Ghost/core/server/models/user.js

var _              = require('lodash'),
    Promise        = require('bluebird'),
    errors         = require('../errors'),
    utils          = require('../utils'),
    bcrypt         = require('bcryptjs'),
    ghostBookshelf = require('./base'),
    crypto         = require('crypto'),
    validator      = require('validator'),
    request        = require('request'),
    validation     = require('../data/validation'),
    config         = require('../config'),
    events         = require('../events'),

    bcryptGenSalt  = Promise.promisify(bcrypt.genSalt),
    bcryptHash     = Promise.promisify(bcrypt.hash),
    bcryptCompare  = Promise.promisify(bcrypt.compare),

    tokenSecurity  = {},
    activeStates   = ['active', 'warn-1', 'warn-2', 'warn-3', 'warn-4', 'locked'],
    invitedStates  = ['invited', 'invited-pending'],
    User,
    Users;

function validatePasswordLength(password) {
    return validator.isLength(password, 8);
}

function generatePasswordHash(password) {
    // Generate a new salt
    return bcryptGenSalt().then(function (salt) {
        // Hash the provided password with bcrypt
        return bcryptHash(password, salt);
    });
}

User = ghostBookshelf.Model.extend({

    tableName: 'users',

    emitChange: function emitChange(event) {
        events.emit('user' + '.' + event, this);
    },

    initialize: function initialize() {
        ghostBookshelf.Model.prototype.initialize.apply(this, arguments);

        this.on('created', function onCreated(model) {
            model.emitChange('added');

            // active is the default state, so if status isn't provided, this will be an active user
            if (!model.get('status') || _.contains(activeStates, model.get('status'))) {
                model.emitChange('activated');
            }
        });
        this.on('updated', function onUpdated(model) {
            model.statusChanging = model.get('status') !== model.updated('status');
            model.isActive = _.contains(activeStates, model.get('status'));

            if (model.statusChanging) {
                model.emitChange(model.isActive ? 'activated' : 'deactivated');
            } else {
                if (model.isActive) {
                    model.emitChange('activated.edited');
                }
            }

            model.emitChange('edited');
        });
        this.on('destroyed', function onDestroyed(model) {
            if (_.contains(activeStates, model.previous('status'))) {
                model.emitChange('deactivated');
            }

            model.emitChange('deleted');
        });
    },

    saving: function saving(newPage, attr, options) {
        /*jshint unused:false*/

        var self = this;

        ghostBookshelf.Model.prototype.saving.apply(this, arguments);

        if (this.hasChanged('slug') || !this.get('slug')) {
            // Generating a slug requires a db call to look for conflicting slugs
            return ghostBookshelf.Model.generateSlug(User, this.get('slug') || this.get('name'),
                {status: 'all', transacting: options.transacting, shortSlug: !this.get('slug')})
                .then(function then(slug) {
                    self.set({slug: slug});
                });
        }
    },

    // For the user model ONLY it is possible to disable validations.
    // This is used to bypass validation during the credential check, and must never be done with user-provided data
    // Should be removed when #3691 is done
    validate: function validate() {
        var opts = arguments[1];
        if (opts && _.has(opts, 'validate') && opts.validate === false) {
            return;
        }
        return validation.validateSchema(this.tableName, this.toJSON());
    },

    // Get the user from the options object
    contextUser: function contextUser(options) {
        // Default to context user
        if (options.context && options.context.user) {
            return options.context.user;
            // Other wise use the internal override
        } else if (options.context && options.context.internal) {
            return 1;
            // This is the user object, so try using this user's id
        } else if (this.get('id')) {
            return this.get('id');
        } else {
            errors.logAndThrowError(new errors.NotFoundError('missing context'));
        }
    },

    toJSON: function toJSON(options) {
        options = options || {};

        var attrs = ghostBookshelf.Model.prototype.toJSON.call(this, options);
        // remove password hash for security reasons
        delete attrs.password;

        if (!options || !options.context || (!options.context.user && !options.context.internal)) {
            delete attrs.email;
        }

        return attrs;
    },

    format: function format(options) {
        if (!_.isEmpty(options.website) &&
            !validator.isURL(options.website, {
            require_protocol: true,
            protocols: ['http', 'https']})) {
            options.website = 'http://' + options.website;
        }
        return ghostBookshelf.Model.prototype.format.call(this, options);
    },

    posts: function posts() {
        return this.hasMany('Posts', 'created_by');
    },

    roles: function roles() {
        return this.belongsToMany('Role');
    },

    permissions: function permissions() {
        return this.belongsToMany('Permission');
    },

    hasRole: function hasRole(roleName) {
        var roles = this.related('roles');

        return roles.some(function getRole(role) {
            return role.get('name') === roleName;
        });
    },
    enforcedFilters: function enforcedFilters() {
        return this.isPublicContext() ? 'status:[' + activeStates.join(',') + ']' : null;
    },
    defaultFilters: function defaultFilters() {
        return this.isPublicContext() ? null : 'status:[' + activeStates.join(',') + ']';
    }
}, {
    orderDefaultOptions: function orderDefaultOptions() {
        return {
            last_login: 'DESC',
            name: 'ASC',
            created_at: 'DESC'
        };
    },

    /**
     * @deprecated in favour of filter
     */
    processOptions: function processOptions(options) {
        if (!options.status) {
            return options;
        }

        // This is the only place that 'options.where' is set now
        options.where = {statements: []};

        var allStates = activeStates.concat(invitedStates),
            value;

        // Filter on the status.  A status of 'all' translates to no filter since we want all statuses
        if (options.status !== 'all') {
            // make sure that status is valid
            options.status = allStates.indexOf(options.status) > -1 ? options.status : 'active';
        }

        if (options.status === 'active') {
            value = activeStates;
        } else if (options.status === 'invited') {
            value = invitedStates;
        } else if (options.status === 'all') {
            value = allStates;
        } else {
            value = options.status;
        }

        options.where.statements.push({prop: 'status', op: 'IN', value: value});
        delete options.status;

        return options;
    },

    /**
    * Returns an array of keys permitted in a method's `options` hash, depending on the current method.
    * @param {String} methodName The name of the method to check valid options for.
    * @return {Array} Keys allowed in the `options` hash of the model's method.
    */
    permittedOptions: function permittedOptions(methodName) {
        var options = ghostBookshelf.Model.permittedOptions(),

            // whitelists for the `options` hash argument on methods, by method name.
            // these are the only options that can be passed to Bookshelf / Knex.
            validOptions = {
                findOne: ['withRelated', 'status'],
                setup: ['id'],
                edit: ['withRelated', 'id'],
                findPage: ['page', 'limit', 'columns', 'filter', 'order', 'status']
            };

        if (validOptions[methodName]) {
            options = options.concat(validOptions[methodName]);
        }

        return options;
    },

    /**
     * ### Find One
     * @extends ghostBookshelf.Model.findOne to include roles
     * **See:** [ghostBookshelf.Model.findOne](base.js.html#Find%20One)
     */
    findOne: function findOne(data, options) {
        var query,
            status,
            lookupRole = data.role;

        delete data.role;

        data = _.defaults(data || {}, {
            status: 'active'
        });

        status = data.status;
        delete data.status;

        options = options || {};
        options.withRelated = _.union(options.withRelated, options.include);
        data = this.filterData(data);

        // Support finding by role
        if (lookupRole) {
            options.withRelated = _.union(options.withRelated, ['roles']);
            options.include = _.union(options.include, ['roles']);

            query = this.forge(data, {include: options.include});

            query.query('join', 'roles_users', 'users.id', '=', 'roles_users.id');
            query.query('join', 'roles', 'roles_users.role_id', '=', 'roles.id');
            query.query('where', 'roles.name', '=', lookupRole);
        } else {
            // We pass include to forge so that toJSON has access
            query = this.forge(data, {include: options.include});
        }

        if (status === 'active') {
            query.query('whereIn', 'status', activeStates);
        } else if (status === 'invited') {
            query.query('whereIn', 'status', invitedStates);
        } else if (status !== 'all') {
            query.query('where', {status: options.status});
        }

        options = this.filterOptions(options, 'findOne');
        delete options.include;

        return query.fetch(options);
    },

    /**
     * ### Edit
     * @extends ghostBookshelf.Model.edit to handle returning the full object
     * **See:** [ghostBookshelf.Model.edit](base.js.html#edit)
     */
    edit: function edit(data, options) {
        var self = this,
            roleId;

        if (data.roles && data.roles.length > 1) {
            return Promise.reject(
                new errors.ValidationError('Only one role per user is supported at the moment.')
            );
        }

        options = options || {};
        options.withRelated = _.union(options.withRelated, options.include);

        return ghostBookshelf.Model.edit.call(this, data, options).then(function then(user) {
            if (!data.roles) {
                return user;
            }

            roleId = parseInt(data.roles[0].id || data.roles[0], 10);

            return user.roles().fetch().then(function then(roles) {
                // return if the role is already assigned
                if (roles.models[0].id === roleId) {
                    return;
                }
                return ghostBookshelf.model('Role').findOne({id: roleId});
            }).then(function then(roleToAssign) {
                if (roleToAssign && roleToAssign.get('name') === 'Owner') {
                    return Promise.reject(
                        new errors.ValidationError('This method does not support assigning the owner role')
                    );
                } else {
                    // assign all other roles
                    return user.roles().updatePivot({role_id: roleId});
                }
            }).then(function then() {
                options.status = 'all';
                return self.findOne({id: user.id}, options);
            });
        });
    },

    /**
     * ## Add
     * Naive user add
     * Hashes the password provided before saving to the database.
     *
     * @param {object} data
     * @param {object} options
     * @extends ghostBookshelf.Model.add to manage all aspects of user signup
     * **See:** [ghostBookshelf.Model.add](base.js.html#Add)
     */
    add: function add(data, options) {
        var self = this,
            userData = this.filterData(data),
            roles;

        options = this.filterOptions(options, 'add');
        options.withRelated = _.union(options.withRelated, options.include);

        // check for too many roles
        if (data.roles && data.roles.length > 1) {
            return Promise.reject(new errors.ValidationError('Only one role per user is supported at the moment.'));
        }

        if (!validatePasswordLength(userData.password)) {
            return Promise.reject(new errors.ValidationError('Your password must be at least 8 characters long.'));
        }

        function getAuthorRole() {
            return ghostBookshelf.model('Role').findOne({name: 'Author'}, _.pick(options, 'transacting')).then(function then(authorRole) {
                return [authorRole.get('id')];
            });
        }

        roles = data.roles || getAuthorRole();
        delete data.roles;

        return generatePasswordHash(userData.password).then(function then(hash) {
            // Assign the hashed password
            userData.password = hash;
            // LookupGravatar
            return self.gravatarLookup(userData);
        }).then(function then(userData) {
            // Save the user with the hashed password
            return ghostBookshelf.Model.add.call(self, userData, options);
        }).then(function then(addedUser) {
            // Assign the userData to our created user so we can pass it back
            userData = addedUser;
            // if we are given a "role" object, only pass in the role ID in place of the full object
            return Promise.resolve(roles).then(function then(roles) {
                roles = _.map(roles, function mapper(role) {
                    if (_.isString(role)) {
                        return parseInt(role, 10);
                    } else if (_.isNumber(role)) {
                        return role;
                    } else {
                        return parseInt(role.id, 10);
                    }
                });

                return addedUser.roles().attach(roles, options);
            });
        }).then(function then() {
            // find and return the added user
            return self.findOne({id: userData.id, status: 'all'}, options);
        });
    },

    setup: function setup(data, options) {
        var self = this,
            userData = this.filterData(data);

        if (!validatePasswordLength(userData.password)) {
            return Promise.reject(new errors.ValidationError('Your password must be at least 8 characters long.'));
        }

        options = this.filterOptions(options, 'setup');
        options.withRelated = _.union(options.withRelated, options.include);
        options.shortSlug = true;

        return generatePasswordHash(data.password).then(function then(hash) {
            // Assign the hashed password
            userData.password = hash;

            return Promise.join(self.gravatarLookup(userData),
                                ghostBookshelf.Model.generateSlug.call(this, User, userData.name, options));
        }).then(function then(results) {
            userData = results[0];
            userData.slug = results[1];

            return self.edit.call(self, userData, options);
        });
    },

    permissible: function permissible(userModelOrId, action, context, loadedPermissions, hasUserPermission, hasAppPermission) {
        var self = this,
            userModel = userModelOrId,
            origArgs;

        // If we passed in a model without its related roles, we need to fetch it again
        if (_.isObject(userModelOrId) && !_.isObject(userModelOrId.related('roles'))) {
            userModelOrId = userModelOrId.id;
        }
        // If we passed in an id instead of a model get the model first
        if (_.isNumber(userModelOrId) || _.isString(userModelOrId)) {
            // Grab the original args without the first one
            origArgs = _.toArray(arguments).slice(1);
            // Get the actual post model
            return this.findOne({id: userModelOrId, status: 'all'}, {include: ['roles']}).then(function then(foundUserModel) {
                // Build up the original args but substitute with actual model
                var newArgs = [foundUserModel].concat(origArgs);

                return self.permissible.apply(self, newArgs);
            }, errors.logAndThrowError);
        }

        if (action === 'edit') {
            // Owner can only be editted by owner
            if (loadedPermissions.user && userModel.hasRole('Owner')) {
                hasUserPermission = _.any(loadedPermissions.user.roles, {name: 'Owner'});
            }
            // Users with the role 'Editor' and 'Author' have complex permissions when the action === 'edit'
            // We now have all the info we need to construct the permissions
            if (loadedPermissions.user && _.any(loadedPermissions.user.roles, {name: 'Author'})) {
                // If this is the same user that requests the operation allow it.
                hasUserPermission = hasUserPermission || context.user === userModel.get('id');
            }

            if (loadedPermissions.user && _.any(loadedPermissions.user.roles, {name: 'Editor'})) {
                // If this is the same user that requests the operation allow it.
                hasUserPermission = context.user === userModel.get('id');

                // Alternatively, if the user we are trying to edit is an Author, allow it
                hasUserPermission = hasUserPermission || userModel.hasRole('Author');
            }
        }

        if (action === 'destroy') {
            // Owner cannot be deleted EVER
            if (loadedPermissions.user && userModel.hasRole('Owner')) {
                return Promise.reject(new errors.NoPermissionError('You do not have permission to perform this action'));
            }

            // Users with the role 'Editor' have complex permissions when the action === 'destroy'
            if (loadedPermissions.user && _.any(loadedPermissions.user.roles, {name: 'Editor'})) {
                // If this is the same user that requests the operation allow it.
                hasUserPermission = context.user === userModel.get('id');

                // Alternatively, if the user we are trying to edit is an Author, allow it
                hasUserPermission = hasUserPermission || userModel.hasRole('Author');
            }
        }

        if (hasUserPermission && hasAppPermission) {
            return Promise.resolve();
        }

        return Promise.reject(new errors.NoPermissionError('You do not have permission to perform this action'));
    },

    setWarning: function setWarning(user, options) {
        var status = user.get('status'),
            regexp = /warn-(\d+)/i,
            level;

        if (status === 'active') {
            user.set('status', 'warn-1');
            level = 1;
        } else {
            level = parseInt(status.match(regexp)[1], 10) + 1;
            if (level > 4) {
                user.set('status', 'locked');
            } else {
                user.set('status', 'warn-' + level);
            }
        }
        return Promise.resolve(user.save(options)).then(function then() {
            return 5 - level;
        });
    },

    // Finds the user by email, and checks the password
    check: function check(object) {
        var self = this,
            s;
        return this.getByEmail(object.email).then(function then(user) {
            if (!user) {
                return Promise.reject(new errors.NotFoundError('There is no user with that email address.'));
            }
            if (user.get('status') === 'invited' || user.get('status') === 'invited-pending' ||
                    user.get('status') === 'inactive'
                ) {
                return Promise.reject(new errors.NoPermissionError('The user with that email address is inactive.'));
            }
            if (user.get('status') !== 'locked') {
                return bcryptCompare(object.password, user.get('password')).then(function then(matched) {
                    if (!matched) {
                        return Promise.resolve(self.setWarning(user, {validate: false})).then(function then(remaining) {
                            s = (remaining > 1) ? 's' : '';
                            return Promise.reject(new errors.UnauthorizedError('Your password is incorrect. <br />' +
                                remaining + ' attempt' + s + ' remaining!'));

                            // Use comma structure, not .catch, because we don't want to catch incorrect passwords
                        }, function handleError(error) {
                            // If we get a validation or other error during this save, catch it and log it, but don't
                            // cause a login error because of it. The user validation is not important here.
                            errors.logError(
                                error,
                                'Error thrown from user update during login',
                                'Visit and save your profile after logging in to check for problems.'
                            );
                            return Promise.reject(new errors.UnauthorizedError('Your password is incorrect.'));
                        });
                    }

                    return Promise.resolve(user.set({status: 'active', last_login: new Date()}).save({validate: false}))
                        .catch(function handleError(error) {
                            // If we get a validation or other error during this save, catch it and log it, but don't
                            // cause a login error because of it. The user validation is not important here.
                            errors.logError(
                                error,
                                'Error thrown from user update during login',
                                'Visit and save your profile after logging in to check for problems.'
                            );
                            return user;
                        });
                }, errors.logAndThrowError);
            }
            return Promise.reject(new errors.NoPermissionError('Your account is locked. Please reset your password ' +
                'to log in again by clicking the "Forgotten password?" link!'));
        }, function handleError(error) {
            if (error.message === 'NotFound' || error.message === 'EmptyResponse') {
                return Promise.reject(new errors.NotFoundError('There is no user with that email address.'));
            }

            return Promise.reject(error);
        });
    },

    /**
     * Naive change password method
     * @param {Object} object
     * @param {Object} options
     */
    changePassword: function changePassword(object, options) {
        var self = this,
            newPassword = object.newPassword,
            ne2Password = object.ne2Password,
            userId = object.user_id,
            oldPassword = object.oldPassword,
            user;

        if (newPassword !== ne2Password) {
            return Promise.reject(new errors.ValidationError('Your new passwords do not match'));
        }

        if (userId === options.context.user && _.isEmpty(oldPassword)) {
            return Promise.reject(new errors.ValidationError('Password is required for this operation'));
        }

        if (!validatePasswordLength(newPassword)) {
            return Promise.reject(new errors.ValidationError('Your password must be at least 8 characters long.'));
        }

        return self.forge({id: userId}).fetch({require: true}).then(function then(_user) {
            user = _user;
            if (userId === options.context.user) {
                return bcryptCompare(oldPassword, user.get('password'));
            }
            // if user is admin, password isn't compared
            return true;
        }).then(function then(matched) {
            if (!matched) {
                return Promise.reject(new errors.ValidationError('Your password is incorrect'));
            }

            return generatePasswordHash(newPassword);
        }).then(function then(hash) {
            return user.save({password: hash});
        });
    },

    generateResetToken: function generateResetToken(email, expires, dbHash) {
        return this.getByEmail(email).then(function then(foundUser) {
            if (!foundUser) {
                return Promise.reject(new errors.NotFoundError('There is no user with that email address.'));
            }

            var hash = crypto.createHash('sha256'),
                text = '';

            // Token:
            // BASE64(TIMESTAMP + email + HASH(TIMESTAMP + email + oldPasswordHash + dbHash ))
            hash.update(String(expires));
            hash.update(email.toLocaleLowerCase());
            hash.update(foundUser.get('password'));
            hash.update(String(dbHash));

            text += [expires, email, hash.digest('base64')].join('|');
            return new Buffer(text).toString('base64');
        });
    },

    validateToken: function validateToken(token, dbHash) {
        /*jslint bitwise:true*/
        // TODO: Is there a chance the use of ascii here will cause problems if oldPassword has weird characters?
        var tokenText = new Buffer(token, 'base64').toString('ascii'),
            parts,
            expires,
            email;

        parts = tokenText.split('|');

        // Check if invalid structure
        if (!parts || parts.length !== 3) {
            return Promise.reject(new errors.BadRequestError('Invalid token structure'));
        }

        expires = parseInt(parts[0], 10);
        email = parts[1];

        if (isNaN(expires)) {
            return Promise.reject(new errors.BadRequestError('Invalid token expiration'));
        }

        // Check if token is expired to prevent replay attacks
        if (expires < Date.now()) {
            return Promise.reject(new errors.ValidationError('Expired token'));
        }

        // to prevent brute force attempts to reset the password the combination of email+expires is only allowed for
        // 10 attempts
        if (tokenSecurity[email + '+' + expires] && tokenSecurity[email + '+' + expires].count >= 10) {
            return Promise.reject(new errors.NoPermissionError('Token locked'));
        }

        return this.generateResetToken(email, expires, dbHash).then(function then(generatedToken) {
            // Check for matching tokens with timing independent comparison
            var diff = 0,
                i;

            // check if the token length is correct
            if (token.length !== generatedToken.length) {
                diff = 1;
            }

            for (i = token.length - 1; i >= 0; i = i - 1) {
                diff |= token.charCodeAt(i) ^ generatedToken.charCodeAt(i);
            }

            if (diff === 0) {
                return email;
            }

            // increase the count for email+expires for each failed attempt
            tokenSecurity[email + '+' + expires] = {
                count: tokenSecurity[email + '+' + expires] ? tokenSecurity[email + '+' + expires].count + 1 : 1
            };
            return Promise.reject(new errors.BadRequestError('Invalid token'));
        });
    },

    resetPassword: function resetPassword(options) {
        var self = this,
            token = options.token,
            newPassword = options.newPassword,
            ne2Password = options.ne2Password,
            dbHash = options.dbHash;

        if (newPassword !== ne2Password) {
            return Promise.reject(new errors.ValidationError('Your new passwords do not match'));
        }

        if (!validatePasswordLength(newPassword)) {
            return Promise.reject(new errors.ValidationError('Your password must be at least 8 characters long.'));
        }

        // Validate the token; returns the email address from token
        return self.validateToken(utils.decodeBase64URLsafe(token), dbHash).then(function then(email) {
            // Fetch the user by email, and hash the password at the same time.
            return Promise.join(
                self.getByEmail(email),
                generatePasswordHash(newPassword)
            );
        }).then(function then(results) {
            if (!results[0]) {
                return Promise.reject(new errors.NotFoundError('User not found'));
            }

            // Update the user with the new password hash
            var foundUser = results[0],
                passwordHash = results[1];

            return foundUser.save({password: passwordHash, status: 'active'});
        });
    },

    transferOwnership: function transferOwnership(object, options) {
        var ownerRole,
            contextUser;

        return Promise.join(ghostBookshelf.model('Role').findOne({name: 'Owner'}),
                            User.findOne({id: options.context.user}, {include: ['roles']}))
        .then(function then(results) {
            ownerRole = results[0];
            contextUser = results[1];

            // check if user has the owner role
            var currentRoles = contextUser.toJSON(options).roles;
            if (!_.any(currentRoles, {id: ownerRole.id})) {
                return Promise.reject(new errors.NoPermissionError('Only owners are able to transfer the owner role.'));
            }

            return Promise.join(ghostBookshelf.model('Role').findOne({name: 'Administrator'}),
                                User.findOne({id: object.id}, {include: ['roles']}));
        }).then(function then(results) {
            var adminRole = results[0],
                user = results[1],
                currentRoles = user.toJSON(options).roles;

            if (!_.any(currentRoles, {id: adminRole.id})) {
                return Promise.reject(new errors.ValidationError('Only administrators can be assigned the owner role.'));
            }

            // convert owner to admin
            return Promise.join(contextUser.roles().updatePivot({role_id: adminRole.id}),
                                user.roles().updatePivot({role_id: ownerRole.id}),
                                user.id);
        }).then(function then(results) {
            return Users.forge()
                .query('whereIn', 'id', [contextUser.id, results[2]])
                .fetch({withRelated: ['roles']});
        }).then(function then(users) {
            options.include = ['roles'];
            return users.toJSON(options);
        });
    },

    gravatarLookup: function gravatarLookup(userData) {
        var gravatarUrl = '//www.gravatar.com/avatar/' +
                crypto.createHash('md5').update(userData.email.toLowerCase().trim()).digest('hex') +
                '?s=250';

        return new Promise(function gravatarRequest(resolve) {
            if (config.isPrivacyDisabled('useGravatar')) {
                return resolve(userData);
            }

            request({url: 'http:' + gravatarUrl + '&d=404&r=x', timeout: 2000}, function handler(err, response) {
                if (err) {
                    // just resolve with no image url
                    return resolve(userData);
                }

                if (response.statusCode !== 404) {
                    gravatarUrl += '&d=mm&r=x';
                    userData.image = gravatarUrl;
                }

                resolve(userData);
            });
        });
    },
    // Get the user by email address, enforces case insensitivity rejects if the user is not found
    // When multi-user support is added, email addresses must be deduplicated with case insensitivity, so that
    // joe@bloggs.com and JOE@BLOGGS.COM cannot be created as two separate users.
    getByEmail: function getByEmail(email, options) {
        options = options || {};
        // We fetch all users and process them in JS as there is no easy way to make this query across all DBs
        // Although they all support `lower()`, sqlite can't case transform unicode characters
        // This is somewhat mute, as validator.isEmail() also doesn't support unicode, but this is much easier / more
        // likely to be fixed in the near future.
        options.require = true;

        return Users.forge(options).fetch(options).then(function then(users) {
            var userWithEmail = users.find(function findUser(user) {
                return user.get('email').toLowerCase() === email.toLowerCase();
            });
            if (userWithEmail) {
                return userWithEmail;
            }
        });
    }
});

Users = ghostBookshelf.Collection.extend({
    model: User
});

module.exports = {
    User: ghostBookshelf.model('User', User),
    Users: ghostBookshelf.collection('Users', Users)
};