@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ pub use import::*;
 pub mod integer;
 pub use integer::*;
 
-pub mod field_element;
+pub(crate) mod field;
-pub use field_element::*;
+pub(crate) use field::*;
 
 pub(crate) mod group;
 pub(crate) use group::*;
@@ -43,8 +43,8 @@ use snarkos_models::{
 
 pub fn generate_constraints<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>>(
     cs: &mut CS,
-    program: Program<F>,
+    program: Program,
-    parameters: Vec<Option<InputValue<F>>>,
+    parameters: Vec<Option<InputValue>>,
 ) -> Result<ConstrainedValue<F, G>, CompilerError> {
     let mut resolved_program = ConstrainedProgram::new();
     let program_name = program.get_name();

compiler/src/constraints/statement.rs

@@ -13,11 +13,14 @@ use crate::{
 
 use snarkos_models::{
     curves::{Field, PrimeField},
-    gadgets::{r1cs::ConstraintSystem, utilities::boolean::Boolean, utilities::uint32::UInt32},
+    gadgets::{
+        r1cs::ConstraintSystem,
+        utilities::{boolean::Boolean, eq::EqGadget, uint32::UInt32},
+    },
 };
 
 impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> ConstrainedProgram<F, G, CS> {
-    fn resolve_assignee(&mut self, scope: String, assignee: Assignee<F>) -> String {
+    fn resolve_assignee(&mut self, scope: String, assignee: Assignee) -> String {
         match assignee {
             Assignee::Identifier(name) => new_scope(scope, name.to_string()),
             Assignee::Array(array, _index) => self.resolve_assignee(scope, *array),
@@ -47,7 +50,7 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
         file_scope: String,
         function_scope: String,
         name: String,
-        range_or_expression: RangeOrExpression<F>,
+        range_or_expression: RangeOrExpression,
         new_value: ConstrainedValue<F, G>,
     ) -> Result<(), StatementError> {
         // Resolve index so we know if we are assigning to a single value or a range of values
@@ -91,7 +94,7 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
     fn mutute_circuit_field(
         &mut self,
         circuit_name: String,
-        object_name: Identifier<F>,
+        object_name: Identifier,
         new_value: ConstrainedValue<F, G>,
     ) -> Result<(), StatementError> {
         match self.get_mutable_assignee(circuit_name)? {
@@ -129,8 +132,8 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
         cs: &mut CS,
         file_scope: String,
         function_scope: String,
-        assignee: Assignee<F>,
+        assignee: Assignee,
-        expression: Expression<F>,
+        expression: Expression,
     ) -> Result<(), StatementError> {
         // Get the name of the variable we are assigning to
         let variable_name = self.resolve_assignee(function_scope.clone(), assignee.clone());
@@ -170,7 +173,7 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
     fn store_definition(
         &mut self,
         function_scope: String,
-        variable: Variable<F>,
+        variable: Variable,
         mut value: ConstrainedValue<F, G>,
     ) -> Result<(), StatementError> {
         // Store with given mutability
@@ -190,8 +193,8 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
         cs: &mut CS,
         file_scope: String,
         function_scope: String,
-        variable: Variable<F>,
+        variable: Variable,
-        expression: Expression<F>,
+        expression: Expression,
     ) -> Result<(), StatementError> {
         let mut expected_types = vec![];
         if let Some(ref _type) = variable._type {
@@ -213,8 +216,8 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
         cs: &mut CS,
         file_scope: String,
         function_scope: String,
-        variables: Vec<Variable<F>>,
+        variables: Vec<Variable>,
-        function: Expression<F>,
+        function: Expression,
     ) -> Result<(), StatementError> {
         let mut expected_types = vec![];
         for variable in variables.iter() {
@@ -256,8 +259,8 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
         cs: &mut CS,
         file_scope: String,
         function_scope: String,
-        expressions: Vec<Expression<F>>,
+        expressions: Vec<Expression>,
-        return_types: Vec<Type<F>>,
+        return_types: Vec<Type>,
     ) -> Result<ConstrainedValue<F, G>, StatementError> {
         // Make sure we return the correct number of values
         if return_types.len() != expressions.len() {
@@ -289,8 +292,8 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
         cs: &mut CS,
         file_scope: String,
         function_scope: String,
-        statements: Vec<Statement<F>>,
+        statements: Vec<Statement>,
-        return_types: Vec<Type<F>>,
+        return_types: Vec<Type>,
     ) -> Result<Option<ConstrainedValue<F, G>>, StatementError> {
         let mut res = None;
         // Evaluate statements and possibly return early
@@ -315,8 +318,8 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
         cs: &mut CS,
         file_scope: String,
         function_scope: String,
-        statement: ConditionalStatement<F>,
+        statement: ConditionalStatement,
-        return_types: Vec<Type<F>>,
+        return_types: Vec<Type>,
     ) -> Result<Option<ConstrainedValue<F, G>>, StatementError> {
         let expected_types = vec![Type::Boolean];
         let condition = match self.enforce_expression(
@@ -367,11 +370,11 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
         cs: &mut CS,
         file_scope: String,
         function_scope: String,
-        index: Identifier<F>,
+        index: Identifier,
         start: Integer,
         stop: Integer,
-        statements: Vec<Statement<F>>,
+        statements: Vec<Statement>,
-        return_types: Vec<Type<F>>,
+        return_types: Vec<Type>,
     ) -> Result<Option<ConstrainedValue<F, G>>, StatementError> {
         let mut res = None;
 
@@ -413,8 +416,8 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
             (ConstrainedValue::Integer(num_1), ConstrainedValue::Integer(num_2)) => {
                 Self::enforce_integer_eq(cs, num_1, num_2)?
             }
-            (ConstrainedValue::FieldElement(fe_1), ConstrainedValue::FieldElement(fe_2)) => {
+            (ConstrainedValue::Field(fe_1), ConstrainedValue::Field(fe_2)) => {
-                self.enforce_field_eq(cs, fe_1, fe_2)
+                fe_1.enforce_equal(cs, &fe_2)?
             }
             (ConstrainedValue::Group(ge_1), ConstrainedValue::Group(ge_2)) => {
                 ge_1.enforce_equal(cs, &ge_2)?
@@ -424,17 +427,11 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
                     self.enforce_assert_eq_statement(cs, left, right)?;
                 }
             }
-            (val_1, val_2) => {
+            (val_1, val_2) => unimplemented!(
-                unimplemented!(
                 "assert eq not supported for given types {} == {}",
                 val_1,
                 val_2
-                )
+            ),
-                // return Err(StatementError::AssertEq(
-                //     val_1.to_string(),
-                //     val_2.to_string(),
-                // ))
-            }
         })
     }
 
@@ -443,8 +440,8 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>, CS: ConstraintSystem<F>> Constraine
         cs: &mut CS,
         file_scope: String,
         function_scope: String,
-        statement: Statement<F>,
+        statement: Statement,
-        return_types: Vec<Type<F>>,
+        return_types: Vec<Type>,
     ) -> Result<Option<ConstrainedValue<F, G>>, StatementError> {
         let mut res = None;
         match statement {

compiler/src/constraints/value.rs

@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 
 use crate::{
     errors::ValueError,
-    types::{Circuit, FieldElement, Function, Identifier, Integer, IntegerType, Type},
+    types::{Circuit, Function, Identifier, Integer, IntegerType, Type},
-    GroupType,
+    FieldType, GroupType,
 };
 
 use snarkos_models::{
@@ -17,23 +17,23 @@ use std::fmt;
 
 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct ConstrainedCircuitMember<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>>(
-    pub Identifier<F>,
+    pub Identifier,
     pub ConstrainedValue<F, G>,
 );
 
 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum ConstrainedValue<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>> {
     Integer(Integer),
-    FieldElement(FieldElement<F>),
+    Field(FieldType<F>),
     Group(G),
     Boolean(Boolean),
 
     Array(Vec<ConstrainedValue<F, G>>),
 
-    CircuitDefinition(Circuit<F>),
+    CircuitDefinition(Circuit),
-    CircuitExpression(Identifier<F>, Vec<ConstrainedCircuitMember<F, G>>),
+    CircuitExpression(Identifier, Vec<ConstrainedCircuitMember<F, G>>),
 
-    Function(Option<Identifier<F>>, Function<F>), // (optional circuit identifier, function definition)
+    Function(Option<Identifier>, Function), // (optional circuit identifier, function definition)
     Return(Vec<ConstrainedValue<F, G>>),
 
     Mutable(Box<ConstrainedValue<F, G>>),
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>> ConstrainedValue<F, G> {
         ConstrainedValue::from_type(value, &other_type)
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn from_type(value: String, _type: &Type<F>) -> Result<Self, ValueError> {
+    pub(crate) fn from_type(value: String, _type: &Type) -> Result<Self, ValueError> {
         match _type {
             Type::IntegerType(integer_type) => Ok(ConstrainedValue::Integer(match integer_type {
                 IntegerType::U8 => Integer::U8(UInt8::constant(value.parse::<u8>()?)),
@@ -60,9 +60,7 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>> ConstrainedValue<F, G> {
                 IntegerType::U64 => Integer::U64(UInt64::constant(value.parse::<u64>()?)),
                 IntegerType::U128 => Integer::U128(UInt128::constant(value.parse::<u128>()?)),
             })),
-            Type::FieldElement => Ok(ConstrainedValue::FieldElement(FieldElement::Constant(
+            Type::Field => Ok(ConstrainedValue::Field(FieldType::constant(value)?)),
-                F::from_str(&value).unwrap_or_default(),
-            ))),
             Type::Group => Ok(ConstrainedValue::Group(G::constant(value)?)),
             Type::Boolean => Ok(ConstrainedValue::Boolean(Boolean::Constant(
                 value.parse::<bool>()?,
@@ -72,17 +70,17 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>> ConstrainedValue<F, G> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn to_type(&self) -> Type<F> {
+    pub(crate) fn to_type(&self) -> Type {
         match self {
             ConstrainedValue::Integer(integer) => Type::IntegerType(integer.get_type()),
-            ConstrainedValue::FieldElement(_field) => Type::FieldElement,
+            ConstrainedValue::Field(_field) => Type::Field,
             ConstrainedValue::Group(_group) => Type::Group,
             ConstrainedValue::Boolean(_bool) => Type::Boolean,
             _ => unimplemented!("to type only implemented for primitives"),
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn resolve_type(&mut self, types: &Vec<Type<F>>) -> Result<(), ValueError> {
+    pub(crate) fn resolve_type(&mut self, types: &Vec<Type>) -> Result<(), ValueError> {
         if let ConstrainedValue::Unresolved(ref string) = self {
             if !types.is_empty() {
                 *self = ConstrainedValue::from_type(string.clone(), &types[0])?
@@ -103,7 +101,7 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField, G: GroupType<F>> fmt::Display for ConstrainedValue<F
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         match *self {
             ConstrainedValue::Integer(ref value) => write!(f, "{}", value),
-            ConstrainedValue::FieldElement(ref value) => write!(f, "{}", value),
+            ConstrainedValue::Field(ref value) => write!(f, "{:?}", value),
             ConstrainedValue::Group(ref value) => write!(f, "{:?}", value),
             ConstrainedValue::Boolean(ref value) => write!(f, "{}", value.get_value().unwrap()),
             ConstrainedValue::Array(ref array) => {

compiler/src/errors/constraints/expression.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use crate::errors::{
-    BooleanError, FieldElementError, FunctionError, GroupError, IntegerError, ValueError,
+    BooleanError, FieldError, FunctionError, GroupError, IntegerError, ValueError,
 };
 
 use snarkos_errors::gadgets::SynthesisError;
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ pub enum ExpressionError {
     ParseIntError(ParseIntError),
 
     #[error("{}", _0)]
-    FieldElementError(FieldElementError),
+    FieldError(FieldError),
 
     #[error("{}", _0)]
     GroupError(#[from] GroupError),
@@ -128,9 +128,9 @@ impl From<ParseIntError> for ExpressionError {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<FieldElementError> for ExpressionError {
+impl From<FieldError> for ExpressionError {
-    fn from(error: FieldElementError) -> Self {
+    fn from(error: FieldError) -> Self {
-        ExpressionError::FieldElementError(error)
+        ExpressionError::FieldError(error)
     }
 }
 

compiler/src/errors/constraints/field.rs

@@ -1,16 +1,19 @@
 use snarkos_errors::gadgets::SynthesisError;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Error)]
-pub enum FieldElementError {
+pub enum FieldError {
     #[error("Expected field element parameter, got {}", _0)]
-    InvalidField(String),
+    Invalid(String),
+
+    #[error("No multiplicative inverse found for field {}", _0)]
+    NoInverse(String),
 
     #[error("{}", _0)]
     SynthesisError(SynthesisError),
 }
 
-impl From<SynthesisError> for FieldElementError {
+impl From<SynthesisError> for FieldError {
     fn from(error: SynthesisError) -> Self {
-        FieldElementError::SynthesisError(error)
+        FieldError::SynthesisError(error)
     }
 }

compiler/src/errors/constraints/function.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 use crate::errors::{
-    BooleanError, ExpressionError, FieldElementError, GroupError, IntegerError, StatementError,
+    BooleanError, ExpressionError, FieldError, GroupError, IntegerError, StatementError, ValueError,
-    ValueError,
 };
 
 #[derive(Debug, Error)]
@@ -27,7 +26,7 @@ pub enum FunctionError {
     IntegerError(IntegerError),
 
     #[error("{}", _0)]
-    FieldElementError(FieldElementError),
+    FieldError(FieldError),
 
     #[error("{}", _0)]
     GroupError(GroupError),
@@ -54,9 +53,9 @@ impl From<IntegerError> for FunctionError {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<FieldElementError> for FunctionError {
+impl From<FieldError> for FunctionError {
-    fn from(error: FieldElementError) -> Self {
+    fn from(error: FieldError) -> Self {
-        FunctionError::FieldElementError(error)
+        FunctionError::FieldError(error)
     }
 }
 

compiler/src/errors/constraints/mod.rs

@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ pub use import::*;
 pub mod integer;
 pub use integer::*;
 
-pub mod field_element;
+pub mod field;
-pub use field_element::*;
+pub use field::*;
 
 pub mod group;
 pub use group::*;

compiler/src/errors/constraints/statement.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::errors::{BooleanError, ExpressionError, FieldElementError, IntegerError, ValueError};
+use crate::errors::{BooleanError, ExpressionError, FieldError, IntegerError, ValueError};
 
 use snarkos_errors::gadgets::SynthesisError;
 
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ pub enum StatementError {
     IntegerError(IntegerError),
 
     #[error("{}", _0)]
-    FieldElementError(FieldElementError),
+    FieldError(FieldError),
 
     #[error("{}", _0)]
     BooleanError(BooleanError),
@@ -81,9 +81,9 @@ impl From<IntegerError> for StatementError {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<FieldElementError> for StatementError {
+impl From<FieldError> for StatementError {
-    fn from(error: FieldElementError) -> Self {
+    fn from(error: FieldError) -> Self {
-        StatementError::FieldElementError(error)
+        StatementError::FieldError(error)
     }
 }
 

compiler/src/errors/constraints/value.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::errors::{GroupError, IntegerError};
+use crate::errors::{FieldError, GroupError, IntegerError};
 
 use std::{num::ParseIntError, str::ParseBoolError};
 
@@ -29,6 +29,9 @@ pub enum ValueError {
 
     #[error("{}", _0)]
     GroupError(#[from] GroupError),
+
+    #[error("{}", _0)]
+    FieldError(#[from] FieldError),
 }
 
 impl From<ParseIntError> for ValueError {

compiler/src/field/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,289 @@
+//! A data type that represents a field value
+
+use crate::errors::FieldError;
+
+use snarkos_errors::gadgets::SynthesisError;
+use snarkos_models::gadgets::curves::FieldGadget;
+use snarkos_models::{
+    curves::{Field, PrimeField},
+    gadgets::{
+        curves::FpGadget,
+        r1cs::ConstraintSystem,
+        utilities::{
+            alloc::AllocGadget,
+            boolean::Boolean,
+            eq::{ConditionalEqGadget, EqGadget},
+            select::CondSelectGadget,
+            uint8::UInt8,
+            ToBitsGadget, ToBytesGadget,
+        },
+    },
+};
+use std::borrow::Borrow;
+use std::cmp::Ordering;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub enum FieldType<F: Field + PrimeField> {
+    Constant(F),
+    Allocated(FpGadget<F>),
+}
+
+impl<F: Field + PrimeField> FieldType<F> {
+    pub fn get_value(&self) -> Option<F> {
+        match self {
+            FieldType::Constant(field) => Some(*field),
+            FieldType::Allocated(gadget) => gadget.get_value(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn constant(string: String) -> Result<Self, FieldError> {
+        let value = F::from_str(&string).map_err(|_| FieldError::Invalid(string))?;
+
+        Ok(FieldType::Constant(value))
+    }
+
+    pub fn add<CS: ConstraintSystem<F>>(&self, cs: CS, other: &Self) -> Result<Self, FieldError> {
+        match (self, other) {
+            (FieldType::Constant(self_value), FieldType::Constant(other_value)) => {
+                Ok(FieldType::Constant(self_value.add(other_value)))
+            }
+
+            (FieldType::Allocated(self_value), FieldType::Allocated(other_value)) => {
+                let result = self_value.add(cs, other_value)?;
+
+                Ok(FieldType::Allocated(result))
+            }
+
+            (FieldType::Constant(constant_value), FieldType::Allocated(allocated_value))
+            | (FieldType::Allocated(allocated_value), FieldType::Constant(constant_value)) => Ok(
+                FieldType::Allocated(allocated_value.add_constant(cs, constant_value)?),
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn sub<CS: ConstraintSystem<F>>(&self, cs: CS, other: &Self) -> Result<Self, FieldError> {
+        match (self, other) {
+            (FieldType::Constant(self_value), FieldType::Constant(other_value)) => {
+                Ok(FieldType::Constant(self_value.sub(other_value)))
+            }
+
+            (FieldType::Allocated(self_value), FieldType::Allocated(other_value)) => {
+                let result = self_value.sub(cs, other_value)?;
+
+                Ok(FieldType::Allocated(result))
+            }
+
+            (FieldType::Constant(constant_value), FieldType::Allocated(allocated_value))
+            | (FieldType::Allocated(allocated_value), FieldType::Constant(constant_value)) => Ok(
+                FieldType::Allocated(allocated_value.sub_constant(cs, constant_value)?),
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn mul<CS: ConstraintSystem<F>>(&self, cs: CS, other: &Self) -> Result<Self, FieldError> {
+        match (self, other) {
+            (FieldType::Constant(self_value), FieldType::Constant(other_value)) => {
+                Ok(FieldType::Constant(self_value.mul(other_value)))
+            }
+
+            (FieldType::Allocated(self_value), FieldType::Allocated(other_value)) => {
+                let result = self_value.mul(cs, other_value)?;
+
+                Ok(FieldType::Allocated(result))
+            }
+
+            (FieldType::Constant(constant_value), FieldType::Allocated(allocated_value))
+            | (FieldType::Allocated(allocated_value), FieldType::Constant(constant_value)) => Ok(
+                FieldType::Allocated(allocated_value.mul_by_constant(cs, constant_value)?),
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn div<CS: ConstraintSystem<F>>(
+        &self,
+        mut cs: CS,
+        other: &Self,
+    ) -> Result<Self, FieldError> {
+        let inverse = match other {
+            FieldType::Constant(constant) => {
+                let constant_inverse = constant
+                    .inverse()
+                    .ok_or(FieldError::NoInverse(constant.to_string()))?;
+                FieldType::Constant(constant_inverse)
+            }
+            FieldType::Allocated(allocated) => {
+                let allocated_inverse = allocated.inverse(&mut cs)?;
+                FieldType::Allocated(allocated_inverse)
+            }
+        };
+
+        self.mul(cs, &inverse)
+    }
+
+    pub fn alloc_helper<Fn: FnOnce() -> Result<T, SynthesisError>, T: Borrow<String>>(
+        value_gen: Fn,
+    ) -> Result<F, SynthesisError> {
+        let field_string = match value_gen() {
+            Ok(value) => {
+                let string_value = value.borrow().clone();
+                Ok(string_value)
+            }
+            _ => Err(SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing),
+        }?;
+
+        F::from_str(&field_string).map_err(|_| SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing)
+    }
+
+    pub fn allocated<CS: ConstraintSystem<F>>(
+        &self,
+        mut cs: CS,
+    ) -> Result<FpGadget<F>, SynthesisError> {
+        match self {
+            FieldType::Constant(constant) => {
+                FpGadget::alloc(&mut cs.ns(|| format!("{:?}", constant)), || Ok(constant))
+            }
+            FieldType::Allocated(allocated) => Ok(allocated.clone()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<F: Field + PrimeField> AllocGadget<String, F> for FieldType<F> {
+    fn alloc<
+        Fn: FnOnce() -> Result<T, SynthesisError>,
+        T: Borrow<String>,
+        CS: ConstraintSystem<F>,
+    >(
+        cs: CS,
+        value_gen: Fn,
+    ) -> Result<Self, SynthesisError> {
+        let value = FpGadget::alloc(cs, || Self::alloc_helper(value_gen))?;
+
+        Ok(FieldType::Allocated(value))
+    }
+
+    fn alloc_input<
+        Fn: FnOnce() -> Result<T, SynthesisError>,
+        T: Borrow<String>,
+        CS: ConstraintSystem<F>,
+    >(
+        cs: CS,
+        value_gen: Fn,
+    ) -> Result<Self, SynthesisError> {
+        let value = FpGadget::alloc_input(cs, || Self::alloc_helper(value_gen))?;
+
+        Ok(FieldType::Allocated(value))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<F: Field + PrimeField> PartialEq for FieldType<F> {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        let self_value = self.get_value();
+        let other_value = other.get_value();
+
+        self_value.is_some() && other_value.is_some() && self_value.eq(&other_value)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<F: Field + PrimeField> Eq for FieldType<F> {}
+
+impl<F: Field + PrimeField> PartialOrd for FieldType<F> {
+    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering> {
+        let self_value = self.get_value();
+        let other_value = other.get_value();
+
+        Option::from(self_value.cmp(&other_value))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<F: Field + PrimeField> EqGadget<F> for FieldType<F> {}
+
+impl<F: Field + PrimeField> ConditionalEqGadget<F> for FieldType<F> {
+    fn conditional_enforce_equal<CS: ConstraintSystem<F>>(
+        &self,
+        mut cs: CS,
+        other: &Self,
+        condition: &Boolean,
+    ) -> Result<(), SynthesisError> {
+        match (self, other) {
+            // c - c
+            (FieldType::Constant(self_value), FieldType::Constant(other_value)) => {
+                if self_value == other_value {
+                    return Ok(());
+                }
+                Err(SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing)
+            }
+            // a - a
+            (FieldType::Allocated(self_value), FieldType::Allocated(other_value)) => {
+                self_value.conditional_enforce_equal(cs, other_value, condition)
+            }
+            // c - a = a - c
+            (FieldType::Constant(constant_value), FieldType::Allocated(allocated_value))
+            | (FieldType::Allocated(allocated_value), FieldType::Constant(constant_value)) => {
+                let constant_gadget = FpGadget::from(&mut cs, constant_value);
+
+                constant_gadget.conditional_enforce_equal(cs, allocated_value, condition)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn cost() -> usize {
+        2 * <FpGadget<F> as ConditionalEqGadget<F>>::cost()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<F: Field + PrimeField> CondSelectGadget<F> for FieldType<F> {
+    fn conditionally_select<CS: ConstraintSystem<F>>(
+        mut cs: CS,
+        cond: &Boolean,
+        first: &Self,
+        second: &Self,
+    ) -> Result<Self, SynthesisError> {
+        if let Boolean::Constant(cond) = *cond {
+            if cond {
+                Ok(first.clone())
+            } else {
+                Ok(second.clone())
+            }
+        } else {
+            let first_gadget = first.allocated(&mut cs)?;
+            let second_gadget = second.allocated(&mut cs)?;
+            let result = FpGadget::conditionally_select(cs, cond, &first_gadget, &second_gadget)?;
+
+            Ok(FieldType::Allocated(result))
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn cost() -> usize {
+        2 * <FpGadget<F> as CondSelectGadget<F>>::cost()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<F: Field + PrimeField> ToBitsGadget<F> for FieldType<F> {
+    fn to_bits<CS: ConstraintSystem<F>>(&self, mut cs: CS) -> Result<Vec<Boolean>, SynthesisError> {
+        let self_gadget = self.allocated(&mut cs)?;
+        self_gadget.to_bits(cs)
+    }
+
+    fn to_bits_strict<CS: ConstraintSystem<F>>(
+        &self,
+        mut cs: CS,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<Boolean>, SynthesisError> {
+        let self_gadget = self.allocated(&mut cs)?;
+        self_gadget.to_bits_strict(cs)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<F: Field + PrimeField> ToBytesGadget<F> for FieldType<F> {
+    fn to_bytes<CS: ConstraintSystem<F>>(&self, mut cs: CS) -> Result<Vec<UInt8>, SynthesisError> {
+        let self_gadget = self.allocated(&mut cs)?;
+        self_gadget.to_bytes(cs)
+    }
+
+    fn to_bytes_strict<CS: ConstraintSystem<F>>(
+        &self,
+        mut cs: CS,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<UInt8>, SynthesisError> {
+        let self_gadget = self.allocated(&mut cs)?;
+        self_gadget.to_bytes_strict(cs)
+    }
+}

compiler/src/group/edwards_bls12.rs

@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ impl ConditionalEqGadget<Fq> for EdwardsGroupType {
             }
             // a - a
             (EdwardsGroupType::Allocated(self_value), EdwardsGroupType::Allocated(other_value)) => {
-                return <EdwardsBlsGadget>::conditional_enforce_equal(
+                <EdwardsBlsGadget>::conditional_enforce_equal(
                     self_value,
                     cs,
                     other_value,

compiler/src/group/mod.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+//! A data type that represents members in the group formed by the set of affine points on a curve.
+
 use crate::errors::GroupError;
 
 use snarkos_models::{

compiler/src/imports.rs

@@ -2,23 +2,22 @@
 
 use crate::Identifier;
 
-use snarkos_models::curves::{Field, PrimeField};
 use std::fmt;
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct ImportSymbol<F: Field + PrimeField> {
+pub struct ImportSymbol {
-    pub symbol: Identifier<F>,
+    pub symbol: Identifier,
-    pub alias: Option<Identifier<F>>,
+    pub alias: Option<Identifier>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct Import<F: Field + PrimeField> {
+pub struct Import {
     pub path_string: String,
-    pub symbols: Vec<ImportSymbol<F>>,
+    pub symbols: Vec<ImportSymbol>,
 }
 
-impl<F: Field + PrimeField> Import<F> {
+impl Import {
-    pub fn new(source: String, symbols: Vec<ImportSymbol<F>>) -> Import<F> {
+    pub fn new(source: String, symbols: Vec<ImportSymbol>) -> Import {
         Import {
             path_string: source,
             symbols,
@@ -51,7 +50,7 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField> Import<F> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<F: Field + PrimeField> fmt::Display for ImportSymbol<F> {
+impl fmt::Display for ImportSymbol {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         if self.alias.is_some() {
             write!(f, "\t{} as {}", self.symbol, self.alias.as_ref().unwrap())
@@ -61,13 +60,13 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField> fmt::Display for ImportSymbol<F> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> fmt::Display for Import<F> {
+impl<'ast> fmt::Display for Import {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         self.format(f)
     }
 }
 
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> fmt::Debug for Import<F> {
+impl<'ast> fmt::Debug for Import {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         self.format(f)
     }

compiler/src/leo.pest

@@ -25,11 +25,11 @@ operation_and = { "&&" }
 operation_or = { "||" }
 
 operation_eq = { "==" }
-operation_neq = { "!=" }
+operation_ne = { "!=" }
 
-operation_geq = { ">=" }
+operation_ge = { ">=" }
 operation_gt = { ">" }
-operation_leq = { "<=" }
+operation_le = { "<=" }
 operation_lt = { "<" }
 
 operation_add = { "+" }
@@ -39,9 +39,9 @@ operation_div = { "/" }
 operation_pow = { "**" }
 
 operation_compare = _{
-    operation_eq | operation_neq |
+    operation_eq | operation_ne |
-    operation_geq | operation_gt |
+    operation_ge | operation_gt |
-    operation_leq | operation_lt
+    operation_le | operation_lt
 }
 
 operation_binary = _{

compiler/src/lib.rs

@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@ pub use self::constraints::*;
 
 pub mod errors;
 
+pub mod field;
+pub use self::field::*;
+
 pub mod group;
 pub use self::group::*;
 

compiler/src/types.rs

@@ -3,31 +3,21 @@
 
 use crate::Import;
 
-use snarkos_models::{
+use snarkos_models::gadgets::utilities::{
-    curves::{Field, PrimeField},
-    gadgets::{
-        r1cs::Variable as R1CSVariable,
-        utilities::{
     boolean::Boolean, uint128::UInt128, uint16::UInt16, uint32::UInt32, uint64::UInt64,
     uint8::UInt8,
-        },
-    },
 };
-use std::{collections::HashMap, marker::PhantomData};
+use std::collections::HashMap;
 
 /// An identifier in the constrained program.
 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
-pub struct Identifier<F: Field + PrimeField> {
+pub struct Identifier {
     pub name: String,
-    pub(crate) _engine: PhantomData<F>,
 }
 
-impl<F: Field + PrimeField> Identifier<F> {
+impl Identifier {
     pub fn new(name: String) -> Self {
-        Self {
+        Self { name }
-            name,
-            _engine: PhantomData::<F>,
-        }
     }
 
     pub fn is_self(&self) -> bool {
@@ -37,10 +27,10 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField> Identifier<F> {
 
 /// A variable that is assigned to a value in the constrained program
 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct Variable<F: Field + PrimeField> {
+pub struct Variable {
-    pub identifier: Identifier<F>,
+    pub identifier: Identifier,
     pub mutable: bool,
-    pub _type: Option<Type<F>>,
+    pub _type: Option<Type>,
 }
 
 /// An integer type enum wrapping the integer value. Used only in expressions.
@@ -53,79 +43,72 @@ pub enum Integer {
     U128(UInt128),
 }
 
-/// A constant or allocated element in the field
-#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub enum FieldElement<F: Field + PrimeField> {
-    Constant(F),
-    Allocated(Option<F>, R1CSVariable),
-}
-
 /// Range or expression enum
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub enum RangeOrExpression<F: Field + PrimeField> {
+pub enum RangeOrExpression {
     Range(Option<Integer>, Option<Integer>),
-    Expression(Expression<F>),
+    Expression(Expression),
 }
 
 /// Spread or expression
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub enum SpreadOrExpression<F: Field + PrimeField> {
+pub enum SpreadOrExpression {
-    Spread(Expression<F>),
+    Spread(Expression),
-    Expression(Expression<F>),
+    Expression(Expression),
 }
 
 /// Expression that evaluates to a value
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub enum Expression<F: Field + PrimeField> {
+pub enum Expression {
     // Identifier
-    Identifier(Identifier<F>),
+    Identifier(Identifier),
 
     // Values
     Integer(Integer),
-    FieldElement(FieldElement<F>),
+    Field(String),
     Group(String),
     Boolean(Boolean),
     Implicit(String),
 
     // Number operations
-    Add(Box<Expression<F>>, Box<Expression<F>>),
+    Add(Box<Expression>, Box<Expression>),
-    Sub(Box<Expression<F>>, Box<Expression<F>>),
+    Sub(Box<Expression>, Box<Expression>),
-    Mul(Box<Expression<F>>, Box<Expression<F>>),
+    Mul(Box<Expression>, Box<Expression>),
-    Div(Box<Expression<F>>, Box<Expression<F>>),
+    Div(Box<Expression>, Box<Expression>),
-    Pow(Box<Expression<F>>, Box<Expression<F>>),
+    Pow(Box<Expression>, Box<Expression>),
 
     // Boolean operations
-    Not(Box<Expression<F>>),
+    Not(Box<Expression>),
-    Or(Box<Expression<F>>, Box<Expression<F>>),
+    Or(Box<Expression>, Box<Expression>),
-    And(Box<Expression<F>>, Box<Expression<F>>),
+    And(Box<Expression>, Box<Expression>),
-    Eq(Box<Expression<F>>, Box<Expression<F>>),
+    Eq(Box<Expression>, Box<Expression>),
-    Geq(Box<Expression<F>>, Box<Expression<F>>),
+    Ge(Box<Expression>, Box<Expression>),
-    Gt(Box<Expression<F>>, Box<Expression<F>>),
+    Gt(Box<Expression>, Box<Expression>),
-    Leq(Box<Expression<F>>, Box<Expression<F>>),
+    Le(Box<Expression>, Box<Expression>),
-    Lt(Box<Expression<F>>, Box<Expression<F>>),
+    Lt(Box<Expression>, Box<Expression>),
 
     // Conditionals
-    IfElse(Box<Expression<F>>, Box<Expression<F>>, Box<Expression<F>>),
+    IfElse(Box<Expression>, Box<Expression>, Box<Expression>),
 
     // Arrays
-    Array(Vec<Box<SpreadOrExpression<F>>>),
+    Array(Vec<Box<SpreadOrExpression>>),
-    ArrayAccess(Box<Expression<F>>, Box<RangeOrExpression<F>>), // (array name, range)
+    ArrayAccess(Box<Expression>, Box<RangeOrExpression>), // (array name, range)
 
     // Circuits
-    Circuit(Identifier<F>, Vec<CircuitFieldDefinition<F>>),
+    Circuit(Identifier, Vec<CircuitFieldDefinition>),
-    CircuitMemberAccess(Box<Expression<F>>, Identifier<F>), // (declared circuit name, circuit member name)
+    CircuitMemberAccess(Box<Expression>, Identifier), // (declared circuit name, circuit member name)
-    CircuitStaticFunctionAccess(Box<Expression<F>>, Identifier<F>), // (defined circuit name, circuit static member name)
+    CircuitStaticFunctionAccess(Box<Expression>, Identifier), // (defined circuit name, circuit static member name)
 
     // Functions
-    FunctionCall(Box<Expression<F>>, Vec<Expression<F>>),
+    FunctionCall(Box<Expression>, Vec<Expression>),
 }
 
 /// Definition assignee: v, arr[0..2], Point p.x
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub enum Assignee<F: Field + PrimeField> {
+pub enum Assignee {
-    Identifier(Identifier<F>),
+    Identifier(Identifier),
-    Array(Box<Assignee<F>>, RangeOrExpression<F>),
+    Array(Box<Assignee>, RangeOrExpression),
-    CircuitField(Box<Assignee<F>>, Identifier<F>), // (circuit name, circuit field name)
+    CircuitField(Box<Assignee>, Identifier), // (circuit name, circuit field name)
 }
 
 /// Explicit integer type
@@ -140,17 +123,17 @@ pub enum IntegerType {
 
 /// Explicit type used for defining a variable or expression type
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub enum Type<F: Field + PrimeField> {
+pub enum Type {
     IntegerType(IntegerType),
-    FieldElement,
+    Field,
     Group,
     Boolean,
-    Array(Box<Type<F>>, Vec<usize>),
+    Array(Box<Type>, Vec<usize>),
-    Circuit(Identifier<F>),
+    Circuit(Identifier),
     SelfType,
 }
 
-impl<F: Field + PrimeField> Type<F> {
+impl Type {
     pub fn outer_dimension(&self, dimensions: &Vec<usize>) -> Self {
         let _type = self.clone();
 
@@ -179,79 +162,79 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField> Type<F> {
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub enum ConditionalNestedOrEnd<F: Field + PrimeField> {
+pub enum ConditionalNestedOrEnd {
-    Nested(Box<ConditionalStatement<F>>),
+    Nested(Box<ConditionalStatement>),
-    End(Vec<Statement<F>>),
+    End(Vec<Statement>),
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct ConditionalStatement<F: Field + PrimeField> {
+pub struct ConditionalStatement {
-    pub condition: Expression<F>,
+    pub condition: Expression,
-    pub statements: Vec<Statement<F>>,
+    pub statements: Vec<Statement>,
-    pub next: Option<ConditionalNestedOrEnd<F>>,
+    pub next: Option<ConditionalNestedOrEnd>,
 }
 
 /// Program statement that defines some action (or expression) to be carried out.
 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub enum Statement<F: Field + PrimeField> {
+pub enum Statement {
-    Return(Vec<Expression<F>>),
+    Return(Vec<Expression>),
-    Definition(Variable<F>, Expression<F>),
+    Definition(Variable, Expression),
-    Assign(Assignee<F>, Expression<F>),
+    Assign(Assignee, Expression),
-    MultipleAssign(Vec<Variable<F>>, Expression<F>),
+    MultipleAssign(Vec<Variable>, Expression),
-    Conditional(ConditionalStatement<F>),
+    Conditional(ConditionalStatement),
-    For(Identifier<F>, Integer, Integer, Vec<Statement<F>>),
+    For(Identifier, Integer, Integer, Vec<Statement>),
-    AssertEq(Expression<F>, Expression<F>),
+    AssertEq(Expression, Expression),
-    Expression(Expression<F>),
+    Expression(Expression),
 }
 
 /// Circuits
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct CircuitFieldDefinition<F: Field + PrimeField> {
+pub struct CircuitFieldDefinition {
-    pub identifier: Identifier<F>,
+    pub identifier: Identifier,
-    pub expression: Expression<F>,
+    pub expression: Expression,
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub enum CircuitMember<F: Field + PrimeField> {
+pub enum CircuitMember {
-    CircuitField(Identifier<F>, Type<F>),
+    CircuitField(Identifier, Type),
-    CircuitFunction(bool, Function<F>),
+    CircuitFunction(bool, Function),
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct Circuit<F: Field + PrimeField> {
+pub struct Circuit {
-    pub identifier: Identifier<F>,
+    pub identifier: Identifier,
-    pub members: Vec<CircuitMember<F>>,
+    pub members: Vec<CircuitMember>,
 }
 
 /// Function parameters
 
 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct InputModel<F: Field + PrimeField> {
+pub struct InputModel {
-    pub identifier: Identifier<F>,
+    pub identifier: Identifier,
     pub mutable: bool,
     pub private: bool,
-    pub _type: Type<F>,
+    pub _type: Type,
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub enum InputValue<F: Field + PrimeField> {
+pub enum InputValue {
     Integer(usize),
-    Field(F),
+    Field(String),
     Group(String),
     Boolean(bool),
-    Array(Vec<InputValue<F>>),
+    Array(Vec<InputValue>),
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct Function<F: Field + PrimeField> {
+pub struct Function {
-    pub function_name: Identifier<F>,
+    pub function_name: Identifier,
-    pub inputs: Vec<InputModel<F>>,
+    pub inputs: Vec<InputModel>,
-    pub returns: Vec<Type<F>>,
+    pub returns: Vec<Type>,
-    pub statements: Vec<Statement<F>>,
+    pub statements: Vec<Statement>,
 }
 
-impl<F: Field + PrimeField> Function<F> {
+impl Function {
     pub fn get_name(&self) -> String {
         self.function_name.name.clone()
     }
@@ -259,15 +242,15 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField> Function<F> {
 
 /// A simple program with statement expressions, program arguments and program returns.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct Program<F: Field + PrimeField> {
+pub struct Program {
-    pub name: Identifier<F>,
+    pub name: Identifier,
     pub num_parameters: usize,
-    pub imports: Vec<Import<F>>,
+    pub imports: Vec<Import>,
-    pub circuits: HashMap<Identifier<F>, Circuit<F>>,
+    pub circuits: HashMap<Identifier, Circuit>,
-    pub functions: HashMap<Identifier<F>, Function<F>>,
+    pub functions: HashMap<Identifier, Function>,
 }
 
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> Program<F> {
+impl<'ast> Program {
     pub fn new() -> Self {
         Self {
             name: Identifier::new("".into()),

compiler/src/types_display.rs

@@ -2,25 +2,24 @@
 
 use crate::{
     Assignee, Circuit, CircuitMember, ConditionalNestedOrEnd, ConditionalStatement, Expression,
-    FieldElement, Function, Identifier, InputModel, InputValue, Integer, IntegerType,
+    Function, Identifier, InputModel, InputValue, Integer, IntegerType, RangeOrExpression,
-    RangeOrExpression, SpreadOrExpression, Statement, Type, Variable,
+    SpreadOrExpression, Statement, Type, Variable,
 };
 
-use snarkos_models::curves::{Field, PrimeField};
 use std::fmt;
 
-impl<F: Field + PrimeField> fmt::Display for Identifier<F> {
+impl fmt::Display for Identifier {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(f, "{}", self.name)
     }
 }
-impl<F: Field + PrimeField> fmt::Debug for Identifier<F> {
+impl fmt::Debug for Identifier {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(f, "{}", self.name)
     }
 }
 
-impl<F: Field + PrimeField> fmt::Display for Variable<F> {
+impl fmt::Display for Variable {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         if self.mutable {
             write!(f, "mut ")?;
@@ -42,34 +41,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for Integer {
     }
 }
 
-impl<F: Field + PrimeField> FieldElement<F> {
+impl<'ast> fmt::Display for RangeOrExpression {
-    fn format(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        match *self {
-            FieldElement::Constant(ref constant) => write!(f, "{}", constant),
-            FieldElement::Allocated(ref option, ref _r1cs_var) => {
-                if option.is_some() {
-                    write!(f, "{}", option.unwrap())
-                } else {
-                    write!(f, "allocated field")
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<F: Field + PrimeField> fmt::Display for FieldElement<F> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        self.format(f)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<F: Field + PrimeField> fmt::Debug for FieldElement<F> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        self.format(f)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> fmt::Display for RangeOrExpression<F> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         match *self {
             RangeOrExpression::Range(ref from, ref to) => write!(
@@ -87,7 +59,7 @@ impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> fmt::Display for RangeOrExpression<F> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<F: Field + PrimeField> fmt::Display for SpreadOrExpression<F> {
+impl fmt::Display for SpreadOrExpression {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         match *self {
             SpreadOrExpression::Spread(ref spread) => write!(f, "...{}", spread),
@@ -96,7 +68,7 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField> fmt::Display for SpreadOrExpression<F> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> fmt::Display for Expression<F> {
+impl<'ast> fmt::Display for Expression {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         match *self {
             // Variables
@@ -104,7 +76,7 @@ impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> fmt::Display for Expression<F> {
 
             // Values
             Expression::Integer(ref integer) => write!(f, "{}", integer),
-            Expression::FieldElement(ref field) => write!(f, "{}", field),
+            Expression::Field(ref field) => write!(f, "{}", field),
             Expression::Group(ref group) => write!(f, "{}", group),
             Expression::Boolean(ref bool) => write!(f, "{}", bool.get_value().unwrap()),
             Expression::Implicit(ref value) => write!(f, "{}", value),
@@ -121,9 +93,9 @@ impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> fmt::Display for Expression<F> {
             Expression::Or(ref lhs, ref rhs) => write!(f, "{} || {}", lhs, rhs),
             Expression::And(ref lhs, ref rhs) => write!(f, "{} && {}", lhs, rhs),
             Expression::Eq(ref lhs, ref rhs) => write!(f, "{} == {}", lhs, rhs),
-            Expression::Geq(ref lhs, ref rhs) => write!(f, "{} >= {}", lhs, rhs),
+            Expression::Ge(ref lhs, ref rhs) => write!(f, "{} >= {}", lhs, rhs),
             Expression::Gt(ref lhs, ref rhs) => write!(f, "{} > {}", lhs, rhs),
-            Expression::Leq(ref lhs, ref rhs) => write!(f, "{} <= {}", lhs, rhs),
+            Expression::Le(ref lhs, ref rhs) => write!(f, "{} <= {}", lhs, rhs),
             Expression::Lt(ref lhs, ref rhs) => write!(f, "{} < {}", lhs, rhs),
 
             // Conditionals
@@ -177,7 +149,7 @@ impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> fmt::Display for Expression<F> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<F: Field + PrimeField> fmt::Display for Assignee<F> {
+impl fmt::Display for Assignee {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         match *self {
             Assignee::Identifier(ref variable) => write!(f, "{}", variable),
@@ -189,7 +161,7 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField> fmt::Display for Assignee<F> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<F: Field + PrimeField> fmt::Display for ConditionalNestedOrEnd<F> {
+impl fmt::Display for ConditionalNestedOrEnd {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         match *self {
             ConditionalNestedOrEnd::Nested(ref nested) => write!(f, "else {}", nested),
@@ -204,7 +176,7 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField> fmt::Display for ConditionalNestedOrEnd<F> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<F: Field + PrimeField> fmt::Display for ConditionalStatement<F> {
+impl fmt::Display for ConditionalStatement {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(f, "if ({}) {{\n", self.condition)?;
         for statement in self.statements.iter() {
@@ -217,7 +189,7 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField> fmt::Display for ConditionalStatement<F> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<F: Field + PrimeField> fmt::Display for Statement<F> {
+impl fmt::Display for Statement {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         match *self {
             Statement::Return(ref statements) => {
@@ -274,11 +246,11 @@ impl fmt::Display for IntegerType {
     }
 }
 
-impl<F: Field + PrimeField> fmt::Display for Type<F> {
+impl fmt::Display for Type {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         match *self {
             Type::IntegerType(ref integer_type) => write!(f, "{}", integer_type),
-            Type::FieldElement => write!(f, "field"),
+            Type::Field => write!(f, "field"),
             Type::Group => write!(f, "group"),
             Type::Boolean => write!(f, "bool"),
             Type::Circuit(ref variable) => write!(f, "{}", variable),
@@ -294,7 +266,7 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField> fmt::Display for Type<F> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<F: Field + PrimeField> fmt::Display for CircuitMember<F> {
+impl fmt::Display for CircuitMember {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         match self {
             CircuitMember::CircuitField(ref identifier, ref _type) => {
@@ -310,7 +282,7 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField> fmt::Display for CircuitMember<F> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<F: Field + PrimeField> Circuit<F> {
+impl Circuit {
     fn format(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(f, "circuit {} {{ \n", self.identifier)?;
         for field in self.members.iter() {
@@ -320,19 +292,19 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField> Circuit<F> {
     }
 }
 
-// impl<F: Field + PrimeField> fmt::Display for Circuit<F> {// uncomment when we no longer print out Program
+// impl fmt::Display for Circuit {// uncomment when we no longer print out Program
 //     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
 //         self.format(f)
 //     }
 // }
 
-impl<F: Field + PrimeField> fmt::Debug for Circuit<F> {
+impl fmt::Debug for Circuit {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         self.format(f)
     }
 }
 
-impl<F: Field + PrimeField> fmt::Display for InputModel<F> {
+impl fmt::Display for InputModel {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         // mut var: private bool
         if self.mutable {
@@ -348,7 +320,7 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField> fmt::Display for InputModel<F> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<F: Field + PrimeField> fmt::Display for InputValue<F> {
+impl fmt::Display for InputValue {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         match self {
             InputValue::Integer(ref integer) => write!(f, "{}", integer),
@@ -369,7 +341,7 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField> fmt::Display for InputValue<F> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<F: Field + PrimeField> Function<F> {
+impl Function {
     fn format(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(f, "function {}", self.function_name)?;
         let parameters = self
@@ -400,13 +372,13 @@ impl<F: Field + PrimeField> Function<F> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<F: Field + PrimeField> fmt::Display for Function<F> {
+impl fmt::Display for Function {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         self.format(f)
     }
 }
 
-impl<F: Field + PrimeField> fmt::Debug for Function<F> {
+impl fmt::Debug for Function {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         self.format(f)
     }

compiler/src/types_from.rs

@@ -2,24 +2,21 @@
 
 use crate::{ast, types, Import, ImportSymbol};
 
-use snarkos_models::{
+use snarkos_models::gadgets::utilities::{
-    curves::{Field, PrimeField},
-    gadgets::utilities::{
     boolean::Boolean, uint128::UInt128, uint16::UInt16, uint32::UInt32, uint64::UInt64,
     uint8::UInt8,
-    },
 };
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 
 /// pest ast -> types::Identifier
 
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::Identifier<'ast>> for types::Identifier<F> {
+impl<'ast> From<ast::Identifier<'ast>> for types::Identifier {
     fn from(identifier: ast::Identifier<'ast>) -> Self {
         types::Identifier::new(identifier.value)
     }
 }
 
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::Identifier<'ast>> for types::Expression<F> {
+impl<'ast> From<ast::Identifier<'ast>> for types::Expression {
     fn from(identifier: ast::Identifier<'ast>) -> Self {
         types::Expression::Identifier(types::Identifier::from(identifier))
     }
@@ -27,7 +24,7 @@ impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::Identifier<'ast>> for types::Express
 
 /// pest ast -> types::Variable
 
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::Variable<'ast>> for types::Variable<F> {
+impl<'ast> From<ast::Variable<'ast>> for types::Variable {
     fn from(variable: ast::Variable<'ast>) -> Self {
         types::Variable {
             identifier: types::Identifier::from(variable.identifier),
@@ -70,21 +67,19 @@ impl<'ast> types::Integer {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::Integer<'ast>> for types::Expression<F> {
+impl<'ast> From<ast::Integer<'ast>> for types::Expression {
     fn from(field: ast::Integer<'ast>) -> Self {
         types::Expression::Integer(types::Integer::from(field.number, field._type))
     }
 }
 
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::RangeOrExpression<'ast>>
+impl<'ast> From<ast::RangeOrExpression<'ast>> for types::RangeOrExpression {
-    for types::RangeOrExpression<F>
-{
     fn from(range_or_expression: ast::RangeOrExpression<'ast>) -> Self {
         match range_or_expression {
             ast::RangeOrExpression::Range(range) => {
                 let from = range
                     .from
-                    .map(|from| match types::Expression::<F>::from(from.0) {
+                    .map(|from| match types::Expression::from(from.0) {
                         types::Expression::Integer(number) => number,
                         types::Expression::Implicit(string) => {
                             types::Integer::from_implicit(string)
@@ -93,7 +88,7 @@ impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::RangeOrExpression<'ast>>
                             unimplemented!("Range bounds should be integers, found {}", expression)
                         }
                     });
-                let to = range.to.map(|to| match types::Expression::<F>::from(to.0) {
+                let to = range.to.map(|to| match types::Expression::from(to.0) {
                     types::Expression::Integer(number) => number,
                     types::Expression::Implicit(string) => types::Integer::from_implicit(string),
                     expression => {
@@ -112,17 +107,15 @@ impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::RangeOrExpression<'ast>>
 
 /// pest ast -> types::Field
 
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::Field<'ast>> for types::Expression<F> {
+impl<'ast> From<ast::Field<'ast>> for types::Expression {
     fn from(field: ast::Field<'ast>) -> Self {
-        types::Expression::FieldElement(types::FieldElement::Constant(
+        types::Expression::Field(field.number.value)
-            F::from_str(&field.number.value).unwrap_or_default(),
-        ))
     }
 }
 
 /// pest ast -> types::Group
 
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::Group<'ast>> for types::Expression<F> {
+impl<'ast> From<ast::Group<'ast>> for types::Expression {
     fn from(group: ast::Group<'ast>) -> Self {
         types::Expression::Group(group.to_string())
     }
@@ -130,7 +123,7 @@ impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::Group<'ast>> for types::Expression<F
 
 /// pest ast -> types::Boolean
 
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::Boolean<'ast>> for types::Expression<F> {
+impl<'ast> From<ast::Boolean<'ast>> for types::Expression {
     fn from(boolean: ast::Boolean<'ast>) -> Self {
         types::Expression::Boolean(Boolean::Constant(
             boolean
@@ -143,7 +136,7 @@ impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::Boolean<'ast>> for types::Expression
 
 /// pest ast -> types::NumberImplicit
 
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::NumberImplicit<'ast>> for types::Expression<F> {
+impl<'ast> From<ast::NumberImplicit<'ast>> for types::Expression {
     fn from(number: ast::NumberImplicit<'ast>) -> Self {
         types::Expression::Implicit(number.number.value)
     }
@@ -151,7 +144,7 @@ impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::NumberImplicit<'ast>> for types::Exp
 
 /// pest ast -> types::Expression
 
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::Value<'ast>> for types::Expression<F> {
+impl<'ast> From<ast::Value<'ast>> for types::Expression {
     fn from(value: ast::Value<'ast>) -> Self {
         match value {
             ast::Value::Integer(num) => types::Expression::from(num),
@@ -163,15 +156,13 @@ impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::Value<'ast>> for types::Expression<F
     }
 }
 
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::NotExpression<'ast>> for types::Expression<F> {
+impl<'ast> From<ast::NotExpression<'ast>> for types::Expression {
     fn from(expression: ast::NotExpression<'ast>) -> Self {
         types::Expression::Not(Box::new(types::Expression::from(*expression.expression)))
     }
 }
 
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::SpreadOrExpression<'ast>>
+impl<'ast> From<ast::SpreadOrExpression<'ast>> for types::SpreadOrExpression {
-    for types::SpreadOrExpression<F>
-{
     fn from(s_or_e: ast::SpreadOrExpression<'ast>) -> Self {
         match s_or_e {
             ast::SpreadOrExpression::Spread(spread) => {
@@ -184,7 +175,7 @@ impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::SpreadOrExpression<'ast>>
     }
 }
 
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::BinaryExpression<'ast>> for types::Expression<F> {
+impl<'ast> From<ast::BinaryExpression<'ast>> for types::Expression {
     fn from(expression: ast::BinaryExpression<'ast>) -> Self {
         match expression.operation {
             // Boolean operations
@@ -200,10 +191,10 @@ impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::BinaryExpression<'ast>> for types::E
                 Box::new(types::Expression::from(*expression.left)),
                 Box::new(types::Expression::from(*expression.right)),
             ),
-            ast::BinaryOperator::Neq => {
+            ast::BinaryOperator::Ne => {
                 types::Expression::Not(Box::new(types::Expression::from(expression)))
             }
-            ast::BinaryOperator::Geq => types::Expression::Geq(
+            ast::BinaryOperator::Ge => types::Expression::Ge(
                 Box::new(types::Expression::from(*expression.left)),
                 Box::new(types::Expression::from(*expression.right)),
             ),
@@ -211,7 +202,7 @@ impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::BinaryExpression<'ast>> for types::E
                 Box::new(types::Expression::from(*expression.left)),
                 Box::new(types::Expression::from(*expression.right)),
             ),
-            ast::BinaryOperator::Leq => types::Expression::Leq(
+            ast::BinaryOperator::Le => types::Expression::Le(
                 Box::new(types::Expression::from(*expression.left)),
                 Box::new(types::Expression::from(*expression.right)),
             ),
@@ -244,7 +235,7 @@ impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::BinaryExpression<'ast>> for types::E
     }
 }
 
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::TernaryExpression<'ast>> for types::Expression<F> {
+impl<'ast> From<ast::TernaryExpression<'ast>> for types::Expression {
     fn from(expression: ast::TernaryExpression<'ast>) -> Self {
         types::Expression::IfElse(
             Box::new(types::Expression::from(*expression.first)),
@@ -254,7 +245,7 @@ impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::TernaryExpression<'ast>> for types::
     }
 }
 
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::ArrayInlineExpression<'ast>> for types::Expression<F> {
+impl<'ast> From<ast::ArrayInlineExpression<'ast>> for types::Expression {
     fn from(array: ast::ArrayInlineExpression<'ast>) -> Self {
         types::Expression::Array(
             array
@@ -265,20 +256,16 @@ impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::ArrayInlineExpression<'ast>> for typ
         )
     }
 }
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::ArrayInitializerExpression<'ast>>
+impl<'ast> From<ast::ArrayInitializerExpression<'ast>> for types::Expression {
-    for types::Expression<F>
-{
     fn from(array: ast::ArrayInitializerExpression<'ast>) -> Self {
-        let count = types::Expression::<F>::get_count(array.count);
+        let count = types::Expression::get_count(array.count);
         let expression = Box::new(types::SpreadOrExpression::from(*array.expression));
 
         types::Expression::Array(vec![expression; count])
     }
 }
 
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::CircuitField<'ast>>
+impl<'ast> From<ast::CircuitField<'ast>> for types::CircuitFieldDefinition {
-    for types::CircuitFieldDefinition<F>
-{
     fn from(member: ast::CircuitField<'ast>) -> Self {
         types::CircuitFieldDefinition {
             identifier: types::Identifier::from(member.identifier),
@@ -287,22 +274,20 @@ impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::CircuitField<'ast>>
     }
 }
 
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::CircuitInlineExpression<'ast>>
+impl<'ast> From<ast::CircuitInlineExpression<'ast>> for types::Expression {
-    for types::Expression<F>
-{
     fn from(expression: ast::CircuitInlineExpression<'ast>) -> Self {
         let variable = types::Identifier::from(expression.identifier);
         let members = expression
             .members
             .into_iter()
             .map(|member| types::CircuitFieldDefinition::from(member))
-            .collect::<Vec<types::CircuitFieldDefinition<F>>>();
+            .collect::<Vec<types::CircuitFieldDefinition>>();
 
         types::Expression::Circuit(variable, members)
     }
 }
 
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::PostfixExpression<'ast>> for types::Expression<F> {
+impl<'ast> From<ast::PostfixExpression<'ast>> for types::Expression {
     fn from(expression: ast::PostfixExpression<'ast>) -> Self {
         let variable =
             types::Expression::Identifier(types::Identifier::from(expression.identifier));
@@ -346,7 +331,7 @@ impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::PostfixExpression<'ast>> for types::
     }
 }
 
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::Expression<'ast>> for types::Expression<F> {
+impl<'ast> From<ast::Expression<'ast>> for types::Expression {
     fn from(expression: ast::Expression<'ast>) -> Self {
         match expression {
             ast::Expression::Value(value) => types::Expression::from(value),
@@ -362,7 +347,7 @@ impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::Expression<'ast>> for types::Express
     }
 }
 
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> types::Expression<F> {
+impl<'ast> types::Expression {
     fn get_count(count: ast::Value<'ast>) -> usize {
         match count {
             ast::Value::Integer(integer) => integer
@@ -381,7 +366,7 @@ impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> types::Expression<F> {
 }
 
 // ast::Assignee -> types::Expression for operator assign statements
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::Assignee<'ast>> for types::Expression<F> {
+impl<'ast> From<ast::Assignee<'ast>> for types::Expression {
     fn from(assignee: ast::Assignee<'ast>) -> Self {
         let variable = types::Expression::Identifier(types::Identifier::from(assignee.identifier));
 
@@ -406,13 +391,13 @@ impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::Assignee<'ast>> for types::Expressio
 
 /// pest ast -> types::Assignee
 
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::Identifier<'ast>> for types::Assignee<F> {
+impl<'ast> From<ast::Identifier<'ast>> for types::Assignee {
     fn from(variable: ast::Identifier<'ast>) -> Self {
         types::Assignee::Identifier(types::Identifier::from(variable))
     }
 }
 
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::Assignee<'ast>> for types::Assignee<F> {
+impl<'ast> From<ast::Assignee<'ast>> for types::Assignee {
     fn from(assignee: ast::Assignee<'ast>) -> Self {
         let variable = types::Assignee::from(assignee.identifier);
 
@@ -435,7 +420,7 @@ impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::Assignee<'ast>> for types::Assignee<
 
 /// pest ast -> types::Statement
 
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::ReturnStatement<'ast>> for types::Statement<F> {
+impl<'ast> From<ast::ReturnStatement<'ast>> for types::Statement {
     fn from(statement: ast::ReturnStatement<'ast>) -> Self {
         types::Statement::Return(
             statement
@@ -447,7 +432,7 @@ impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::ReturnStatement<'ast>> for types::St
     }
 }
 
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::DefinitionStatement<'ast>> for types::Statement<F> {
+impl<'ast> From<ast::DefinitionStatement<'ast>> for types::Statement {
     fn from(statement: ast::DefinitionStatement<'ast>) -> Self {
         types::Statement::Definition(
             types::Variable::from(statement.variable),
@@ -456,7 +441,7 @@ impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::DefinitionStatement<'ast>> for types
     }
 }
 
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::AssignStatement<'ast>> for types::Statement<F> {
+impl<'ast> From<ast::AssignStatement<'ast>> for types::Statement {
     fn from(statement: ast::AssignStatement<'ast>) -> Self {
         match statement.assign {
             ast::OperationAssign::Assign(ref _assign) => types::Statement::Assign(
@@ -512,9 +497,7 @@ impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::AssignStatement<'ast>> for types::St
     }
 }
 
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::MultipleAssignmentStatement<'ast>>
+impl<'ast> From<ast::MultipleAssignmentStatement<'ast>> for types::Statement {
-    for types::Statement<F>
-{
     fn from(statement: ast::MultipleAssignmentStatement<'ast>) -> Self {
         let variables = statement
             .variables
@@ -536,9 +519,7 @@ impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::MultipleAssignmentStatement<'ast>>
     }
 }
 
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::ConditionalNestedOrEnd<'ast>>
+impl<'ast> From<ast::ConditionalNestedOrEnd<'ast>> for types::ConditionalNestedOrEnd {
-    for types::ConditionalNestedOrEnd<F>
-{
     fn from(statement: ast::ConditionalNestedOrEnd<'ast>) -> Self {
         match statement {
             ast::ConditionalNestedOrEnd::Nested(nested) => types::ConditionalNestedOrEnd::Nested(
@@ -554,9 +535,7 @@ impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::ConditionalNestedOrEnd<'ast>>
     }
 }
 
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::ConditionalStatement<'ast>>
+impl<'ast> From<ast::ConditionalStatement<'ast>> for types::ConditionalStatement {
-    for types::ConditionalStatement<F>
-{
     fn from(statement: ast::ConditionalStatement<'ast>) -> Self {
         types::ConditionalStatement {
             condition: types::Expression::from(statement.condition),
@@ -573,14 +552,14 @@ impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::ConditionalStatement<'ast>>
     }
 }
 
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::ForStatement<'ast>> for types::Statement<F> {
+impl<'ast> From<ast::ForStatement<'ast>> for types::Statement {
     fn from(statement: ast::ForStatement<'ast>) -> Self {
-        let from = match types::Expression::<F>::from(statement.start) {
+        let from = match types::Expression::from(statement.start) {
             types::Expression::Integer(number) => number,
             types::Expression::Implicit(string) => types::Integer::from_implicit(string),
             expression => unimplemented!("Range bounds should be integers, found {}", expression),
         };
-        let to = match types::Expression::<F>::from(statement.stop) {
+        let to = match types::Expression::from(statement.stop) {
             types::Expression::Integer(number) => number,
             types::Expression::Implicit(string) => types::Integer::from_implicit(string),
             expression => unimplemented!("Range bounds should be integers, found {}", expression),
@@ -599,7 +578,7 @@ impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::ForStatement<'ast>> for types::State
     }
 }
 
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::AssertStatement<'ast>> for types::Statement<F> {
+impl<'ast> From<ast::AssertStatement<'ast>> for types::Statement {
     fn from(statement: ast::AssertStatement<'ast>) -> Self {
         match statement {
             ast::AssertStatement::AssertEq(assert_eq) => types::Statement::AssertEq(
@@ -610,13 +589,13 @@ impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::AssertStatement<'ast>> for types::St
     }
 }
 
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::ExpressionStatement<'ast>> for types::Statement<F> {
+impl<'ast> From<ast::ExpressionStatement<'ast>> for types::Statement {
     fn from(statement: ast::ExpressionStatement<'ast>) -> Self {
         types::Statement::Expression(types::Expression::from(statement.expression))
     }
 }
 
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::Statement<'ast>> for types::Statement<F> {
+impl<'ast> From<ast::Statement<'ast>> for types::Statement {
     fn from(statement: ast::Statement<'ast>) -> Self {
         match statement {
             ast::Statement::Return(statement) => types::Statement::from(statement),
@@ -647,39 +626,39 @@ impl From<ast::IntegerType> for types::IntegerType {
     }
 }
 
-impl<F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::BasicType> for types::Type<F> {
+impl From<ast::BasicType> for types::Type {
     fn from(basic_type: ast::BasicType) -> Self {
         match basic_type {
             ast::BasicType::Integer(_type) => {
                 types::Type::IntegerType(types::IntegerType::from(_type))
             }
-            ast::BasicType::Field(_type) => types::Type::FieldElement,
+            ast::BasicType::Field(_type) => types::Type::Field,
             ast::BasicType::Group(_type) => types::Type::Group,
             ast::BasicType::Boolean(_type) => types::Type::Boolean,
         }
     }
 }
 
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::ArrayType<'ast>> for types::Type<F> {
+impl<'ast> From<ast::ArrayType<'ast>> for types::Type {
     fn from(array_type: ast::ArrayType<'ast>) -> Self {
         let element_type = Box::new(types::Type::from(array_type._type));
         let dimensions = array_type
             .dimensions
             .into_iter()
-            .map(|row| types::Expression::<F>::get_count(row))
+            .map(|row| types::Expression::get_count(row))
             .collect();
 
         types::Type::Array(element_type, dimensions)
     }
 }
 
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::CircuitType<'ast>> for types::Type<F> {
+impl<'ast> From<ast::CircuitType<'ast>> for types::Type {
     fn from(circuit_type: ast::CircuitType<'ast>) -> Self {
         types::Type::Circuit(types::Identifier::from(circuit_type.identifier))
     }
 }
 
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::Type<'ast>> for types::Type<F> {
+impl<'ast> From<ast::Type<'ast>> for types::Type {
     fn from(_type: ast::Type<'ast>) -> Self {
         match _type {
             ast::Type::Basic(_type) => types::Type::from(_type),
@@ -692,9 +671,7 @@ impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::Type<'ast>> for types::Type<F> {
 
 /// pest ast -> types::Circuit
 
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::CircuitFieldDefinition<'ast>>
+impl<'ast> From<ast::CircuitFieldDefinition<'ast>> for types::CircuitMember {
-    for types::CircuitMember<F>
-{
     fn from(circuit_value: ast::CircuitFieldDefinition<'ast>) -> Self {
         types::CircuitMember::CircuitField(
             types::Identifier::from(circuit_value.identifier),
@@ -703,7 +680,7 @@ impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::CircuitFieldDefinition<'ast>>
     }
 }
 
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::CircuitFunction<'ast>> for types::CircuitMember<F> {
+impl<'ast> From<ast::CircuitFunction<'ast>> for types::CircuitMember {
     fn from(circuit_function: ast::CircuitFunction<'ast>) -> Self {
         types::CircuitMember::CircuitFunction(
             circuit_function._static.is_some(),
@@ -712,7 +689,7 @@ impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::CircuitFunction<'ast>> for types::Ci
     }
 }
 
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::CircuitMember<'ast>> for types::CircuitMember<F> {
+impl<'ast> From<ast::CircuitMember<'ast>> for types::CircuitMember {
     fn from(object: ast::CircuitMember<'ast>) -> Self {
         match object {
             ast::CircuitMember::CircuitFieldDefinition(circuit_value) => {
@@ -725,7 +702,7 @@ impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::CircuitMember<'ast>> for types::Circ
     }
 }
 
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::Circuit<'ast>> for types::Circuit<F> {
+impl<'ast> From<ast::Circuit<'ast>> for types::Circuit {
     fn from(circuit: ast::Circuit<'ast>) -> Self {
         let variable = types::Identifier::from(circuit.identifier);
         let members = circuit
@@ -743,7 +720,7 @@ impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::Circuit<'ast>> for types::Circuit<F>
 
 /// pest ast -> function types::Parameters
 
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::InputModel<'ast>> for types::InputModel<F> {
+impl<'ast> From<ast::InputModel<'ast>> for types::InputModel {
     fn from(parameter: ast::InputModel<'ast>) -> Self {
         types::InputModel {
             identifier: types::Identifier::from(parameter.identifier),
@@ -759,7 +736,7 @@ impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::InputModel<'ast>> for types::InputMo
 
 /// pest ast -> types::Function
 
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::Function<'ast>> for types::Function<F> {
+impl<'ast> From<ast::Function<'ast>> for types::Function {
     fn from(function_definition: ast::Function<'ast>) -> Self {
         let function_name = types::Identifier::from(function_definition.function_name);
         let parameters = function_definition
@@ -789,7 +766,7 @@ impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::Function<'ast>> for types::Function<
 
 /// pest ast -> Import
 
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::ImportSymbol<'ast>> for ImportSymbol<F> {
+impl<'ast> From<ast::ImportSymbol<'ast>> for ImportSymbol {
     fn from(symbol: ast::ImportSymbol<'ast>) -> Self {
         ImportSymbol {
             symbol: types::Identifier::from(symbol.value),
@@ -798,7 +775,7 @@ impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::ImportSymbol<'ast>> for ImportSymbol
     }
 }
 
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::Import<'ast>> for Import<F> {
+impl<'ast> From<ast::Import<'ast>> for Import {
     fn from(import: ast::Import<'ast>) -> Self {
         Import {
             path_string: import.source.value,
@@ -813,14 +790,14 @@ impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> From<ast::Import<'ast>> for Import<F> {
 
 /// pest ast -> types::Program
 
-impl<'ast, F: Field + PrimeField> types::Program<F> {
+impl<'ast> types::Program {
     pub fn from(file: ast::File<'ast>, name: String) -> Self {
         // Compiled ast -> aleo program representation
         let imports = file
             .imports
             .into_iter()
             .map(|import| Import::from(import))
-            .collect::<Vec<Import<F>>>();
+            .collect::<Vec<Import>>();
 
         let mut circuits = HashMap::new();
         let mut functions = HashMap::new();

compiler/tests/boolean/mod.rs

@@ -8,22 +8,23 @@ use snarkos_models::gadgets::utilities::boolean::Boolean;
 
 const DIRECTORY_NAME: &str = "tests/boolean/";
 
-pub fn output_true(program: EdwardsTestCompiler) {
+pub fn output_expected_boolean(program: EdwardsTestCompiler, boolean: bool) {
     let output = get_output(program);
     assert_eq!(
-        EdwardsConstrainedValue::Return(vec![ConstrainedValue::Boolean(Boolean::Constant(true))])
+        EdwardsConstrainedValue::Return(vec![ConstrainedValue::Boolean(Boolean::Constant(
+            boolean
+        ))])
         .to_string(),
         output.to_string()
     );
 }
 
+pub fn output_true(program: EdwardsTestCompiler) {
+    output_expected_boolean(program, true)
+}
+
 pub fn output_false(program: EdwardsTestCompiler) {
-    let output = get_output(program);
+    output_expected_boolean(program, false)
-    assert_eq!(
-        EdwardsConstrainedValue::Return(vec![ConstrainedValue::Boolean(Boolean::Constant(false))])
-            .to_string(),
-        output.to_string()
-    );
 }
 
 fn fail_evaluate(program: EdwardsTestCompiler) {

compiler/tests/field/add.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+function main(a: field, b: field) -> field {
+  return a + b
+}

compiler/tests/field/assert_eq.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+function main(a: field, b: field) {
+  assert_eq!(a, b);
+}

compiler/tests/field/div.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+function main(a: field, b: field) -> field {
+  return a / b
+}

compiler/tests/field/eq.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+function main(a: field, b: field) -> bool {
+  return a == b
+}

compiler/tests/field/ge.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+function main(a: field, b: field) -> bool {
+  return a >= b
+}

compiler/tests/field/gt.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+function main(a: field, b: field) -> bool {
+  return a > b
+}

compiler/tests/field/le.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+function main(a: field, b: field) -> bool {
+  return a <= b
+}

compiler/tests/field/lt.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+function main(a: field, b: field) -> bool {
+  return a < b
+}

compiler/tests/field/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,438 @@
+use crate::boolean::{output_expected_boolean, output_false, output_true};
+use crate::{compile_program, get_error, get_output, EdwardsConstrainedValue, EdwardsTestCompiler};
+use leo_compiler::{
+    errors::{CompilerError, FieldError, FunctionError},
+    ConstrainedValue, FieldType, InputValue,
+};
+
+use snarkos_curves::edwards_bls12::Fq;
+use snarkos_gadgets::curves::edwards_bls12::FqGadget;
+use snarkos_models::curves::{Field, PrimeField};
+use snarkos_models::gadgets::{
+    curves::field::FieldGadget,
+    r1cs::{ConstraintSystem, TestConstraintSystem},
+};
+use snarkos_utilities::biginteger::BigInteger256;
+
+const DIRECTORY_NAME: &str = "tests/field/";
+
+fn output_expected_constant(program: EdwardsTestCompiler, expected: Fq) {
+    let output = get_output(program);
+    assert_eq!(
+        EdwardsConstrainedValue::Return(vec![ConstrainedValue::Field(FieldType::Constant(
+            expected
+        ))])
+        .to_string(),
+        output.to_string()
+    );
+}
+
+fn output_expected_allocated(program: EdwardsTestCompiler, expected: FqGadget) {
+    let output = get_output(program);
+
+    match output {
+        EdwardsConstrainedValue::Return(vec) => match vec.as_slice() {
+            [ConstrainedValue::Field(FieldType::Allocated(fp_gadget))] => {
+                assert_eq!(*fp_gadget, expected as FqGadget)
+            }
+            _ => panic!("program output unknown return value"),
+        },
+        _ => panic!("program output unknown return value"),
+    }
+}
+
+fn output_zero(program: EdwardsTestCompiler) {
+    output_expected_constant(program, Fq::zero())
+}
+
+fn output_one(program: EdwardsTestCompiler) {
+    output_expected_constant(program, Fq::one())
+}
+
+fn fail_field(program: EdwardsTestCompiler) {
+    match get_error(program) {
+        CompilerError::FunctionError(FunctionError::FieldError(FieldError::Invalid(_string))) => {}
+        error => panic!("Expected invalid field error, got {}", error),
+    }
+}
+
+fn fail_synthesis(program: EdwardsTestCompiler) {
+    match get_error(program) {
+        CompilerError::FunctionError(FunctionError::FieldError(FieldError::SynthesisError(
+            _string,
+        ))) => {}
+        error => panic!("Expected synthesis error, got {}", error),
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_zero() {
+    let program = compile_program(DIRECTORY_NAME, "zero.leo").unwrap();
+    output_zero(program);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_one() {
+    let program = compile_program(DIRECTORY_NAME, "one.leo").unwrap();
+    output_one(program);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_input_pass() {
+    let mut program = compile_program(DIRECTORY_NAME, "input.leo").unwrap();
+    program.set_inputs(vec![Some(InputValue::Field("1".into()))]);
+
+    let cs = TestConstraintSystem::<Fq>::new();
+    let expected = FqGadget::one(cs).unwrap();
+
+    output_expected_allocated(program, expected)
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_input_fail_bool() {
+    let mut program = compile_program(DIRECTORY_NAME, "input.leo").unwrap();
+    program.set_inputs(vec![Some(InputValue::Boolean(true))]);
+    fail_field(program);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_input_fail_none() {
+    let mut program = compile_program(DIRECTORY_NAME, "input.leo").unwrap();
+    program.set_inputs(vec![None]);
+    fail_synthesis(program);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_add() {
+    use std::ops::Add;
+
+    for _ in 0..10 {
+        let r1: u64 = rand::random();
+        let r2: u64 = rand::random();
+
+        let b1 = BigInteger256::from(r1);
+        let b2 = BigInteger256::from(r2);
+
+        let f1: Fq = Fq::from_repr(b1);
+        let f2: Fq = Fq::from_repr(b2);
+
+        let sum = f1.add(&f2);
+
+        let cs = TestConstraintSystem::<Fq>::new();
+        let sum_allocated = FqGadget::from(cs, &sum);
+
+        let mut program = compile_program(DIRECTORY_NAME, "add.leo").unwrap();
+        program.set_inputs(vec![
+            Some(InputValue::Field(r1.to_string())),
+            Some(InputValue::Field(r2.to_string())),
+        ]);
+
+        output_expected_allocated(program, sum_allocated);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_sub() {
+    use std::ops::Sub;
+
+    for _ in 0..10 {
+        let r1: u64 = rand::random();
+        let r2: u64 = rand::random();
+
+        let b1 = BigInteger256::from(r1);
+        let b2 = BigInteger256::from(r2);
+
+        let f1: Fq = Fq::from_repr(b1);
+        let f2: Fq = Fq::from_repr(b2);
+
+        let difference = f1.sub(&f2);
+
+        let cs = TestConstraintSystem::<Fq>::new();
+        let difference_allocated = FqGadget::from(cs, &difference);
+
+        let mut program = compile_program(DIRECTORY_NAME, "sub.leo").unwrap();
+        program.set_inputs(vec![
+            Some(InputValue::Field(r1.to_string())),
+            Some(InputValue::Field(r2.to_string())),
+        ]);
+
+        output_expected_allocated(program, difference_allocated);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_mul() {
+    use std::ops::Mul;
+
+    for _ in 0..10 {
+        let r1: u64 = rand::random();
+        let r2: u64 = rand::random();
+
+        let b1 = BigInteger256::from(r1);
+        let b2 = BigInteger256::from(r2);
+
+        let f1: Fq = Fq::from_repr(b1);
+        let f2: Fq = Fq::from_repr(b2);
+
+        let product = f1.mul(&f2);
+
+        let cs = TestConstraintSystem::<Fq>::new();
+        let product_allocated = FqGadget::from(cs, &product);
+
+        let mut program = compile_program(DIRECTORY_NAME, "mul.leo").unwrap();
+        program.set_inputs(vec![
+            Some(InputValue::Field(r1.to_string())),
+            Some(InputValue::Field(r2.to_string())),
+        ]);
+
+        output_expected_allocated(program, product_allocated);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_div() {
+    use std::ops::Div;
+
+    for _ in 0..10 {
+        let r1: u64 = rand::random();
+        let r2: u64 = rand::random();
+
+        let b1 = BigInteger256::from(r1);
+        let b2 = BigInteger256::from(r2);
+
+        let f1: Fq = Fq::from_repr(b1);
+        let f2: Fq = Fq::from_repr(b2);
+
+        let quotient = f1.div(&f2);
+
+        let cs = TestConstraintSystem::<Fq>::new();
+        let quotient_allocated = FqGadget::from(cs, &quotient);
+
+        let mut program = compile_program(DIRECTORY_NAME, "div.leo").unwrap();
+        program.set_inputs(vec![
+            Some(InputValue::Field(r1.to_string())),
+            Some(InputValue::Field(r2.to_string())),
+        ]);
+
+        output_expected_allocated(program, quotient_allocated);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_eq() {
+    for _ in 0..10 {
+        let r1: u64 = rand::random();
+
+        // test equal
+        let mut program = compile_program(DIRECTORY_NAME, "eq.leo").unwrap();
+        program.set_inputs(vec![
+            Some(InputValue::Field(r1.to_string())),
+            Some(InputValue::Field(r1.to_string())),
+        ]);
+
+        output_true(program);
+
+        // test not equal
+        let r2: u64 = rand::random();
+
+        let result = r1.eq(&r2);
+
+        let mut program = compile_program(DIRECTORY_NAME, "eq.leo").unwrap();
+        program.set_inputs(vec![
+            Some(InputValue::Field(r1.to_string())),
+            Some(InputValue::Field(r2.to_string())),
+        ]);
+
+        output_expected_boolean(program, result)
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_ge() {
+    for _ in 0..10 {
+        let r1: u64 = rand::random();
+
+        // test equal
+        let mut program = compile_program(DIRECTORY_NAME, "ge.leo").unwrap();
+        program.set_inputs(vec![
+            Some(InputValue::Field(r1.to_string())),
+            Some(InputValue::Field(r1.to_string())),
+        ]);
+
+        output_true(program);
+
+        // test greater than
+        let r2: u64 = rand::random();
+
+        let result = r1.ge(&r2);
+
+        let mut program = compile_program(DIRECTORY_NAME, "ge.leo").unwrap();
+        program.set_inputs(vec![
+            Some(InputValue::Field(r1.to_string())),
+            Some(InputValue::Field(r2.to_string())),
+        ]);
+
+        output_expected_boolean(program, result)
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_gt() {
+    for _ in 0..10 {
+        let r1: u64 = rand::random();
+
+        // test equal
+        let mut program = compile_program(DIRECTORY_NAME, "gt.leo").unwrap();
+        program.set_inputs(vec![
+            Some(InputValue::Field(r1.to_string())),
+            Some(InputValue::Field(r1.to_string())),
+        ]);
+
+        output_false(program);
+
+        // test greater than
+        let r2: u64 = rand::random();
+
+        let result = r1.gt(&r2);
+
+        let mut program = compile_program(DIRECTORY_NAME, "gt.leo").unwrap();
+        program.set_inputs(vec![
+            Some(InputValue::Field(r1.to_string())),
+            Some(InputValue::Field(r2.to_string())),
+        ]);
+
+        output_expected_boolean(program, result)
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_le() {
+    for _ in 0..10 {
+        let r1: u64 = rand::random();
+
+        // test equal
+        let mut program = compile_program(DIRECTORY_NAME, "le.leo").unwrap();
+        program.set_inputs(vec![
+            Some(InputValue::Field(r1.to_string())),
+            Some(InputValue::Field(r1.to_string())),
+        ]);
+
+        output_true(program);
+
+        // test greater than
+        let r2: u64 = rand::random();
+
+        let result = r1.le(&r2);
+
+        let mut program = compile_program(DIRECTORY_NAME, "le.leo").unwrap();
+        program.set_inputs(vec![
+            Some(InputValue::Field(r1.to_string())),
+            Some(InputValue::Field(r2.to_string())),
+        ]);
+
+        output_expected_boolean(program, result)
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_lt() {
+    for _ in 0..10 {
+        let r1: u64 = rand::random();
+
+        // test equal
+        let mut program = compile_program(DIRECTORY_NAME, "lt.leo").unwrap();
+        program.set_inputs(vec![
+            Some(InputValue::Field(r1.to_string())),
+            Some(InputValue::Field(r1.to_string())),
+        ]);
+
+        output_false(program);
+
+        // test greater than
+        let r2: u64 = rand::random();
+
+        let result = r1.lt(&r2);
+
+        let mut program = compile_program(DIRECTORY_NAME, "lt.leo").unwrap();
+        program.set_inputs(vec![
+            Some(InputValue::Field(r1.to_string())),
+            Some(InputValue::Field(r2.to_string())),
+        ]);
+
+        output_expected_boolean(program, result)
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_assert_eq_pass() {
+    for _ in 0..10 {
+        let r1: u64 = rand::random();
+
+        let mut program = compile_program(DIRECTORY_NAME, "assert_eq.leo").unwrap();
+        program.set_inputs(vec![
+            Some(InputValue::Field(r1.to_string())),
+            Some(InputValue::Field(r1.to_string())),
+        ]);
+
+        let _ = get_output(program);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_assert_eq_fail() {
+    for _ in 0..10 {
+        let r1: u64 = rand::random();
+        let r2: u64 = rand::random();
+
+        if r1 == r2 {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        let mut program = compile_program(DIRECTORY_NAME, "assert_eq.leo").unwrap();
+        program.set_inputs(vec![
+            Some(InputValue::Field(r1.to_string())),
+            Some(InputValue::Field(r2.to_string())),
+        ]);
+
+        let mut cs = TestConstraintSystem::<Fq>::new();
+        let _ = program.compile_constraints(&mut cs).unwrap();
+        assert!(!cs.is_satisfied());
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_ternary() {
+    let r1: u64 = rand::random();
+    let r2: u64 = rand::random();
+
+    let b1 = BigInteger256::from(r1);
+    let b2 = BigInteger256::from(r2);
+
+    let f1: Fq = Fq::from_repr(b1);
+    let f2: Fq = Fq::from_repr(b2);
+
+    let mut cs = TestConstraintSystem::<Fq>::new();
+    let g1 = FqGadget::from(cs.ns(|| "g1"), &f1);
+    let g2 = FqGadget::from(cs.ns(|| "g2"), &f2);
+
+    let mut program_1 = compile_program(DIRECTORY_NAME, "ternary.leo").unwrap();
+    let mut program_2 = program_1.clone();
+
+    // true -> field 1
+    program_1.set_inputs(vec![
+        Some(InputValue::Boolean(true)),
+        Some(InputValue::Field(r1.to_string())),
+        Some(InputValue::Field(r2.to_string())),
+    ]);
+
+    output_expected_allocated(program_1, g1);
+
+    // false -> field 2
+    program_2.set_inputs(vec![
+        Some(InputValue::Boolean(false)),
+        Some(InputValue::Field(r1.to_string())),
+        Some(InputValue::Field(r2.to_string())),
+    ]);
+
+    output_expected_allocated(program_2, g2);
+}

compiler/tests/field/mul.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+function main(a: field, b: field) -> field {
+  return a * b
+}

compiler/tests/field/sub.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+function main(a: field, b: field) -> field {
+  return a - b
+}

compiler/tests/field/ternary.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+function main(b: bool, f1: field, f2: field) -> field {
+  return if b ? f1 : f2
+}

compiler/tests/field_element/mod.rs

@@ -1,76 +0,0 @@
-use crate::{compile_program, get_error, get_output, EdwardsConstrainedValue, EdwardsTestCompiler};
-use leo_compiler::{
-    errors::{CompilerError, FieldElementError, FunctionError},
-    ConstrainedValue, FieldElement, InputValue,
-};
-
-use snarkos_curves::edwards_bls12::Fq;
-use snarkos_models::curves::Field;
-
-const DIRECTORY_NAME: &str = "tests/field_element/";
-
-fn output_zero(program: EdwardsTestCompiler) {
-    let output = get_output(program);
-    assert_eq!(
-        EdwardsConstrainedValue::Return(vec![ConstrainedValue::FieldElement(
-            FieldElement::Constant(Fq::zero())
-        )])
-        .to_string(),
-        output.to_string()
-    );
-}
-
-fn output_one(program: EdwardsTestCompiler) {
-    let output = get_output(program);
-    assert_eq!(
-        EdwardsConstrainedValue::Return(vec![ConstrainedValue::FieldElement(
-            FieldElement::Constant(Fq::one())
-        )])
-        .to_string(),
-        output.to_string()
-    );
-}
-
-fn fail_field(program: EdwardsTestCompiler) {
-    match get_error(program) {
-        CompilerError::FunctionError(FunctionError::FieldElementError(
-            FieldElementError::InvalidField(_string),
-        )) => {}
-        error => panic!("Expected invalid field error, got {}", error),
-    }
-}
-
-fn fail_synthesis(program: EdwardsTestCompiler) {
-    match get_error(program) {
-        CompilerError::FunctionError(FunctionError::FieldElementError(
-            FieldElementError::SynthesisError(_string),
-        )) => {}
-        error => panic!("Expected synthesis error, got {}", error),
-    }
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_zero() {
-    let program = compile_program(DIRECTORY_NAME, "zero.leo").unwrap();
-    output_zero(program);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_one() {
-    let program = compile_program(DIRECTORY_NAME, "one.leo").unwrap();
-    output_one(program);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_input_field_bool() {
-    let mut program = compile_program(DIRECTORY_NAME, "input_field.leo").unwrap();
-    program.set_inputs(vec![Some(InputValue::Boolean(true))]);
-    fail_field(program);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_input_field_none() {
-    let mut program = compile_program(DIRECTORY_NAME, "input_field.leo").unwrap();
-    program.set_inputs(vec![None]);
-    fail_synthesis(program);
-}

compiler/tests/group/mod.rs

@@ -1,18 +1,14 @@
 use crate::{
     boolean::{output_false, output_true},
-    compile_program, get_error, get_output, EdwardsConstrainedValue, EdwardsTestCompiler,
+    compile_program, fail_enforce, get_output, EdwardsConstrainedValue, EdwardsTestCompiler,
-};
-use leo_compiler::{
-    errors::{CompilerError, FunctionError, StatementError},
-    group::edwards_bls12::EdwardsGroupType,
-    ConstrainedValue, InputValue,
 };
+use leo_compiler::{group::edwards_bls12::EdwardsGroupType, ConstrainedValue, InputValue};
 
 use snarkos_curves::edwards_bls12::{EdwardsAffine, Fq};
 use snarkos_gadgets::curves::edwards_bls12::EdwardsBlsGadget;
 use snarkos_models::{
     curves::Group,
-    gadgets::{curves::GroupGadget, r1cs::TestConstraintSystem, utilities::alloc::AllocGadget},
+    gadgets::{r1cs::TestConstraintSystem, utilities::alloc::AllocGadget},
 };
 use std::str::FromStr;
 
@@ -34,28 +30,22 @@ fn output_expected_constant(program: EdwardsTestCompiler, expected: EdwardsAffin
 
 fn output_expected_allocated(program: EdwardsTestCompiler, expected: EdwardsBlsGadget) {
     let output = get_output(program);
-    assert_eq!(
+
-        EdwardsConstrainedValue::Return(vec![ConstrainedValue::Group(
+    match output {
-            EdwardsGroupType::Allocated(expected)
+        EdwardsConstrainedValue::Return(vec) => match vec.as_slice() {
-        )])
+            [ConstrainedValue::Group(EdwardsGroupType::Allocated(gadget))] => {
-        .to_string(),
+                assert_eq!(*gadget, expected as EdwardsBlsGadget)
-        output.to_string()
+            }
-    )
+            _ => panic!("program output unknown return value"),
+        },
+        _ => panic!("program output unknown return value"),
+    }
 }
 
 fn output_zero(program: EdwardsTestCompiler) {
     output_expected_constant(program, EdwardsAffine::zero())
 }
 
-fn fail_enforce(program: EdwardsTestCompiler) {
-    match get_error(program) {
-        CompilerError::FunctionError(FunctionError::StatementError(
-            StatementError::SynthesisError(_),
-        )) => {}
-        error => panic!("Expected evaluate error, got {}", error),
-    }
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn test_zero() {
     let program = compile_program(DIRECTORY_NAME, "zero.leo").unwrap();
@@ -69,6 +59,20 @@ fn test_point() {
     output_expected_constant(program, point);
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn test_input() {
+    let mut program = compile_program(DIRECTORY_NAME, "input.leo").unwrap();
+    program.set_inputs(vec![Some(InputValue::Group(TEST_POINT_1.into()))]);
+
+    let mut cs = TestConstraintSystem::<Fq>::new();
+    let constant_point = EdwardsAffine::from_str(TEST_POINT_1).unwrap();
+    let allocated_point =
+        <EdwardsBlsGadget as AllocGadget<EdwardsAffine, Fq>>::alloc(&mut cs, || Ok(constant_point))
+            .unwrap();
+
+    output_expected_allocated(program, allocated_point);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn test_add() {
     use std::ops::Add;
@@ -108,31 +112,17 @@ fn test_eq_false() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn test_assert_eq_true() {
+fn test_assert_eq_pass() {
     let program = compile_program(DIRECTORY_NAME, "assert_eq_true.leo").unwrap();
     let _res = get_output(program);
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn test_assert_eq_false() {
+fn test_assert_eq_fail() {
     let program = compile_program(DIRECTORY_NAME, "assert_eq_false.leo").unwrap();
     fail_enforce(program);
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn test_input() {
-    let mut program = compile_program(DIRECTORY_NAME, "input.leo").unwrap();
-    program.set_inputs(vec![Some(InputValue::Group(TEST_POINT_1.into()))]);
-
-    let mut cs = TestConstraintSystem::<Fq>::new();
-    let constant_point = EdwardsAffine::from_str(TEST_POINT_1).unwrap();
-    let allocated_point =
-        <EdwardsBlsGadget as AllocGadget<EdwardsAffine, Fq>>::alloc(&mut cs, || Ok(constant_point))
-            .unwrap();
-
-    output_expected_allocated(program, allocated_point);
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn test_ternary() {
     let mut program_1 = compile_program(DIRECTORY_NAME, "ternary.leo").unwrap();
@@ -141,36 +131,20 @@ fn test_ternary() {
     // true -> point_1
     program_1.set_inputs(vec![Some(InputValue::Boolean(true))]);
 
+    let mut cs = TestConstraintSystem::<Fq>::new();
     let point_1 = EdwardsAffine::from_str(TEST_POINT_1).unwrap();
-    let output_1 = get_output(program_1);
+    let expected_point_1 =
-    let actual_1: EdwardsAffine = match output_1 {
+        <EdwardsBlsGadget as AllocGadget<EdwardsAffine, Fq>>::alloc(&mut cs, || Ok(point_1))
-        EdwardsConstrainedValue::Return(vec) => match vec.as_slice() {
+            .unwrap();
-            [ConstrainedValue::Group(EdwardsGroupType::Allocated(edwards_gadget))] => {
+    output_expected_allocated(program_1, expected_point_1);
-                <EdwardsBlsGadget as GroupGadget<EdwardsAffine, Fq>>::get_value(edwards_gadget)
-                    .unwrap()
-            }
-            _ => panic!("program output unknown return value"),
-        },
-        _ => panic!("program output unknown return value"),
-    };
-
-    assert_eq!(point_1, actual_1);
 
     // false -> point_2
     program_2.set_inputs(vec![Some(InputValue::Boolean(false))]);
 
+    let mut cs = TestConstraintSystem::<Fq>::new();
     let point_2 = EdwardsAffine::from_str(TEST_POINT_2).unwrap();
-    let output_2 = get_output(program_2);
+    let expected_point_2 =
-    let actual_2: EdwardsAffine = match output_2 {
+        <EdwardsBlsGadget as AllocGadget<EdwardsAffine, Fq>>::alloc(&mut cs, || Ok(point_2))
-        EdwardsConstrainedValue::Return(vec) => match vec.as_slice() {
+            .unwrap();
-            [ConstrainedValue::Group(EdwardsGroupType::Allocated(edwards_gadget))] => {
+    output_expected_allocated(program_2, expected_point_2);
-                <EdwardsBlsGadget as GroupGadget<EdwardsAffine, Fq>>::get_value(edwards_gadget)
-                    .unwrap()
-            }
-            _ => panic!("program output unknown return value"),
-        },
-        _ => panic!("program output unknown return value"),
-    };
-
-    assert_eq!(point_2, actual_2);
 }

compiler/tests/mod.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 pub mod array;
 pub mod boolean;
 pub mod circuit;
-pub mod field_element;
+pub mod field;
 pub mod function;
 pub mod group;
 pub mod import;
@@ -10,7 +10,9 @@ pub mod mutability;
 pub mod statement;
 
 use leo_compiler::{
-    compiler::Compiler, errors::CompilerError, group::edwards_bls12::EdwardsGroupType,
+    compiler::Compiler,
+    errors::{CompilerError, FunctionError, StatementError},
+    group::edwards_bls12::EdwardsGroupType,
     ConstrainedValue,
 };
 
@@ -33,6 +35,15 @@ pub(crate) fn get_error(program: EdwardsTestCompiler) -> CompilerError {
     program.compile_constraints(&mut cs).unwrap_err()
 }
 
+pub(crate) fn fail_enforce(program: EdwardsTestCompiler) {
+    match get_error(program) {
+        CompilerError::FunctionError(FunctionError::StatementError(
+            StatementError::SynthesisError(_),
+        )) => {}
+        error => panic!("Expected evaluate error, got {}", error),
+    }
+}
+
 pub(crate) fn compile_program(
     directory_name: &str,
     file_name: &str,

leo/commands/build.rs

@@ -2,16 +2,10 @@ use crate::directories::{source::SOURCE_DIRECTORY_NAME, OutputsDirectory};
 use crate::errors::{BuildError, CLIError};
 use crate::files::{ChecksumFile, MainFile, Manifest, MAIN_FILE_NAME};
 use crate::{cli::*, cli_types::*};
-use leo_compiler::{
+use leo_compiler::{compiler::Compiler, group::edwards_bls12::EdwardsGroupType};
-    compiler::Compiler,
-    group::edwards_bls12::EdwardsGroupType
-};
 
 use snarkos_algorithms::snark::KeypairAssembly;
-use snarkos_curves::{
+use snarkos_curves::{bls12_377::Bls12_377, edwards_bls12::Fq};
-    bls12_377::Bls12_377,
-    edwards_bls12::Fq
-};
 
 use clap::ArgMatches;
 use std::convert::TryFrom;

leo/commands/setup.rs

@@ -2,18 +2,12 @@ use crate::commands::BuildCommand;
 use crate::errors::{CLIError, VerificationKeyFileError};
 use crate::files::{Manifest, ProvingKeyFile, VerificationKeyFile};
 use crate::{cli::*, cli_types::*};
-use leo_compiler::{
+use leo_compiler::{compiler::Compiler, group::edwards_bls12::EdwardsGroupType};
-    compiler::Compiler,
-    group::edwards_bls12::EdwardsGroupType
-};
 
 use snarkos_algorithms::snark::{
     generate_random_parameters, prepare_verifying_key, Parameters, PreparedVerifyingKey,
 };
-use snarkos_curves::{
+use snarkos_curves::{bls12_377::Bls12_377, edwards_bls12::Fq};
-    bls12_377::Bls12_377,
-    edwards_bls12::Fq
-};
 use snarkos_utilities::bytes::ToBytes;
 
 use clap::ArgMatches;