Merge pull request #594 from AleoHQ/asg-merge

[Feature] Abstract Syntax Graph (ASG) - Base Implementation

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ jobs:
       matrix:
         rust:
           - stable
-          - nightly
+#          - nightly
 
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
@@ -70,12 +70,12 @@ jobs:
           args: --examples --all-features --all
         if: matrix.rust == 'stable'
 
-      - name: Check benchmarks on nightly
-        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
-        with:
-          command: clippy
-          args: --all-features --examples --all --benches
-        if: matrix.rust == 'nightly'
+#      - name: Check benchmarks on nightly
+#        uses: actions-rs/cargo@v1
+#        with:
+#          command: clippy
+#          args: --all-features --examples --all --benches
+#        if: matrix.rust == 'nightly'
 
   test:
     name: Test

.rustfmt.toml

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use_try_shorthand = true
 # Nightly configurations
 imports_layout = "HorizontalVertical"
 license_template_path = ".resources/license_header"
-merge_imports = true
+imports_granularity = "Crate"
 overflow_delimited_expr = true
 reorder_impl_items = true
 version = "Two"

Cargo.lock

@@ -917,6 +917,17 @@ dependencies = [
  "wasi 0.9.0+wasi-snapshot-preview1",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "getrandom"
+version = "0.2.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c9495705279e7140bf035dde1f6e750c162df8b625267cd52cc44e0b156732c8"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if 1.0.0",
+ "libc",
+ "wasi 0.10.0+wasi-snapshot-preview1",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "gimli"
 version = "0.23.0"
@@ -1219,6 +1230,21 @@ version = "1.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "830d08ce1d1d941e6b30645f1a0eb5643013d835ce3779a5fc208261dbe10f55"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "leo-asg"
+version = "1.0.8"
+dependencies = [
+ "criterion",
+ "indexmap",
+ "leo-ast",
+ "leo-grammar",
+ "num-bigint",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_json",
+ "thiserror",
+ "uuid",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "leo-ast"
 version = "1.0.8"
@@ -2070,7 +2096,7 @@ version = "0.7.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "6a6b1679d49b24bbfe0c803429aa1874472f50d9b363131f0e89fc356b544d03"
 dependencies = [
- "getrandom",
+ "getrandom 0.1.15",
  "libc",
  "rand_chacha",
  "rand_core 0.5.1",
@@ -2093,7 +2119,7 @@ version = "0.5.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "90bde5296fc891b0cef12a6d03ddccc162ce7b2aff54160af9338f8d40df6d19"
 dependencies = [
- "getrandom",
+ "getrandom 0.1.15",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2157,7 +2183,7 @@ version = "0.3.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "de0737333e7a9502c789a36d7c7fa6092a49895d4faa31ca5df163857ded2e9d"
 dependencies = [
- "getrandom",
+ "getrandom 0.1.15",
  "redox_syscall",
  "rust-argon2",
 ]
@@ -3106,6 +3132,16 @@ dependencies = [
  "percent-encoding",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "uuid"
+version = "0.8.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "bc5cf98d8186244414c848017f0e2676b3fcb46807f6668a97dfe67359a3c4b7"
+dependencies = [
+ "getrandom 0.2.2",
+ "serde",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "vcpkg"
 version = "0.2.11"

Cargo.toml

@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ members = [
   "linter",
   "package",
   "state",
+  "asg",
   "symbol-table",
   "type-inference"
 ]

asg/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+[package]
+name = "leo-asg"
+version = "1.0.8"
+authors = [ "The Aleo Team <hello@aleo.org>" ]
+description = "ASG of the Leo programming language"
+homepage = "https://aleo.org"
+repository = "https://github.com/AleoHQ/leo"
+keywords = [
+  "aleo",
+  "cryptography",
+  "leo",
+  "programming-language",
+  "zero-knowledge"
+]
+categories = [ "cryptography::cryptocurrencies", "web-programming" ]
+include = [ "Cargo.toml", "src", "README.md", "LICENSE.md" ]
+license = "GPL-3.0"
+edition = "2018"
+
+[dependencies.serde]
+version = "1.0"
+
+[dependencies.serde_json]
+version = "1.0"
+
+[dev-dependencies.criterion]
+version = "0.3"
+
+[dependencies.indexmap]
+version = "1.6"
+
+[dependencies.thiserror]
+version = "1.0"
+
+[dependencies.leo-ast]
+version = "1.0"
+path = "../ast"
+
+[dependencies.leo-grammar]
+version = "1.0"
+path = "../grammar"
+
+[dependencies.uuid]
+version = "0.8"
+features = ["v4", "serde"]
+
+[dependencies.num-bigint]
+version = "0.3"

asg/src/checks/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//! Helper methods to determine the correct return value path in an asg.
+
+mod return_path;
+pub use return_path::*;

asg/src/checks/return_path.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use crate::{
+    statement::*,
+    BoolAnd,
+    Expression,
+    Monoid,
+    MonoidalReducerExpression,
+    MonoidalReducerStatement,
+    Node,
+    Span,
+};
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+pub struct ReturnPathReducer {
+    pub errors: Vec<(Span, String)>,
+}
+
+impl ReturnPathReducer {
+    fn record_error(&mut self, span: Option<&Span>, error: String) {
+        self.errors.push((span.cloned().unwrap_or_default(), error));
+    }
+
+    pub fn new() -> ReturnPathReducer {
+        ReturnPathReducer { errors: vec![] }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for ReturnPathReducer {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+#[allow(unused_variables)]
+impl MonoidalReducerExpression<BoolAnd> for ReturnPathReducer {
+    fn reduce_expression(&mut self, input: &Arc<Expression>, value: BoolAnd) -> BoolAnd {
+        BoolAnd(false)
+    }
+}
+
+#[allow(unused_variables)]
+impl MonoidalReducerStatement<BoolAnd> for ReturnPathReducer {
+    fn reduce_assign_access(&mut self, input: &AssignAccess, left: Option<BoolAnd>, right: Option<BoolAnd>) -> BoolAnd {
+        BoolAnd(false)
+    }
+
+    fn reduce_assign(&mut self, input: &AssignStatement, accesses: Vec<BoolAnd>, value: BoolAnd) -> BoolAnd {
+        BoolAnd(false)
+    }
+
+    fn reduce_block(&mut self, input: &BlockStatement, statements: Vec<BoolAnd>) -> BoolAnd {
+        if statements.is_empty() {
+            BoolAnd(false)
+        } else if let Some(index) = statements[..statements.len() - 1].iter().map(|x| x.0).position(|x| x) {
+            self.record_error(
+                input.statements[index].span(),
+                "dead code due to unconditional early return".to_string(),
+            );
+            BoolAnd(true)
+        } else {
+            BoolAnd(statements[statements.len() - 1].0)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn reduce_conditional_statement(
+        &mut self,
+        input: &ConditionalStatement,
+        condition: BoolAnd,
+        if_true: BoolAnd,
+        if_false: Option<BoolAnd>,
+    ) -> BoolAnd {
+        if if_false.as_ref().map(|x| x.0).unwrap_or(false) != if_true.0 {
+            self.record_error(
+                input.span(),
+                "cannot have asymmetrical return in if statement".to_string(),
+            );
+        }
+        if_true.append(if_false.unwrap_or(BoolAnd(false)))
+    }
+
+    fn reduce_formatted_string(&mut self, input: &FormattedString, parameters: Vec<BoolAnd>) -> BoolAnd {
+        BoolAnd(false)
+    }
+
+    fn reduce_console(&mut self, input: &ConsoleStatement, argument: BoolAnd) -> BoolAnd {
+        BoolAnd(false)
+    }
+
+    fn reduce_definition(&mut self, input: &DefinitionStatement, value: BoolAnd) -> BoolAnd {
+        BoolAnd(false)
+    }
+
+    fn reduce_expression_statement(&mut self, input: &ExpressionStatement, expression: BoolAnd) -> BoolAnd {
+        BoolAnd(false)
+    }
+
+    fn reduce_iteration(
+        &mut self,
+        input: &IterationStatement,
+        start: BoolAnd,
+        stop: BoolAnd,
+        body: BoolAnd,
+    ) -> BoolAnd {
+        // loops are const defined ranges, so we could probably check if they run one and emit here
+        BoolAnd(false)
+    }
+
+    fn reduce_return(&mut self, input: &ReturnStatement, value: BoolAnd) -> BoolAnd {
+        BoolAnd(true)
+    }
+}

asg/src/const_value.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,277 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use crate::{AsgConvertError, IntegerType, Span, Type};
+
+use num_bigint::BigInt;
+use std::{convert::TryInto, fmt};
+
+/// Constant integer values in a program.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub enum ConstInt {
+    I8(i8),
+    I16(i16),
+    I32(i32),
+    I64(i64),
+    I128(i128),
+    U8(u8),
+    U16(u16),
+    U32(u32),
+    U64(u64),
+    U128(u128),
+}
+
+/// Specifies how to calculate a group coordinate in a program.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub enum GroupCoordinate {
+    /// Explicit field element number string.
+    Number(String),
+
+    /// Attempt to recover with a sign high bit.
+    SignHigh,
+
+    /// Attempt to recover with a sign low bit.
+    SignLow,
+
+    /// Try recovering with a sign low - upon failure try sign high.
+    Inferred,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for GroupCoordinate {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            GroupCoordinate::Number(number) => write!(f, "{}", number),
+            GroupCoordinate::SignHigh => write!(f, "+"),
+            GroupCoordinate::SignLow => write!(f, "-"),
+            GroupCoordinate::Inferred => write!(f, "_"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&leo_ast::GroupCoordinate> for GroupCoordinate {
+    fn from(other: &leo_ast::GroupCoordinate) -> GroupCoordinate {
+        use leo_ast::GroupCoordinate::*;
+        match other {
+            Number(value, _) => GroupCoordinate::Number(value.clone()),
+            SignHigh => GroupCoordinate::SignHigh,
+            SignLow => GroupCoordinate::SignLow,
+            Inferred => GroupCoordinate::Inferred,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Into<leo_ast::GroupCoordinate> for &GroupCoordinate {
+    fn into(self) -> leo_ast::GroupCoordinate {
+        use GroupCoordinate::*;
+        match self {
+            Number(value) => leo_ast::GroupCoordinate::Number(value.clone(), Default::default()),
+            SignHigh => leo_ast::GroupCoordinate::SignHigh,
+            SignLow => leo_ast::GroupCoordinate::SignLow,
+            Inferred => leo_ast::GroupCoordinate::Inferred,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub enum GroupValue {
+    Single(String),
+    Tuple(GroupCoordinate, GroupCoordinate),
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub enum ConstValue {
+    Int(ConstInt),
+    Group(GroupValue),
+    Field(BigInt),
+    Address(String),
+    Boolean(bool),
+
+    // compounds
+    Tuple(Vec<ConstValue>),
+    Array(Vec<ConstValue>),
+}
+
+macro_rules! const_int_op {
+    ($name: ident, $retType: ty, $x: ident, $transform: expr) => {
+        pub fn $name(&self) -> $retType {
+            match self {
+                ConstInt::I8($x) => $transform,
+                ConstInt::I16($x) => $transform,
+                ConstInt::I32($x) => $transform,
+                ConstInt::I64($x) => $transform,
+                ConstInt::I128($x) => $transform,
+                ConstInt::U8($x) => $transform,
+                ConstInt::U16($x) => $transform,
+                ConstInt::U32($x) => $transform,
+                ConstInt::U64($x) => $transform,
+                ConstInt::U128($x) => $transform,
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+macro_rules! const_int_biop {
+    ($name: ident, $retType: ty, $x: ident, $y: ident, $transform: expr) => {
+        pub fn $name(&self, other: &ConstInt) -> Option<$retType> {
+            match (self, other) {
+                (ConstInt::I8($x), ConstInt::I8($y)) => $transform,
+                (ConstInt::I16($x), ConstInt::I16($y)) => $transform,
+                (ConstInt::I32($x), ConstInt::I32($y)) => $transform,
+                (ConstInt::I64($x), ConstInt::I64($y)) => $transform,
+                (ConstInt::I128($x), ConstInt::I128($y)) => $transform,
+                (ConstInt::U8($x), ConstInt::U8($y)) => $transform,
+                (ConstInt::U16($x), ConstInt::U16($y)) => $transform,
+                (ConstInt::U32($x), ConstInt::U32($y)) => $transform,
+                (ConstInt::U64($x), ConstInt::U64($y)) => $transform,
+                (ConstInt::U128($x), ConstInt::U128($y)) => $transform,
+                _ => None,
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+macro_rules! const_int_map {
+    ($name: ident, $x: ident, $transform: expr) => {
+        pub fn $name(&self) -> Option<ConstInt> {
+            Some(match self {
+                ConstInt::I8($x) => ConstInt::I8($transform),
+                ConstInt::I16($x) => ConstInt::I16($transform),
+                ConstInt::I32($x) => ConstInt::I32($transform),
+                ConstInt::I64($x) => ConstInt::I64($transform),
+                ConstInt::I128($x) => ConstInt::I128($transform),
+                ConstInt::U8($x) => ConstInt::U8($transform),
+                ConstInt::U16($x) => ConstInt::U16($transform),
+                ConstInt::U32($x) => ConstInt::U32($transform),
+                ConstInt::U64($x) => ConstInt::U64($transform),
+                ConstInt::U128($x) => ConstInt::U128($transform),
+            })
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+macro_rules! const_int_bimap {
+    ($name: ident, $x: ident, $y: ident, $transform: expr) => {
+        pub fn $name(&self, other: &ConstInt) -> Option<ConstInt> {
+            Some(match (self, other) {
+                (ConstInt::I8($x), ConstInt::I8($y)) => ConstInt::I8($transform),
+                (ConstInt::I16($x), ConstInt::I16($y)) => ConstInt::I16($transform),
+                (ConstInt::I32($x), ConstInt::I32($y)) => ConstInt::I32($transform),
+                (ConstInt::I64($x), ConstInt::I64($y)) => ConstInt::I64($transform),
+                (ConstInt::I128($x), ConstInt::I128($y)) => ConstInt::I128($transform),
+                (ConstInt::U8($x), ConstInt::U8($y)) => ConstInt::U8($transform),
+                (ConstInt::U16($x), ConstInt::U16($y)) => ConstInt::U16($transform),
+                (ConstInt::U32($x), ConstInt::U32($y)) => ConstInt::U32($transform),
+                (ConstInt::U64($x), ConstInt::U64($y)) => ConstInt::U64($transform),
+                (ConstInt::U128($x), ConstInt::U128($y)) => ConstInt::U128($transform),
+                _ => return None,
+            })
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+#[allow(clippy::useless_conversion)]
+impl ConstInt {
+    const_int_op!(raw_value, String, x, format!("{}", x));
+
+    const_int_map!(value_negate, x, x.checked_neg()?);
+
+    const_int_op!(to_usize, Option<usize>, x, (*x).try_into().ok());
+
+    const_int_op!(to_string, String, x, (*x).to_string());
+
+    const_int_bimap!(value_add, x, y, x.checked_add(*y)?);
+
+    const_int_bimap!(value_sub, x, y, x.checked_sub(*y)?);
+
+    const_int_bimap!(value_mul, x, y, x.checked_mul(*y)?);
+
+    const_int_bimap!(value_div, x, y, x.checked_div(*y)?);
+
+    // TODO: limited to 32 bit exponents
+    const_int_bimap!(value_pow, x, y, x.checked_pow((*y).try_into().ok()?)?);
+
+    const_int_biop!(value_lt, bool, x, y, Some(x < y));
+
+    const_int_biop!(value_le, bool, x, y, Some(x <= y));
+
+    const_int_biop!(value_gt, bool, x, y, Some(x > y));
+
+    const_int_biop!(value_ge, bool, x, y, Some(x >= y));
+
+    pub fn get_int_type(&self) -> IntegerType {
+        match self {
+            ConstInt::I8(_) => IntegerType::I8,
+            ConstInt::I16(_) => IntegerType::I16,
+            ConstInt::I32(_) => IntegerType::I32,
+            ConstInt::I64(_) => IntegerType::I64,
+            ConstInt::I128(_) => IntegerType::I128,
+            ConstInt::U8(_) => IntegerType::U8,
+            ConstInt::U16(_) => IntegerType::U16,
+            ConstInt::U32(_) => IntegerType::U32,
+            ConstInt::U64(_) => IntegerType::U64,
+            ConstInt::U128(_) => IntegerType::U128,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_type(&self) -> Type {
+        Type::Integer(self.get_int_type())
+    }
+
+    pub fn parse(int_type: &IntegerType, value: &str, span: &Span) -> Result<ConstInt, AsgConvertError> {
+        Ok(match int_type {
+            IntegerType::I8 => ConstInt::I8(value.parse().map_err(|_| AsgConvertError::invalid_int(&value, span))?),
+            IntegerType::I16 => ConstInt::I16(value.parse().map_err(|_| AsgConvertError::invalid_int(&value, span))?),
+            IntegerType::I32 => ConstInt::I32(value.parse().map_err(|_| AsgConvertError::invalid_int(&value, span))?),
+            IntegerType::I64 => ConstInt::I64(value.parse().map_err(|_| AsgConvertError::invalid_int(&value, span))?),
+            IntegerType::I128 => ConstInt::I128(value.parse().map_err(|_| AsgConvertError::invalid_int(&value, span))?),
+            IntegerType::U8 => ConstInt::U8(value.parse().map_err(|_| AsgConvertError::invalid_int(&value, span))?),
+            IntegerType::U16 => ConstInt::U16(value.parse().map_err(|_| AsgConvertError::invalid_int(&value, span))?),
+            IntegerType::U32 => ConstInt::U32(value.parse().map_err(|_| AsgConvertError::invalid_int(&value, span))?),
+            IntegerType::U64 => ConstInt::U64(value.parse().map_err(|_| AsgConvertError::invalid_int(&value, span))?),
+            IntegerType::U128 => ConstInt::U128(value.parse().map_err(|_| AsgConvertError::invalid_int(&value, span))?),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl ConstValue {
+    pub fn get_type(&self) -> Option<Type> {
+        Some(match self {
+            ConstValue::Int(i) => i.get_type(),
+            ConstValue::Group(_) => Type::Group,
+            ConstValue::Field(_) => Type::Field,
+            ConstValue::Address(_) => Type::Address,
+            ConstValue::Boolean(_) => Type::Boolean,
+            ConstValue::Tuple(sub_consts) => {
+                Type::Tuple(sub_consts.iter().map(|x| x.get_type()).collect::<Option<Vec<Type>>>()?)
+            }
+            ConstValue::Array(values) => Type::Array(Box::new(values.get(0)?.get_type()?), values.len()),
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn int(&self) -> Option<&ConstInt> {
+        match self {
+            ConstValue::Int(x) => Some(x),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn field(&self) -> Option<&BigInt> {
+        match self {
+            ConstValue::Field(x) => Some(x),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}

asg/src/error/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//! Errors encountered when attempting to convert to an asg from an ast.
+
+use crate::Span;
+use leo_ast::{AstError, Error as FormattedError};
+use leo_grammar::ParserError;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+pub enum AsgConvertError {
+    #[error("{}", _0)]
+    AstError(#[from] AstError),
+
+    #[error("{}", _0)]
+    Error(#[from] FormattedError),
+
+    #[error("{}", _0)]
+    ImportError(FormattedError),
+
+    #[error("{}", _0)]
+    InternalError(String),
+
+    #[error("{}", _0)]
+    ParserError(#[from] ParserError),
+}
+
+impl AsgConvertError {
+    fn new_from_span(message: String, span: &Span) -> Self {
+        AsgConvertError::Error(FormattedError::new_from_span(message, span.clone()))
+    }
+
+    pub fn unresolved_circuit(name: &str, span: &Span) -> Self {
+        Self::new_from_span(format!("failed to resolve circuit: '{}'", name), span)
+    }
+
+    pub fn unresolved_import(name: &str, span: &Span) -> Self {
+        Self::new_from_span(format!("failed to resolve import: '{}'", name), span)
+    }
+
+    pub fn unresolved_circuit_member(circuit_name: &str, name: &str, span: &Span) -> Self {
+        Self::new_from_span(
+            format!(
+                "illegal reference to non-existant member '{}' of circuit '{}'",
+                name, circuit_name
+            ),
+            span,
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn missing_circuit_member(circuit_name: &str, name: &str, span: &Span) -> Self {
+        Self::new_from_span(
+            format!(
+                "missing circuit member '{}' for initialization of circuit '{}'",
+                name, circuit_name
+            ),
+            span,
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn overridden_circuit_member(circuit_name: &str, name: &str, span: &Span) -> Self {
+        Self::new_from_span(
+            format!(
+                "cannot declare circuit member '{}' more than once for initialization of circuit '{}'",
+                name, circuit_name
+            ),
+            span,
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn redefined_circuit_member(circuit_name: &str, name: &str, span: &Span) -> Self {
+        Self::new_from_span(
+            format!(
+                "cannot declare circuit member '{}' multiple times in circuit '{}'",
+                name, circuit_name
+            ),
+            span,
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn extra_circuit_member(circuit_name: &str, name: &str, span: &Span) -> Self {
+        Self::new_from_span(
+            format!(
+                "extra circuit member '{}' for initialization of circuit '{}' is not allowed",
+                name, circuit_name
+            ),
+            span,
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn illegal_function_assign(name: &str, span: &Span) -> Self {
+        Self::new_from_span(format!("attempt to assign to function '{}'", name), span)
+    }
+
+    pub fn circuit_variable_call(circuit_name: &str, name: &str, span: &Span) -> Self {
+        Self::new_from_span(
+            format!("cannot call variable member '{}' of circuit '{}'", name, circuit_name),
+            span,
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn circuit_static_call_invalid(circuit_name: &str, name: &str, span: &Span) -> Self {
+        Self::new_from_span(
+            format!(
+                "cannot call static function '{}' of circuit '{}' from target",
+                name, circuit_name
+            ),
+            span,
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn circuit_member_mut_call_invalid(circuit_name: &str, name: &str, span: &Span) -> Self {
+        Self::new_from_span(
+            format!(
+                "cannot call mutable member function '{}' of circuit '{}' from immutable context",
+                name, circuit_name
+            ),
+            span,
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn circuit_member_call_invalid(circuit_name: &str, name: &str, span: &Span) -> Self {
+        Self::new_from_span(
+            format!(
+                "cannot call member function '{}' of circuit '{}' from static context",
+                name, circuit_name
+            ),
+            span,
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn circuit_function_ref(circuit_name: &str, name: &str, span: &Span) -> Self {
+        Self::new_from_span(
+            format!(
+                "cannot reference function member '{}' of circuit '{}' as value",
+                name, circuit_name
+            ),
+            span,
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn index_into_non_array(name: &str, span: &Span) -> Self {
+        Self::new_from_span(format!("failed to index into non-array '{}'", name), span)
+    }
+
+    pub fn invalid_assign_index(name: &str, num: &str, span: &Span) -> Self {
+        Self::new_from_span(
+            format!("failed to index array with invalid integer '{}'[{}]", name, num),
+            span,
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn invalid_backwards_assignment(name: &str, left: usize, right: usize, span: &Span) -> Self {
+        Self::new_from_span(
+            format!(
+                "failed to index array range for assignment with left > right '{}'[{}..{}]",
+                name, left, right
+            ),
+            span,
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn index_into_non_tuple(name: &str, span: &Span) -> Self {
+        Self::new_from_span(format!("failed to index into non-tuple '{}'", name), span)
+    }
+
+    pub fn tuple_index_out_of_bounds(index: usize, span: &Span) -> Self {
+        Self::new_from_span(format!("tuple index out of bounds: '{}'", index), span)
+    }
+
+    pub fn unexpected_call_argument_count(expected: usize, got: usize, span: &Span) -> Self {
+        Self::new_from_span(
+            format!("function call expected {} arguments, got {}", expected, got),
+            span,
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn unresolved_function(name: &str, span: &Span) -> Self {
+        Self::new_from_span(format!("failed to resolve function: '{}'", name), span)
+    }
+
+    pub fn unresolved_type(name: &str, span: &Span) -> Self {
+        Self::new_from_span(
+            format!("failed to resolve type for variable definition '{}'", name),
+            span,
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn unexpected_type(expected: &str, received: Option<&str>, span: &Span) -> Self {
+        // panic!(format!("unexpected type, expected: '{}', received: '{}'", expected, received.unwrap_or("unknown")));
+        Self::new_from_span(
+            format!(
+                "unexpected type, expected: '{}', received: '{}'",
+                expected,
+                received.unwrap_or("unknown")
+            ),
+            span,
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn unexpected_nonconst(span: &Span) -> Self {
+        Self::new_from_span("expected const, found non-const value".to_string(), span)
+    }
+
+    pub fn unresolved_reference(name: &str, span: &Span) -> Self {
+        Self::new_from_span(format!("failed to resolve variable reference '{}'", name), span)
+    }
+
+    pub fn invalid_boolean(value: &str, span: &Span) -> Self {
+        Self::new_from_span(format!("failed to parse boolean value '{}'", value), span)
+    }
+
+    pub fn invalid_int(value: &str, span: &Span) -> Self {
+        Self::new_from_span(format!("failed to parse int value '{}'", value), span)
+    }
+
+    pub fn immutable_assignment(name: &str, span: &Span) -> Self {
+        Self::new_from_span(format!("illegal assignment to immutable variable '{}'", name), span)
+    }
+
+    pub fn function_missing_return(name: &str, span: &Span) -> Self {
+        Self::new_from_span(format!("function '{}' missing return for all paths", name), span)
+    }
+
+    pub fn function_return_validation(name: &str, description: &str, span: &Span) -> Self {
+        Self::new_from_span(
+            format!("function '{}' failed to validate return path: '{}'", name, description),
+            span,
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn input_ref_needs_type(category: &str, name: &str, span: &Span) -> Self {
+        Self::new_from_span(
+            format!("could not infer type for input in '{}': '{}'", category, name),
+            span,
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn invalid_self_in_global(span: &Span) -> Self {
+        Self::new_from_span(
+            "cannot have `mut self` or `self` arguments in global functions".to_string(),
+            span,
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn parse_index_error() -> Self {
+        AsgConvertError::InternalError("failed to parse index".to_string())
+    }
+
+    pub fn parse_dimension_error() -> Self {
+        AsgConvertError::InternalError("failed to parse dimension".to_string())
+    }
+
+    pub fn reference_self_outside_circuit() -> Self {
+        AsgConvertError::InternalError("referenced self outside of circuit function".to_string())
+    }
+
+    pub fn illegal_ast_structure(details: &str) -> Self {
+        AsgConvertError::InternalError(format!("illegal ast structure: {}", details))
+    }
+}

asg/src/expression/array_access.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use crate::{AsgConvertError, ConstValue, Expression, ExpressionNode, FromAst, Node, PartialType, Scope, Span, Type};
+use leo_ast::IntegerType;
+
+use std::{
+    cell::RefCell,
+    sync::{Arc, Weak},
+};
+
+pub struct ArrayAccessExpression {
+    pub parent: RefCell<Option<Weak<Expression>>>,
+    pub span: Option<Span>,
+    pub array: Arc<Expression>,
+    pub index: Arc<Expression>,
+}
+
+impl Node for ArrayAccessExpression {
+    fn span(&self) -> Option<&Span> {
+        self.span.as_ref()
+    }
+}
+
+impl ExpressionNode for ArrayAccessExpression {
+    fn set_parent(&self, parent: Weak<Expression>) {
+        self.parent.replace(Some(parent));
+    }
+
+    fn get_parent(&self) -> Option<Arc<Expression>> {
+        self.parent.borrow().as_ref().map(Weak::upgrade).flatten()
+    }
+
+    fn enforce_parents(&self, expr: &Arc<Expression>) {
+        self.array.set_parent(Arc::downgrade(expr));
+        self.index.set_parent(Arc::downgrade(expr));
+    }
+
+    fn get_type(&self) -> Option<Type> {
+        match self.array.get_type() {
+            Some(Type::Array(element, _)) => Some(*element),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_mut_ref(&self) -> bool {
+        self.array.is_mut_ref()
+    }
+
+    fn const_value(&self) -> Option<ConstValue> {
+        let mut array = match self.array.const_value()? {
+            ConstValue::Array(values) => values,
+            _ => return None,
+        };
+        let const_index = match self.index.const_value()? {
+            ConstValue::Int(x) => x.to_usize()?,
+            _ => return None,
+        };
+        if const_index >= array.len() {
+            return None;
+        }
+        Some(array.remove(const_index))
+    }
+
+    fn is_consty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.array.is_consty()
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromAst<leo_ast::ArrayAccessExpression> for ArrayAccessExpression {
+    fn from_ast(
+        scope: &Scope,
+        value: &leo_ast::ArrayAccessExpression,
+        expected_type: Option<PartialType>,
+    ) -> Result<ArrayAccessExpression, AsgConvertError> {
+        let array = Arc::<Expression>::from_ast(
+            scope,
+            &*value.array,
+            Some(PartialType::Array(expected_type.map(Box::new), None)),
+        )?;
+        match array.get_type() {
+            Some(Type::Array(..)) => (),
+            type_ => {
+                return Err(AsgConvertError::unexpected_type(
+                    "array",
+                    type_.map(|x| x.to_string()).as_deref(),
+                    &value.span,
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+
+        let index = Arc::<Expression>::from_ast(
+            scope,
+            &*value.index,
+            Some(PartialType::Integer(None, Some(IntegerType::U32))),
+        )?;
+
+        if !index.is_consty() {
+            return Err(AsgConvertError::unexpected_nonconst(
+                &index.span().cloned().unwrap_or_default(),
+            ));
+        }
+
+        Ok(ArrayAccessExpression {
+            parent: RefCell::new(None),
+            span: Some(value.span.clone()),
+            array,
+            index,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Into<leo_ast::ArrayAccessExpression> for &ArrayAccessExpression {
+    fn into(self) -> leo_ast::ArrayAccessExpression {
+        leo_ast::ArrayAccessExpression {
+            array: Box::new(self.array.as_ref().into()),
+            index: Box::new(self.index.as_ref().into()),
+            span: self.span.clone().unwrap_or_default(),
+        }
+    }
+}

asg/src/expression/array_init.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use crate::{AsgConvertError, ConstValue, Expression, ExpressionNode, FromAst, Node, PartialType, Scope, Span, Type};
+
+use std::{
+    cell::RefCell,
+    sync::{Arc, Weak},
+};
+
+pub struct ArrayInitExpression {
+    pub parent: RefCell<Option<Weak<Expression>>>,
+    pub span: Option<Span>,
+    pub element: Arc<Expression>,
+    pub len: usize,
+}
+
+impl Node for ArrayInitExpression {
+    fn span(&self) -> Option<&Span> {
+        self.span.as_ref()
+    }
+}
+
+impl ExpressionNode for ArrayInitExpression {
+    fn set_parent(&self, parent: Weak<Expression>) {
+        self.parent.replace(Some(parent));
+    }
+
+    fn get_parent(&self) -> Option<Arc<Expression>> {
+        self.parent.borrow().as_ref().map(Weak::upgrade).flatten()
+    }
+
+    fn enforce_parents(&self, expr: &Arc<Expression>) {
+        self.element.set_parent(Arc::downgrade(expr));
+    }
+
+    fn get_type(&self) -> Option<Type> {
+        Some(Type::Array(Box::new(self.element.get_type()?), self.len))
+    }
+
+    fn is_mut_ref(&self) -> bool {
+        false
+    }
+
+    fn const_value(&self) -> Option<ConstValue> {
+        // not implemented due to performance concerns
+        None
+    }
+
+    fn is_consty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.element.is_consty()
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromAst<leo_ast::ArrayInitExpression> for ArrayInitExpression {
+    fn from_ast(
+        scope: &Scope,
+        value: &leo_ast::ArrayInitExpression,
+        expected_type: Option<PartialType>,
+    ) -> Result<ArrayInitExpression, AsgConvertError> {
+        let (mut expected_item, expected_len) = match expected_type {
+            Some(PartialType::Array(item, dims)) => (item.map(|x| *x), dims),
+            None => (None, None),
+            Some(type_) => {
+                return Err(AsgConvertError::unexpected_type(
+                    &type_.to_string(),
+                    Some("array"),
+                    &value.span,
+                ));
+            }
+        };
+        let dimensions = value
+            .dimensions
+            .0
+            .iter()
+            .map(|x| {
+                x.value
+                    .parse::<usize>()
+                    .map_err(|_| AsgConvertError::parse_dimension_error())
+            })
+            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, AsgConvertError>>()?;
+
+        let len = *dimensions.get(0).ok_or_else(AsgConvertError::parse_dimension_error)?;
+        if let Some(expected_len) = expected_len {
+            if expected_len != len {
+                return Err(AsgConvertError::unexpected_type(
+                    &*format!("array of length {}", expected_len),
+                    Some(&*format!("array of length {}", len)),
+                    &value.span,
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+
+        for dimension in (&dimensions[1..]).iter().copied() {
+            expected_item = match expected_item {
+                Some(PartialType::Array(item, len)) => {
+                    if let Some(len) = len {
+                        if len != dimension {
+                            return Err(AsgConvertError::unexpected_type(
+                                &*format!("array of length {}", dimension),
+                                Some(&*format!("array of length {}", len)),
+                                &value.span,
+                            ));
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    item.map(|x| *x)
+                }
+                None => None,
+                Some(type_) => {
+                    return Err(AsgConvertError::unexpected_type(
+                        "array",
+                        Some(&type_.to_string()),
+                        &value.span,
+                    ));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        let mut element = Some(Arc::<Expression>::from_ast(scope, &*value.element, expected_item)?);
+        let mut output = None;
+
+        for dimension in dimensions.iter().rev().copied() {
+            output = Some(ArrayInitExpression {
+                parent: RefCell::new(None),
+                span: Some(value.span.clone()),
+                element: output
+                    .map(Expression::ArrayInit)
+                    .map(Arc::new)
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| element.take().unwrap()),
+                len: dimension,
+            });
+        }
+        Ok(output.unwrap())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Into<leo_ast::ArrayInitExpression> for &ArrayInitExpression {
+    fn into(self) -> leo_ast::ArrayInitExpression {
+        leo_ast::ArrayInitExpression {
+            element: Box::new(self.element.as_ref().into()),
+            dimensions: leo_ast::ArrayDimensions(vec![leo_ast::PositiveNumber {
+                value: self.len.to_string(),
+            }]),
+            span: self.span.clone().unwrap_or_default(),
+        }
+    }
+}

asg/src/expression/array_inline.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use crate::{AsgConvertError, ConstValue, Expression, ExpressionNode, FromAst, Node, PartialType, Scope, Span, Type};
+use leo_ast::SpreadOrExpression;
+
+use std::{
+    cell::RefCell,
+    sync::{Arc, Weak},
+};
+
+pub struct ArrayInlineExpression {
+    pub parent: RefCell<Option<Weak<Expression>>>,
+    pub span: Option<Span>,
+    pub elements: Vec<(Arc<Expression>, bool)>, // bool = if spread
+}
+
+impl ArrayInlineExpression {
+    pub fn expanded_length(&self) -> usize {
+        self.elements
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(expr, is_spread)| {
+                if *is_spread {
+                    match expr.get_type() {
+                        Some(Type::Array(_item, len)) => len,
+                        _ => 0,
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    1
+                }
+            })
+            .sum()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Node for ArrayInlineExpression {
+    fn span(&self) -> Option<&Span> {
+        self.span.as_ref()
+    }
+}
+
+impl ExpressionNode for ArrayInlineExpression {
+    fn set_parent(&self, parent: Weak<Expression>) {
+        self.parent.replace(Some(parent));
+    }
+
+    fn get_parent(&self) -> Option<Arc<Expression>> {
+        self.parent.borrow().as_ref().map(Weak::upgrade).flatten()
+    }
+
+    fn enforce_parents(&self, expr: &Arc<Expression>) {
+        self.elements.iter().for_each(|(element, _)| {
+            element.set_parent(Arc::downgrade(expr));
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn get_type(&self) -> Option<Type> {
+        Some(Type::Array(
+            Box::new(self.elements.first()?.0.get_type()?),
+            self.expanded_length(),
+        ))
+    }
+
+    fn is_mut_ref(&self) -> bool {
+        false
+    }
+
+    fn const_value(&self) -> Option<ConstValue> {
+        let mut const_values = vec![];
+        for (expr, spread) in self.elements.iter() {
+            if *spread {
+                match expr.const_value()? {
+                    ConstValue::Array(items) => const_values.extend(items),
+                    _ => return None,
+                }
+            } else {
+                const_values.push(expr.const_value()?);
+            }
+        }
+        Some(ConstValue::Array(const_values))
+    }
+
+    fn is_consty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.elements.iter().all(|x| x.0.is_consty())
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromAst<leo_ast::ArrayInlineExpression> for ArrayInlineExpression {
+    fn from_ast(
+        scope: &Scope,
+        value: &leo_ast::ArrayInlineExpression,
+        expected_type: Option<PartialType>,
+    ) -> Result<ArrayInlineExpression, AsgConvertError> {
+        let (mut expected_item, expected_len) = match expected_type {
+            Some(PartialType::Array(item, dims)) => (item.map(|x| *x), dims),
+            None => (None, None),
+            Some(type_) => {
+                return Err(AsgConvertError::unexpected_type(
+                    &type_.to_string(),
+                    Some("array"),
+                    &value.span,
+                ));
+            }
+        };
+
+        let mut len = 0;
+        let output = ArrayInlineExpression {
+            parent: RefCell::new(None),
+            span: Some(value.span.clone()),
+            elements: value
+                .elements
+                .iter()
+                .map(|e| match e {
+                    SpreadOrExpression::Expression(e) => {
+                        let expr = Arc::<Expression>::from_ast(scope, e, expected_item.clone())?;
+                        if expected_item.is_none() {
+                            expected_item = expr.get_type().map(Type::partial);
+                        }
+                        len += 1;
+                        Ok((expr, false))
+                    }
+                    SpreadOrExpression::Spread(e) => {
+                        let expr = Arc::<Expression>::from_ast(
+                            scope,
+                            e,
+                            Some(PartialType::Array(expected_item.clone().map(Box::new), None)),
+                        )?;
+
+                        match expr.get_type() {
+                            Some(Type::Array(item, spread_len)) => {
+                                if expected_item.is_none() {
+                                    expected_item = Some((*item).partial());
+                                }
+
+                                len += spread_len;
+                            }
+                            type_ => {
+                                return Err(AsgConvertError::unexpected_type(
+                                    expected_item
+                                        .as_ref()
+                                        .map(|x| x.to_string())
+                                        .as_deref()
+                                        .unwrap_or("unknown"),
+                                    type_.map(|x| x.to_string()).as_deref(),
+                                    &value.span,
+                                ));
+                            }
+                        }
+                        Ok((expr, true))
+                    }
+                })
+                .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, AsgConvertError>>()?,
+        };
+        if let Some(expected_len) = expected_len {
+            if len != expected_len {
+                return Err(AsgConvertError::unexpected_type(
+                    &*format!("array of length {}", expected_len),
+                    Some(&*format!("array of length {}", len)),
+                    &value.span,
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(output)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Into<leo_ast::ArrayInlineExpression> for &ArrayInlineExpression {
+    fn into(self) -> leo_ast::ArrayInlineExpression {
+        leo_ast::ArrayInlineExpression {
+            elements: self
+                .elements
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(element, spread)| {
+                    let element = element.as_ref().into();
+                    if *spread {
+                        SpreadOrExpression::Spread(element)
+                    } else {
+                        SpreadOrExpression::Expression(element)
+                    }
+                })
+                .collect(),
+            span: self.span.clone().unwrap_or_default(),
+        }
+    }
+}

asg/src/expression/array_range_access.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use crate::{AsgConvertError, ConstValue, Expression, ExpressionNode, FromAst, Node, PartialType, Scope, Span, Type};
+use leo_ast::IntegerType;
+
+use std::{
+    cell::RefCell,
+    sync::{Arc, Weak},
+};
+
+pub struct ArrayRangeAccessExpression {
+    pub parent: RefCell<Option<Weak<Expression>>>,
+    pub span: Option<Span>,
+    pub array: Arc<Expression>,
+    pub left: Option<Arc<Expression>>,
+    pub right: Option<Arc<Expression>>,
+}
+
+impl Node for ArrayRangeAccessExpression {
+    fn span(&self) -> Option<&Span> {
+        self.span.as_ref()
+    }
+}
+
+impl ExpressionNode for ArrayRangeAccessExpression {
+    fn set_parent(&self, parent: Weak<Expression>) {
+        self.parent.replace(Some(parent));
+    }
+
+    fn get_parent(&self) -> Option<Arc<Expression>> {
+        self.parent.borrow().as_ref().map(Weak::upgrade).flatten()
+    }
+
+    fn enforce_parents(&self, expr: &Arc<Expression>) {
+        self.array.set_parent(Arc::downgrade(expr));
+        self.array.enforce_parents(&self.array);
+        if let Some(left) = self.left.as_ref() {
+            left.set_parent(Arc::downgrade(expr));
+        }
+        if let Some(right) = self.right.as_ref() {
+            right.set_parent(Arc::downgrade(expr));
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn get_type(&self) -> Option<Type> {
+        let (element, array_len) = match self.array.get_type() {
+            Some(Type::Array(element, len)) => (element, len),
+            _ => return None,
+        };
+        let const_left = match self.left.as_ref().map(|x| x.const_value()) {
+            Some(Some(ConstValue::Int(x))) => x.to_usize()?,
+            None => 0,
+            _ => return None,
+        };
+        let const_right = match self.right.as_ref().map(|x| x.const_value()) {
+            Some(Some(ConstValue::Int(x))) => x.to_usize()?,
+            None => array_len,
+            _ => return None,
+        };
+        if const_left > const_right || const_right > array_len {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        Some(Type::Array(element, const_right - const_left))
+    }
+
+    fn is_mut_ref(&self) -> bool {
+        self.array.is_mut_ref()
+    }
+
+    fn const_value(&self) -> Option<ConstValue> {
+        let mut array = match self.array.const_value()? {
+            ConstValue::Array(values) => values,
+            _ => return None,
+        };
+        let const_left = match self.left.as_ref().map(|x| x.const_value()) {
+            Some(Some(ConstValue::Int(x))) => x.to_usize()?,
+            None => 0,
+            _ => return None,
+        };
+        let const_right = match self.right.as_ref().map(|x| x.const_value()) {
+            Some(Some(ConstValue::Int(x))) => x.to_usize()?,
+            None => array.len(),
+            _ => return None,
+        };
+        if const_left > const_right || const_right as usize > array.len() {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        Some(ConstValue::Array(array.drain(const_left..const_right).collect()))
+    }
+
+    fn is_consty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.array.is_consty()
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromAst<leo_ast::ArrayRangeAccessExpression> for ArrayRangeAccessExpression {
+    fn from_ast(
+        scope: &Scope,
+        value: &leo_ast::ArrayRangeAccessExpression,
+        expected_type: Option<PartialType>,
+    ) -> Result<ArrayRangeAccessExpression, AsgConvertError> {
+        let expected_array = match expected_type {
+            Some(PartialType::Array(element, _len)) => Some(PartialType::Array(element, None)),
+            None => None,
+            Some(x) => {
+                return Err(AsgConvertError::unexpected_type(
+                    &x.to_string(),
+                    Some("array"),
+                    &value.span,
+                ));
+            }
+        };
+        let array = Arc::<Expression>::from_ast(scope, &*value.array, expected_array)?;
+        let array_type = array.get_type();
+        match array_type {
+            Some(Type::Array(_, _)) => (),
+            type_ => {
+                return Err(AsgConvertError::unexpected_type(
+                    "array",
+                    type_.map(|x| x.to_string()).as_deref(),
+                    &value.span,
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+        let left = value
+            .left
+            .as_deref()
+            .map(|left| {
+                Arc::<Expression>::from_ast(scope, left, Some(PartialType::Integer(None, Some(IntegerType::U32))))
+            })
+            .transpose()?;
+        let right = value
+            .right
+            .as_deref()
+            .map(|right| {
+                Arc::<Expression>::from_ast(scope, right, Some(PartialType::Integer(None, Some(IntegerType::U32))))
+            })
+            .transpose()?;
+
+        if let Some(left) = left.as_ref() {
+            if !left.is_consty() {
+                return Err(AsgConvertError::unexpected_nonconst(
+                    &left.span().cloned().unwrap_or_default(),
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+        if let Some(right) = right.as_ref() {
+            if !right.is_consty() {
+                return Err(AsgConvertError::unexpected_nonconst(
+                    &right.span().cloned().unwrap_or_default(),
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(ArrayRangeAccessExpression {
+            parent: RefCell::new(None),
+            span: Some(value.span.clone()),
+            array,
+            left,
+            right,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Into<leo_ast::ArrayRangeAccessExpression> for &ArrayRangeAccessExpression {
+    fn into(self) -> leo_ast::ArrayRangeAccessExpression {
+        leo_ast::ArrayRangeAccessExpression {
+            array: Box::new(self.array.as_ref().into()),
+            left: self.left.as_ref().map(|left| Box::new(left.as_ref().into())),
+            right: self.right.as_ref().map(|right| Box::new(right.as_ref().into())),
+            span: self.span.clone().unwrap_or_default(),
+        }
+    }
+}

asg/src/expression/binary.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,262 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use crate::{AsgConvertError, ConstValue, Expression, ExpressionNode, FromAst, Node, PartialType, Scope, Span, Type};
+pub use leo_ast::{BinaryOperation, BinaryOperationClass};
+
+use std::{
+    cell::RefCell,
+    sync::{Arc, Weak},
+};
+
+pub struct BinaryExpression {
+    pub parent: RefCell<Option<Weak<Expression>>>,
+    pub span: Option<Span>,
+    pub operation: BinaryOperation,
+    pub left: Arc<Expression>,
+    pub right: Arc<Expression>,
+}
+
+impl Node for BinaryExpression {
+    fn span(&self) -> Option<&Span> {
+        self.span.as_ref()
+    }
+}
+
+impl ExpressionNode for BinaryExpression {
+    fn set_parent(&self, parent: Weak<Expression>) {
+        self.parent.replace(Some(parent));
+    }
+
+    fn get_parent(&self) -> Option<Arc<Expression>> {
+        self.parent.borrow().as_ref().map(Weak::upgrade).flatten()
+    }
+
+    fn enforce_parents(&self, expr: &Arc<Expression>) {
+        self.left.set_parent(Arc::downgrade(expr));
+        self.right.set_parent(Arc::downgrade(expr));
+    }
+
+    fn get_type(&self) -> Option<Type> {
+        match self.operation.class() {
+            BinaryOperationClass::Boolean => Some(Type::Boolean),
+            BinaryOperationClass::Numeric => self.left.get_type(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_mut_ref(&self) -> bool {
+        false
+    }
+
+    fn const_value(&self) -> Option<ConstValue> {
+        use BinaryOperation::*;
+        let left = self.left.const_value()?;
+        let right = self.right.const_value()?;
+
+        match (left, right) {
+            (ConstValue::Int(left), ConstValue::Int(right)) => Some(match self.operation {
+                Add => ConstValue::Int(left.value_add(&right)?),
+                Sub => ConstValue::Int(left.value_sub(&right)?),
+                Mul => ConstValue::Int(left.value_mul(&right)?),
+                Div => ConstValue::Int(left.value_div(&right)?),
+                Pow => ConstValue::Int(left.value_pow(&right)?),
+                Eq => ConstValue::Boolean(left == right),
+                Ne => ConstValue::Boolean(left != right),
+                Ge => ConstValue::Boolean(left.value_ge(&right)?),
+                Gt => ConstValue::Boolean(left.value_gt(&right)?),
+                Le => ConstValue::Boolean(left.value_le(&right)?),
+                Lt => ConstValue::Boolean(left.value_lt(&right)?),
+                _ => return None,
+            }),
+            // (ConstValue::Field(left), ConstValue::Field(right)) => {
+            //     Some(match self.operation {
+            //         Add => ConstValue::Field(left.checked_add(&right)?),
+            //         Sub => ConstValue::Field(left.checked_sub(&right)?),
+            //         Mul => ConstValue::Field(left.checked_mul(&right)?),
+            //         Div => ConstValue::Field(left.checked_div(&right)?),
+            //         Eq => ConstValue::Boolean(left == right),
+            //         Ne => ConstValue::Boolean(left != right),
+            //         _ => return None,
+            //     })
+            // },
+            (ConstValue::Boolean(left), ConstValue::Boolean(right)) => Some(match self.operation {
+                Eq => ConstValue::Boolean(left == right),
+                Ne => ConstValue::Boolean(left != right),
+                And => ConstValue::Boolean(left && right),
+                Or => ConstValue::Boolean(left || right),
+                _ => return None,
+            }),
+            //todo: group?
+            (left, right) => Some(match self.operation {
+                Eq => ConstValue::Boolean(left == right),
+                Ne => ConstValue::Boolean(left != right),
+                _ => return None,
+            }),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_consty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.left.is_consty() && self.right.is_consty()
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromAst<leo_ast::BinaryExpression> for BinaryExpression {
+    fn from_ast(
+        scope: &Scope,
+        value: &leo_ast::BinaryExpression,
+        expected_type: Option<PartialType>,
+    ) -> Result<BinaryExpression, AsgConvertError> {
+        let class = value.op.class();
+        let expected_type = match class {
+            BinaryOperationClass::Boolean => match expected_type {
+                Some(PartialType::Type(Type::Boolean)) | None => None,
+                Some(x) => {
+                    return Err(AsgConvertError::unexpected_type(
+                        &x.to_string(),
+                        Some(&*Type::Boolean.to_string()),
+                        &value.span,
+                    ));
+                }
+            },
+            BinaryOperationClass::Numeric => match expected_type {
+                Some(x @ PartialType::Integer(_, _)) => Some(x),
+                Some(x) => {
+                    return Err(AsgConvertError::unexpected_type(
+                        &x.to_string(),
+                        Some("integer"),
+                        &value.span,
+                    ));
+                }
+                None => None,
+            },
+        };
+
+        // left
+        let (left, right) = match Arc::<Expression>::from_ast(scope, &*value.left, expected_type.clone()) {
+            Ok(left) => {
+                if let Some(left_type) = left.get_type() {
+                    let right = Arc::<Expression>::from_ast(scope, &*value.right, Some(left_type.partial()))?;
+                    (left, right)
+                } else {
+                    let right = Arc::<Expression>::from_ast(scope, &*value.right, expected_type)?;
+                    if let Some(right_type) = right.get_type() {
+                        (
+                            Arc::<Expression>::from_ast(scope, &*value.left, Some(right_type.partial()))?,
+                            right,
+                        )
+                    } else {
+                        (left, right)
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                let right = Arc::<Expression>::from_ast(scope, &*value.right, expected_type)?;
+                if let Some(right_type) = right.get_type() {
+                    (
+                        Arc::<Expression>::from_ast(scope, &*value.left, Some(right_type.partial()))?,
+                        right,
+                    )
+                } else {
+                    return Err(e);
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        let left_type = left.get_type();
+        #[allow(clippy::unused_unit)]
+        match class {
+            BinaryOperationClass::Numeric => match left_type {
+                Some(Type::Integer(_)) => (),
+                Some(Type::Group) | Some(Type::Field)
+                    if value.op == BinaryOperation::Add || value.op == BinaryOperation::Sub =>
+                {
+                    ()
+                }
+                Some(Type::Field) if value.op == BinaryOperation::Mul || value.op == BinaryOperation::Div => (),
+                type_ => {
+                    return Err(AsgConvertError::unexpected_type(
+                        "integer",
+                        type_.map(|x| x.to_string()).as_deref(),
+                        &value.span,
+                    ));
+                }
+            },
+            BinaryOperationClass::Boolean => match &value.op {
+                BinaryOperation::And | BinaryOperation::Or => match left_type {
+                    Some(Type::Boolean) | None => (),
+                    Some(x) => {
+                        return Err(AsgConvertError::unexpected_type(
+                            &x.to_string(),
+                            Some(&*Type::Boolean.to_string()),
+                            &value.span,
+                        ));
+                    }
+                },
+                BinaryOperation::Eq | BinaryOperation::Ne => (), // all types allowed
+                _ => match left_type {
+                    Some(Type::Integer(_)) | None => (),
+                    Some(x) => {
+                        return Err(AsgConvertError::unexpected_type(
+                            &x.to_string(),
+                            Some("integer"),
+                            &value.span,
+                        ));
+                    }
+                },
+            },
+        }
+
+        let right_type = right.get_type();
+
+        match (left_type, right_type) {
+            (Some(left_type), Some(right_type)) => {
+                if !left_type.is_assignable_from(&right_type) {
+                    return Err(AsgConvertError::unexpected_type(
+                        &left_type.to_string(),
+                        Some(&*right_type.to_string()),
+                        &value.span,
+                    ));
+                }
+            }
+            (None, None) => {
+                return Err(AsgConvertError::unexpected_type(
+                    "any type",
+                    Some("unknown type"),
+                    &value.span,
+                ));
+            }
+            (_, _) => (),
+        }
+        Ok(BinaryExpression {
+            parent: RefCell::new(None),
+            span: Some(value.span.clone()),
+            operation: value.op.clone(),
+            left,
+            right,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Into<leo_ast::BinaryExpression> for &BinaryExpression {
+    fn into(self) -> leo_ast::BinaryExpression {
+        leo_ast::BinaryExpression {
+            op: self.operation.clone(),
+            left: Box::new(self.left.as_ref().into()),
+            right: Box::new(self.right.as_ref().into()),
+            span: self.span.clone().unwrap_or_default(),
+        }
+    }
+}

asg/src/expression/call.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use crate::{
+    AsgConvertError,
+    CircuitMember,
+    ConstValue,
+    Expression,
+    ExpressionNode,
+    FromAst,
+    Function,
+    FunctionQualifier,
+    Node,
+    PartialType,
+    Scope,
+    Span,
+    Type,
+};
+pub use leo_ast::BinaryOperation;
+
+use std::{
+    cell::RefCell,
+    sync::{Arc, Weak},
+};
+
+pub struct CallExpression {
+    pub parent: RefCell<Option<Weak<Expression>>>,
+    pub span: Option<Span>,
+    pub function: Arc<Function>,
+    pub target: Option<Arc<Expression>>,
+    pub arguments: Vec<Arc<Expression>>,
+}
+
+impl Node for CallExpression {
+    fn span(&self) -> Option<&Span> {
+        self.span.as_ref()
+    }
+}
+
+impl ExpressionNode for CallExpression {
+    fn set_parent(&self, parent: Weak<Expression>) {
+        self.parent.replace(Some(parent));
+    }
+
+    fn get_parent(&self) -> Option<Arc<Expression>> {
+        self.parent.borrow().as_ref().map(Weak::upgrade).flatten()
+    }
+
+    fn enforce_parents(&self, expr: &Arc<Expression>) {
+        if let Some(target) = self.target.as_ref() {
+            target.set_parent(Arc::downgrade(expr));
+        }
+        self.arguments.iter().for_each(|element| {
+            element.set_parent(Arc::downgrade(expr));
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn get_type(&self) -> Option<Type> {
+        Some(self.function.output.clone().into())
+    }
+
+    fn is_mut_ref(&self) -> bool {
+        false
+    }
+
+    fn const_value(&self) -> Option<ConstValue> {
+        // static function const evaluation
+        None
+    }
+
+    fn is_consty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.target.as_ref().map(|x| x.is_consty()).unwrap_or(true) && self.arguments.iter().all(|x| x.is_consty())
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromAst<leo_ast::CallExpression> for CallExpression {
+    fn from_ast(
+        scope: &Scope,
+        value: &leo_ast::CallExpression,
+        expected_type: Option<PartialType>,
+    ) -> Result<CallExpression, AsgConvertError> {
+        let (target, function) = match &*value.function {
+            leo_ast::Expression::Identifier(name) => (
+                None,
+                scope
+                    .borrow()
+                    .resolve_function(&name.name)
+                    .ok_or_else(|| AsgConvertError::unresolved_function(&name.name, &name.span))?,
+            ),
+            leo_ast::Expression::CircuitMemberAccess(leo_ast::CircuitMemberAccessExpression {
+                circuit: ast_circuit,
+                name,
+                span,
+            }) => {
+                let target = Arc::<Expression>::from_ast(scope, &**ast_circuit, None)?;
+                let circuit = match target.get_type() {
+                    Some(Type::Circuit(circuit)) => circuit,
+                    type_ => {
+                        return Err(AsgConvertError::unexpected_type(
+                            "circuit",
+                            type_.map(|x| x.to_string()).as_deref(),
+                            &span,
+                        ));
+                    }
+                };
+                let circuit_name = circuit.name.borrow().name.clone();
+                let member = circuit.members.borrow();
+                let member = member
+                    .get(&name.name)
+                    .ok_or_else(|| AsgConvertError::unresolved_circuit_member(&circuit_name, &name.name, &span))?;
+                match member {
+                    CircuitMember::Function(body) => {
+                        if body.qualifier == FunctionQualifier::Static {
+                            return Err(AsgConvertError::circuit_static_call_invalid(
+                                &circuit_name,
+                                &name.name,
+                                &span,
+                            ));
+                        } else if body.qualifier == FunctionQualifier::MutSelfRef && !target.is_mut_ref() {
+                            return Err(AsgConvertError::circuit_member_mut_call_invalid(
+                                &circuit_name,
+                                &name.name,
+                                &span,
+                            ));
+                        }
+                        (Some(target), body.clone())
+                    }
+                    CircuitMember::Variable(_) => {
+                        return Err(AsgConvertError::circuit_variable_call(&circuit_name, &name.name, &span));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            leo_ast::Expression::CircuitStaticFunctionAccess(leo_ast::CircuitStaticFunctionAccessExpression {
+                circuit: ast_circuit,
+                name,
+                span,
+            }) => {
+                let circuit = if let leo_ast::Expression::Identifier(circuit_name) = &**ast_circuit {
+                    scope
+                        .borrow()
+                        .resolve_circuit(&circuit_name.name)
+                        .ok_or_else(|| AsgConvertError::unresolved_circuit(&circuit_name.name, &circuit_name.span))?
+                } else {
+                    return Err(AsgConvertError::unexpected_type("circuit", None, &span));
+                };
+                let circuit_name = circuit.name.borrow().name.clone();
+
+                let member = circuit.members.borrow();
+                let member = member
+                    .get(&name.name)
+                    .ok_or_else(|| AsgConvertError::unresolved_circuit_member(&circuit_name, &name.name, &span))?;
+                match member {
+                    CircuitMember::Function(body) => {
+                        if body.qualifier != FunctionQualifier::Static {
+                            return Err(AsgConvertError::circuit_member_call_invalid(
+                                &circuit_name,
+                                &name.name,
+                                &span,
+                            ));
+                        }
+                        (None, body.clone())
+                    }
+                    CircuitMember::Variable(_) => {
+                        return Err(AsgConvertError::circuit_variable_call(&circuit_name, &name.name, &span));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            _ => {
+                return Err(AsgConvertError::illegal_ast_structure(
+                    "non Identifier/CircuitMemberAccess/CircuitStaticFunctionAccess as call target",
+                ));
+            }
+        };
+        if let Some(expected) = expected_type {
+            let output: Type = function.output.clone().into();
+            if !expected.matches(&output) {
+                return Err(AsgConvertError::unexpected_type(
+                    &expected.to_string(),
+                    Some(&*output.to_string()),
+                    &value.span,
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+        if value.arguments.len() != function.argument_types.len() {
+            return Err(AsgConvertError::unexpected_call_argument_count(
+                function.argument_types.len(),
+                value.arguments.len(),
+                &value.span,
+            ));
+        }
+
+        Ok(CallExpression {
+            parent: RefCell::new(None),
+            span: Some(value.span.clone()),
+            arguments: value
+                .arguments
+                .iter()
+                .zip(function.argument_types.iter())
+                .map(|(expr, argument)| {
+                    Arc::<Expression>::from_ast(scope, expr, Some(argument.clone().strong().partial()))
+                })
+                .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, AsgConvertError>>()?,
+            function,
+            target,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Into<leo_ast::CallExpression> for &CallExpression {
+    fn into(self) -> leo_ast::CallExpression {
+        let target_function = if let Some(target) = &self.target {
+            target.as_ref().into()
+        } else {
+            let circuit = self.function.circuit.borrow().as_ref().map(|x| x.upgrade()).flatten();
+            if let Some(circuit) = circuit {
+                leo_ast::Expression::CircuitStaticFunctionAccess(leo_ast::CircuitStaticFunctionAccessExpression {
+                    circuit: Box::new(leo_ast::Expression::Identifier(circuit.name.borrow().clone())),
+                    name: self.function.name.borrow().clone(),
+                    span: self.span.clone().unwrap_or_default(),
+                })
+            } else {
+                leo_ast::Expression::Identifier(self.function.name.borrow().clone())
+            }
+        };
+        leo_ast::CallExpression {
+            function: Box::new(target_function),
+            arguments: self.arguments.iter().map(|arg| arg.as_ref().into()).collect(),
+            span: self.span.clone().unwrap_or_default(),
+        }
+    }
+}

asg/src/expression/circuit_access.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use crate::{
+    AsgConvertError,
+    Circuit,
+    CircuitMember,
+    CircuitMemberBody,
+    ConstValue,
+    Expression,
+    ExpressionNode,
+    FromAst,
+    Identifier,
+    Node,
+    PartialType,
+    Scope,
+    Span,
+    Type,
+};
+
+use std::{
+    cell::RefCell,
+    sync::{Arc, Weak},
+};
+
+pub struct CircuitAccessExpression {
+    pub parent: RefCell<Option<Weak<Expression>>>,
+    pub span: Option<Span>,
+    pub circuit: Arc<Circuit>,
+    pub target: Option<Arc<Expression>>,
+    pub member: Identifier,
+}
+
+impl Node for CircuitAccessExpression {
+    fn span(&self) -> Option<&Span> {
+        self.span.as_ref()
+    }
+}
+
+impl ExpressionNode for CircuitAccessExpression {
+    fn set_parent(&self, parent: Weak<Expression>) {
+        self.parent.replace(Some(parent));
+    }
+
+    fn get_parent(&self) -> Option<Arc<Expression>> {
+        self.parent.borrow().as_ref().map(Weak::upgrade).flatten()
+    }
+
+    fn enforce_parents(&self, expr: &Arc<Expression>) {
+        if let Some(target) = self.target.as_ref() {
+            target.set_parent(Arc::downgrade(expr));
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn get_type(&self) -> Option<Type> {
+        if self.target.is_none() {
+            None // function target only for static
+        } else {
+            let members = self.circuit.members.borrow();
+            let member = members.get(&self.member.name)?;
+            match member {
+                CircuitMember::Variable(type_) => Some(type_.clone().into()),
+                CircuitMember::Function(_) => None,
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_mut_ref(&self) -> bool {
+        if let Some(target) = self.target.as_ref() {
+            target.is_mut_ref()
+        } else {
+            false
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn const_value(&self) -> Option<ConstValue> {
+        None
+    }
+
+    fn is_consty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.target.as_ref().map(|x| x.is_consty()).unwrap_or(true)
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromAst<leo_ast::CircuitMemberAccessExpression> for CircuitAccessExpression {
+    fn from_ast(
+        scope: &Scope,
+        value: &leo_ast::CircuitMemberAccessExpression,
+        expected_type: Option<PartialType>,
+    ) -> Result<CircuitAccessExpression, AsgConvertError> {
+        let target = Arc::<Expression>::from_ast(scope, &*value.circuit, None)?;
+        let circuit = match target.get_type() {
+            Some(Type::Circuit(circuit)) => circuit,
+            x => {
+                return Err(AsgConvertError::unexpected_type(
+                    "circuit",
+                    x.map(|x| x.to_string()).as_deref(),
+                    &value.span,
+                ));
+            }
+        };
+
+        // scoping refcell reference
+        let found_member = {
+            if let Some(member) = circuit.members.borrow().get(&value.name.name) {
+                if let Some(expected_type) = &expected_type {
+                    if let CircuitMember::Variable(type_) = &member {
+                        let type_: Type = type_.clone().into();
+                        if !expected_type.matches(&type_) {
+                            return Err(AsgConvertError::unexpected_type(
+                                &expected_type.to_string(),
+                                Some(&type_.to_string()),
+                                &value.span,
+                            ));
+                        }
+                    } // used by call expression
+                }
+                true
+            } else {
+                false
+            }
+        };
+
+        if found_member {
+            // skip
+        } else if circuit.is_input_pseudo_circuit() {
+            // add new member to implicit input
+            if let Some(expected_type) = expected_type.map(PartialType::full).flatten() {
+                circuit.members.borrow_mut().insert(
+                    value.name.name.clone(),
+                    CircuitMember::Variable(expected_type.clone().into()),
+                );
+                let body = circuit.body.borrow().upgrade().expect("stale input circuit body");
+
+                body.members
+                    .borrow_mut()
+                    .insert(value.name.name.clone(), CircuitMemberBody::Variable(expected_type));
+            } else {
+                return Err(AsgConvertError::input_ref_needs_type(
+                    &circuit.name.borrow().name,
+                    &value.name.name,
+                    &value.span,
+                ));
+            }
+        } else {
+            return Err(AsgConvertError::unresolved_circuit_member(
+                &circuit.name.borrow().name,
+                &value.name.name,
+                &value.span,
+            ));
+        }
+
+        Ok(CircuitAccessExpression {
+            parent: RefCell::new(None),
+            span: Some(value.span.clone()),
+            target: Some(target),
+            circuit,
+            member: value.name.clone(),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromAst<leo_ast::CircuitStaticFunctionAccessExpression> for CircuitAccessExpression {
+    fn from_ast(
+        scope: &Scope,
+        value: &leo_ast::CircuitStaticFunctionAccessExpression,
+        expected_type: Option<PartialType>,
+    ) -> Result<CircuitAccessExpression, AsgConvertError> {
+        let circuit = match &*value.circuit {
+            leo_ast::Expression::Identifier(name) => scope
+                .borrow()
+                .resolve_circuit(&name.name)
+                .ok_or_else(|| AsgConvertError::unresolved_circuit(&name.name, &name.span))?,
+            _ => {
+                return Err(AsgConvertError::unexpected_type(
+                    "circuit",
+                    Some("unknown"),
+                    &value.span,
+                ));
+            }
+        };
+
+        if let Some(expected_type) = expected_type {
+            return Err(AsgConvertError::unexpected_type(
+                &expected_type.to_string(),
+                Some("none"),
+                &value.span,
+            ));
+        }
+
+        if let Some(CircuitMember::Function(_)) = circuit.members.borrow().get(&value.name.name) {
+            // okay
+        } else {
+            return Err(AsgConvertError::unresolved_circuit_member(
+                &circuit.name.borrow().name,
+                &value.name.name,
+                &value.span,
+            ));
+        }
+
+        Ok(CircuitAccessExpression {
+            parent: RefCell::new(None),
+            span: Some(value.span.clone()),
+            target: None,
+            circuit,
+            member: value.name.clone(),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Into<leo_ast::Expression> for &CircuitAccessExpression {
+    fn into(self) -> leo_ast::Expression {
+        if let Some(target) = self.target.as_ref() {
+            leo_ast::Expression::CircuitMemberAccess(leo_ast::CircuitMemberAccessExpression {
+                circuit: Box::new(target.as_ref().into()),
+                name: self.member.clone(),
+                span: self.span.clone().unwrap_or_default(),
+            })
+        } else {
+            leo_ast::Expression::CircuitStaticFunctionAccess(leo_ast::CircuitStaticFunctionAccessExpression {
+                circuit: Box::new(leo_ast::Expression::Identifier(self.circuit.name.borrow().clone())),
+                name: self.member.clone(),
+                span: self.span.clone().unwrap_or_default(),
+            })
+        }
+    }
+}

asg/src/expression/circuit_init.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use crate::{
+    AsgConvertError,
+    Circuit,
+    CircuitMember,
+    ConstValue,
+    Expression,
+    ExpressionNode,
+    FromAst,
+    Identifier,
+    Node,
+    PartialType,
+    Scope,
+    Span,
+    Type,
+};
+
+use indexmap::{IndexMap, IndexSet};
+use std::{
+    cell::RefCell,
+    sync::{Arc, Weak},
+};
+
+pub struct CircuitInitExpression {
+    pub parent: RefCell<Option<Weak<Expression>>>,
+    pub span: Option<Span>,
+    pub circuit: Arc<Circuit>,
+    pub values: Vec<(Identifier, Arc<Expression>)>,
+}
+
+impl Node for CircuitInitExpression {
+    fn span(&self) -> Option<&Span> {
+        self.span.as_ref()
+    }
+}
+
+impl ExpressionNode for CircuitInitExpression {
+    fn set_parent(&self, parent: Weak<Expression>) {
+        self.parent.replace(Some(parent));
+    }
+
+    fn get_parent(&self) -> Option<Arc<Expression>> {
+        self.parent.borrow().as_ref().map(Weak::upgrade).flatten()
+    }
+
+    fn enforce_parents(&self, expr: &Arc<Expression>) {
+        self.values.iter().for_each(|(_, element)| {
+            element.set_parent(Arc::downgrade(expr));
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn get_type(&self) -> Option<Type> {
+        Some(Type::Circuit(self.circuit.clone()))
+    }
+
+    fn is_mut_ref(&self) -> bool {
+        false
+    }
+
+    fn const_value(&self) -> Option<ConstValue> {
+        None
+    }
+
+    fn is_consty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.values.iter().all(|(_, value)| value.is_consty())
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromAst<leo_ast::CircuitInitExpression> for CircuitInitExpression {
+    fn from_ast(
+        scope: &Scope,
+        value: &leo_ast::CircuitInitExpression,
+        expected_type: Option<PartialType>,
+    ) -> Result<CircuitInitExpression, AsgConvertError> {
+        let circuit = scope
+            .borrow()
+            .resolve_circuit(&value.name.name)
+            .ok_or_else(|| AsgConvertError::unresolved_circuit(&value.name.name, &value.name.span))?;
+        match expected_type {
+            Some(PartialType::Type(Type::Circuit(expected_circuit))) if expected_circuit == circuit => (),
+            None => (),
+            Some(x) => {
+                return Err(AsgConvertError::unexpected_type(
+                    &x.to_string(),
+                    Some(&circuit.name.borrow().name),
+                    &value.span,
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+        let members: IndexMap<&String, (&Identifier, &leo_ast::Expression)> = value
+            .members
+            .iter()
+            .map(|x| (&x.identifier.name, (&x.identifier, &x.expression)))
+            .collect();
+
+        let mut values: Vec<(Identifier, Arc<Expression>)> = vec![];
+        let mut defined_variables = IndexSet::<String>::new();
+
+        {
+            let circuit_members = circuit.members.borrow();
+            for (name, member) in circuit_members.iter() {
+                if defined_variables.contains(name) {
+                    return Err(AsgConvertError::overridden_circuit_member(
+                        &circuit.name.borrow().name,
+                        name,
+                        &value.span,
+                    ));
+                }
+                defined_variables.insert(name.clone());
+                let type_: Type = if let CircuitMember::Variable(type_) = &member {
+                    type_.clone().into()
+                } else {
+                    continue;
+                };
+                if let Some((identifier, receiver)) = members.get(&name) {
+                    let received = Arc::<Expression>::from_ast(scope, *receiver, Some(type_.partial()))?;
+                    values.push(((*identifier).clone(), received));
+                } else {
+                    return Err(AsgConvertError::missing_circuit_member(
+                        &circuit.name.borrow().name,
+                        name,
+                        &value.span,
+                    ));
+                }
+            }
+
+            for (name, (identifier, _expression)) in members.iter() {
+                if circuit_members.get(*name).is_none() {
+                    return Err(AsgConvertError::extra_circuit_member(
+                        &circuit.name.borrow().name,
+                        *name,
+                        &identifier.span,
+                    ));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(CircuitInitExpression {
+            parent: RefCell::new(None),
+            span: Some(value.span.clone()),
+            circuit,
+            values,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Into<leo_ast::CircuitInitExpression> for &CircuitInitExpression {
+    fn into(self) -> leo_ast::CircuitInitExpression {
+        leo_ast::CircuitInitExpression {
+            name: self.circuit.name.borrow().clone(),
+            members: self
+                .values
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(name, value)| leo_ast::CircuitVariableDefinition {
+                    identifier: name.clone(),
+                    expression: value.as_ref().into(),
+                })
+                .collect(),
+            span: self.span.clone().unwrap_or_default(),
+        }
+    }
+}

asg/src/expression/constant.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use crate::{
+    AsgConvertError,
+    ConstInt,
+    ConstValue,
+    Expression,
+    ExpressionNode,
+    FromAst,
+    GroupValue,
+    Node,
+    PartialType,
+    Scope,
+    Span,
+    Type,
+};
+
+use std::{
+    cell::RefCell,
+    sync::{Arc, Weak},
+};
+
+pub struct Constant {
+    pub parent: RefCell<Option<Weak<Expression>>>,
+    pub span: Option<Span>,
+    pub value: ConstValue, // should not be compound constants
+}
+
+impl Node for Constant {
+    fn span(&self) -> Option<&Span> {
+        self.span.as_ref()
+    }
+}
+
+impl ExpressionNode for Constant {
+    fn set_parent(&self, parent: Weak<Expression>) {
+        self.parent.replace(Some(parent));
+    }
+
+    fn get_parent(&self) -> Option<Arc<Expression>> {
+        self.parent.borrow().as_ref().map(Weak::upgrade).flatten()
+    }
+
+    fn enforce_parents(&self, _expr: &Arc<Expression>) {}
+
+    fn get_type(&self) -> Option<Type> {
+        self.value.get_type()
+    }
+
+    fn is_mut_ref(&self) -> bool {
+        false
+    }
+
+    fn const_value(&self) -> Option<ConstValue> {
+        Some(self.value.clone())
+    }
+
+    fn is_consty(&self) -> bool {
+        true
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromAst<leo_ast::ValueExpression> for Constant {
+    fn from_ast(
+        _scope: &Scope,
+        value: &leo_ast::ValueExpression,
+        expected_type: Option<PartialType>,
+    ) -> Result<Constant, AsgConvertError> {
+        use leo_ast::ValueExpression::*;
+        Ok(match value {
+            Address(value, span) => {
+                match expected_type.map(PartialType::full).flatten() {
+                    Some(Type::Address) | None => (),
+                    Some(x) => {
+                        return Err(AsgConvertError::unexpected_type(
+                            &x.to_string(),
+                            Some(&*Type::Address.to_string()),
+                            span,
+                        ));
+                    }
+                }
+                Constant {
+                    parent: RefCell::new(None),
+                    span: Some(span.clone()),
+                    value: ConstValue::Address(value.clone()),
+                }
+            }
+            Boolean(value, span) => {
+                match expected_type.map(PartialType::full).flatten() {
+                    Some(Type::Boolean) | None => (),
+                    Some(x) => {
+                        return Err(AsgConvertError::unexpected_type(
+                            &x.to_string(),
+                            Some(&*Type::Boolean.to_string()),
+                            span,
+                        ));
+                    }
+                }
+                Constant {
+                    parent: RefCell::new(None),
+                    span: Some(span.clone()),
+                    value: ConstValue::Boolean(
+                        value
+                            .parse::<bool>()
+                            .map_err(|_| AsgConvertError::invalid_boolean(&value, span))?,
+                    ),
+                }
+            }
+            Field(value, span) => {
+                match expected_type.map(PartialType::full).flatten() {
+                    Some(Type::Field) | None => (),
+                    Some(x) => {
+                        return Err(AsgConvertError::unexpected_type(
+                            &x.to_string(),
+                            Some(&*Type::Field.to_string()),
+                            span,
+                        ));
+                    }
+                }
+                Constant {
+                    parent: RefCell::new(None),
+                    span: Some(span.clone()),
+                    value: ConstValue::Field(value.parse().map_err(|_| AsgConvertError::invalid_int(&value, span))?),
+                }
+            }
+            Group(value) => {
+                match expected_type.map(PartialType::full).flatten() {
+                    Some(Type::Group) | None => (),
+                    Some(x) => {
+                        return Err(AsgConvertError::unexpected_type(
+                            &x.to_string(),
+                            Some(&*Type::Group.to_string()),
+                            value.span(),
+                        ));
+                    }
+                }
+                Constant {
+                    parent: RefCell::new(None),
+                    span: Some(value.span().clone()),
+                    value: ConstValue::Group(match &**value {
+                        leo_ast::GroupValue::Single(value, _) => GroupValue::Single(value.clone()),
+                        leo_ast::GroupValue::Tuple(leo_ast::GroupTuple { x, y, .. }) => {
+                            GroupValue::Tuple(x.into(), y.into())
+                        }
+                    }),
+                }
+            }
+            Implicit(value, span) => match expected_type {
+                None => return Err(AsgConvertError::unresolved_type("unknown", span)),
+                Some(PartialType::Integer(Some(sub_type), _)) | Some(PartialType::Integer(None, Some(sub_type))) => {
+                    Constant {
+                        parent: RefCell::new(None),
+                        span: Some(span.clone()),
+                        value: ConstValue::Int(ConstInt::parse(&sub_type, value, span)?),
+                    }
+                }
+                Some(PartialType::Type(Type::Field)) => Constant {
+                    parent: RefCell::new(None),
+                    span: Some(span.clone()),
+                    value: ConstValue::Field(value.parse().map_err(|_| AsgConvertError::invalid_int(&value, span))?),
+                },
+                Some(PartialType::Type(Type::Address)) => Constant {
+                    parent: RefCell::new(None),
+                    span: Some(span.clone()),
+                    value: ConstValue::Address(value.to_string()),
+                },
+                Some(x) => return Err(AsgConvertError::unexpected_type(&x.to_string(), Some("unknown"), span)),
+            },
+            Integer(int_type, value, span) => {
+                match expected_type {
+                    Some(PartialType::Integer(Some(sub_type), _)) if &sub_type == int_type => (),
+                    Some(PartialType::Integer(None, Some(_))) => (),
+                    None => (),
+                    Some(x) => {
+                        return Err(AsgConvertError::unexpected_type(
+                            &x.to_string(),
+                            Some(&*int_type.to_string()),
+                            span,
+                        ));
+                    }
+                }
+                Constant {
+                    parent: RefCell::new(None),
+                    span: Some(span.clone()),
+                    value: ConstValue::Int(ConstInt::parse(int_type, value, span)?),
+                }
+            }
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Into<leo_ast::ValueExpression> for &Constant {
+    fn into(self) -> leo_ast::ValueExpression {
+        match &self.value {
+            ConstValue::Address(value) => {
+                leo_ast::ValueExpression::Address(value.clone(), self.span.clone().unwrap_or_default())
+            }
+            ConstValue::Boolean(value) => {
+                leo_ast::ValueExpression::Boolean(value.to_string(), self.span.clone().unwrap_or_default())
+            }
+            ConstValue::Field(value) => {
+                leo_ast::ValueExpression::Field(value.to_string(), self.span.clone().unwrap_or_default())
+            }
+            ConstValue::Group(value) => leo_ast::ValueExpression::Group(Box::new(match value {
+                GroupValue::Single(single) => {
+                    leo_ast::GroupValue::Single(single.clone(), self.span.clone().unwrap_or_default())
+                }
+                GroupValue::Tuple(left, right) => leo_ast::GroupValue::Tuple(leo_ast::GroupTuple {
+                    x: left.into(),
+                    y: right.into(),
+                    span: self.span.clone().unwrap_or_default(),
+                }),
+            })),
+            ConstValue::Int(int) => leo_ast::ValueExpression::Integer(
+                int.get_int_type(),
+                int.raw_value(),
+                self.span.clone().unwrap_or_default(),
+            ),
+            ConstValue::Tuple(_) => unimplemented!(),
+            ConstValue::Array(_) => unimplemented!(),
+        }
+    }
+}

asg/src/expression/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,343 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//! This module defines an expression node in an asg.
+//!
+//! Notable differences after conversion from an ast expression include:
+//! 1. Storing variable references instead of variable identifiers - better history tracking and mutability
+//! 2. Resolving constant values - optimizes execution of program circuit.
+
+mod array_access;
+pub use array_access::*;
+
+mod array_inline;
+pub use array_inline::*;
+
+mod array_init;
+pub use array_init::*;
+
+mod array_range_access;
+pub use array_range_access::*;
+
+mod binary;
+pub use binary::*;
+
+mod call;
+pub use call::*;
+
+mod circuit_access;
+pub use circuit_access::*;
+
+mod circuit_init;
+pub use circuit_init::*;
+
+mod constant;
+pub use constant::*;
+
+mod ternary;
+pub use ternary::*;
+
+mod tuple_access;
+pub use tuple_access::*;
+
+mod tuple_init;
+pub use tuple_init::*;
+
+mod unary;
+pub use unary::*;
+
+mod variable_ref;
+pub use variable_ref::*;
+
+use crate::{AsgConvertError, ConstValue, FromAst, Node, PartialType, Scope, Span, Type};
+
+use std::sync::{Arc, Weak};
+
+pub enum Expression {
+    VariableRef(VariableRef),
+    Constant(Constant),
+    Binary(BinaryExpression),
+    Unary(UnaryExpression),
+    Ternary(TernaryExpression),
+
+    ArrayInline(ArrayInlineExpression),
+    ArrayInit(ArrayInitExpression),
+    ArrayAccess(ArrayAccessExpression),
+    ArrayRangeAccess(ArrayRangeAccessExpression),
+
+    TupleInit(TupleInitExpression),
+    TupleAccess(TupleAccessExpression),
+
+    CircuitInit(CircuitInitExpression),
+    CircuitAccess(CircuitAccessExpression),
+
+    Call(CallExpression),
+}
+
+impl Node for Expression {
+    fn span(&self) -> Option<&Span> {
+        use Expression::*;
+        match self {
+            VariableRef(x) => x.span(),
+            Constant(x) => x.span(),
+            Binary(x) => x.span(),
+            Unary(x) => x.span(),
+            Ternary(x) => x.span(),
+            ArrayInline(x) => x.span(),
+            ArrayInit(x) => x.span(),
+            ArrayAccess(x) => x.span(),
+            ArrayRangeAccess(x) => x.span(),
+            TupleInit(x) => x.span(),
+            TupleAccess(x) => x.span(),
+            CircuitInit(x) => x.span(),
+            CircuitAccess(x) => x.span(),
+            Call(x) => x.span(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait ExpressionNode: Node {
+    fn set_parent(&self, parent: Weak<Expression>);
+    fn get_parent(&self) -> Option<Arc<Expression>>;
+    fn enforce_parents(&self, expr: &Arc<Expression>);
+
+    fn get_type(&self) -> Option<Type>;
+    fn is_mut_ref(&self) -> bool;
+    fn const_value(&self) -> Option<ConstValue>; // todo: memoize
+    fn is_consty(&self) -> bool;
+}
+
+impl ExpressionNode for Expression {
+    fn set_parent(&self, parent: Weak<Expression>) {
+        use Expression::*;
+        match self {
+            VariableRef(x) => x.set_parent(parent),
+            Constant(x) => x.set_parent(parent),
+            Binary(x) => x.set_parent(parent),
+            Unary(x) => x.set_parent(parent),
+            Ternary(x) => x.set_parent(parent),
+            ArrayInline(x) => x.set_parent(parent),
+            ArrayInit(x) => x.set_parent(parent),
+            ArrayAccess(x) => x.set_parent(parent),
+            ArrayRangeAccess(x) => x.set_parent(parent),
+            TupleInit(x) => x.set_parent(parent),
+            TupleAccess(x) => x.set_parent(parent),
+            CircuitInit(x) => x.set_parent(parent),
+            CircuitAccess(x) => x.set_parent(parent),
+            Call(x) => x.set_parent(parent),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn get_parent(&self) -> Option<Arc<Expression>> {
+        use Expression::*;
+        match self {
+            VariableRef(x) => x.get_parent(),
+            Constant(x) => x.get_parent(),
+            Binary(x) => x.get_parent(),
+            Unary(x) => x.get_parent(),
+            Ternary(x) => x.get_parent(),
+            ArrayInline(x) => x.get_parent(),
+            ArrayInit(x) => x.get_parent(),
+            ArrayAccess(x) => x.get_parent(),
+            ArrayRangeAccess(x) => x.get_parent(),
+            TupleInit(x) => x.get_parent(),
+            TupleAccess(x) => x.get_parent(),
+            CircuitInit(x) => x.get_parent(),
+            CircuitAccess(x) => x.get_parent(),
+            Call(x) => x.get_parent(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn enforce_parents(&self, expr: &Arc<Expression>) {
+        use Expression::*;
+        match self {
+            VariableRef(x) => x.enforce_parents(expr),
+            Constant(x) => x.enforce_parents(expr),
+            Binary(x) => x.enforce_parents(expr),
+            Unary(x) => x.enforce_parents(expr),
+            Ternary(x) => x.enforce_parents(expr),
+            ArrayInline(x) => x.enforce_parents(expr),
+            ArrayInit(x) => x.enforce_parents(expr),
+            ArrayAccess(x) => x.enforce_parents(expr),
+            ArrayRangeAccess(x) => x.enforce_parents(expr),
+            TupleInit(x) => x.enforce_parents(expr),
+            TupleAccess(x) => x.enforce_parents(expr),
+            CircuitInit(x) => x.enforce_parents(expr),
+            CircuitAccess(x) => x.enforce_parents(expr),
+            Call(x) => x.enforce_parents(expr),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn get_type(&self) -> Option<Type> {
+        use Expression::*;
+        match self {
+            VariableRef(x) => x.get_type(),
+            Constant(x) => x.get_type(),
+            Binary(x) => x.get_type(),
+            Unary(x) => x.get_type(),
+            Ternary(x) => x.get_type(),
+            ArrayInline(x) => x.get_type(),
+            ArrayInit(x) => x.get_type(),
+            ArrayAccess(x) => x.get_type(),
+            ArrayRangeAccess(x) => x.get_type(),
+            TupleInit(x) => x.get_type(),
+            TupleAccess(x) => x.get_type(),
+            CircuitInit(x) => x.get_type(),
+            CircuitAccess(x) => x.get_type(),
+            Call(x) => x.get_type(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_mut_ref(&self) -> bool {
+        use Expression::*;
+        match self {
+            VariableRef(x) => x.is_mut_ref(),
+            Constant(x) => x.is_mut_ref(),
+            Binary(x) => x.is_mut_ref(),
+            Unary(x) => x.is_mut_ref(),
+            Ternary(x) => x.is_mut_ref(),
+            ArrayInline(x) => x.is_mut_ref(),
+            ArrayInit(x) => x.is_mut_ref(),
+            ArrayAccess(x) => x.is_mut_ref(),
+            ArrayRangeAccess(x) => x.is_mut_ref(),
+            TupleInit(x) => x.is_mut_ref(),
+            TupleAccess(x) => x.is_mut_ref(),
+            CircuitInit(x) => x.is_mut_ref(),
+            CircuitAccess(x) => x.is_mut_ref(),
+            Call(x) => x.is_mut_ref(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn const_value(&self) -> Option<ConstValue> {
+        use Expression::*;
+        match self {
+            VariableRef(x) => x.const_value(),
+            Constant(x) => x.const_value(),
+            Binary(x) => x.const_value(),
+            Unary(x) => x.const_value(),
+            Ternary(x) => x.const_value(),
+            ArrayInline(x) => x.const_value(),
+            ArrayInit(x) => x.const_value(),
+            ArrayAccess(x) => x.const_value(),
+            ArrayRangeAccess(x) => x.const_value(),
+            TupleInit(x) => x.const_value(),
+            TupleAccess(x) => x.const_value(),
+            CircuitInit(x) => x.const_value(),
+            CircuitAccess(x) => x.const_value(),
+            Call(x) => x.const_value(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_consty(&self) -> bool {
+        use Expression::*;
+        match self {
+            VariableRef(x) => x.is_consty(),
+            Constant(x) => x.is_consty(),
+            Binary(x) => x.is_consty(),
+            Unary(x) => x.is_consty(),
+            Ternary(x) => x.is_consty(),
+            ArrayInline(x) => x.is_consty(),
+            ArrayInit(x) => x.is_consty(),
+            ArrayAccess(x) => x.is_consty(),
+            ArrayRangeAccess(x) => x.is_consty(),
+            TupleInit(x) => x.is_consty(),
+            TupleAccess(x) => x.is_consty(),
+            CircuitInit(x) => x.is_consty(),
+            CircuitAccess(x) => x.is_consty(),
+            Call(x) => x.is_consty(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromAst<leo_ast::Expression> for Arc<Expression> {
+    fn from_ast(
+        scope: &Scope,
+        value: &leo_ast::Expression,
+        expected_type: Option<PartialType>,
+    ) -> Result<Self, AsgConvertError> {
+        use leo_ast::Expression::*;
+        let expression = match value {
+            Identifier(identifier) => Self::from_ast(scope, identifier, expected_type)?,
+            Value(value) => Arc::new(Constant::from_ast(scope, value, expected_type).map(Expression::Constant)?),
+            Binary(binary) => {
+                Arc::new(BinaryExpression::from_ast(scope, binary, expected_type).map(Expression::Binary)?)
+            }
+            Unary(unary) => Arc::new(UnaryExpression::from_ast(scope, unary, expected_type).map(Expression::Unary)?),
+            Ternary(conditional) => {
+                Arc::new(TernaryExpression::from_ast(scope, conditional, expected_type).map(Expression::Ternary)?)
+            }
+
+            ArrayInline(array_inline) => Arc::new(
+                ArrayInlineExpression::from_ast(scope, array_inline, expected_type).map(Expression::ArrayInline)?,
+            ),
+            ArrayInit(array_init) => {
+                Arc::new(ArrayInitExpression::from_ast(scope, array_init, expected_type).map(Expression::ArrayInit)?)
+            }
+            ArrayAccess(array_access) => Arc::new(
+                ArrayAccessExpression::from_ast(scope, array_access, expected_type).map(Expression::ArrayAccess)?,
+            ),
+            ArrayRangeAccess(array_range_access) => Arc::new(
+                ArrayRangeAccessExpression::from_ast(scope, array_range_access, expected_type)
+                    .map(Expression::ArrayRangeAccess)?,
+            ),
+
+            TupleInit(tuple_init) => {
+                Arc::new(TupleInitExpression::from_ast(scope, tuple_init, expected_type).map(Expression::TupleInit)?)
+            }
+            TupleAccess(tuple_access) => Arc::new(
+                TupleAccessExpression::from_ast(scope, tuple_access, expected_type).map(Expression::TupleAccess)?,
+            ),
+
+            CircuitInit(circuit_init) => Arc::new(
+                CircuitInitExpression::from_ast(scope, circuit_init, expected_type).map(Expression::CircuitInit)?,
+            ),
+            CircuitMemberAccess(circuit_member) => Arc::new(
+                CircuitAccessExpression::from_ast(scope, circuit_member, expected_type)
+                    .map(Expression::CircuitAccess)?,
+            ),
+            CircuitStaticFunctionAccess(circuit_member) => Arc::new(
+                CircuitAccessExpression::from_ast(scope, circuit_member, expected_type)
+                    .map(Expression::CircuitAccess)?,
+            ),
+
+            Call(call) => Arc::new(CallExpression::from_ast(scope, call, expected_type).map(Expression::Call)?),
+        };
+        expression.enforce_parents(&expression);
+        Ok(expression)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Into<leo_ast::Expression> for &Expression {
+    fn into(self) -> leo_ast::Expression {
+        use Expression::*;
+        match self {
+            VariableRef(x) => leo_ast::Expression::Identifier(x.into()),
+            Constant(x) => leo_ast::Expression::Value(x.into()),
+            Binary(x) => leo_ast::Expression::Binary(x.into()),
+            Unary(x) => leo_ast::Expression::Unary(x.into()),
+            Ternary(x) => leo_ast::Expression::Ternary(x.into()),
+            ArrayInline(x) => leo_ast::Expression::ArrayInline(x.into()),
+            ArrayInit(x) => leo_ast::Expression::ArrayInit(x.into()),
+            ArrayAccess(x) => leo_ast::Expression::ArrayAccess(x.into()),
+            ArrayRangeAccess(x) => leo_ast::Expression::ArrayRangeAccess(x.into()),
+            TupleInit(x) => leo_ast::Expression::TupleInit(x.into()),
+            TupleAccess(x) => leo_ast::Expression::TupleAccess(x.into()),
+            CircuitInit(x) => leo_ast::Expression::CircuitInit(x.into()),
+            CircuitAccess(x) => x.into(),
+            Call(x) => leo_ast::Expression::Call(x.into()),
+        }
+    }
+}

asg/src/expression/ternary.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use crate::{AsgConvertError, ConstValue, Expression, ExpressionNode, FromAst, Node, PartialType, Scope, Span, Type};
+
+use std::{
+    cell::RefCell,
+    sync::{Arc, Weak},
+};
+
+pub struct TernaryExpression {
+    pub parent: RefCell<Option<Weak<Expression>>>,
+    pub span: Option<Span>,
+    pub condition: Arc<Expression>,
+    pub if_true: Arc<Expression>,
+    pub if_false: Arc<Expression>,
+}
+
+impl Node for TernaryExpression {
+    fn span(&self) -> Option<&Span> {
+        self.span.as_ref()
+    }
+}
+
+impl ExpressionNode for TernaryExpression {
+    fn set_parent(&self, parent: Weak<Expression>) {
+        self.parent.replace(Some(parent));
+    }
+
+    fn get_parent(&self) -> Option<Arc<Expression>> {
+        self.parent.borrow().as_ref().map(Weak::upgrade).flatten()
+    }
+
+    fn enforce_parents(&self, expr: &Arc<Expression>) {
+        self.condition.set_parent(Arc::downgrade(expr));
+        self.if_true.set_parent(Arc::downgrade(expr));
+        self.if_false.set_parent(Arc::downgrade(expr));
+    }
+
+    fn get_type(&self) -> Option<Type> {
+        self.if_true.get_type()
+    }
+
+    fn is_mut_ref(&self) -> bool {
+        self.if_true.is_mut_ref() && self.if_false.is_mut_ref()
+    }
+
+    fn const_value(&self) -> Option<ConstValue> {
+        if let Some(ConstValue::Boolean(switch)) = self.condition.const_value() {
+            if switch {
+                self.if_true.const_value()
+            } else {
+                self.if_false.const_value()
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_consty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.condition.is_consty() && self.if_true.is_consty() && self.if_false.is_consty()
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromAst<leo_ast::TernaryExpression> for TernaryExpression {
+    fn from_ast(
+        scope: &Scope,
+        value: &leo_ast::TernaryExpression,
+        expected_type: Option<PartialType>,
+    ) -> Result<TernaryExpression, AsgConvertError> {
+        Ok(TernaryExpression {
+            parent: RefCell::new(None),
+            span: Some(value.span.clone()),
+            condition: Arc::<Expression>::from_ast(scope, &*value.condition, Some(Type::Boolean.partial()))?,
+            if_true: Arc::<Expression>::from_ast(scope, &*value.if_true, expected_type.clone())?,
+            if_false: Arc::<Expression>::from_ast(scope, &*value.if_false, expected_type)?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Into<leo_ast::TernaryExpression> for &TernaryExpression {
+    fn into(self) -> leo_ast::TernaryExpression {
+        leo_ast::TernaryExpression {
+            condition: Box::new(self.condition.as_ref().into()),
+            if_true: Box::new(self.if_true.as_ref().into()),
+            if_false: Box::new(self.if_false.as_ref().into()),
+            span: self.span.clone().unwrap_or_default(),
+        }
+    }
+}

asg/src/expression/tuple_access.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use crate::{AsgConvertError, ConstValue, Expression, ExpressionNode, FromAst, Node, PartialType, Scope, Span, Type};
+
+use std::{
+    cell::RefCell,
+    sync::{Arc, Weak},
+};
+
+pub struct TupleAccessExpression {
+    pub parent: RefCell<Option<Weak<Expression>>>,
+    pub span: Option<Span>,
+    pub tuple_ref: Arc<Expression>,
+    pub index: usize,
+}
+
+impl Node for TupleAccessExpression {
+    fn span(&self) -> Option<&Span> {
+        self.span.as_ref()
+    }
+}
+
+impl ExpressionNode for TupleAccessExpression {
+    fn set_parent(&self, parent: Weak<Expression>) {
+        self.parent.replace(Some(parent));
+    }
+
+    fn get_parent(&self) -> Option<Arc<Expression>> {
+        self.parent.borrow().as_ref().map(Weak::upgrade).flatten()
+    }
+
+    fn enforce_parents(&self, expr: &Arc<Expression>) {
+        self.tuple_ref.set_parent(Arc::downgrade(expr));
+    }
+
+    fn get_type(&self) -> Option<Type> {
+        match self.tuple_ref.get_type()? {
+            Type::Tuple(subtypes) => subtypes.get(self.index).cloned(),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_mut_ref(&self) -> bool {
+        self.tuple_ref.is_mut_ref()
+    }
+
+    fn const_value(&self) -> Option<ConstValue> {
+        let tuple_const = self.tuple_ref.const_value()?;
+        match tuple_const {
+            ConstValue::Tuple(sub_consts) => sub_consts.get(self.index).cloned(),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_consty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.tuple_ref.is_consty()
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromAst<leo_ast::TupleAccessExpression> for TupleAccessExpression {
+    fn from_ast(
+        scope: &Scope,
+        value: &leo_ast::TupleAccessExpression,
+        expected_type: Option<PartialType>,
+    ) -> Result<TupleAccessExpression, AsgConvertError> {
+        let index = value
+            .index
+            .value
+            .parse::<usize>()
+            .map_err(|_| AsgConvertError::parse_index_error())?;
+
+        let mut expected_tuple = vec![None; index + 1];
+        expected_tuple[index] = expected_type;
+
+        let tuple = Arc::<Expression>::from_ast(scope, &*value.tuple, Some(PartialType::Tuple(expected_tuple)))?;
+        let tuple_type = tuple.get_type();
+        if let Some(Type::Tuple(_items)) = tuple_type {
+        } else {
+            return Err(AsgConvertError::unexpected_type(
+                "a tuple",
+                tuple_type.map(|x| x.to_string()).as_deref(),
+                &value.span,
+            ));
+        }
+
+        Ok(TupleAccessExpression {
+            parent: RefCell::new(None),
+            span: Some(value.span.clone()),
+            tuple_ref: tuple,
+            index,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Into<leo_ast::TupleAccessExpression> for &TupleAccessExpression {
+    fn into(self) -> leo_ast::TupleAccessExpression {
+        leo_ast::TupleAccessExpression {
+            tuple: Box::new(self.tuple_ref.as_ref().into()),
+            index: leo_ast::PositiveNumber {
+                value: self.index.to_string(),
+            },
+            span: self.span.clone().unwrap_or_default(),
+        }
+    }
+}

asg/src/expression/tuple_init.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use crate::{AsgConvertError, ConstValue, Expression, ExpressionNode, FromAst, Node, PartialType, Scope, Span, Type};
+
+use std::{
+    cell::RefCell,
+    sync::{Arc, Weak},
+};
+
+pub struct TupleInitExpression {
+    pub parent: RefCell<Option<Weak<Expression>>>,
+    pub span: Option<Span>,
+    pub elements: Vec<Arc<Expression>>,
+}
+
+impl Node for TupleInitExpression {
+    fn span(&self) -> Option<&Span> {
+        self.span.as_ref()
+    }
+}
+
+impl ExpressionNode for TupleInitExpression {
+    fn set_parent(&self, parent: Weak<Expression>) {
+        self.parent.replace(Some(parent));
+    }
+
+    fn get_parent(&self) -> Option<Arc<Expression>> {
+        self.parent.borrow().as_ref().map(Weak::upgrade).flatten()
+    }
+
+    fn enforce_parents(&self, expr: &Arc<Expression>) {
+        self.elements.iter().for_each(|element| {
+            element.set_parent(Arc::downgrade(expr));
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn get_type(&self) -> Option<Type> {
+        let mut output = vec![];
+        for element in self.elements.iter() {
+            output.push(element.get_type()?);
+        }
+        Some(Type::Tuple(output))
+    }
+
+    fn is_mut_ref(&self) -> bool {
+        false
+    }
+
+    fn const_value(&self) -> Option<ConstValue> {
+        let mut consts = vec![];
+        for element in self.elements.iter() {
+            if let Some(const_value) = element.const_value() {
+                consts.push(const_value);
+            } else {
+                return None;
+            }
+        }
+        Some(ConstValue::Tuple(consts))
+    }
+
+    fn is_consty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.elements.iter().all(|x| x.is_consty())
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromAst<leo_ast::TupleInitExpression> for TupleInitExpression {
+    fn from_ast(
+        scope: &Scope,
+        value: &leo_ast::TupleInitExpression,
+        expected_type: Option<PartialType>,
+    ) -> Result<TupleInitExpression, AsgConvertError> {
+        let tuple_types = match expected_type {
+            Some(PartialType::Tuple(sub_types)) => Some(sub_types),
+            None => None,
+            x => {
+                return Err(AsgConvertError::unexpected_type(
+                    "tuple",
+                    x.map(|x| x.to_string()).as_deref(),
+                    &value.span,
+                ));
+            }
+        };
+
+        if let Some(tuple_types) = tuple_types.as_ref() {
+            if tuple_types.len() != value.elements.len() {
+                return Err(AsgConvertError::unexpected_type(
+                    &*format!("tuple of length {}", tuple_types.len()),
+                    Some(&*format!("tuple of length {}", value.elements.len())),
+                    &value.span,
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+
+        let elements = value
+            .elements
+            .iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .map(|(i, e)| {
+                Arc::<Expression>::from_ast(
+                    scope,
+                    e,
+                    tuple_types.as_ref().map(|x| x.get(i)).flatten().cloned().flatten(),
+                )
+            })
+            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, AsgConvertError>>()?;
+
+        Ok(TupleInitExpression {
+            parent: RefCell::new(None),
+            span: Some(value.span.clone()),
+            elements,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Into<leo_ast::TupleInitExpression> for &TupleInitExpression {
+    fn into(self) -> leo_ast::TupleInitExpression {
+        leo_ast::TupleInitExpression {
+            elements: self.elements.iter().map(|e| e.as_ref().into()).collect(),
+            span: self.span.clone().unwrap_or_default(),
+        }
+    }
+}

asg/src/expression/unary.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use crate::{AsgConvertError, ConstValue, Expression, ExpressionNode, FromAst, Node, PartialType, Scope, Span, Type};
+pub use leo_ast::UnaryOperation;
+
+use std::{
+    cell::RefCell,
+    sync::{Arc, Weak},
+};
+
+pub struct UnaryExpression {
+    pub parent: RefCell<Option<Weak<Expression>>>,
+    pub span: Option<Span>,
+    pub operation: UnaryOperation,
+    pub inner: Arc<Expression>,
+}
+
+impl Node for UnaryExpression {
+    fn span(&self) -> Option<&Span> {
+        self.span.as_ref()
+    }
+}
+
+impl ExpressionNode for UnaryExpression {
+    fn set_parent(&self, parent: Weak<Expression>) {
+        self.parent.replace(Some(parent));
+    }
+
+    fn get_parent(&self) -> Option<Arc<Expression>> {
+        self.parent.borrow().as_ref().map(Weak::upgrade).flatten()
+    }
+
+    fn enforce_parents(&self, expr: &Arc<Expression>) {
+        self.inner.set_parent(Arc::downgrade(expr));
+    }
+
+    fn get_type(&self) -> Option<Type> {
+        self.inner.get_type()
+    }
+
+    fn is_mut_ref(&self) -> bool {
+        false
+    }
+
+    fn const_value(&self) -> Option<ConstValue> {
+        if let Some(inner) = self.inner.const_value() {
+            match self.operation {
+                UnaryOperation::Not => match inner {
+                    ConstValue::Boolean(value) => Some(ConstValue::Boolean(!value)),
+                    _ => None,
+                },
+                UnaryOperation::Negate => {
+                    match inner {
+                        ConstValue::Int(value) => Some(ConstValue::Int(value.value_negate()?)),
+                        // ConstValue::Group(value) => Some(ConstValue::Group(value)), TODO: groups
+                        // ConstValue::Field(value) => Some(ConstValue::Field(-value)),
+                        _ => None,
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_consty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.inner.is_consty()
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromAst<leo_ast::UnaryExpression> for UnaryExpression {
+    fn from_ast(
+        scope: &Scope,
+        value: &leo_ast::UnaryExpression,
+        expected_type: Option<PartialType>,
+    ) -> Result<UnaryExpression, AsgConvertError> {
+        let expected_type = match value.op {
+            UnaryOperation::Not => match expected_type.map(|x| x.full()).flatten() {
+                Some(Type::Boolean) | None => Some(Type::Boolean),
+                Some(type_) => {
+                    return Err(AsgConvertError::unexpected_type(
+                        &type_.to_string(),
+                        Some(&*Type::Boolean.to_string()),
+                        &value.span,
+                    ));
+                }
+            },
+            UnaryOperation::Negate => match expected_type.map(|x| x.full()).flatten() {
+                Some(type_ @ Type::Integer(_)) => Some(type_),
+                Some(Type::Group) => Some(Type::Group),
+                Some(Type::Field) => Some(Type::Field),
+                None => None,
+                Some(type_) => {
+                    return Err(AsgConvertError::unexpected_type(
+                        &type_.to_string(),
+                        Some("integer, group, field"),
+                        &value.span,
+                    ));
+                }
+            },
+        };
+        Ok(UnaryExpression {
+            parent: RefCell::new(None),
+            span: Some(value.span.clone()),
+            operation: value.op.clone(),
+            inner: Arc::<Expression>::from_ast(scope, &*value.inner, expected_type.map(Into::into))?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Into<leo_ast::UnaryExpression> for &UnaryExpression {
+    fn into(self) -> leo_ast::UnaryExpression {
+        leo_ast::UnaryExpression {
+            op: self.operation.clone(),
+            inner: Box::new(self.inner.as_ref().into()),
+            span: self.span.clone().unwrap_or_default(),
+        }
+    }
+}

asg/src/expression/variable_ref.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use crate::{
+    AsgConvertError,
+    ConstValue,
+    Constant,
+    DefinitionStatement,
+    Expression,
+    ExpressionNode,
+    FromAst,
+    Node,
+    PartialType,
+    Scope,
+    Span,
+    Statement,
+    Type,
+    Variable,
+    VariableDeclaration,
+};
+
+use std::{
+    cell::RefCell,
+    sync::{Arc, Weak},
+};
+
+pub struct VariableRef {
+    pub parent: RefCell<Option<Weak<Expression>>>,
+    pub span: Option<Span>,
+    pub variable: Variable,
+}
+
+impl Node for VariableRef {
+    fn span(&self) -> Option<&Span> {
+        self.span.as_ref()
+    }
+}
+
+impl ExpressionNode for VariableRef {
+    fn set_parent(&self, parent: Weak<Expression>) {
+        self.parent.replace(Some(parent));
+    }
+
+    fn get_parent(&self) -> Option<Arc<Expression>> {
+        self.parent.borrow().as_ref().map(Weak::upgrade).flatten()
+    }
+
+    fn enforce_parents(&self, _expr: &Arc<Expression>) {}
+
+    fn get_type(&self) -> Option<Type> {
+        Some(self.variable.borrow().type_.clone())
+    }
+
+    fn is_mut_ref(&self) -> bool {
+        self.variable.borrow().mutable
+    }
+
+    // todo: we can use use hacky ssa here to catch more cases, or just enforce ssa before asg generation finished
+    fn const_value(&self) -> Option<ConstValue> {
+        let variable = self.variable.borrow();
+        if variable.mutable || variable.assignments.len() != 1 {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let assignment = variable
+            .assignments
+            .get(0)
+            .unwrap()
+            .upgrade()
+            .expect("stale assignment for variable");
+        match &*assignment {
+            Statement::Definition(DefinitionStatement { variables, value, .. }) => {
+                if variables.len() == 1 {
+                    let defined_variable = variables.get(0).unwrap().borrow();
+                    assert_eq!(variable.id, defined_variable.id);
+
+                    value.const_value()
+                } else {
+                    for defined_variable in variables.iter() {
+                        let defined_variable = defined_variable.borrow();
+                        if defined_variable.id == variable.id {
+                            return value.const_value();
+                        }
+                    }
+                    panic!("no corresponding tuple variable found during const destructuring (corrupt asg?)");
+                }
+            }
+            _ => None, //todo unroll loops during asg phase
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_consty(&self) -> bool {
+        let variable = self.variable.borrow();
+        if variable.declaration == VariableDeclaration::IterationDefinition {
+            return true;
+        }
+        if variable.mutable || variable.assignments.len() != 1 {
+            return false;
+        }
+        let assignment = variable
+            .assignments
+            .get(0)
+            .unwrap()
+            .upgrade()
+            .expect("stale assignment for variable");
+
+        match &*assignment {
+            Statement::Definition(DefinitionStatement { variables, value, .. }) => {
+                if variables.len() == 1 {
+                    let defined_variable = variables.get(0).unwrap().borrow();
+                    assert_eq!(variable.id, defined_variable.id);
+
+                    value.is_consty()
+                } else {
+                    for defined_variable in variables.iter() {
+                        let defined_variable = defined_variable.borrow();
+                        if defined_variable.id == variable.id {
+                            return value.is_consty();
+                        }
+                    }
+                    panic!("no corresponding tuple variable found during const destructuring (corrupt asg?)");
+                }
+            }
+            Statement::Iteration(_) => true,
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromAst<leo_ast::Identifier> for Arc<Expression> {
+    fn from_ast(
+        scope: &Scope,
+        value: &leo_ast::Identifier,
+        expected_type: Option<PartialType>,
+    ) -> Result<Arc<Expression>, AsgConvertError> {
+        let variable = if value.name == "input" {
+            if let Some(function) = scope.borrow().resolve_current_function() {
+                if !function.has_input {
+                    return Err(AsgConvertError::unresolved_reference(&value.name, &value.span));
+                }
+            } else {
+                return Err(AsgConvertError::unresolved_reference(&value.name, &value.span));
+            }
+            if let Some(input) = scope.borrow().resolve_input() {
+                input.container
+            } else {
+                return Err(AsgConvertError::InternalError(
+                    "attempted to reference input when none is in scope".to_string(),
+                ));
+            }
+        } else {
+            match scope.borrow().resolve_variable(&value.name) {
+                Some(v) => v,
+                None => {
+                    if value.name.starts_with("aleo1") {
+                        return Ok(Arc::new(Expression::Constant(Constant {
+                            parent: RefCell::new(None),
+                            span: Some(value.span.clone()),
+                            value: ConstValue::Address(value.name.clone()),
+                        })));
+                    }
+                    return Err(AsgConvertError::unresolved_reference(&value.name, &value.span));
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        let variable_ref = VariableRef {
+            parent: RefCell::new(None),
+            span: Some(value.span.clone()),
+            variable: variable.clone(),
+        };
+        let expression = Arc::new(Expression::VariableRef(variable_ref));
+
+        if let Some(expected_type) = expected_type {
+            let type_ = expression
+                .get_type()
+                .ok_or_else(|| AsgConvertError::unresolved_reference(&value.name, &value.span))?;
+            if !expected_type.matches(&type_) {
+                return Err(AsgConvertError::unexpected_type(
+                    &expected_type.to_string(),
+                    Some(&*type_.to_string()),
+                    &value.span,
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+
+        let mut variable_ref = variable.borrow_mut();
+        variable_ref.references.push(Arc::downgrade(&expression));
+
+        Ok(expression)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Into<leo_ast::Identifier> for &VariableRef {
+    fn into(self) -> leo_ast::Identifier {
+        self.variable.borrow().name.clone()
+    }
+}

asg/src/import.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//! Helper methods for resolving imported packages.
+
+use crate::{AsgConvertError, Program, Span};
+
+use indexmap::IndexMap;
+
+pub trait ImportResolver {
+    fn resolve_package(&mut self, package_segments: &[&str], span: &Span) -> Result<Option<Program>, AsgConvertError>;
+}
+
+pub struct NullImportResolver;
+
+impl ImportResolver for NullImportResolver {
+    fn resolve_package(
+        &mut self,
+        _package_segments: &[&str],
+        _span: &Span,
+    ) -> Result<Option<Program>, AsgConvertError> {
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct CoreImportResolver<'a, T: ImportResolver + 'static>(pub &'a mut T);
+
+impl<'a, T: ImportResolver + 'static> ImportResolver for CoreImportResolver<'a, T> {
+    fn resolve_package(&mut self, package_segments: &[&str], span: &Span) -> Result<Option<Program>, AsgConvertError> {
+        if !package_segments.is_empty() && package_segments.get(0).unwrap() == &"core" {
+            Ok(crate::resolve_core_module(&*package_segments[1..].join("."))?)
+        } else {
+            self.0.resolve_package(package_segments, span)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct StandardImportResolver;
+
+impl ImportResolver for StandardImportResolver {
+    fn resolve_package(
+        &mut self,
+        _package_segments: &[&str],
+        _span: &Span,
+    ) -> Result<Option<Program>, AsgConvertError> {
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct MockedImportResolver {
+    pub packages: IndexMap<String, Program>,
+}
+
+impl ImportResolver for MockedImportResolver {
+    fn resolve_package(&mut self, package_segments: &[&str], _span: &Span) -> Result<Option<Program>, AsgConvertError> {
+        Ok(self.packages.get(&package_segments.join(".")).cloned())
+    }
+}

asg/src/input.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use crate::{Circuit, CircuitBody, CircuitMember, CircuitMemberBody, Identifier, Scope, Type, Variable, WeakType};
+
+use indexmap::IndexMap;
+use std::{
+    cell::RefCell,
+    sync::{Arc, Weak},
+};
+
+/// Stores program input values as asg nodes.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct Input {
+    pub registers: Arc<CircuitBody>,
+    pub state: Arc<CircuitBody>,
+    pub state_leaf: Arc<CircuitBody>,
+    pub record: Arc<CircuitBody>,
+    pub container_circuit: Arc<CircuitBody>,
+    pub container: Variable,
+}
+
+pub const CONTAINER_PSEUDO_CIRCUIT: &str = "$InputContainer";
+pub const REGISTERS_PSEUDO_CIRCUIT: &str = "$InputRegister";
+pub const RECORD_PSEUDO_CIRCUIT: &str = "$InputRecord";
+pub const STATE_PSEUDO_CIRCUIT: &str = "$InputState";
+pub const STATE_LEAF_PSEUDO_CIRCUIT: &str = "$InputStateLeaf";
+
+impl Input {
+    fn make_header(name: &str) -> Arc<Circuit> {
+        Arc::new(Circuit {
+            id: uuid::Uuid::new_v4(),
+            name: RefCell::new(Identifier::new(name.to_string())),
+            body: RefCell::new(Weak::new()),
+            members: RefCell::new(IndexMap::new()),
+            core_mapping: RefCell::new(None),
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn make_body(scope: &Scope, circuit: &Arc<Circuit>) -> Arc<CircuitBody> {
+        let body = Arc::new(CircuitBody {
+            scope: scope.clone(),
+            span: None,
+            circuit: circuit.clone(),
+            members: RefCell::new(IndexMap::new()),
+        });
+        circuit.body.replace(Arc::downgrade(&body));
+        body
+    }
+
+    pub fn new(scope: &Scope) -> Self {
+        let registers = Self::make_header(REGISTERS_PSEUDO_CIRCUIT);
+        let record = Self::make_header(RECORD_PSEUDO_CIRCUIT);
+        let state = Self::make_header(STATE_PSEUDO_CIRCUIT);
+        let state_leaf = Self::make_header(STATE_LEAF_PSEUDO_CIRCUIT);
+
+        let mut container_members = IndexMap::new();
+        container_members.insert(
+            "registers".to_string(),
+            CircuitMember::Variable(WeakType::Circuit(Arc::downgrade(&registers))),
+        );
+        container_members.insert(
+            "record".to_string(),
+            CircuitMember::Variable(WeakType::Circuit(Arc::downgrade(&record))),
+        );
+        container_members.insert(
+            "state".to_string(),
+            CircuitMember::Variable(WeakType::Circuit(Arc::downgrade(&state))),
+        );
+        container_members.insert(
+            "state_leaf".to_string(),
+            CircuitMember::Variable(WeakType::Circuit(Arc::downgrade(&state_leaf))),
+        );
+
+        let container_circuit = Arc::new(Circuit {
+            id: uuid::Uuid::new_v4(),
+            name: RefCell::new(Identifier::new(CONTAINER_PSEUDO_CIRCUIT.to_string())),
+            body: RefCell::new(Weak::new()),
+            members: RefCell::new(container_members),
+            core_mapping: RefCell::new(None),
+        });
+
+        let registers_body = Self::make_body(scope, &registers);
+        let record_body = Self::make_body(scope, &record);
+        let state_body = Self::make_body(scope, &state);
+        let state_leaf_body = Self::make_body(scope, &state_leaf);
+
+        let mut container_body_members = IndexMap::new();
+        container_body_members.insert(
+            "registers".to_string(),
+            CircuitMemberBody::Variable(Type::Circuit(registers)),
+        );
+        container_body_members.insert("record".to_string(), CircuitMemberBody::Variable(Type::Circuit(record)));
+        container_body_members.insert("state".to_string(), CircuitMemberBody::Variable(Type::Circuit(state)));
+        container_body_members.insert(
+            "state_leaf".to_string(),
+            CircuitMemberBody::Variable(Type::Circuit(state_leaf)),
+        );
+
+        let container_circuit_body = Arc::new(CircuitBody {
+            scope: scope.clone(),
+            span: None,
+            circuit: container_circuit.clone(),
+            members: RefCell::new(container_body_members),
+        });
+        container_circuit.body.replace(Arc::downgrade(&container_circuit_body));
+
+        Input {
+            registers: registers_body,
+            record: record_body,
+            state: state_body,
+            state_leaf: state_leaf_body,
+            container_circuit: container_circuit_body,
+            container: Arc::new(RefCell::new(crate::InnerVariable {
+                id: uuid::Uuid::new_v4(),
+                name: Identifier::new("input".to_string()),
+                type_: Type::Circuit(container_circuit),
+                mutable: false,
+                declaration: crate::VariableDeclaration::Input,
+                references: vec![],
+                assignments: vec![],
+            })),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Circuit {
+    pub fn is_input_pseudo_circuit(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(
+            &*self.name.borrow().name,
+            REGISTERS_PSEUDO_CIRCUIT | RECORD_PSEUDO_CIRCUIT | STATE_PSEUDO_CIRCUIT | STATE_LEAF_PSEUDO_CIRCUIT
+        )
+    }
+}

asg/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//! The abstract semantic graph (asg) for a Leo program.
+//!
+//! This module contains the [`Asg`] type, an abstract data type that represents a Leo program
+//! as a series of graph nodes. The [`Asg`] type is at a greater level of abstraction than an [`Ast`].
+//!
+//! A new [`Asg`] type can be created from an [`Ast`].
+//! Converting to an [`Asg`] provides greater type safety by canonicalizing and checking program types.
+
+#![allow(clippy::from_over_into)]
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate thiserror;
+
+pub mod checks;
+pub use checks::*;
+
+pub mod const_value;
+pub use const_value::*;
+
+pub mod error;
+pub use error::*;
+
+pub mod expression;
+pub use expression::*;
+
+pub mod import;
+pub use import::*;
+
+mod input;
+pub use input::*;
+
+pub mod node;
+pub use node::*;
+
+pub mod prelude;
+pub use prelude::*;
+
+pub mod program;
+pub use program::*;
+
+pub mod reducer;
+pub use reducer::*;
+
+pub mod scope;
+pub use scope::*;
+
+pub mod statement;
+pub use statement::*;
+
+pub mod type_;
+pub use type_::*;
+
+pub mod variable;
+pub use variable::*;
+
+pub use leo_ast::{Identifier, Span};
+
+use std::path::Path;
+
+/// The abstract semantic graph (asg) for a Leo program.
+///
+/// The [`Asg`] type represents a Leo program as a series of recursive data types.
+/// These data types form a graph that begins from a [`Program`] type node.
+///
+/// A new [`Asg`] can be created from an [`Ast`] generated in the `ast` module.
+// #[derive(Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
+// pub struct Asg {
+//     asg: InnerProgram,
+// }
+//
+// impl Asg {
+//     /// Creates a new asg from a given ast tree and import resolver.
+//     pub fn new<T: ImportResolver + 'static>(
+//         content: leo_ast::Program,
+//         resolver: &mut T,
+//     ) -> Result<Program, AsgConvertError> {
+//         InnerProgram::new(&content, resolver)
+//     }
+//
+//     /// Returns a reference to the inner program ast representation.
+//     pub fn into_repr(self) -> Program {
+//         self.asg
+//     }
+// }
+
+pub fn load_ast<T: AsRef<Path>, Y: AsRef<str>>(path: T, content: Y) -> Result<leo_ast::Program, AsgConvertError> {
+    // Parses the Leo file and constructs a grammar ast.
+    let ast = leo_grammar::Grammar::new(path.as_ref(), content.as_ref())
+        .map_err(|e| AsgConvertError::InternalError(format!("ast: {:?}", e)))?;
+
+    // Parses the pest ast and constructs a Leo ast.
+    Ok(leo_ast::Ast::new("load_ast", &ast)?.into_repr())
+}
+
+pub fn load_asg_from_ast<T: ImportResolver + 'static>(
+    content: leo_ast::Program,
+    resolver: &mut T,
+) -> Result<Program, AsgConvertError> {
+    InnerProgram::new(&content, resolver)
+}
+
+pub fn load_asg<T: ImportResolver + 'static>(content: &str, resolver: &mut T) -> Result<Program, AsgConvertError> {
+    InnerProgram::new(&load_ast("input.leo", content)?, resolver)
+}

asg/src/node.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use crate::{AsgConvertError, PartialType, Scope, Span};
+
+/// A node in the abstract semantic graph.
+pub trait Node {
+    fn span(&self) -> Option<&Span>;
+}
+
+pub(super) trait FromAst<T: leo_ast::Node + 'static>: Sized + 'static {
+    // expected_type contract: if present, output expression must be of type expected_type.
+    // type of an element may NEVER be None unless it is functionally a non-expression. (static call targets, function ref call targets are not expressions)
+    fn from_ast(scope: &Scope, value: &T, expected_type: Option<PartialType>) -> Result<Self, AsgConvertError>;
+}

asg/src/prelude.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//todo: we should merge this with core
+
+use crate::{AsgConvertError, Program};
+
+// todo: make asg deep copy so we can cache resolved core modules
+// todo: figure out how to do headers without bogus returns
+
+pub fn resolve_core_module(module: &str) -> Result<Option<Program>, AsgConvertError> {
+    match module {
+        "unstable.blake2s" => {
+            let asg = crate::load_asg(
+                r#"
+                circuit Blake2s {
+                    function hash(seed: [u8; 32], message: [u8; 32]) -> [u8; 32] {
+                        return [0; 32]
+                    }
+                }
+                "#,
+                &mut crate::NullImportResolver,
+            )?;
+            asg.borrow().set_core_mapping("blake2s");
+            Ok(Some(asg))
+        }
+        _ => Ok(None),
+    }
+}

asg/src/program/circuit.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use crate::{AsgConvertError, Function, FunctionBody, Identifier, InnerScope, Node, Scope, Span, Type, WeakType};
+
+use indexmap::IndexMap;
+use std::{
+    cell::RefCell,
+    sync::{Arc, Weak},
+};
+use uuid::Uuid;
+
+pub enum CircuitMemberBody {
+    Variable(Type),
+    Function(Arc<FunctionBody>),
+}
+
+pub enum CircuitMember {
+    Variable(WeakType),
+    Function(Arc<Function>),
+}
+
+pub struct Circuit {
+    pub id: Uuid,
+    pub name: RefCell<Identifier>,
+    pub core_mapping: RefCell<Option<String>>,
+    pub body: RefCell<Weak<CircuitBody>>,
+    pub members: RefCell<IndexMap<String, CircuitMember>>,
+}
+
+impl PartialEq for Circuit {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Circuit) -> bool {
+        if self.name != other.name {
+            return false;
+        }
+        self.id == other.id
+    }
+}
+impl Eq for Circuit {}
+
+pub struct CircuitBody {
+    pub scope: Scope,
+    pub span: Option<Span>,
+    pub circuit: Arc<Circuit>,
+    pub members: RefCell<IndexMap<String, CircuitMemberBody>>,
+}
+
+impl PartialEq for CircuitBody {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &CircuitBody) -> bool {
+        self.circuit == other.circuit
+    }
+}
+impl Eq for CircuitBody {}
+
+impl Node for CircuitMemberBody {
+    fn span(&self) -> Option<&Span> {
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+impl Circuit {
+    pub(super) fn init(value: &leo_ast::Circuit) -> Arc<Circuit> {
+        Arc::new(Circuit {
+            id: Uuid::new_v4(),
+            name: RefCell::new(value.circuit_name.clone()),
+            body: RefCell::new(Weak::new()),
+            members: RefCell::new(IndexMap::new()),
+            core_mapping: RefCell::new(None),
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn from_ast(self: Arc<Circuit>, scope: &Scope, value: &leo_ast::Circuit) -> Result<(), AsgConvertError> {
+        let new_scope = InnerScope::make_subscope(scope); // temporary scope for function headers
+        new_scope.borrow_mut().circuit_self = Some(self.clone());
+
+        let mut members = self.members.borrow_mut();
+        for member in value.members.iter() {
+            match member {
+                leo_ast::CircuitMember::CircuitVariable(name, type_) => {
+                    members.insert(
+                        name.name.clone(),
+                        CircuitMember::Variable(new_scope.borrow().resolve_ast_type(type_)?.into()),
+                    );
+                }
+                leo_ast::CircuitMember::CircuitFunction(function) => {
+                    let asg_function = Arc::new(Function::from_ast(&new_scope, function)?);
+
+                    members.insert(function.identifier.name.clone(), CircuitMember::Function(asg_function));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (_, member) in members.iter() {
+            if let CircuitMember::Function(func) = member {
+                func.circuit.borrow_mut().replace(Arc::downgrade(&self));
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl CircuitBody {
+    pub(super) fn from_ast(
+        scope: &Scope,
+        value: &leo_ast::Circuit,
+        circuit: Arc<Circuit>,
+    ) -> Result<CircuitBody, AsgConvertError> {
+        let mut members = IndexMap::new();
+        let new_scope = InnerScope::make_subscope(scope);
+        new_scope.borrow_mut().circuit_self = Some(circuit.clone());
+
+        for member in value.members.iter() {
+            match member {
+                leo_ast::CircuitMember::CircuitVariable(name, type_) => {
+                    if members.contains_key(&name.name) {
+                        return Err(AsgConvertError::redefined_circuit_member(
+                            &value.circuit_name.name,
+                            &name.name,
+                            &name.span,
+                        ));
+                    }
+                    members.insert(
+                        name.name.clone(),
+                        CircuitMemberBody::Variable(new_scope.borrow().resolve_ast_type(type_)?),
+                    );
+                }
+                leo_ast::CircuitMember::CircuitFunction(function) => {
+                    if members.contains_key(&function.identifier.name) {
+                        return Err(AsgConvertError::redefined_circuit_member(
+                            &value.circuit_name.name,
+                            &function.identifier.name,
+                            &function.identifier.span,
+                        ));
+                    }
+                    let asg_function = {
+                        let circuit_members = circuit.members.borrow();
+                        match circuit_members.get(&function.identifier.name).unwrap() {
+                            CircuitMember::Function(f) => f.clone(),
+                            _ => unimplemented!(),
+                        }
+                    };
+                    let function_body = Arc::new(FunctionBody::from_ast(&new_scope, function, asg_function.clone())?);
+                    asg_function.body.replace(Arc::downgrade(&function_body));
+
+                    members.insert(
+                        function.identifier.name.clone(),
+                        CircuitMemberBody::Function(function_body),
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(CircuitBody {
+            span: Some(value.circuit_name.span.clone()),
+            circuit,
+            members: RefCell::new(members),
+            scope: scope.clone(),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Into<leo_ast::Circuit> for &Circuit {
+    fn into(self) -> leo_ast::Circuit {
+        let members = match self.body.borrow().upgrade() {
+            Some(body) => body
+                .members
+                .borrow()
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(name, member)| match &member {
+                    CircuitMemberBody::Variable(type_) => {
+                        leo_ast::CircuitMember::CircuitVariable(Identifier::new(name.clone()), type_.into())
+                    }
+                    CircuitMemberBody::Function(func) => {
+                        leo_ast::CircuitMember::CircuitFunction(func.function.as_ref().into())
+                    }
+                })
+                .collect(),
+            None => vec![],
+        };
+        leo_ast::Circuit {
+            circuit_name: self.name.borrow().clone(),
+            members,
+        }
+    }
+}

asg/src/program/function.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use crate::{
+    AsgConvertError,
+    BlockStatement,
+    Circuit,
+    FromAst,
+    Identifier,
+    InnerScope,
+    MonoidalDirector,
+    ReturnPathReducer,
+    Scope,
+    Span,
+    Statement,
+    Type,
+    Variable,
+    WeakType,
+};
+use leo_ast::FunctionInput;
+
+use std::{
+    cell::RefCell,
+    sync::{Arc, Weak},
+};
+use uuid::Uuid;
+
+#[derive(PartialEq)]
+pub enum FunctionQualifier {
+    SelfRef,
+    MutSelfRef,
+    Static,
+}
+
+pub struct Function {
+    pub id: Uuid,
+    pub name: RefCell<Identifier>,
+    pub output: WeakType,
+    pub has_input: bool,
+    pub argument_types: Vec<WeakType>,
+    pub circuit: RefCell<Option<Weak<Circuit>>>,
+    pub body: RefCell<Weak<FunctionBody>>,
+    pub qualifier: FunctionQualifier,
+}
+
+impl PartialEq for Function {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Function) -> bool {
+        if self.name.borrow().name != other.name.borrow().name {
+            return false;
+        }
+        self.id == other.id
+    }
+}
+impl Eq for Function {}
+
+pub struct FunctionBody {
+    pub span: Option<Span>,
+    pub function: Arc<Function>,
+    pub arguments: Vec<Variable>,
+    pub body: Arc<Statement>,
+    pub scope: Scope,
+}
+
+impl PartialEq for FunctionBody {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &FunctionBody) -> bool {
+        self.function == other.function
+    }
+}
+impl Eq for FunctionBody {}
+
+impl Function {
+    pub(crate) fn from_ast(scope: &Scope, value: &leo_ast::Function) -> Result<Function, AsgConvertError> {
+        let output: Type = value
+            .output
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|t| scope.borrow().resolve_ast_type(t))
+            .transpose()?
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| Type::Tuple(vec![]));
+        let mut qualifier = FunctionQualifier::Static;
+        let mut has_input = false;
+
+        let mut argument_types = vec![];
+        {
+            for input in value.input.iter() {
+                match input {
+                    FunctionInput::InputKeyword(_) => {
+                        has_input = true;
+                    }
+                    FunctionInput::SelfKeyword(_) => {
+                        qualifier = FunctionQualifier::SelfRef;
+                    }
+                    FunctionInput::MutSelfKeyword(_) => {
+                        qualifier = FunctionQualifier::MutSelfRef;
+                    }
+                    FunctionInput::Variable(leo_ast::FunctionInputVariable { type_, .. }) => {
+                        argument_types.push(scope.borrow().resolve_ast_type(&type_)?.into());
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if qualifier != FunctionQualifier::Static && scope.borrow().circuit_self.is_none() {
+            return Err(AsgConvertError::invalid_self_in_global(&value.span));
+        }
+        Ok(Function {
+            id: Uuid::new_v4(),
+            name: RefCell::new(value.identifier.clone()),
+            output: output.into(),
+            has_input,
+            argument_types,
+            circuit: RefCell::new(None),
+            body: RefCell::new(Weak::new()),
+            qualifier,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl FunctionBody {
+    pub(super) fn from_ast(
+        scope: &Scope,
+        value: &leo_ast::Function,
+        function: Arc<Function>,
+    ) -> Result<FunctionBody, AsgConvertError> {
+        let new_scope = InnerScope::make_subscope(scope);
+        let mut arguments = vec![];
+        {
+            let mut scope_borrow = new_scope.borrow_mut();
+            if function.qualifier != FunctionQualifier::Static {
+                let circuit = function.circuit.borrow();
+                let self_variable = Arc::new(RefCell::new(crate::InnerVariable {
+                    id: Uuid::new_v4(),
+                    name: Identifier::new("self".to_string()),
+                    type_: Type::Circuit(circuit.as_ref().unwrap().upgrade().unwrap()),
+                    mutable: function.qualifier == FunctionQualifier::MutSelfRef,
+                    declaration: crate::VariableDeclaration::Parameter,
+                    references: vec![],
+                    assignments: vec![],
+                }));
+                scope_borrow.variables.insert("self".to_string(), self_variable);
+            }
+            scope_borrow.function = Some(function.clone());
+            for input in value.input.iter() {
+                match input {
+                    FunctionInput::InputKeyword(_) => {}
+                    FunctionInput::SelfKeyword(_) => {}
+                    FunctionInput::MutSelfKeyword(_) => {}
+                    FunctionInput::Variable(leo_ast::FunctionInputVariable {
+                        identifier,
+                        mutable,
+                        type_,
+                        span: _span,
+                    }) => {
+                        let variable = Arc::new(RefCell::new(crate::InnerVariable {
+                            id: Uuid::new_v4(),
+                            name: identifier.clone(),
+                            type_: scope_borrow.resolve_ast_type(&type_)?,
+                            mutable: *mutable,
+                            declaration: crate::VariableDeclaration::Parameter,
+                            references: vec![],
+                            assignments: vec![],
+                        }));
+                        arguments.push(variable.clone());
+                        scope_borrow.variables.insert(identifier.name.clone(), variable);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        let main_block = BlockStatement::from_ast(&new_scope, &value.block, None)?;
+        let mut director = MonoidalDirector::new(ReturnPathReducer::new());
+        if !director.reduce_block(&main_block).0 && !function.output.is_unit() {
+            return Err(AsgConvertError::function_missing_return(
+                &function.name.borrow().name,
+                &value.span,
+            ));
+        }
+
+        #[allow(clippy::never_loop)] // TODO @Protryon: How should we return multiple errors?
+        for (span, error) in director.reducer().errors {
+            return Err(AsgConvertError::function_return_validation(
+                &function.name.borrow().name,
+                &error,
+                &span,
+            ));
+        }
+
+        Ok(FunctionBody {
+            span: Some(value.span.clone()),
+            function,
+            arguments,
+            body: Arc::new(Statement::Block(main_block)),
+            scope: new_scope,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Into<leo_ast::Function> for &Function {
+    fn into(self) -> leo_ast::Function {
+        let (input, body, span) = match self.body.borrow().upgrade() {
+            Some(body) => (
+                body.arguments
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|variable| {
+                        let variable = variable.borrow();
+                        leo_ast::FunctionInput::Variable(leo_ast::FunctionInputVariable {
+                            identifier: variable.name.clone(),
+                            mutable: variable.mutable,
+                            type_: (&variable.type_).into(),
+                            span: Span::default(),
+                        })
+                    })
+                    .collect(),
+                match body.body.as_ref() {
+                    Statement::Block(block) => block.into(),
+                    _ => unimplemented!(),
+                },
+                body.span.clone().unwrap_or_default(),
+            ),
+            None => (
+                vec![],
+                leo_ast::Block {
+                    statements: vec![],
+                    span: Default::default(),
+                },
+                Default::default(),
+            ),
+        };
+        let output: Type = self.output.clone().into();
+        leo_ast::Function {
+            identifier: self.name.borrow().clone(),
+            input,
+            block: body,
+            output: Some((&output).into()),
+            span,
+        }
+    }
+}

asg/src/program/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,453 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//! This module defines the program node for an asg.
+//!
+//!
+
+mod circuit;
+pub use circuit::*;
+
+mod function;
+pub use function::*;
+
+use crate::{AsgConvertError, ImportResolver, InnerScope, Input, Scope};
+use leo_ast::{Identifier, Package, PackageAccess, Span};
+
+use indexmap::IndexMap;
+use std::{cell::RefCell, sync::Arc};
+use uuid::Uuid;
+
+/// Stores the Leo program abstract semantic graph (asg).
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct InnerProgram {
+    /// The unique id of the program.
+    pub id: Uuid,
+
+    /// The program file name.
+    pub name: String,
+
+    /// The packages imported by this program.
+    /// these should generally not be accessed directly, but through scoped imports
+    pub imported_modules: IndexMap<String, Program>,
+
+    /// Maps test name => test code block.
+    pub test_functions: IndexMap<String, (Arc<FunctionBody>, Option<Identifier>)>, // identifier = test input file
+
+    /// Maps function name => function code block.
+    pub functions: IndexMap<String, Arc<FunctionBody>>,
+
+    /// Maps circuit name => circuit code block.
+    pub circuits: IndexMap<String, Arc<CircuitBody>>,
+
+    /// Bindings for names and additional program context.
+    pub scope: Scope,
+}
+
+pub type Program = Arc<RefCell<InnerProgram>>;
+
+/// Enumerates what names are imported from a package.
+enum ImportSymbol {
+    /// Import the symbol by name.
+    Direct(String),
+
+    /// Import the symbol by name and store it under an alias.
+    Alias(String, String), // from remote -> to local
+
+    /// Import all symbols from the package.
+    All,
+}
+
+fn resolve_import_package(
+    output: &mut Vec<(Vec<String>, ImportSymbol, Span)>,
+    mut package_segments: Vec<String>,
+    package: &Package,
+) {
+    package_segments.push(package.name.name.clone());
+
+    resolve_import_package_access(output, package_segments, &package.access);
+}
+
+fn resolve_import_package_access(
+    output: &mut Vec<(Vec<String>, ImportSymbol, Span)>,
+    package_segments: Vec<String>,
+    package: &PackageAccess,
+) {
+    match package {
+        PackageAccess::Star(span) => {
+            output.push((package_segments, ImportSymbol::All, span.clone()));
+        }
+        PackageAccess::SubPackage(subpackage) => {
+            resolve_import_package(output, package_segments, &*subpackage);
+        }
+        PackageAccess::Symbol(symbol) => {
+            let span = symbol.symbol.span.clone();
+            let symbol = if let Some(alias) = symbol.alias.as_ref() {
+                ImportSymbol::Alias(symbol.symbol.name.clone(), alias.name.clone())
+            } else {
+                ImportSymbol::Direct(symbol.symbol.name.clone())
+            };
+            output.push((package_segments, symbol, span));
+        }
+        PackageAccess::Multiple(subaccesses) => {
+            for subaccess in subaccesses.iter() {
+                resolve_import_package_access(output, package_segments.clone(), &subaccess);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl InnerProgram {
+    /// Returns a new Leo program asg from the given Leo program ast and imports.
+    ///
+    /// stages:
+    /// 1. resolve imports into super scope
+    /// 2. finalize declared types
+    /// 3. finalize declared functions
+    /// 4. resolve all asg nodes
+    ///
+    pub fn new<T: ImportResolver + 'static>(
+        value: &leo_ast::Program,
+        import_resolver: &mut T,
+    ) -> Result<Program, AsgConvertError> {
+        // Recursively extract imported symbols.
+        let mut imported_symbols: Vec<(Vec<String>, ImportSymbol, Span)> = vec![];
+        for import in value.imports.iter() {
+            resolve_import_package(&mut imported_symbols, vec![], &import.package);
+        }
+
+        // Create package list.
+        let mut deduplicated_imports: IndexMap<Vec<String>, Span> = IndexMap::new();
+        for (package, _symbol, span) in imported_symbols.iter() {
+            deduplicated_imports.insert(package.clone(), span.clone());
+        }
+
+        let mut wrapped_resolver = crate::CoreImportResolver(import_resolver);
+
+        // Load imported programs.
+        let mut resolved_packages: IndexMap<Vec<String>, Program> = IndexMap::new();
+        for (package, span) in deduplicated_imports.iter() {
+            let pretty_package = package.join(".");
+
+            let resolved_package =
+                match wrapped_resolver.resolve_package(&package.iter().map(|x| &**x).collect::<Vec<_>>()[..], span)? {
+                    Some(x) => x,
+                    None => return Err(AsgConvertError::unresolved_import(&*pretty_package, &Span::default())),
+                };
+
+            resolved_packages.insert(package.clone(), resolved_package);
+        }
+
+        let mut imported_functions: IndexMap<String, Arc<FunctionBody>> = IndexMap::new();
+        let mut imported_circuits: IndexMap<String, Arc<CircuitBody>> = IndexMap::new();
+
+        // Prepare locally relevant scope of imports.
+        for (package, symbol, span) in imported_symbols.into_iter() {
+            let pretty_package = package.join(".");
+
+            let resolved_package = resolved_packages
+                .get(&package)
+                .expect("could not find preloaded package");
+            let resolved_package = resolved_package.borrow();
+            match symbol {
+                ImportSymbol::All => {
+                    imported_functions.extend(resolved_package.functions.clone().into_iter());
+                    imported_circuits.extend(resolved_package.circuits.clone().into_iter());
+                }
+                ImportSymbol::Direct(name) => {
+                    if let Some(function) = resolved_package.functions.get(&name) {
+                        imported_functions.insert(name.clone(), function.clone());
+                    } else if let Some(function) = resolved_package.circuits.get(&name) {
+                        imported_circuits.insert(name.clone(), function.clone());
+                    } else {
+                        return Err(AsgConvertError::unresolved_import(
+                            &*format!("{}.{}", pretty_package, name),
+                            &span,
+                        ));
+                    }
+                }
+                ImportSymbol::Alias(name, alias) => {
+                    if let Some(function) = resolved_package.functions.get(&name) {
+                        imported_functions.insert(alias.clone(), function.clone());
+                    } else if let Some(function) = resolved_package.circuits.get(&name) {
+                        imported_circuits.insert(alias.clone(), function.clone());
+                    } else {
+                        return Err(AsgConvertError::unresolved_import(
+                            &*format!("{}.{}", pretty_package, name),
+                            &span,
+                        ));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        let import_scope = Arc::new(RefCell::new(InnerScope {
+            id: uuid::Uuid::new_v4(),
+            parent_scope: None,
+            circuit_self: None,
+            variables: IndexMap::new(),
+            functions: imported_functions
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(name, func)| (name.clone(), func.function.clone()))
+                .collect(),
+            circuits: imported_circuits
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(name, circuit)| (name.clone(), circuit.circuit.clone()))
+                .collect(),
+            function: None,
+            input: None,
+        }));
+
+        // Prepare header-like scope entries.
+        let mut proto_circuits = IndexMap::new();
+        for (name, circuit) in value.circuits.iter() {
+            assert_eq!(name.name, circuit.circuit_name.name);
+            let asg_circuit = Circuit::init(circuit);
+
+            proto_circuits.insert(name.name.clone(), asg_circuit);
+        }
+
+        let scope = Arc::new(RefCell::new(InnerScope {
+            input: Some(Input::new(&import_scope)), // we use import_scope to avoid recursive scope ref here
+            id: uuid::Uuid::new_v4(),
+            parent_scope: Some(import_scope),
+            circuit_self: None,
+            variables: IndexMap::new(),
+            functions: IndexMap::new(),
+            circuits: proto_circuits
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(name, circuit)| (name.clone(), circuit.clone()))
+                .collect(),
+            function: None,
+        }));
+
+        for (name, circuit) in value.circuits.iter() {
+            assert_eq!(name.name, circuit.circuit_name.name);
+            let asg_circuit = proto_circuits.get(&name.name).unwrap();
+
+            asg_circuit.clone().from_ast(&scope, &circuit)?;
+        }
+
+        let mut proto_test_functions = IndexMap::new();
+        for (name, test_function) in value.tests.iter() {
+            assert_eq!(name.name, test_function.function.identifier.name);
+            let function = Arc::new(Function::from_ast(&scope, &test_function.function)?);
+
+            proto_test_functions.insert(name.name.clone(), function);
+        }
+
+        let mut proto_functions = IndexMap::new();
+        for (name, function) in value.functions.iter() {
+            assert_eq!(name.name, function.identifier.name);
+            let asg_function = Arc::new(Function::from_ast(&scope, function)?);
+
+            scope
+                .borrow_mut()
+                .functions
+                .insert(name.name.clone(), asg_function.clone());
+            proto_functions.insert(name.name.clone(), asg_function);
+        }
+
+        // Load concrete definitions.
+        let mut test_functions = IndexMap::new();
+        for (name, test_function) in value.tests.iter() {
+            assert_eq!(name.name, test_function.function.identifier.name);
+            let function = proto_test_functions.get(&name.name).unwrap();
+
+            let body = Arc::new(FunctionBody::from_ast(
+                &scope,
+                &test_function.function,
+                function.clone(),
+            )?);
+            function.body.replace(Arc::downgrade(&body));
+
+            test_functions.insert(name.name.clone(), (body, test_function.input_file.clone()));
+        }
+
+        let mut functions = IndexMap::new();
+        for (name, function) in value.functions.iter() {
+            assert_eq!(name.name, function.identifier.name);
+            let asg_function = proto_functions.get(&name.name).unwrap();
+
+            let body = Arc::new(FunctionBody::from_ast(&scope, function, asg_function.clone())?);
+            asg_function.body.replace(Arc::downgrade(&body));
+
+            functions.insert(name.name.clone(), body);
+        }
+
+        let mut circuits = IndexMap::new();
+        for (name, circuit) in value.circuits.iter() {
+            assert_eq!(name.name, circuit.circuit_name.name);
+            let asg_circuit = proto_circuits.get(&name.name).unwrap();
+            let body = Arc::new(CircuitBody::from_ast(&scope, circuit, asg_circuit.clone())?);
+            asg_circuit.body.replace(Arc::downgrade(&body));
+
+            circuits.insert(name.name.clone(), body);
+        }
+
+        Ok(Arc::new(RefCell::new(InnerProgram {
+            id: Uuid::new_v4(),
+            name: value.name.clone(),
+            test_functions,
+            functions,
+            circuits,
+            imported_modules: resolved_packages
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|(package, program)| (package.join("."), program))
+                .collect(),
+            scope,
+        })))
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn set_core_mapping(&self, mapping: &str) {
+        for (_, circuit) in self.circuits.iter() {
+            circuit.circuit.core_mapping.replace(Some(mapping.to_string()));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct InternalIdentifierGenerator {
+    next: usize,
+}
+
+impl Iterator for InternalIdentifierGenerator {
+    type Item = String;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<String> {
+        let out = format!("$_{}_", self.next);
+        self.next += 1;
+        Some(out)
+    }
+}
+/// Returns an ast from the given asg program.
+pub fn reform_ast(program: &Program) -> leo_ast::Program {
+    let mut all_programs: IndexMap<String, Program> = IndexMap::new();
+    let mut program_stack = program.borrow().imported_modules.clone();
+    while let Some((module, program)) = program_stack.pop() {
+        if all_programs.contains_key(&module) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        all_programs.insert(module, program.clone());
+        program_stack.extend(program.borrow().imported_modules.clone());
+    }
+    all_programs.insert("".to_string(), program.clone());
+    let core_programs: Vec<_> = all_programs
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|(module, _)| module.starts_with("core."))
+        .map(|(module, program)| (module.clone(), program.clone()))
+        .collect();
+    all_programs.retain(|module, _| !module.starts_with("core."));
+
+    let mut all_circuits: IndexMap<String, Arc<CircuitBody>> = IndexMap::new();
+    let mut all_functions: IndexMap<String, Arc<FunctionBody>> = IndexMap::new();
+    let mut all_test_functions: IndexMap<String, (Arc<FunctionBody>, Option<Identifier>)> = IndexMap::new();
+    let mut identifiers = InternalIdentifierGenerator { next: 0 };
+    for (_, program) in all_programs.into_iter() {
+        let program = program.borrow();
+        for (name, circuit) in program.circuits.iter() {
+            let identifier = format!("{}{}", identifiers.next().unwrap(), name);
+            circuit.circuit.name.borrow_mut().name = identifier.clone();
+            all_circuits.insert(identifier, circuit.clone());
+        }
+        for (name, function) in program.functions.iter() {
+            let identifier = if name == "main" {
+                "main".to_string()
+            } else {
+                format!("{}{}", identifiers.next().unwrap(), name)
+            };
+            function.function.name.borrow_mut().name = identifier.clone();
+            all_functions.insert(identifier, function.clone());
+        }
+        for (name, function) in program.test_functions.iter() {
+            let identifier = format!("{}{}", identifiers.next().unwrap(), name);
+            function.0.function.name.borrow_mut().name = identifier.clone();
+            all_test_functions.insert(identifier, function.clone());
+        }
+    }
+
+    leo_ast::Program {
+        name: "ast_aggregate".to_string(),
+        imports: core_programs
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(module, _)| leo_ast::ImportStatement {
+                package: leo_ast::Package {
+                    name: Identifier::new(module.clone()),
+                    access: leo_ast::PackageAccess::Star(Span::default()),
+                    span: Default::default(),
+                },
+                span: Span::default(),
+            })
+            .collect(),
+        expected_input: vec![],
+        tests: all_test_functions
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(_, (function, ident))| {
+                (function.function.name.borrow().clone(), leo_ast::TestFunction {
+                    function: function.function.as_ref().into(),
+                    input_file: ident,
+                })
+            })
+            .collect(),
+        functions: all_functions
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(_, function)| {
+                (
+                    function.function.name.borrow().clone(),
+                    function.function.as_ref().into(),
+                )
+            })
+            .collect(),
+        circuits: all_circuits
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(_, circuit)| (circuit.circuit.name.borrow().clone(), circuit.circuit.as_ref().into()))
+            .collect(),
+    }
+}
+
+impl Into<leo_ast::Program> for &InnerProgram {
+    fn into(self) -> leo_ast::Program {
+        leo_ast::Program {
+            name: self.name.clone(),
+            imports: vec![],
+            expected_input: vec![],
+            circuits: self
+                .circuits
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(_, circuit)| (circuit.circuit.name.borrow().clone(), circuit.circuit.as_ref().into()))
+                .collect(),
+            functions: self
+                .functions
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(_, function)| {
+                    (
+                        function.function.name.borrow().clone(),
+                        function.function.as_ref().into(),
+                    )
+                })
+                .collect(),
+            tests: self
+                .test_functions
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(_, function)| {
+                    (function.0.function.name.borrow().clone(), leo_ast::TestFunction {
+                        function: function.0.function.as_ref().into(),
+                        input_file: function.1.clone(),
+                    })
+                })
+                .collect(),
+        }
+    }
+}

asg/src/reducer/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//! This module contains the reducer which iterates through ast nodes - converting them into
+//! asg nodes and saving relevant information.
+
+mod monoid;
+pub use monoid::*;
+
+mod monoidal_director;
+pub use monoidal_director::*;
+
+mod monoidal_reducer;
+pub use monoidal_reducer::*;

asg/src/reducer/monoid/bool_and.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use super::*;
+
+pub struct BoolAnd(pub bool);
+
+impl Default for BoolAnd {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        BoolAnd(false)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Monoid for BoolAnd {
+    fn append(self, other: Self) -> Self {
+        BoolAnd(self.0 && other.0)
+    }
+
+    fn append_all(self, others: impl Iterator<Item = Self>) -> Self {
+        for item in others {
+            if !item.0 {
+                return BoolAnd(false);
+            }
+        }
+        BoolAnd(true)
+    }
+}

asg/src/reducer/monoid/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+mod bool_and;
+pub use bool_and::*;
+
+mod set_append;
+pub use set_append::*;
+
+mod vec_append;
+pub use vec_append::*;
+
+pub trait Monoid: Default {
+    fn append(self, other: Self) -> Self;
+
+    fn append_all(self, others: impl Iterator<Item = Self>) -> Self {
+        let mut current = self;
+        for item in others {
+            current = current.append(item);
+        }
+        current
+    }
+
+    fn append_option(self, other: Option<Self>) -> Self {
+        match other {
+            None => self,
+            Some(other) => self.append(other),
+        }
+    }
+}

asg/src/reducer/monoid/set_append.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use super::*;
+
+use indexmap::IndexSet;
+use std::hash::Hash;
+
+pub struct SetAppend<T: Hash + Eq + 'static>(IndexSet<T>);
+
+impl<T: Hash + Eq + 'static> Default for SetAppend<T> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self(IndexSet::new())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Hash + Eq + 'static> Monoid for SetAppend<T> {
+    fn append(mut self, other: Self) -> Self {
+        self.0.extend(other.0);
+        SetAppend(self.0)
+    }
+
+    fn append_all(mut self, others: impl Iterator<Item = Self>) -> Self {
+        let all: Vec<IndexSet<T>> = others.map(|x| x.0).collect();
+        let total_size = all.iter().fold(0, |acc, v| acc + v.len());
+        self.0.reserve(total_size);
+        for item in all.into_iter() {
+            self.0.extend(item);
+        }
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Hash + Eq + 'static> Into<IndexSet<T>> for SetAppend<T> {
+    fn into(self) -> IndexSet<T> {
+        self.0
+    }
+}

asg/src/reducer/monoid/vec_append.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use super::*;
+
+pub struct VecAppend<T>(Vec<T>);
+
+impl<T> Default for VecAppend<T> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self(vec![])
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> Monoid for VecAppend<T> {
+    fn append(mut self, other: Self) -> Self {
+        self.0.extend(other.0);
+        VecAppend(self.0)
+    }
+
+    fn append_all(mut self, others: impl Iterator<Item = Self>) -> Self {
+        let all: Vec<Vec<T>> = others.map(|x| x.0).collect();
+        let total_size = all.iter().fold(0, |acc, v| acc + v.len());
+        self.0.reserve(total_size);
+        for item in all.into_iter() {
+            self.0.extend(item);
+        }
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> Into<Vec<T>> for VecAppend<T> {
+    fn into(self) -> Vec<T> {
+        self.0
+    }
+}

asg/src/reducer/monoidal_director.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,290 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use super::*;
+use crate::{expression::*, program::*, statement::*};
+
+use std::{marker::PhantomData, sync::Arc};
+
+pub struct MonoidalDirector<T: Monoid, R: MonoidalReducerExpression<T>> {
+    reducer: R,
+    _monoid: PhantomData<T>,
+}
+
+impl<T: Monoid, R: MonoidalReducerExpression<T>> MonoidalDirector<T, R> {
+    pub fn new(reducer: R) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            reducer,
+            _monoid: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn reducer(self) -> R {
+        self.reducer
+    }
+
+    pub fn reduce_expression(&mut self, input: &Arc<Expression>) -> T {
+        match &**input {
+            Expression::ArrayAccess(e) => self.reduce_array_access(e),
+            Expression::ArrayInit(e) => self.reduce_array_init(e),
+            Expression::ArrayInline(e) => self.reduce_array_inline(e),
+            Expression::ArrayRangeAccess(e) => self.reduce_array_range_access(e),
+            Expression::Binary(e) => self.reduce_binary(e),
+            Expression::Call(e) => self.reduce_call(e),
+            Expression::CircuitAccess(e) => self.reduce_circuit_access(e),
+            Expression::CircuitInit(e) => self.reduce_circuit_init(e),
+            Expression::Ternary(e) => self.reduce_ternary_expression(e),
+            Expression::Constant(e) => self.reduce_constant(e),
+            Expression::TupleAccess(e) => self.reduce_tuple_access(e),
+            Expression::TupleInit(e) => self.reduce_tuple_init(e),
+            Expression::Unary(e) => self.reduce_unary(e),
+            Expression::VariableRef(e) => self.reduce_variable_ref(e),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn reduce_array_access(&mut self, input: &ArrayAccessExpression) -> T {
+        let array = self.reduce_expression(&input.array);
+        let index = self.reduce_expression(&input.index);
+
+        self.reducer.reduce_array_access(input, array, index)
+    }
+
+    pub fn reduce_array_init(&mut self, input: &ArrayInitExpression) -> T {
+        let element = self.reduce_expression(&input.element);
+
+        self.reducer.reduce_array_init(input, element)
+    }
+
+    pub fn reduce_array_inline(&mut self, input: &ArrayInlineExpression) -> T {
+        let elements = input.elements.iter().map(|(x, _)| self.reduce_expression(x)).collect();
+
+        self.reducer.reduce_array_inline(input, elements)
+    }
+
+    pub fn reduce_array_range_access(&mut self, input: &ArrayRangeAccessExpression) -> T {
+        let array = self.reduce_expression(&input.array);
+        let left = input.left.as_ref().map(|e| self.reduce_expression(e));
+        let right = input.right.as_ref().map(|e| self.reduce_expression(e));
+
+        self.reducer.reduce_array_range_access(input, array, left, right)
+    }
+
+    pub fn reduce_binary(&mut self, input: &BinaryExpression) -> T {
+        let left = self.reduce_expression(&input.left);
+        let right = self.reduce_expression(&input.right);
+
+        self.reducer.reduce_binary(input, left, right)
+    }
+
+    pub fn reduce_call(&mut self, input: &CallExpression) -> T {
+        let target = input.target.as_ref().map(|e| self.reduce_expression(e));
+        let arguments = input.arguments.iter().map(|e| self.reduce_expression(e)).collect();
+
+        self.reducer.reduce_call(input, target, arguments)
+    }
+
+    pub fn reduce_circuit_access(&mut self, input: &CircuitAccessExpression) -> T {
+        let target = input.target.as_ref().map(|e| self.reduce_expression(e));
+
+        self.reducer.reduce_circuit_access(input, target)
+    }
+
+    pub fn reduce_circuit_init(&mut self, input: &CircuitInitExpression) -> T {
+        let values = input.values.iter().map(|(_, e)| self.reduce_expression(e)).collect();
+
+        self.reducer.reduce_circuit_init(input, values)
+    }
+
+    pub fn reduce_ternary_expression(&mut self, input: &TernaryExpression) -> T {
+        let condition = self.reduce_expression(&input.condition);
+        let if_true = self.reduce_expression(&input.if_true);
+        let if_false = self.reduce_expression(&input.if_false);
+
+        self.reducer
+            .reduce_ternary_expression(input, condition, if_true, if_false)
+    }
+
+    pub fn reduce_constant(&mut self, input: &Constant) -> T {
+        self.reducer.reduce_constant(input)
+    }
+
+    pub fn reduce_tuple_access(&mut self, input: &TupleAccessExpression) -> T {
+        let tuple_ref = self.reduce_expression(&input.tuple_ref);
+
+        self.reducer.reduce_tuple_access(input, tuple_ref)
+    }
+
+    pub fn reduce_tuple_init(&mut self, input: &TupleInitExpression) -> T {
+        let values = input.elements.iter().map(|e| self.reduce_expression(e)).collect();
+
+        self.reducer.reduce_tuple_init(input, values)
+    }
+
+    pub fn reduce_unary(&mut self, input: &UnaryExpression) -> T {
+        let inner = self.reduce_expression(&input.inner);
+
+        self.reducer.reduce_unary(input, inner)
+    }
+
+    pub fn reduce_variable_ref(&mut self, input: &VariableRef) -> T {
+        self.reducer.reduce_variable_ref(input)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Monoid, R: MonoidalReducerStatement<T>> MonoidalDirector<T, R> {
+    pub fn reduce_statement(&mut self, input: &Arc<Statement>) -> T {
+        match &**input {
+            Statement::Assign(s) => self.reduce_assign(s),
+            Statement::Block(s) => self.reduce_block(s),
+            Statement::Conditional(s) => self.reduce_conditional_statement(s),
+            Statement::Console(s) => self.reduce_console(s),
+            Statement::Definition(s) => self.reduce_definition(s),
+            Statement::Expression(s) => self.reduce_expression_statement(s),
+            Statement::Iteration(s) => self.reduce_iteration(s),
+            Statement::Return(s) => self.reduce_return(s),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn reduce_assign_access(&mut self, input: &AssignAccess) -> T {
+        let (left, right) = match input {
+            AssignAccess::ArrayRange(left, right) => (
+                left.as_ref().map(|e| self.reduce_expression(e)),
+                right.as_ref().map(|e| self.reduce_expression(e)),
+            ),
+            AssignAccess::ArrayIndex(index) => (Some(self.reduce_expression(index)), None),
+            _ => (None, None),
+        };
+
+        self.reducer.reduce_assign_access(input, left, right)
+    }
+
+    pub fn reduce_assign(&mut self, input: &AssignStatement) -> T {
+        let accesses = input
+            .target_accesses
+            .iter()
+            .map(|x| self.reduce_assign_access(x))
+            .collect();
+        let value = self.reduce_expression(&input.value);
+
+        self.reducer.reduce_assign(input, accesses, value)
+    }
+
+    pub fn reduce_block(&mut self, input: &BlockStatement) -> T {
+        let statements = input.statements.iter().map(|x| self.reduce_statement(x)).collect();
+
+        self.reducer.reduce_block(input, statements)
+    }
+
+    pub fn reduce_conditional_statement(&mut self, input: &ConditionalStatement) -> T {
+        let condition = self.reduce_expression(&input.condition);
+        let if_true = self.reduce_statement(&input.result);
+        let if_false = input.next.as_ref().map(|s| self.reduce_statement(s));
+
+        self.reducer
+            .reduce_conditional_statement(input, condition, if_true, if_false)
+    }
+
+    pub fn reduce_formatted_string(&mut self, input: &FormattedString) -> T {
+        let parameters = input.parameters.iter().map(|e| self.reduce_expression(e)).collect();
+
+        self.reducer.reduce_formatted_string(input, parameters)
+    }
+
+    pub fn reduce_console(&mut self, input: &ConsoleStatement) -> T {
+        let argument = match &input.function {
+            ConsoleFunction::Assert(e) => self.reduce_expression(e),
+            ConsoleFunction::Debug(f) | ConsoleFunction::Error(f) | ConsoleFunction::Log(f) => {
+                self.reduce_formatted_string(f)
+            }
+        };
+
+        self.reducer.reduce_console(input, argument)
+    }
+
+    pub fn reduce_definition(&mut self, input: &DefinitionStatement) -> T {
+        let value = self.reduce_expression(&input.value);
+
+        self.reducer.reduce_definition(input, value)
+    }
+
+    pub fn reduce_expression_statement(&mut self, input: &ExpressionStatement) -> T {
+        let value = self.reduce_expression(&input.expression);
+
+        self.reducer.reduce_expression_statement(input, value)
+    }
+
+    pub fn reduce_iteration(&mut self, input: &IterationStatement) -> T {
+        let start = self.reduce_expression(&input.start);
+        let stop = self.reduce_expression(&input.stop);
+        let body = self.reduce_statement(&input.body);
+
+        self.reducer.reduce_iteration(input, start, stop, body)
+    }
+
+    pub fn reduce_return(&mut self, input: &ReturnStatement) -> T {
+        let value = self.reduce_expression(&input.expression);
+
+        self.reducer.reduce_return(input, value)
+    }
+}
+
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+impl<T: Monoid, R: MonoidalReducerProgram<T>> MonoidalDirector<T, R> {
+    fn reduce_function(&mut self, input: &Arc<FunctionBody>) -> T {
+        let body = self.reduce_statement(&input.body);
+
+        self.reducer.reduce_function(input, body)
+    }
+
+    fn reduce_circuit_member(&mut self, input: &CircuitMemberBody) -> T {
+        let function = match input {
+            CircuitMemberBody::Function(f) => Some(self.reduce_function(f)),
+            _ => None,
+        };
+
+        self.reducer.reduce_circuit_member(input, function)
+    }
+
+    fn reduce_circuit(&mut self, input: &Arc<CircuitBody>) -> T {
+        let members = input
+            .members
+            .borrow()
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(_, member)| self.reduce_circuit_member(member))
+            .collect();
+
+        self.reducer.reduce_circuit(input, members)
+    }
+
+    fn reduce_program(&mut self, input: &Program) -> T {
+        let input = input.borrow();
+        let imported_modules = input
+            .imported_modules
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(_, import)| self.reduce_program(import))
+            .collect();
+        let test_functions = input
+            .test_functions
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(_, (f, _))| self.reduce_function(f))
+            .collect();
+        let functions = input.functions.iter().map(|(_, f)| self.reduce_function(f)).collect();
+        let circuits = input.circuits.iter().map(|(_, c)| self.reduce_circuit(c)).collect();
+
+        self.reducer
+            .reduce_program(&input, imported_modules, test_functions, functions, circuits)
+    }
+}

asg/src/reducer/monoidal_reducer.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use crate::{expression::*, program::*, statement::*, Monoid};
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+#[allow(unused_variables)]
+pub trait MonoidalReducerExpression<T: Monoid> {
+    fn reduce_expression(&mut self, input: &Arc<Expression>, value: T) -> T {
+        value
+    }
+
+    fn reduce_array_access(&mut self, input: &ArrayAccessExpression, array: T, index: T) -> T {
+        array.append(index)
+    }
+
+    fn reduce_array_init(&mut self, input: &ArrayInitExpression, element: T) -> T {
+        element
+    }
+
+    fn reduce_array_inline(&mut self, input: &ArrayInlineExpression, elements: Vec<T>) -> T {
+        T::default().append_all(elements.into_iter())
+    }
+
+    fn reduce_array_range_access(
+        &mut self,
+        input: &ArrayRangeAccessExpression,
+        array: T,
+        left: Option<T>,
+        right: Option<T>,
+    ) -> T {
+        array.append_option(left).append_option(right)
+    }
+
+    fn reduce_binary(&mut self, input: &BinaryExpression, left: T, right: T) -> T {
+        left.append(right)
+    }
+
+    fn reduce_call(&mut self, input: &CallExpression, target: Option<T>, arguments: Vec<T>) -> T {
+        target.unwrap_or_default().append_all(arguments.into_iter())
+    }
+
+    fn reduce_circuit_access(&mut self, input: &CircuitAccessExpression, target: Option<T>) -> T {
+        target.unwrap_or_default()
+    }
+
+    fn reduce_circuit_init(&mut self, input: &CircuitInitExpression, values: Vec<T>) -> T {
+        T::default().append_all(values.into_iter())
+    }
+
+    fn reduce_ternary_expression(&mut self, input: &TernaryExpression, condition: T, if_true: T, if_false: T) -> T {
+        condition.append(if_true).append(if_false)
+    }
+
+    fn reduce_constant(&mut self, input: &Constant) -> T {
+        T::default()
+    }
+
+    fn reduce_tuple_access(&mut self, input: &TupleAccessExpression, tuple_ref: T) -> T {
+        tuple_ref
+    }
+
+    fn reduce_tuple_init(&mut self, input: &TupleInitExpression, values: Vec<T>) -> T {
+        T::default().append_all(values.into_iter())
+    }
+
+    fn reduce_unary(&mut self, input: &UnaryExpression, inner: T) -> T {
+        inner
+    }
+
+    fn reduce_variable_ref(&mut self, input: &VariableRef) -> T {
+        T::default()
+    }
+}
+
+#[allow(unused_variables)]
+pub trait MonoidalReducerStatement<T: Monoid>: MonoidalReducerExpression<T> {
+    fn reduce_statement(&mut self, input: &Arc<Statement>, value: T) -> T {
+        value
+    }
+
+    // left = Some(ArrayIndex.0) always if AssignAccess::ArrayIndex. if member/tuple, always None
+    fn reduce_assign_access(&mut self, input: &AssignAccess, left: Option<T>, right: Option<T>) -> T {
+        left.unwrap_or_default().append_option(right)
+    }
+
+    fn reduce_assign(&mut self, input: &AssignStatement, accesses: Vec<T>, value: T) -> T {
+        T::default().append_all(accesses.into_iter()).append(value)
+    }
+
+    fn reduce_block(&mut self, input: &BlockStatement, statements: Vec<T>) -> T {
+        T::default().append_all(statements.into_iter())
+    }
+
+    fn reduce_conditional_statement(
+        &mut self,
+        input: &ConditionalStatement,
+        condition: T,
+        if_true: T,
+        if_false: Option<T>,
+    ) -> T {
+        condition.append(if_true).append_option(if_false)
+    }
+
+    fn reduce_formatted_string(&mut self, input: &FormattedString, parameters: Vec<T>) -> T {
+        T::default().append_all(parameters.into_iter())
+    }
+
+    fn reduce_console(&mut self, input: &ConsoleStatement, argument: T) -> T {
+        argument
+    }
+
+    fn reduce_definition(&mut self, input: &DefinitionStatement, value: T) -> T {
+        value
+    }
+
+    fn reduce_expression_statement(&mut self, input: &ExpressionStatement, expression: T) -> T {
+        expression
+    }
+
+    fn reduce_iteration(&mut self, input: &IterationStatement, start: T, stop: T, body: T) -> T {
+        start.append(stop).append(body)
+    }
+
+    fn reduce_return(&mut self, input: &ReturnStatement, value: T) -> T {
+        value
+    }
+}
+
+#[allow(unused_variables)]
+pub trait MonoidalReducerProgram<T: Monoid>: MonoidalReducerStatement<T> {
+    fn reduce_function(&mut self, input: &Arc<FunctionBody>, body: T) -> T {
+        body
+    }
+
+    fn reduce_circuit_member(&mut self, input: &CircuitMemberBody, function: Option<T>) -> T {
+        function.unwrap_or_default()
+    }
+
+    fn reduce_circuit(&mut self, input: &Arc<CircuitBody>, members: Vec<T>) -> T {
+        T::default().append_all(members.into_iter())
+    }
+
+    fn reduce_program(
+        &mut self,
+        input: &InnerProgram,
+        imported_modules: Vec<T>,
+        test_functions: Vec<T>,
+        functions: Vec<T>,
+        circuits: Vec<T>,
+    ) -> T {
+        T::default()
+            .append_all(imported_modules.into_iter())
+            .append_all(test_functions.into_iter())
+            .append_all(functions.into_iter())
+            .append_all(circuits.into_iter())
+    }
+}

asg/src/scope.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use crate::{AsgConvertError, Circuit, Function, Input, Type, Variable};
+
+use indexmap::IndexMap;
+use std::{cell::RefCell, sync::Arc};
+use uuid::Uuid;
+
+/// An abstract data type that track the current bindings for variables, functions, and circuits.
+pub struct InnerScope {
+    /// The unique id of the scope.
+    pub id: Uuid,
+
+    /// The parent scope that this scope inherits.
+    pub parent_scope: Option<Scope>,
+
+    /// The function definition that this scope occurs in.
+    pub function: Option<Arc<Function>>,
+
+    /// The circuit definition that this scope occurs in.
+    pub circuit_self: Option<Arc<Circuit>>,
+
+    /// Maps variable name => variable.
+    pub variables: IndexMap<String, Variable>,
+
+    /// Maps function name => function.
+    pub functions: IndexMap<String, Arc<Function>>,
+
+    /// Maps circuit name => circuit.
+    pub circuits: IndexMap<String, Arc<Circuit>>,
+
+    /// The main input to the program.
+    pub input: Option<Input>,
+}
+
+pub type Scope = Arc<RefCell<InnerScope>>;
+
+impl InnerScope {
+    ///
+    /// Returns a reference to the variable corresponding to the name.
+    ///
+    /// If the current scope did not have this name present, then the parent scope is checked.
+    /// If there is no parent scope, then `None` is returned.
+    ///
+    pub fn resolve_variable(&self, name: &str) -> Option<Variable> {
+        if let Some(resolved) = self.variables.get(name) {
+            Some(resolved.clone())
+        } else if let Some(resolved) = self.parent_scope.as_ref() {
+            if let Some(resolved) = resolved.borrow().resolve_variable(name) {
+                Some(resolved)
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Returns a reference to the current function.
+    ///
+    /// If the current scope did not have a function present, then the parent scope is checked.
+    /// If there is no parent scope, then `None` is returned.
+    ///
+    pub fn resolve_current_function(&self) -> Option<Arc<Function>> {
+        if let Some(resolved) = self.function.as_ref() {
+            Some(resolved.clone())
+        } else if let Some(resolved) = self.parent_scope.as_ref() {
+            if let Some(resolved) = resolved.borrow().resolve_current_function() {
+                Some(resolved)
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Returns a reference to the current input.
+    ///
+    /// If the current scope did not have an input present, then the parent scope is checked.
+    /// If there is no parent scope, then `None` is returned.
+    ///
+    pub fn resolve_input(&self) -> Option<Input> {
+        if let Some(input) = self.input.as_ref() {
+            Some(input.clone())
+        } else if let Some(resolved) = self.parent_scope.as_ref() {
+            if let Some(resolved) = resolved.borrow().resolve_input() {
+                Some(resolved)
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Returns a reference to the function corresponding to the name.
+    ///
+    /// If the current scope did not have this name present, then the parent scope is checked.
+    /// If there is no parent scope, then `None` is returned.
+    ///
+    pub fn resolve_function(&self, name: &str) -> Option<Arc<Function>> {
+        if let Some(resolved) = self.functions.get(name) {
+            Some(resolved.clone())
+        } else if let Some(resolved) = self.parent_scope.as_ref() {
+            if let Some(resolved) = resolved.borrow().resolve_function(name) {
+                Some(resolved)
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Returns a reference to the circuit corresponding to the name.
+    ///
+    /// If the current scope did not have this name present, then the parent scope is checked.
+    /// If there is no parent scope, then `None` is returned.
+    ///
+    pub fn resolve_circuit(&self, name: &str) -> Option<Arc<Circuit>> {
+        if let Some(resolved) = self.circuits.get(name) {
+            Some(resolved.clone())
+        } else if name == "Self" && self.circuit_self.is_some() {
+            self.circuit_self.clone()
+        } else if let Some(resolved) = self.parent_scope.as_ref() {
+            if let Some(resolved) = resolved.borrow().resolve_circuit(name) {
+                Some(resolved)
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Returns a reference to the current circuit.
+    ///
+    /// If the current scope did not have a circuit self present, then the parent scope is checked.
+    /// If there is no parent scope, then `None` is returned.
+    ///
+    pub fn resolve_circuit_self(&self) -> Option<Arc<Circuit>> {
+        if let Some(resolved) = self.circuit_self.as_ref() {
+            Some(resolved.clone())
+        } else if let Some(resolved) = self.parent_scope.as_ref() {
+            if let Some(resolved) = resolved.borrow().resolve_circuit_self() {
+                Some(resolved)
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Returns a new scope given a parent scope.
+    ///
+    pub fn make_subscope(scope: &Scope) -> Scope {
+        Arc::new(RefCell::new(InnerScope {
+            id: Uuid::new_v4(),
+            parent_scope: Some(scope.clone()),
+            circuit_self: None,
+            variables: IndexMap::new(),
+            functions: IndexMap::new(),
+            circuits: IndexMap::new(),
+            function: None,
+            input: None,
+        }))
+    }
+
+    ///
+    /// Returns the type returned by the current scope.
+    ///
+    pub fn resolve_ast_type(&self, type_: &leo_ast::Type) -> Result<Type, AsgConvertError> {
+        use leo_ast::Type::*;
+        Ok(match type_ {
+            Address => Type::Address,
+            Boolean => Type::Boolean,
+            Field => Type::Field,
+            Group => Type::Group,
+            IntegerType(int_type) => Type::Integer(int_type.clone()),
+            Array(sub_type, dimensions) => {
+                let mut item = Box::new(self.resolve_ast_type(&*sub_type)?);
+                for dimension in dimensions.0.iter().rev() {
+                    let dimension = dimension
+                        .value
+                        .parse::<usize>()
+                        .map_err(|_| AsgConvertError::parse_index_error())?;
+                    item = Box::new(Type::Array(item, dimension));
+                }
+                *item
+            }
+            Tuple(sub_types) => Type::Tuple(
+                sub_types
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|x| self.resolve_ast_type(x))
+                    .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, AsgConvertError>>()?,
+            ),
+            Circuit(name) if name.name == "Self" => Type::Circuit(
+                self.circuit_self
+                    .clone()
+                    .ok_or_else(|| AsgConvertError::unresolved_circuit(&name.name, &name.span))?,
+            ),
+            Circuit(name) => Type::Circuit(
+                self.circuits
+                    .get(&name.name)
+                    .ok_or_else(|| AsgConvertError::unresolved_circuit(&name.name, &name.span))?
+                    .clone(),
+            ),
+            SelfType => Type::Circuit(
+                self.circuit_self
+                    .clone()
+                    .ok_or_else(AsgConvertError::reference_self_outside_circuit)?,
+            ),
+        })
+    }
+}

asg/src/statement/assign.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use crate::{
+    AsgConvertError,
+    CircuitMember,
+    ConstInt,
+    ConstValue,
+    Expression,
+    ExpressionNode,
+    FromAst,
+    Identifier,
+    IntegerType,
+    Node,
+    PartialType,
+    Scope,
+    Span,
+    Statement,
+    Type,
+    Variable,
+};
+pub use leo_ast::AssignOperation;
+use leo_ast::AssigneeAccess as AstAssigneeAccess;
+
+use std::sync::{Arc, Weak};
+
+pub enum AssignAccess {
+    ArrayRange(Option<Arc<Expression>>, Option<Arc<Expression>>),
+    ArrayIndex(Arc<Expression>),
+    Tuple(usize),
+    Member(Identifier),
+}
+
+pub struct AssignStatement {
+    pub parent: Option<Weak<Statement>>,
+    pub span: Option<Span>,
+    pub operation: AssignOperation,
+    pub target_variable: Variable,
+    pub target_accesses: Vec<AssignAccess>,
+    pub value: Arc<Expression>,
+}
+
+impl Node for AssignStatement {
+    fn span(&self) -> Option<&Span> {
+        self.span.as_ref()
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromAst<leo_ast::AssignStatement> for Arc<Statement> {
+    fn from_ast(
+        scope: &Scope,
+        statement: &leo_ast::AssignStatement,
+        _expected_type: Option<PartialType>,
+    ) -> Result<Arc<Statement>, AsgConvertError> {
+        let (name, span) = (&statement.assignee.identifier.name, &statement.assignee.identifier.span);
+
+        let variable = if name == "input" {
+            if let Some(function) = scope.borrow().resolve_current_function() {
+                if !function.has_input {
+                    return Err(AsgConvertError::unresolved_reference(name, span));
+                }
+            } else {
+                return Err(AsgConvertError::unresolved_reference(name, span));
+            }
+            if let Some(input) = scope.borrow().resolve_input() {
+                input.container
+            } else {
+                return Err(AsgConvertError::InternalError(
+                    "attempted to reference input when none is in scope".to_string(),
+                ));
+            }
+        } else {
+            scope
+                .borrow()
+                .resolve_variable(&name)
+                .ok_or_else(|| AsgConvertError::unresolved_reference(name, span))?
+        };
+
+        if !variable.borrow().mutable {
+            return Err(AsgConvertError::immutable_assignment(&name, &statement.span));
+        }
+        let mut target_type: Option<PartialType> = Some(variable.borrow().type_.clone().into());
+
+        let mut target_accesses = vec![];
+        for access in statement.assignee.accesses.iter() {
+            target_accesses.push(match access {
+                AstAssigneeAccess::ArrayRange(left, right) => {
+                    let index_type = Some(PartialType::Integer(None, Some(IntegerType::U32)));
+                    let left = left
+                        .as_ref()
+                        .map(
+                            |left: &leo_ast::Expression| -> Result<Arc<Expression>, AsgConvertError> {
+                                Arc::<Expression>::from_ast(scope, left, index_type.clone())
+                            },
+                        )
+                        .transpose()?;
+                    let right = right
+                        .as_ref()
+                        .map(
+                            |right: &leo_ast::Expression| -> Result<Arc<Expression>, AsgConvertError> {
+                                Arc::<Expression>::from_ast(scope, right, index_type)
+                            },
+                        )
+                        .transpose()?;
+
+                    match &target_type {
+                        Some(PartialType::Array(item, len)) => {
+                            if let (Some(left), Some(right)) = (
+                                left.as_ref()
+                                    .map(|x| x.const_value())
+                                    .unwrap_or_else(|| Some(ConstValue::Int(ConstInt::U32(0)))),
+                                right
+                                    .as_ref()
+                                    .map(|x| x.const_value())
+                                    .unwrap_or_else(|| Some(ConstValue::Int(ConstInt::U32(len.map(|x| x as u32)?)))),
+                            ) {
+                                let left = match left {
+                                    ConstValue::Int(x) => x.to_usize().ok_or_else(|| {
+                                        AsgConvertError::invalid_assign_index(&name, &x.to_string(), &statement.span)
+                                    })?,
+                                    _ => unimplemented!(),
+                                };
+                                let right = match right {
+                                    ConstValue::Int(x) => x.to_usize().ok_or_else(|| {
+                                        AsgConvertError::invalid_assign_index(&name, &x.to_string(), &statement.span)
+                                    })?,
+                                    _ => unimplemented!(),
+                                };
+                                if right >= left {
+                                    target_type = Some(PartialType::Array(item.clone(), Some((right - left) as usize)))
+                                } else {
+                                    return Err(AsgConvertError::invalid_backwards_assignment(
+                                        &name,
+                                        left,
+                                        right,
+                                        &statement.span,
+                                    ));
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                        _ => return Err(AsgConvertError::index_into_non_array(&name, &statement.span)),
+                    }
+
+                    AssignAccess::ArrayRange(left, right)
+                }
+                AstAssigneeAccess::ArrayIndex(index) => {
+                    target_type = match target_type.clone() {
+                        Some(PartialType::Array(item, _)) => item.map(|x| *x),
+                        _ => return Err(AsgConvertError::index_into_non_array(&name, &statement.span)),
+                    };
+                    AssignAccess::ArrayIndex(Arc::<Expression>::from_ast(
+                        scope,
+                        index,
+                        Some(PartialType::Integer(None, Some(IntegerType::U32))),
+                    )?)
+                }
+                AstAssigneeAccess::Tuple(index, _) => {
+                    let index = index
+                        .value
+                        .parse::<usize>()
+                        .map_err(|_| AsgConvertError::parse_index_error())?;
+                    target_type = match target_type {
+                        Some(PartialType::Tuple(types)) => types
+                            .get(index)
+                            .cloned()
+                            .ok_or_else(|| AsgConvertError::tuple_index_out_of_bounds(index, &statement.span))?,
+                        _ => return Err(AsgConvertError::index_into_non_tuple(&name, &statement.span)),
+                    };
+                    AssignAccess::Tuple(index)
+                }
+                AstAssigneeAccess::Member(name) => {
+                    target_type = match target_type {
+                        Some(PartialType::Type(Type::Circuit(circuit))) => {
+                            let circuit = circuit;
+
+                            let members = circuit.members.borrow();
+                            let member = members.get(&name.name).ok_or_else(|| {
+                                AsgConvertError::unresolved_circuit_member(
+                                    &circuit.name.borrow().name,
+                                    &name.name,
+                                    &statement.span,
+                                )
+                            })?;
+
+                            let x = match &member {
+                                CircuitMember::Variable(type_) => type_.clone(),
+                                CircuitMember::Function(_) => {
+                                    return Err(AsgConvertError::illegal_function_assign(&name.name, &statement.span));
+                                }
+                            };
+                            Some(x.strong().partial())
+                        }
+                        _ => {
+                            return Err(AsgConvertError::index_into_non_tuple(
+                                &statement.assignee.identifier.name,
+                                &statement.span,
+                            ));
+                        }
+                    };
+                    AssignAccess::Member(name.clone())
+                }
+            });
+        }
+        let value = Arc::<Expression>::from_ast(scope, &statement.value, target_type)?;
+
+        let statement = Arc::new(Statement::Assign(AssignStatement {
+            parent: None,
+            span: Some(statement.span.clone()),
+            operation: statement.operation.clone(),
+            target_variable: variable.clone(),
+            target_accesses,
+            value,
+        }));
+
+        {
+            let mut variable = variable.borrow_mut();
+            variable.assignments.push(Arc::downgrade(&statement));
+        }
+
+        Ok(statement)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Into<leo_ast::AssignStatement> for &AssignStatement {
+    fn into(self) -> leo_ast::AssignStatement {
+        leo_ast::AssignStatement {
+            operation: self.operation.clone(),
+            assignee: leo_ast::Assignee {
+                identifier: self.target_variable.borrow().name.clone(),
+                accesses: self
+                    .target_accesses
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|access| match access {
+                        AssignAccess::ArrayRange(left, right) => AstAssigneeAccess::ArrayRange(
+                            left.as_ref().map(|e| e.as_ref().into()),
+                            right.as_ref().map(|e| e.as_ref().into()),
+                        ),
+                        AssignAccess::ArrayIndex(index) => AstAssigneeAccess::ArrayIndex(index.as_ref().into()),
+                        AssignAccess::Tuple(index) => AstAssigneeAccess::Tuple(
+                            leo_ast::PositiveNumber {
+                                value: index.to_string(),
+                            },
+                            self.span.clone().unwrap_or_default(),
+                        ),
+                        AssignAccess::Member(name) => AstAssigneeAccess::Member(name.clone()),
+                    })
+                    .collect(),
+                span: self.span.clone().unwrap_or_default(),
+            },
+            value: self.value.as_ref().into(),
+            span: self.span.clone().unwrap_or_default(),
+        }
+    }
+}

asg/src/statement/block.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use crate::{AsgConvertError, FromAst, InnerScope, Node, PartialType, Scope, Span, Statement};
+
+use std::sync::{Arc, Weak};
+
+pub struct BlockStatement {
+    pub parent: Option<Weak<Statement>>,
+    pub span: Option<Span>,
+    pub statements: Vec<Arc<Statement>>,
+    pub scope: Scope,
+}
+
+impl Node for BlockStatement {
+    fn span(&self) -> Option<&Span> {
+        self.span.as_ref()
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromAst<leo_ast::Block> for BlockStatement {
+    fn from_ast(
+        scope: &Scope,
+        statement: &leo_ast::Block,
+        _expected_type: Option<PartialType>,
+    ) -> Result<Self, AsgConvertError> {
+        let new_scope = InnerScope::make_subscope(scope);
+
+        let mut output = vec![];
+        for item in statement.statements.iter() {
+            output.push(Arc::<Statement>::from_ast(&new_scope, item, None)?);
+        }
+        Ok(BlockStatement {
+            parent: None,
+            span: Some(statement.span.clone()),
+            statements: output,
+            scope: new_scope,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Into<leo_ast::Block> for &BlockStatement {
+    fn into(self) -> leo_ast::Block {
+        leo_ast::Block {
+            statements: self
+                .statements
+                .iter()
+                .map(|statement| statement.as_ref().into())
+                .collect(),
+            span: self.span.clone().unwrap_or_default(),
+        }
+    }
+}

asg/src/statement/conditional.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use crate::{AsgConvertError, BlockStatement, Expression, FromAst, Node, PartialType, Scope, Span, Statement, Type};
+
+use std::sync::{Arc, Weak};
+
+pub struct ConditionalStatement {
+    pub parent: Option<Weak<Statement>>,
+    pub span: Option<Span>,
+    pub condition: Arc<Expression>,
+    pub result: Arc<Statement>,
+    pub next: Option<Arc<Statement>>,
+}
+
+impl Node for ConditionalStatement {
+    fn span(&self) -> Option<&Span> {
+        self.span.as_ref()
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromAst<leo_ast::ConditionalStatement> for ConditionalStatement {
+    fn from_ast(
+        scope: &Scope,
+        statement: &leo_ast::ConditionalStatement,
+        _expected_type: Option<PartialType>,
+    ) -> Result<Self, AsgConvertError> {
+        let condition = Arc::<Expression>::from_ast(scope, &statement.condition, Some(Type::Boolean.into()))?;
+        let result = Arc::new(Statement::Block(BlockStatement::from_ast(
+            scope,
+            &statement.block,
+            None,
+        )?));
+        let next = statement
+            .next
+            .as_deref()
+            .map(|next| -> Result<Arc<Statement>, AsgConvertError> { Arc::<Statement>::from_ast(scope, next, None) })
+            .transpose()?;
+
+        Ok(ConditionalStatement {
+            parent: None,
+            span: Some(statement.span.clone()),
+            condition,
+            result,
+            next,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Into<leo_ast::ConditionalStatement> for &ConditionalStatement {
+    fn into(self) -> leo_ast::ConditionalStatement {
+        leo_ast::ConditionalStatement {
+            condition: self.condition.as_ref().into(),
+            block: match self.result.as_ref() {
+                Statement::Block(block) => block.into(),
+                _ => unimplemented!(),
+            },
+            next: self.next.as_deref().map(|e| Box::new(e.into())),
+            span: self.span.clone().unwrap_or_default(),
+        }
+    }
+}

asg/src/statement/console.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use crate::{AsgConvertError, Expression, FromAst, Node, PartialType, Scope, Span, Statement, Type};
+use leo_ast::ConsoleFunction as AstConsoleFunction;
+
+use std::sync::{Arc, Weak};
+
+//todo: refactor to not require/depend on span
+pub struct FormattedString {
+    pub string: String,
+    pub containers: Vec<Span>,
+    pub parameters: Vec<Arc<Expression>>,
+    pub span: Span,
+}
+
+pub enum ConsoleFunction {
+    Assert(Arc<Expression>),
+    Debug(FormattedString),
+    Error(FormattedString),
+    Log(FormattedString),
+}
+
+pub struct ConsoleStatement {
+    pub parent: Option<Weak<Statement>>,
+    pub span: Option<Span>,
+    pub function: ConsoleFunction,
+}
+
+impl Node for ConsoleStatement {
+    fn span(&self) -> Option<&Span> {
+        self.span.as_ref()
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromAst<leo_ast::FormattedString> for FormattedString {
+    fn from_ast(
+        scope: &Scope,
+        value: &leo_ast::FormattedString,
+        _expected_type: Option<PartialType>,
+    ) -> Result<Self, AsgConvertError> {
+        if value.parameters.len() != value.containers.len() {
+            // + 1 for formatting string as to not confuse user
+            return Err(AsgConvertError::unexpected_call_argument_count(
+                value.containers.len() + 1,
+                value.parameters.len() + 1,
+                &value.span,
+            ));
+        }
+        let mut parameters = vec![];
+        for parameter in value.parameters.iter() {
+            parameters.push(Arc::<Expression>::from_ast(scope, parameter, None)?);
+        }
+        Ok(FormattedString {
+            string: value.string.clone(),
+            containers: value.containers.iter().map(|x| x.span.clone()).collect(),
+            parameters,
+            span: value.span.clone(),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Into<leo_ast::FormattedString> for &FormattedString {
+    fn into(self) -> leo_ast::FormattedString {
+        leo_ast::FormattedString {
+            string: self.string.clone(),
+            containers: self
+                .containers
+                .iter()
+                .map(|span| leo_ast::FormattedContainer { span: span.clone() })
+                .collect(),
+            parameters: self.parameters.iter().map(|e| e.as_ref().into()).collect(),
+            span: self.span.clone(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromAst<leo_ast::ConsoleStatement> for ConsoleStatement {
+    fn from_ast(
+        scope: &Scope,
+        statement: &leo_ast::ConsoleStatement,
+        _expected_type: Option<PartialType>,
+    ) -> Result<Self, AsgConvertError> {
+        Ok(ConsoleStatement {
+            parent: None,
+            span: Some(statement.span.clone()),
+            function: match &statement.function {
+                AstConsoleFunction::Assert(expression) => ConsoleFunction::Assert(Arc::<Expression>::from_ast(
+                    scope,
+                    expression,
+                    Some(Type::Boolean.into()),
+                )?),
+                AstConsoleFunction::Debug(formatted_string) => {
+                    ConsoleFunction::Debug(FormattedString::from_ast(scope, formatted_string, None)?)
+                }
+                AstConsoleFunction::Error(formatted_string) => {
+                    ConsoleFunction::Error(FormattedString::from_ast(scope, formatted_string, None)?)
+                }
+                AstConsoleFunction::Log(formatted_string) => {
+                    ConsoleFunction::Log(FormattedString::from_ast(scope, formatted_string, None)?)
+                }
+            },
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Into<leo_ast::ConsoleStatement> for &ConsoleStatement {
+    fn into(self) -> leo_ast::ConsoleStatement {
+        use ConsoleFunction::*;
+        leo_ast::ConsoleStatement {
+            function: match &self.function {
+                Assert(e) => AstConsoleFunction::Assert(e.as_ref().into()),
+                Debug(formatted_string) => AstConsoleFunction::Debug(formatted_string.into()),
+                Error(formatted_string) => AstConsoleFunction::Error(formatted_string.into()),
+                Log(formatted_string) => AstConsoleFunction::Log(formatted_string.into()),
+            },
+            span: self.span.clone().unwrap_or_default(),
+        }
+    }
+}

asg/src/statement/definition.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use crate::{
+    AsgConvertError,
+    Expression,
+    ExpressionNode,
+    FromAst,
+    InnerVariable,
+    Node,
+    PartialType,
+    Scope,
+    Span,
+    Statement,
+    Type,
+    Variable,
+};
+
+use std::{
+    cell::RefCell,
+    sync::{Arc, Weak},
+};
+
+pub struct DefinitionStatement {
+    pub parent: Option<Weak<Statement>>,
+    pub span: Option<Span>,
+    pub variables: Vec<Variable>,
+    pub value: Arc<Expression>,
+}
+
+impl Node for DefinitionStatement {
+    fn span(&self) -> Option<&Span> {
+        self.span.as_ref()
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromAst<leo_ast::DefinitionStatement> for Arc<Statement> {
+    fn from_ast(
+        scope: &Scope,
+        statement: &leo_ast::DefinitionStatement,
+        _expected_type: Option<PartialType>,
+    ) -> Result<Arc<Statement>, AsgConvertError> {
+        let type_ = statement
+            .type_
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|x| scope.borrow().resolve_ast_type(&x))
+            .transpose()?;
+
+        let value = Arc::<Expression>::from_ast(scope, &statement.value, type_.clone().map(Into::into))?;
+
+        let type_ = type_.or_else(|| value.get_type());
+
+        let mut output_types = vec![];
+
+        let mut variables = vec![];
+        if statement.variable_names.is_empty() {
+            return Err(AsgConvertError::illegal_ast_structure(
+                "cannot have 0 variable names in destructuring tuple",
+            ));
+        }
+        if statement.variable_names.len() == 1 {
+            // any return type is fine
+            output_types.push(type_);
+        } else {
+            // tuple destructure
+            match type_.as_ref() {
+                Some(Type::Tuple(sub_types)) if sub_types.len() == statement.variable_names.len() => {
+                    output_types.extend(sub_types.clone().into_iter().map(Some).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+                }
+                type_ => {
+                    return Err(AsgConvertError::unexpected_type(
+                        &*format!("{}-ary tuple", statement.variable_names.len()),
+                        type_.map(|x| x.to_string()).as_deref(),
+                        &statement.span,
+                    ));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (variable, type_) in statement.variable_names.iter().zip(output_types.into_iter()) {
+            if statement.declaration_type == leo_ast::Declare::Const && variable.mutable {
+                return Err(AsgConvertError::illegal_ast_structure("cannot have const mut"));
+            }
+            variables.push(Arc::new(RefCell::new(InnerVariable {
+                id: uuid::Uuid::new_v4(),
+                name: variable.identifier.clone(),
+                type_: type_
+                    .ok_or_else(|| AsgConvertError::unresolved_type(&variable.identifier.name, &statement.span))?,
+                mutable: variable.mutable,
+                declaration: crate::VariableDeclaration::Definition,
+                references: vec![],
+                assignments: vec![],
+            })));
+        }
+
+        {
+            let mut scope_borrow = scope.borrow_mut();
+            for variable in variables.iter() {
+                scope_borrow
+                    .variables
+                    .insert(variable.borrow().name.name.clone(), variable.clone());
+            }
+        }
+
+        let statement = Arc::new(Statement::Definition(DefinitionStatement {
+            parent: None,
+            span: Some(statement.span.clone()),
+            variables: variables.clone(),
+            value,
+        }));
+
+        variables.iter().for_each(|variable| {
+            variable.borrow_mut().assignments.push(Arc::downgrade(&statement));
+        });
+
+        Ok(statement)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Into<leo_ast::DefinitionStatement> for &DefinitionStatement {
+    fn into(self) -> leo_ast::DefinitionStatement {
+        assert!(!self.variables.is_empty());
+
+        let mut variable_names = vec![];
+        let mut type_ = None::<leo_ast::Type>;
+        for variable in self.variables.iter() {
+            let variable = variable.borrow();
+            variable_names.push(leo_ast::VariableName {
+                mutable: variable.mutable,
+                identifier: variable.name.clone(),
+                span: variable.name.span.clone(),
+            });
+            if type_.is_none() {
+                type_ = Some((&variable.type_).into());
+            }
+        }
+
+        leo_ast::DefinitionStatement {
+            declaration_type: leo_ast::Declare::Let,
+            variable_names,
+            type_,
+            value: self.value.as_ref().into(),
+            span: self.span.clone().unwrap_or_default(),
+        }
+    }
+}

asg/src/statement/expression.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use crate::{AsgConvertError, Expression, FromAst, Node, PartialType, Scope, Span, Statement};
+
+use std::sync::{Arc, Weak};
+
+pub struct ExpressionStatement {
+    pub parent: Option<Weak<Statement>>,
+    pub span: Option<Span>,
+    pub expression: Arc<Expression>,
+}
+
+impl Node for ExpressionStatement {
+    fn span(&self) -> Option<&Span> {
+        self.span.as_ref()
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromAst<leo_ast::ExpressionStatement> for ExpressionStatement {
+    fn from_ast(
+        scope: &Scope,
+        statement: &leo_ast::ExpressionStatement,
+        _expected_type: Option<PartialType>,
+    ) -> Result<Self, AsgConvertError> {
+        let expression = Arc::<Expression>::from_ast(scope, &statement.expression, None)?;
+
+        Ok(ExpressionStatement {
+            parent: None,
+            span: Some(statement.span.clone()),
+            expression,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Into<leo_ast::ExpressionStatement> for &ExpressionStatement {
+    fn into(self) -> leo_ast::ExpressionStatement {
+        leo_ast::ExpressionStatement {
+            expression: self.expression.as_ref().into(),
+            span: self.span.clone().unwrap_or_default(),
+        }
+    }
+}

asg/src/statement/iteration.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use leo_ast::IntegerType;
+
+use crate::{
+    AsgConvertError,
+    Expression,
+    ExpressionNode,
+    FromAst,
+    InnerVariable,
+    Node,
+    PartialType,
+    Scope,
+    Span,
+    Statement,
+    Variable,
+};
+
+use std::{
+    cell::RefCell,
+    sync::{Arc, Weak},
+};
+
+pub struct IterationStatement {
+    pub parent: Option<Weak<Statement>>,
+    pub span: Option<Span>,
+    pub variable: Variable,
+    pub start: Arc<Expression>,
+    pub stop: Arc<Expression>,
+    pub body: Arc<Statement>,
+}
+
+impl Node for IterationStatement {
+    fn span(&self) -> Option<&Span> {
+        self.span.as_ref()
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromAst<leo_ast::IterationStatement> for Arc<Statement> {
+    fn from_ast(
+        scope: &Scope,
+        statement: &leo_ast::IterationStatement,
+        _expected_type: Option<PartialType>,
+    ) -> Result<Arc<Statement>, AsgConvertError> {
+        let expected_index_type = Some(PartialType::Integer(None, Some(IntegerType::U32)));
+        let start = Arc::<Expression>::from_ast(scope, &statement.start, expected_index_type.clone())?;
+        let stop = Arc::<Expression>::from_ast(scope, &statement.stop, expected_index_type)?;
+        let variable = Arc::new(RefCell::new(InnerVariable {
+            id: uuid::Uuid::new_v4(),
+            name: statement.variable.clone(),
+            type_: start
+                .get_type()
+                .ok_or_else(|| AsgConvertError::unresolved_type(&statement.variable.name, &statement.span))?,
+            mutable: false,
+            declaration: crate::VariableDeclaration::IterationDefinition,
+            references: vec![],
+            assignments: vec![],
+        }));
+        scope
+            .borrow_mut()
+            .variables
+            .insert(statement.variable.name.clone(), variable.clone());
+
+        let statement = Arc::new(Statement::Iteration(IterationStatement {
+            parent: None,
+            span: Some(statement.span.clone()),
+            variable: variable.clone(),
+            stop,
+            start,
+            body: Arc::new(Statement::Block(crate::BlockStatement::from_ast(
+                scope,
+                &statement.block,
+                None,
+            )?)),
+        }));
+        variable.borrow_mut().assignments.push(Arc::downgrade(&statement));
+        Ok(statement)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Into<leo_ast::IterationStatement> for &IterationStatement {
+    fn into(self) -> leo_ast::IterationStatement {
+        leo_ast::IterationStatement {
+            variable: self.variable.borrow().name.clone(),
+            start: self.start.as_ref().into(),
+            stop: self.stop.as_ref().into(),
+            block: match self.body.as_ref() {
+                Statement::Block(block) => block.into(),
+                _ => unimplemented!(),
+            },
+            span: self.span.clone().unwrap_or_default(),
+        }
+    }
+}

asg/src/statement/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//! This module defines a statement node in an asg.
+//!
+//! Ast statement nodes can be directly converted into asg nodes with no major differences.
+
+mod assign;
+pub use assign::*;
+
+mod block;
+pub use block::*;
+
+mod conditional;
+pub use conditional::*;
+
+mod console;
+pub use console::*;
+
+mod definition;
+pub use definition::*;
+
+mod expression;
+pub use expression::*;
+
+mod iteration;
+pub use iteration::*;
+
+mod return_;
+pub use return_::*;
+
+use crate::{AsgConvertError, FromAst, Node, PartialType, Scope, Span};
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+pub enum Statement {
+    Return(ReturnStatement),
+    Definition(DefinitionStatement),
+    Assign(AssignStatement),
+    Conditional(ConditionalStatement),
+    Iteration(IterationStatement),
+    Console(ConsoleStatement),
+    Expression(ExpressionStatement),
+    Block(BlockStatement),
+}
+
+impl Node for Statement {
+    fn span(&self) -> Option<&Span> {
+        use Statement::*;
+        match self {
+            Return(s) => s.span(),
+            Definition(s) => s.span(),
+            Assign(s) => s.span(),
+            Conditional(s) => s.span(),
+            Iteration(s) => s.span(),
+            Console(s) => s.span(),
+            Expression(s) => s.span(),
+            Block(s) => s.span(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromAst<leo_ast::Statement> for Arc<Statement> {
+    fn from_ast(
+        scope: &Scope,
+        value: &leo_ast::Statement,
+        _expected_type: Option<PartialType>,
+    ) -> Result<Arc<Statement>, AsgConvertError> {
+        use leo_ast::Statement::*;
+        Ok(match value {
+            Return(statement) => Arc::new(Statement::Return(ReturnStatement::from_ast(scope, statement, None)?)),
+            Definition(statement) => Arc::<Statement>::from_ast(scope, statement, None)?,
+            Assign(statement) => Arc::<Statement>::from_ast(scope, statement, None)?,
+            Conditional(statement) => Arc::new(Statement::Conditional(ConditionalStatement::from_ast(
+                scope, statement, None,
+            )?)),
+            Iteration(statement) => Arc::<Statement>::from_ast(scope, statement, None)?,
+            Console(statement) => Arc::new(Statement::Console(ConsoleStatement::from_ast(scope, statement, None)?)),
+            Expression(statement) => Arc::new(Statement::Expression(ExpressionStatement::from_ast(
+                scope, statement, None,
+            )?)),
+            Block(statement) => Arc::new(Statement::Block(BlockStatement::from_ast(scope, statement, None)?)),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Into<leo_ast::Statement> for &Statement {
+    fn into(self) -> leo_ast::Statement {
+        use Statement::*;
+        match self {
+            Return(statement) => leo_ast::Statement::Return(statement.into()),
+            Definition(statement) => leo_ast::Statement::Definition(statement.into()),
+            Assign(statement) => leo_ast::Statement::Assign(statement.into()),
+            Conditional(statement) => leo_ast::Statement::Conditional(statement.into()),
+            Iteration(statement) => leo_ast::Statement::Iteration(statement.into()),
+            Console(statement) => leo_ast::Statement::Console(statement.into()),
+            Expression(statement) => leo_ast::Statement::Expression(statement.into()),
+            Block(statement) => leo_ast::Statement::Block(statement.into()),
+        }
+    }
+}

asg/src/statement/return_.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use crate::{AsgConvertError, Expression, FromAst, Node, PartialType, Scope, Span, Statement, Type};
+
+use std::sync::{Arc, Weak};
+
+pub struct ReturnStatement {
+    pub parent: Option<Weak<Statement>>,
+    pub span: Option<Span>,
+    pub expression: Arc<Expression>,
+}
+
+impl Node for ReturnStatement {
+    fn span(&self) -> Option<&Span> {
+        self.span.as_ref()
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromAst<leo_ast::ReturnStatement> for ReturnStatement {
+    fn from_ast(
+        scope: &Scope,
+        statement: &leo_ast::ReturnStatement,
+        _expected_type: Option<PartialType>,
+    ) -> Result<Self, AsgConvertError> {
+        let return_type: Option<Type> = scope
+            .borrow()
+            .resolve_current_function()
+            .map(|x| x.output.clone())
+            .map(Into::into);
+        Ok(ReturnStatement {
+            parent: None,
+            span: Some(statement.span.clone()),
+            expression: Arc::<Expression>::from_ast(scope, &statement.expression, return_type.map(Into::into))?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Into<leo_ast::ReturnStatement> for &ReturnStatement {
+    fn into(self) -> leo_ast::ReturnStatement {
+        leo_ast::ReturnStatement {
+            expression: self.expression.as_ref().into(),
+            span: self.span.clone().unwrap_or_default(),
+        }
+    }
+}

asg/src/type_.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use crate::Circuit;
+pub use leo_ast::IntegerType;
+
+use std::{
+    fmt,
+    sync::{Arc, Weak},
+};
+
+/// A type in an asg.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub enum Type {
+    // Data types
+    Address,
+    Boolean,
+    Field,
+    Group,
+    Integer(IntegerType),
+
+    // Data type wrappers
+    Array(Box<Type>, usize),
+    Tuple(Vec<Type>),
+    Circuit(Arc<Circuit>),
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub enum WeakType {
+    Type(Type), // circuit not allowed
+    Circuit(Weak<Circuit>),
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub enum PartialType {
+    Type(Type),                                        // non-array or tuple
+    Integer(Option<IntegerType>, Option<IntegerType>), // specific, context-specific
+    Array(Option<Box<PartialType>>, Option<usize>),
+    Tuple(Vec<Option<PartialType>>),
+}
+
+impl Into<Type> for WeakType {
+    fn into(self) -> Type {
+        match self {
+            WeakType::Type(t) => t,
+            WeakType::Circuit(circuit) => Type::Circuit(circuit.upgrade().unwrap()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl WeakType {
+    pub fn strong(self) -> Type {
+        self.into()
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_unit(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, WeakType::Type(Type::Tuple(t)) if t.is_empty())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Into<WeakType> for Type {
+    fn into(self) -> WeakType {
+        match self {
+            Type::Circuit(circuit) => WeakType::Circuit(Arc::downgrade(&circuit)),
+            t => WeakType::Type(t),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Into<Option<Type>> for PartialType {
+    fn into(self) -> Option<Type> {
+        match self {
+            PartialType::Type(t) => Some(t),
+            PartialType::Integer(sub_type, contextual_type) => Some(Type::Integer(sub_type.or(contextual_type)?)),
+            PartialType::Array(element, len) => Some(Type::Array(Box::new((*element?).full()?), len?)),
+            PartialType::Tuple(sub_types) => Some(Type::Tuple(
+                sub_types
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .map(|x| x.map(|x| x.full()).flatten())
+                    .collect::<Option<Vec<Type>>>()?,
+            )),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialType {
+    pub fn full(self) -> Option<Type> {
+        self.into()
+    }
+
+    pub fn matches(&self, other: &Type) -> bool {
+        match (self, other) {
+            (PartialType::Type(t), other) => t.is_assignable_from(other),
+            (PartialType::Integer(self_sub_type, _), Type::Integer(sub_type)) => {
+                self_sub_type.as_ref().map(|x| x == sub_type).unwrap_or(true)
+            }
+            (PartialType::Array(element, len), Type::Array(other_element, other_len)) => {
+                if let Some(element) = element {
+                    if !element.matches(&*other_element) {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                }
+                if let Some(len) = len {
+                    return len == other_len;
+                }
+                true
+            }
+            (PartialType::Tuple(sub_types), Type::Tuple(other_sub_types)) => {
+                // we dont enforce exact length for tuples here (relying on prior type checking) to allow for full-context-free tuple indexing
+                if sub_types.len() > other_sub_types.len() {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                for (sub_type, other_sub_type) in sub_types.iter().zip(other_sub_types.iter()) {
+                    if let Some(sub_type) = sub_type {
+                        if !sub_type.matches(other_sub_type) {
+                            return false;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                true
+            }
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Into<PartialType> for Type {
+    fn into(self) -> PartialType {
+        match self {
+            Type::Integer(sub_type) => PartialType::Integer(Some(sub_type), None),
+            Type::Array(element, len) => PartialType::Array(Some(Box::new((*element).into())), Some(len)),
+            Type::Tuple(sub_types) => PartialType::Tuple(sub_types.into_iter().map(Into::into).map(Some).collect()),
+            x => PartialType::Type(x),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Type {
+    pub fn is_assignable_from(&self, from: &Type) -> bool {
+        self == from
+    }
+
+    pub fn partial(self) -> PartialType {
+        self.into()
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_unit(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, Type::Tuple(t) if t.is_empty())
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for Type {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Type::Address => write!(f, "address"),
+            Type::Boolean => write!(f, "bool"),
+            Type::Field => write!(f, "field"),
+            Type::Group => write!(f, "group"),
+            Type::Integer(sub_type) => sub_type.fmt(f),
+            Type::Array(sub_type, len) => write!(f, "[{}; {}]", sub_type, len),
+            Type::Tuple(sub_types) => {
+                write!(f, "(")?;
+                for (i, sub_type) in sub_types.iter().enumerate() {
+                    write!(f, "{}", sub_type)?;
+                    if i < sub_types.len() - 1 {
+                        write!(f, ", ")?;
+                    }
+                }
+                write!(f, ")")
+            }
+            Type::Circuit(circuit) => write!(f, "{}", &circuit.name.borrow().name),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for PartialType {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            PartialType::Type(t) => t.fmt(f),
+            PartialType::Integer(Some(sub_type), _) => write!(f, "{}", sub_type),
+            PartialType::Integer(_, Some(sub_type)) => write!(f, "<{}>", sub_type),
+            PartialType::Integer(_, _) => write!(f, "integer"),
+            PartialType::Array(sub_type, len) => {
+                write!(f, "[")?;
+                if let Some(sub_type) = sub_type {
+                    write!(f, "{}", *sub_type)?;
+                } else {
+                    write!(f, "?")?;
+                }
+                write!(f, "; ")?;
+                if let Some(len) = len {
+                    write!(f, "{}", len)?;
+                } else {
+                    write!(f, "?")?;
+                }
+                write!(f, "]")
+            }
+            PartialType::Tuple(sub_types) => {
+                write!(f, "(")?;
+                for (i, sub_type) in sub_types.iter().enumerate() {
+                    if let Some(sub_type) = sub_type {
+                        write!(f, "{}", *sub_type)?;
+                    } else {
+                        write!(f, "?")?;
+                    }
+                    if i < sub_types.len() - 1 {
+                        write!(f, ", ")?;
+                    }
+                }
+                write!(f, ")")
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Into<leo_ast::Type> for &Type {
+    fn into(self) -> leo_ast::Type {
+        use Type::*;
+        match self {
+            Address => leo_ast::Type::Address,
+            Boolean => leo_ast::Type::Boolean,
+            Field => leo_ast::Type::Field,
+            Group => leo_ast::Type::Group,
+            Integer(int_type) => leo_ast::Type::IntegerType(int_type.clone()),
+            Array(type_, len) => leo_ast::Type::Array(
+                Box::new(type_.as_ref().into()),
+                leo_ast::ArrayDimensions(vec![leo_ast::PositiveNumber { value: len.to_string() }]),
+            ),
+            Tuple(subtypes) => leo_ast::Type::Tuple(subtypes.iter().map(Into::into).collect()),
+            Circuit(circuit) => leo_ast::Type::Circuit(circuit.name.borrow().clone()),
+        }
+    }
+}

asg/src/variable.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use crate::{Expression, Statement, Type};
+use leo_ast::Identifier;
+
+use std::{
+    cell::RefCell,
+    sync::{Arc, Weak},
+};
+use uuid::Uuid;
+
+/// Specifies how a program variable was declared.
+#[derive(PartialEq)]
+pub enum VariableDeclaration {
+    Definition,
+    IterationDefinition,
+    Parameter,
+    Input,
+}
+
+/// Stores information on a program variable.
+pub struct InnerVariable {
+    pub id: Uuid,
+    pub name: Identifier,
+    pub type_: Type,
+    pub mutable: bool,
+    pub declaration: VariableDeclaration,
+    pub references: Vec<Weak<Expression>>, // all Expression::VariableRef or panic
+    pub assignments: Vec<Weak<Statement>>, // all Statement::Assign or panic -- must be 1 if not mutable, or 0 if declaration == input | parameter
+}
+
+pub type Variable = Arc<RefCell<InnerVariable>>;
+pub type WeakVariable = Weak<RefCell<InnerVariable>>;

asg/tests/fail/address/implicit_invalid.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+function main() {
+    let public_key_string: address = zleo1qnr4dkkvkgfqph0vzc3y6z2eu975wnpz2925ntjccd5cfqxtyu8sta57j8;
+}

asg/tests/fail/address/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use crate::load_asg;
+
+#[test]
+fn test_implicit_invalid() {
+    let program_string = include_str!("implicit_invalid.leo");
+    load_asg(program_string).err().unwrap();
+}

asg/tests/fail/array/initializer_fail.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+function main(a: [u8; 3]) {
+    console.assert(a == [1u8; -3]);
+}

asg/tests/fail/array/input_nested_3x2_fail.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+function main(a: [u8; (3, 2)]) {
+    console.assert(a == [[0u8; 2]; 3)]); // This should be written the right way as this test is for the input file.
+}

asg/tests/fail/array/input_tuple_3x2_fail.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+function main(a: [u8; (3, 2)]) {
+    console.assert(a == [0u8; (2, 3)]);
+}

asg/tests/fail/array/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use crate::load_asg;
+
+// Expressions
+
+#[test]
+fn test_initializer_fail() {
+    let program_string = include_str!("initializer_fail.leo");
+    load_asg(program_string).err().unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_input_nested_3x2_fail() {
+    let program_string = include_str!("input_nested_3x2_fail.leo");
+    load_asg(program_string).err().unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_input_tuple_3x2_fail() {
+    let program_string = include_str!("input_tuple_3x2_fail.leo");
+    load_asg(program_string).err().unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_multi_fail_initializer() {
+    let program_string = include_str!("multi_fail_initializer.leo");
+    load_asg(program_string).err().unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_multi_inline_fail() {
+    let program_string = include_str!("multi_fail_inline.leo");
+    load_asg(program_string).err().unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_multi_initializer_fail() {
+    let program_string = include_str!("multi_initializer_fail.leo");
+    load_asg(program_string).err().unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_nested_3x2_value_fail() {
+    let program_string = include_str!("nested_3x2_value_fail.leo");
+    load_asg(program_string).err().unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_tuple_3x2_value_fail() {
+    let program_string = include_str!("tuple_3x2_value_fail.leo");
+    load_asg(program_string).err().unwrap();
+}
+
+// Array type tests
+
+#[test]
+fn test_type_fail() {
+    let program_string = include_str!("type_fail.leo");
+    load_asg(program_string).err().unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_type_nested_value_nested_3x2_fail() {
+    let program_string = include_str!("type_nested_value_nested_3x2_fail.leo");
+    load_asg(program_string).err().unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_type_nested_value_nested_4x3x2_fail() {
+    let program_string = include_str!("type_nested_value_nested_4x3x2_fail.leo");
+    load_asg(program_string).err().unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_type_nested_value_tuple_3x2_fail() {
+    let program_string = include_str!("type_nested_value_tuple_3x2_fail.leo");
+    load_asg(program_string).err().unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_type_nested_value_tuple_4x3x2_fail() {
+    let program_string = include_str!("type_nested_value_tuple_4x3x2_fail.leo");
+    load_asg(program_string).err().unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_type_tuple_value_nested_3x2_fail() {
+    let program_string = include_str!("type_tuple_value_nested_3x2_fail.leo");
+    load_asg(program_string).err().unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_type_tuple_value_nested_3x2_swap_fail() {
+    let program_string = include_str!("type_tuple_value_nested_3x2_swap_fail.leo");
+    load_asg(program_string).err().unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_type_tuple_value_nested_4x3x2_fail() {
+    let program_string = include_str!("type_tuple_value_nested_4x3x2_fail.leo");
+    load_asg(program_string).err().unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_type_tuple_value_tuple_3x2_fail() {
+    let program_string = include_str!("type_tuple_value_tuple_3x2_fail.leo");
+    load_asg(program_string).err().unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_type_tuple_value_tuple_3x2_swap_fail() {
+    let program_string = include_str!("type_tuple_value_tuple_3x2_swap_fail.leo");
+    load_asg(program_string).err().unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_type_tuple_value_tuple_4x3x2_fail() {
+    let program_string = include_str!("type_tuple_value_tuple_4x3x2_fail.leo");
+    load_asg(program_string).err().unwrap();
+}

asg/tests/fail/array/multi_fail_initializer.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+function main() {
+    let arr: [u8; (2, 2)] = [[1u8; 2]; 1]; // incorrect dimensions
+}

asg/tests/fail/array/multi_fail_inline.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+function main() {
+    let arr: [u8; (2, 2)] = [[1u8, 1u8],
+                                  [1u8]];   // incorrect dimensions
+}

asg/tests/fail/array/multi_initializer_fail.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+function main() {
+    let arr: [u8; (2, 2)] = [1u8; (2, 1)]; // incorrect dimensions
+}

asg/tests/fail/array/nested_3x2_value_fail.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+// Multidimensional array syntax in leo
+function main() {
+    const a: [u32; (3, 2)] = [[0; 3]; 2]; // initializer (incorrectly reversed ordering)
+}

asg/tests/fail/array/tuple_3x2_value_fail.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+// Multidimensional array syntax in leo
+function main() {
+    const a: [u32; (3, 2)] = [0; (2, 3)]; // initializer (incorrectly reversed ordering)
+}

asg/tests/fail/array/type_fail.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+function main() {
+    let a: [u8; -2] = [0u32; 2];
+}

asg/tests/fail/array/type_nested_value_nested_3x2_fail.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+function main() {
+    const b: [[u8; 2]; 3] = [[0; 3]; 2]; // initializer (incorrectly reversed ordering)
+}

asg/tests/fail/array/type_nested_value_nested_4x3x2_fail.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+function main() {
+    const b: [[[u8; 2]; 3]; 4] = [[[0; 4]; 3]; 2]; // initializer (incorrectly reversed ordering)
+}

asg/tests/fail/array/type_nested_value_tuple_3x2_fail.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+function main() {
+    const b: [[u8; 2]; 3] = [0; (2, 3)]; // initializer (incorrectly reversed ordering)
+}

asg/tests/fail/array/type_nested_value_tuple_4x3x2_fail.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+function main() {
+    const b: [[[u8; 2]; 3]; 4] = [0; (2, 3, 4)]; // initializer (incorrectly reversed ordering)
+}

asg/tests/fail/array/type_tuple_value_nested_3x2_fail.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+function main() {
+    const b: [u8; (2, 3)] = [[0; 2]; 3]; // initializer (incorrectly reversed ordering)
+}

asg/tests/fail/array/type_tuple_value_nested_3x2_swap_fail.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+function main() {
+    const a = [[0u8, 0u8], [0u8, 0u8], [0u8, 0u8]]; // inline
+
+    const b: [u8; (2, 3)] = [[0; 3]; 2]; // initializer
+
+    console.assert(a == b);
+}

asg/tests/fail/array/type_tuple_value_nested_4x3x2_fail.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+function main() {
+    const b: [u8; (4, 3, 2)] = [[[0; 4]; 3]; 2]; // initializer (incorrectly reversed ordering)
+}

asg/tests/fail/array/type_tuple_value_tuple_3x2_fail.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+function main() {
+    const b: [u8; (2, 3)] = [0; (3, 2)]; // initializer (incorrectly reversed ordering)
+}

asg/tests/fail/array/type_tuple_value_tuple_3x2_swap_fail.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+function main() {
+    const a = [[0u8, 0u8], [0u8, 0u8], [0u8, 0u8]]; // inline
+
+    const b: [u8; (2, 3)] = [0; (2, 3)]; // initializer
+
+    console.assert(a == b);
+}

asg/tests/fail/array/type_tuple_value_tuple_4x3x2_fail.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+function main() {
+    const b: [u8; (4, 3, 2)] = [0; (2, 3, 4)]; // initializer (incorrectly reversed order)
+}

asg/tests/fail/boolean/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use crate::load_asg;
+
+#[test]
+fn test_not_u32() {
+    let program_string = include_str!("not_u32.leo");
+    load_asg(program_string).err().unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_true_or_u32() {
+    let program_string = include_str!("true_or_u32.leo");
+    load_asg(program_string).err().unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_true_and_u32() {
+    let program_string = include_str!("true_and_u32.leo");
+    load_asg(program_string).err().unwrap();
+}

asg/tests/fail/boolean/not_u32.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+function main() -> bool {
+    console.assert(!1u32 == 0u32);
+}

asg/tests/fail/boolean/true_and_u32.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+function main() {
+    let a = true && 1u32;
+}

asg/tests/fail/boolean/true_or_u32.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+function main() {
+    let a = true || 1u32;
+}

asg/tests/fail/circuits/inline_fail.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+circuit Foo {
+    x: u32
+}
+
+function main() {
+    let a = Foo { y: 0u32 };
+}

asg/tests/fail/circuits/inline_undefined.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+function main() {
+    let a = Foo { };
+}

asg/tests/fail/circuits/member_function_fail.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+circuit Foo {
+    function echo(x: u32) -> u32 {
+        return x
+    }
+}
+
+function main() {
+    let a = Foo { };
+    let err = a.echoed(1u32);
+}

asg/tests/fail/circuits/member_function_invalid.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+circuit Foo {
+    function echo(x: u32) -> u32 {
+        return x
+    }
+}
+
+function main() {
+    let a = Foo { };
+    let err = a.echo(1u32); // echo is a static function and must be accessed using `::`
+}

asg/tests/fail/circuits/member_static_function_invalid.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+circuit Foo {
+    function echo(x: u32) -> u32 {
+        return x
+    }
+}
+
+function main() {
+    let err = Foo.echo(1u32); // Invalid, echo is a static function and must be accessed using `::`
+}

asg/tests/fail/circuits/member_static_function_undefined.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+circuit Foo {
+    function echo(x: u32) -> u32 {
+        return x
+    }
+}
+
+function main() {
+    let err = Foo::echoed(1u32);
+}

asg/tests/fail/circuits/member_variable_fail.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+circuit Foo {
+    x: u32
+}
+
+function main() {
+    let a = Foo { x: 1u32 };
+
+    let err = a.y;
+}

asg/tests/fail/circuits/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Aleo Systems Inc.
+// This file is part of the Leo library.
+
+// The Leo library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+
+// The Leo library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with the Leo library. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+use crate::load_asg;
+
+// Expressions
+
+#[test]
+fn test_inline_fail() {
+    let program_string = include_str!("inline_fail.leo");
+    load_asg(program_string).err().unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_inline_undefined() {
+    let program_string = include_str!("inline_undefined.leo");
+    load_asg(program_string).err().unwrap();
+}
+
+// Members
+
+#[test]
+fn test_member_variable_fail() {
+    let program_string = include_str!("member_variable_fail.leo");
+    load_asg(program_string).err().unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_member_function_fail() {
+    let program_string = include_str!("member_function_fail.leo");
+    load_asg(program_string).err().unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_member_function_invalid() {
+    let program_string = include_str!("member_function_invalid.leo");
+    load_asg(program_string).err().unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_mut_member_function_fail() {
+    let program_string = r#"
+        circuit Foo {
+            function echo(mut self, x: u32) -> u32 {
+                return x
+            }
+        }
+        
+        function main() {
+            let a = Foo { };
+        
+            console.assert(a.echo(1u32) == 1u32);
+        }"#;
+    load_asg(program_string).err().unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_member_static_function_invalid() {
+    let program_string = include_str!("member_static_function_invalid.leo");
+    load_asg(program_string).err().unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_member_static_function_undefined() {
+    let program_string = include_str!("member_static_function_undefined.leo");
+    load_asg(program_string).err().unwrap();
+}
+
+// Mutability
+
+#[test]
+fn test_mutate_function_fail() {
+    let program_string = include_str!("mut_function_fail.leo");
+    load_asg(program_string).err().unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_mutate_self_variable_fail() {
+    let program_string = include_str!("mut_self_variable_fail.leo");
+    load_asg(program_string).err().unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_mutate_self_function_fail() {
+    let program_string = include_str!("mut_self_function_fail.leo");
+    load_asg(program_string).err().unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_mutate_self_static_function_fail() {
+    let program_string = include_str!("mut_self_static_function_fail.leo");
+    load_asg(program_string).err().unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_mutate_static_function_fail() {
+    let program_string = include_str!("mut_static_function_fail.leo");
+    load_asg(program_string).err().unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_mutate_variable_fail() {
+    let program_string = include_str!("mut_variable_fail.leo");
+    load_asg(program_string).err().unwrap();
+}
+
+// Self
+
+#[test]
+fn test_self_fail() {
+    let program_string = include_str!("self_fail.leo");
+    load_asg(program_string).err().unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_self_member_invalid() {
+    let program_string = include_str!("self_member_invalid.leo");
+    load_asg(program_string).err().unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_self_member_undefined() {
+    let program_string = include_str!("self_member_undefined.leo");
+    load_asg(program_string).err().unwrap();
+}

asg/tests/fail/circuits/mut_function_fail.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+circuit Foo {
+    a: u8,
+
+    function bar() {}
+}
+
+function main() {
+    let mut f  = Foo { a: 0u8 };
+
+    f.bar = 1u8;
+}

asg/tests/fail/circuits/mut_self_function_fail.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+circuit Foo {
+    a: u8,
+
+    function bar() {}
+
+    function set_a(mut self, new: u8) {
+        self.bar = new;
+    }
+}
+
+function main() {
+    let mut f  = Foo { a: 0u8 };
+
+    f.set_a(1u8);
+}

asg/tests/fail/circuits/mut_self_static_function_fail.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+circuit Foo {
+    a: u8,
+
+    function bar() {}
+
+    function set_a(mut self, new: u8) {
+        self.bar = new;
+    }
+}
+
+function main() {
+    let mut f  = Foo { a: 0u8 };
+
+    f.set_a(1u8);
+}

asg/tests/fail/circuits/mut_self_variable_fail.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+circuit Foo {
+    a: u8,
+
+    function set_a(self, new: u8) {
+        self.a = new;
+    }
+}
+
+function main() {
+    let mut f  = Foo { a: 0u8 };
+
+    f.set_a(1u8);
+}

asg/tests/fail/circuits/mut_static_function_fail.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+circuit Foo {
+    function bar() {}
+}
+
+function main() {
+    let mut f  = Foo { a: 0u8 };
+
+    f.bar = 1u8;
+}

asg/tests/fail/circuits/mut_variable_fail.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+circuit Foo {
+    a: u8,
+}
+
+function main() {
+    let f  = Foo { a: 0u8 };
+
+    f.a = 1u8;
+}

asg/tests/fail/circuits/self_fail.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+function main() {
+    Self::main();
+}

asg/tests/fail/circuits/self_member_invalid.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+circuit Foo {
+    f: u32,
+
+    function bar() -> u32 {
+        return f
+    }
+}
+
+function main() -> u32 {
+    let foo = Foo { f: 1u32 };
+    let err = foo.bar();
+}

asg/tests/fail/circuits/self_member_undefined.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+circuit Foo {
+    function bar() -> u32 {
+        return self.f
+    }
+}
+
+function main() {
+    let foo = Foo { };
+    let err = foo.bar();
+}

asg/tests/fail/console/assert.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+function main(a: bool) {
+    console.assert(a == true);
+}

asg/tests/fail/console/conditional_assert.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+function main(a: bool) {
+    if a {
+        console.assert(a == true);
+    } else {
+        console.assert(a == false);
+    }
+}

asg/tests/fail/console/debug.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+function main() {
+    console.debug("hello debug");
+}

asg/tests/fail/console/error.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+function main() {
+    console.error("hello error");
+}

asg/tests/fail/console/log.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+function main() {
+    console.log("hello world");
+}

asg/tests/fail/console/log_fail.leo

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+function main() {
+    console.log( hello );
+}