diff --git a/Gruntfile.js b/Gruntfile.js
index 811c16cc89..c732eafd7d 100644
--- a/Gruntfile.js
+++ b/Gruntfile.js
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ var path = require('path'),
when = require('when'),
semver = require('semver'),
fs = require('fs'),
- _ = require('underscore'),
+ _ = require('lodash'),
spawn = require('child_process').spawn,
buildDirectory = path.resolve(process.cwd(), '.build'),
distDirectory = path.resolve(process.cwd(), '.dist'),
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ var path = require('path'),
'core/shared/vendor/jquery/jquery-ui-1.10.3.custom.min.js',
'core/client/assets/lib/jquery-utils.js',
'core/client/assets/lib/uploader.js',
- 'core/shared/vendor/underscore.js',
+ 'core/shared/vendor/lodash.underscore.js',
'core/shared/vendor/backbone/backbone.js',
'core/shared/vendor/handlebars/handlebars-runtime.js',
'core/shared/vendor/moment.js',
@@ -435,7 +435,7 @@ var path = require('path'),
'core/shared/vendor/jquery/jquery-ui-1.10.3.custom.min.js',
'core/client/assets/lib/jquery-utils.js',
'core/client/assets/lib/uploader.js',
- 'core/shared/vendor/underscore.js',
+ 'core/shared/vendor/lodash.underscore.js',
'core/shared/vendor/backbone/backbone.js',
'core/shared/vendor/handlebars/handlebars-runtime.js',
'core/shared/vendor/moment.js',
diff --git a/core/server/api/db.js b/core/server/api/db.js
index 4c0e24d4e8..a29c16e490 100644
--- a/core/server/api/db.js
+++ b/core/server/api/db.js
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ var dataExport = require('../data/export'),
path = require('path'),
when = require('when'),
nodefn = require('when/node/function'),
- _ = require('underscore'),
+ _ = require('lodash'),
schema = require('../data/schema').tables,
configPaths = require('../config/paths'),
api = {},
diff --git a/core/server/api/index.js b/core/server/api/index.js
index f80f6b1bd1..249274f46f 100644
--- a/core/server/api/index.js
+++ b/core/server/api/index.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
// # Ghost Data API
// Provides access to the data model
-var _ = require('underscore'),
+var _ = require('lodash'),
when = require('when'),
config = require('../config'),
errors = require('../errorHandling'),
diff --git a/core/server/api/notifications.js b/core/server/api/notifications.js
index 1a454a27e3..d2a5347844 100644
--- a/core/server/api/notifications.js
+++ b/core/server/api/notifications.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
var when = require('when'),
- _ = require('underscore'),
+ _ = require('lodash'),
// Holds the persistent notifications
notificationsStore = [],
notifications;
diff --git a/core/server/api/posts.js b/core/server/api/posts.js
index 9879d8118a..b4be27853d 100644
--- a/core/server/api/posts.js
+++ b/core/server/api/posts.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
var when = require('when'),
- _ = require('underscore'),
+ _ = require('lodash'),
dataProvider = require('../models'),
permissions = require('../permissions'),
canThis = permissions.canThis,
diff --git a/core/server/api/settings.js b/core/server/api/settings.js
index 70404cf1e7..4283f82fc5 100644
--- a/core/server/api/settings.js
+++ b/core/server/api/settings.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-var _ = require('underscore'),
+var _ = require('lodash'),
dataProvider = require('../models'),
when = require('when'),
errors = require('../errorHandling'),
diff --git a/core/server/api/users.js b/core/server/api/users.js
index e150aafc57..1ed3c095da 100644
--- a/core/server/api/users.js
+++ b/core/server/api/users.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
var when = require('when'),
- _ = require('underscore'),
+ _ = require('lodash'),
dataProvider = require('../models'),
settings = require('./settings'),
ONE_DAY = 86400000,
diff --git a/core/server/apps/index.js b/core/server/apps/index.js
index 911384d704..bef76cbf9f 100644
--- a/core/server/apps/index.js
+++ b/core/server/apps/index.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-var _ = require('underscore'),
+var _ = require('lodash'),
when = require('when'),
errors = require('../errorHandling'),
api = require('../api'),
diff --git a/core/server/apps/loader.js b/core/server/apps/loader.js
index 73a1d37edc..0573a7fada 100644
--- a/core/server/apps/loader.js
+++ b/core/server/apps/loader.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
var path = require('path'),
- _ = require('underscore'),
+ _ = require('lodash'),
when = require('when'),
appProxy = require('./proxy'),
config = require('../config'),
diff --git a/core/server/apps/proxy.js b/core/server/apps/proxy.js
index b159ec503b..922abc4710 100644
--- a/core/server/apps/proxy.js
+++ b/core/server/apps/proxy.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-var _ = require('underscore'),
+var _ = require('lodash'),
api = require('../api'),
helpers = require('../helpers'),
filters = require('../filters');
diff --git a/core/server/apps/sandbox.js b/core/server/apps/sandbox.js
index 418444dfc8..dc08bea55d 100644
--- a/core/server/apps/sandbox.js
+++ b/core/server/apps/sandbox.js
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-var fs = require('fs'),
- path = require('path'),
- Module = require('module'),
- _ = require('underscore');
+var fs = require('fs'),
+ path = require('path'),
+ Module = require('module'),
+ _ = require('lodash');
function AppSandbox(opts) {
this.opts = _.defaults(opts || {}, AppSandbox.defaults);
diff --git a/core/server/config/paths.js b/core/server/config/paths.js
index 0fa51f179f..a1c8f944d5 100644
--- a/core/server/config/paths.js
+++ b/core/server/config/paths.js
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ var moment = require('moment'),
path = require('path'),
when = require('when'),
url = require('url'),
- _ = require('underscore'),
+ _ = require('lodash'),
requireTree = require('../require-tree'),
appRoot = path.resolve(__dirname, '../../../'),
corePath = path.resolve(appRoot, 'core/'),
diff --git a/core/server/controllers/admin.js b/core/server/controllers/admin.js
index c06a7d6efc..641072400f 100644
--- a/core/server/controllers/admin.js
+++ b/core/server/controllers/admin.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
var config = require('../config'),
- _ = require('underscore'),
+ _ = require('lodash'),
path = require('path'),
when = require('when'),
api = require('../api'),
diff --git a/core/server/controllers/frontend.js b/core/server/controllers/frontend.js
index ee288337a0..2ea395ce4f 100644
--- a/core/server/controllers/frontend.js
+++ b/core/server/controllers/frontend.js
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
var moment = require('moment'),
RSS = require('rss'),
- _ = require('underscore'),
+ _ = require('lodash'),
url = require('url'),
when = require('when'),
diff --git a/core/server/data/export/index.js b/core/server/data/export/index.js
index 9a28634031..0c974c9af8 100644
--- a/core/server/data/export/index.js
+++ b/core/server/data/export/index.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
var when = require('when'),
- _ = require('underscore'),
+ _ = require('lodash'),
migration = require('../migration'),
knex = require('../../models/base').knex,
schema = require('../schema').tables,
diff --git a/core/server/data/fixtures/index.js b/core/server/data/fixtures/index.js
index 8b7b1ad738..902538f8ea 100644
--- a/core/server/data/fixtures/index.js
+++ b/core/server/data/fixtures/index.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
var sequence = require('when/sequence'),
- _ = require('underscore'),
+ _ = require('lodash'),
Post = require('../../models/post').Post,
Tag = require('../../models/tag').Tag,
Role = require('../../models/role').Role,
diff --git a/core/server/data/import/000.js b/core/server/data/import/000.js
index 9f134e0e3d..5346454f15 100644
--- a/core/server/data/import/000.js
+++ b/core/server/data/import/000.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
var when = require('when'),
- _ = require('underscore'),
+ _ = require('lodash'),
models = require('../../models'),
errors = require('../../errorHandling'),
Importer000;
diff --git a/core/server/data/migration/index.js b/core/server/data/migration/index.js
index 60260191f4..078567f2a0 100644
--- a/core/server/data/migration/index.js
+++ b/core/server/data/migration/index.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-var _ = require('underscore'),
+var _ = require('lodash'),
when = require('when'),
errors = require('../../errorHandling'),
client = require('../../models/base').client,
diff --git a/core/server/errorHandling.js b/core/server/errorHandling.js
index 54b423e1b9..4ba7d7d413 100644
--- a/core/server/errorHandling.js
+++ b/core/server/errorHandling.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
/*jslint regexp: true */
-var _ = require('underscore'),
+var _ = require('lodash'),
colors = require('colors'),
fs = require('fs'),
configPaths = require('./config/paths'),
@@ -227,16 +227,16 @@ errors = {
}
};
-// Ensure our 'this' context in the functions
-_.bindAll(
- errors,
- 'throwError',
- 'logError',
+// Ensure our 'this' context for methods and preserve method arity by
+// using Function#bind for expressjs
+_.each([
'logAndThrowError',
'logErrorWithRedirect',
'renderErrorPage',
'error404',
'error500'
-);
+], function (funcName) {
+ errors[funcName] = errors[funcName].bind(errors);
+});
module.exports = errors;
diff --git a/core/server/filters.js b/core/server/filters.js
index 523e4d572f..d7aad1fa6f 100644
--- a/core/server/filters.js
+++ b/core/server/filters.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
var when = require('when'),
- _ = require('underscore'),
+ _ = require('lodash'),
defaults;
diff --git a/core/server/helpers/index.js b/core/server/helpers/index.js
index 97766e380a..3f7e6a2b2f 100644
--- a/core/server/helpers/index.js
+++ b/core/server/helpers/index.js
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ var downsize = require('downsize'),
moment = require('moment'),
path = require('path'),
polyglot = require('node-polyglot').instance,
- _ = require('underscore'),
+ _ = require('lodash'),
when = require('when'),
api = require('../api'),
diff --git a/core/server/index.js b/core/server/index.js
index a71fbd7034..4fd4250b01 100644
--- a/core/server/index.js
+++ b/core/server/index.js
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ var crypto = require('crypto'),
path = require('path'),
Polyglot = require('node-polyglot'),
semver = require('semver'),
- _ = require('underscore'),
+ _ = require('lodash'),
when = require('when'),
api = require('./api'),
diff --git a/core/server/mail.js b/core/server/mail.js
index 060a2d683b..366fb3e6c9 100644
--- a/core/server/mail.js
+++ b/core/server/mail.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
var cp = require('child_process'),
url = require('url'),
- _ = require('underscore'),
+ _ = require('lodash'),
when = require('when'),
nodefn = require('when/node/function'),
nodemailer = require('nodemailer'),
diff --git a/core/server/middleware/index.js b/core/server/middleware/index.js
index 40a4eaf9a5..94ad640f16 100644
--- a/core/server/middleware/index.js
+++ b/core/server/middleware/index.js
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
var middleware = require('./middleware'),
express = require('express'),
- _ = require('underscore'),
+ _ = require('lodash'),
url = require('url'),
when = require('when'),
slashes = require('connect-slashes'),
diff --git a/core/server/middleware/middleware.js b/core/server/middleware/middleware.js
index ca05bfbe7a..797027173c 100644
--- a/core/server/middleware/middleware.js
+++ b/core/server/middleware/middleware.js
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
// The following custom middleware functions are all unit testable, and have accompanying unit tests in
// middleware_spec.js
-var _ = require('underscore'),
+var _ = require('lodash'),
express = require('express'),
busboy = require('./ghost-busboy'),
config = require('../config'),
diff --git a/core/server/models/base.js b/core/server/models/base.js
index 3fd003a010..f306635efc 100644
--- a/core/server/models/base.js
+++ b/core/server/models/base.js
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ var ghostBookshelf,
Bookshelf = require('bookshelf'),
when = require('when'),
moment = require('moment'),
- _ = require('underscore'),
+ _ = require('lodash'),
uuid = require('node-uuid'),
config = require('../config'),
Validator = require('validator').Validator,
diff --git a/core/server/models/index.js b/core/server/models/index.js
index f5f1eefc45..f0b764d8c5 100644
--- a/core/server/models/index.js
+++ b/core/server/models/index.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
var migrations = require('../data/migration'),
- _ = require('underscore');
+ _ = require('lodash');
module.exports = {
Post: require('./post').Post,
diff --git a/core/server/models/post.js b/core/server/models/post.js
index d525cfd9b6..e19a9995ea 100644
--- a/core/server/models/post.js
+++ b/core/server/models/post.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
var Post,
Posts,
- _ = require('underscore'),
+ _ = require('lodash'),
uuid = require('node-uuid'),
when = require('when'),
errors = require('../errorHandling'),
diff --git a/core/server/models/settings.js b/core/server/models/settings.js
index 8c0e89f230..fb5cc70a71 100644
--- a/core/server/models/settings.js
+++ b/core/server/models/settings.js
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ var Settings,
ghostBookshelf = require('./base'),
validator = ghostBookshelf.validator,
uuid = require('node-uuid'),
- _ = require('underscore'),
+ _ = require('lodash'),
errors = require('../errorHandling'),
when = require('when'),
defaultSettings;
diff --git a/core/server/models/user.js b/core/server/models/user.js
index f19ea25156..9b66d91bb8 100644
--- a/core/server/models/user.js
+++ b/core/server/models/user.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
var User,
Users,
- _ = require('underscore'),
+ _ = require('lodash'),
uuid = require('node-uuid'),
when = require('when'),
errors = require('../errorHandling'),
diff --git a/core/server/permissions/index.js b/core/server/permissions/index.js
index 02f9015f5f..61bee87483 100644
--- a/core/server/permissions/index.js
+++ b/core/server/permissions/index.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
// canThis(someUser).edit.posts([id]|[[ids]])
// canThis(someUser).edit.post(somePost|somePostId)
-var _ = require('underscore'),
+var _ = require('lodash'),
when = require('when'),
Models = require('../models'),
objectTypeModelMap = require('./objectTypeModelMap'),
diff --git a/core/server/storage/base.js b/core/server/storage/base.js
index 8961679371..fb344d60cc 100644
--- a/core/server/storage/base.js
+++ b/core/server/storage/base.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-var _ = require('underscore'),
+var _ = require('lodash'),
moment = require('moment'),
path = require('path'),
when = require('when'),
diff --git a/core/server/storage/localfilesystem.js b/core/server/storage/localfilesystem.js
index aef04bf2b4..238369f8de 100644
--- a/core/server/storage/localfilesystem.js
+++ b/core/server/storage/localfilesystem.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
// # Local File System Image Storage module
// The (default) module for storing images, using the local file system
-var _ = require('underscore'),
+var _ = require('lodash'),
express = require('express'),
fs = require('fs-extra'),
nodefn = require('when/node/function'),
diff --git a/core/server/update-check.js b/core/server/update-check.js
index 608167032a..13c3c4a5b3 100644
--- a/core/server/update-check.js
+++ b/core/server/update-check.js
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ var crypto = require('crypto'),
semver = require('semver'),
when = require('when'),
nodefn = require('when/node/function'),
- _ = require('underscore'),
+ _ = require('lodash'),
url = require('url'),
api = require('./api'),
diff --git a/core/shared/vendor/lodash.underscore.js b/core/shared/vendor/lodash.underscore.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0c84471f5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/shared/vendor/lodash.underscore.js
@@ -0,0 +1,4979 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Lo-Dash 2.4.1 (Custom Build)
+ * Build: `lodash underscore exports="amd,commonjs,global,node" -o ./dist/lodash.underscore.js`
+ * Copyright 2012-2013 The Dojo Foundation
+ * Based on Underscore.js 1.5.2
+ * Copyright 2009-2013 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud and Investigative Reporters & Editors
+ * Available under MIT license
+ */
+;(function() {
+
+ /** Used as a safe reference for `undefined` in pre ES5 environments */
+ var undefined;
+
+ /** Used to generate unique IDs */
+ var idCounter = 0;
+
+ /** Used internally to indicate various things */
+ var indicatorObject = {};
+
+ /** Used to prefix keys to avoid issues with `__proto__` and properties on `Object.prototype` */
+ var keyPrefix = +new Date + '';
+
+ /** Used to match "interpolate" template delimiters */
+ var reInterpolate = /<%=([\s\S]+?)%>/g;
+
+ /** Used to ensure capturing order of template delimiters */
+ var reNoMatch = /($^)/;
+
+ /** Used to match unescaped characters in compiled string literals */
+ var reUnescapedString = /['\n\r\t\u2028\u2029\\]/g;
+
+ /** `Object#toString` result shortcuts */
+ var argsClass = '[object Arguments]',
+ arrayClass = '[object Array]',
+ boolClass = '[object Boolean]',
+ dateClass = '[object Date]',
+ funcClass = '[object Function]',
+ numberClass = '[object Number]',
+ objectClass = '[object Object]',
+ regexpClass = '[object RegExp]',
+ stringClass = '[object String]';
+
+ /** Used to determine if values are of the language type Object */
+ var objectTypes = {
+ 'boolean': false,
+ 'function': true,
+ 'object': true,
+ 'number': false,
+ 'string': false,
+ 'undefined': false
+ };
+
+ /** Used to escape characters for inclusion in compiled string literals */
+ var stringEscapes = {
+ '\\': '\\',
+ "'": "'",
+ '\n': 'n',
+ '\r': 'r',
+ '\t': 't',
+ '\u2028': 'u2028',
+ '\u2029': 'u2029'
+ };
+
+ /** Used as a reference to the global object */
+ var root = (objectTypes[typeof window] && window) || this;
+
+ /** Detect free variable `exports` */
+ var freeExports = objectTypes[typeof exports] && exports && !exports.nodeType && exports;
+
+ /** Detect free variable `module` */
+ var freeModule = objectTypes[typeof module] && module && !module.nodeType && module;
+
+ /** Detect the popular CommonJS extension `module.exports` */
+ var moduleExports = freeModule && freeModule.exports === freeExports && freeExports;
+
+ /** Detect free variable `global` from Node.js or Browserified code and use it as `root` */
+ var freeGlobal = objectTypes[typeof global] && global;
+ if (freeGlobal && (freeGlobal.global === freeGlobal || freeGlobal.window === freeGlobal)) {
+ root = freeGlobal;
+ }
+
+ /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+ /**
+ * The base implementation of `_.indexOf` without support for binary searches
+ * or `fromIndex` constraints.
+ *
+ * @private
+ * @param {Array} array The array to search.
+ * @param {*} value The value to search for.
+ * @param {number} [fromIndex=0] The index to search from.
+ * @returns {number} Returns the index of the matched value or `-1`.
+ */
+ function baseIndexOf(array, value, fromIndex) {
+ var index = (fromIndex || 0) - 1,
+ length = array ? array.length : 0;
+
+ while (++index < length) {
+ if (array[index] === value) {
+ return index;
+ }
+ }
+ return -1;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Used by `sortBy` to compare transformed `collection` elements, stable sorting
+ * them in ascending order.
+ *
+ * @private
+ * @param {Object} a The object to compare to `b`.
+ * @param {Object} b The object to compare to `a`.
+ * @returns {number} Returns the sort order indicator of `1` or `-1`.
+ */
+ function compareAscending(a, b) {
+ var ac = a.criteria,
+ bc = b.criteria,
+ index = -1,
+ length = ac.length;
+
+ while (++index < length) {
+ var value = ac[index],
+ other = bc[index];
+
+ if (value !== other) {
+ if (value > other || typeof value == 'undefined') {
+ return 1;
+ }
+ if (value < other || typeof other == 'undefined') {
+ return -1;
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ // Fixes an `Array#sort` bug in the JS engine embedded in Adobe applications
+ // that causes it, under certain circumstances, to return the same value for
+ // `a` and `b`. See https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/pull/1247
+ //
+ // This also ensures a stable sort in V8 and other engines.
+ // See http://code.google.com/p/v8/issues/detail?id=90
+ return a.index - b.index;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Used by `template` to escape characters for inclusion in compiled
+ * string literals.
+ *
+ * @private
+ * @param {string} match The matched character to escape.
+ * @returns {string} Returns the escaped character.
+ */
+ function escapeStringChar(match) {
+ return '\\' + stringEscapes[match];
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Slices the `collection` from the `start` index up to, but not including,
+ * the `end` index.
+ *
+ * Note: This function is used instead of `Array#slice` to support node lists
+ * in IE < 9 and to ensure dense arrays are returned.
+ *
+ * @private
+ * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to slice.
+ * @param {number} start The start index.
+ * @param {number} end The end index.
+ * @returns {Array} Returns the new array.
+ */
+ function slice(array, start, end) {
+ start || (start = 0);
+ if (typeof end == 'undefined') {
+ end = array ? array.length : 0;
+ }
+ var index = -1,
+ length = end - start || 0,
+ result = Array(length < 0 ? 0 : length);
+
+ while (++index < length) {
+ result[index] = array[start + index];
+ }
+ return result;
+ }
+
+ /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+ /**
+ * Used for `Array` method references.
+ *
+ * Normally `Array.prototype` would suffice, however, using an array literal
+ * avoids issues in Narwhal.
+ */
+ var arrayRef = [];
+
+ /** Used for native method references */
+ var objectProto = Object.prototype;
+
+ /** Used to restore the original `_` reference in `noConflict` */
+ var oldDash = root._;
+
+ /** Used to resolve the internal [[Class]] of values */
+ var toString = objectProto.toString;
+
+ /** Used to detect if a method is native */
+ var reNative = RegExp('^' +
+ String(toString)
+ .replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, '\\$&')
+ .replace(/toString| for [^\]]+/g, '.*?') + '$'
+ );
+
+ /** Native method shortcuts */
+ var ceil = Math.ceil,
+ floor = Math.floor,
+ hasOwnProperty = objectProto.hasOwnProperty,
+ push = arrayRef.push,
+ propertyIsEnumerable = objectProto.propertyIsEnumerable;
+
+ /* Native method shortcuts for methods with the same name as other `lodash` methods */
+ var nativeCreate = isNative(nativeCreate = Object.create) && nativeCreate,
+ nativeIsArray = isNative(nativeIsArray = Array.isArray) && nativeIsArray,
+ nativeIsFinite = root.isFinite,
+ nativeIsNaN = root.isNaN,
+ nativeKeys = isNative(nativeKeys = Object.keys) && nativeKeys,
+ nativeMax = Math.max,
+ nativeMin = Math.min,
+ nativeRandom = Math.random;
+
+ /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+ /**
+ * Creates a `lodash` object which wraps the given value to enable intuitive
+ * method chaining.
+ *
+ * In addition to Lo-Dash methods, wrappers also have the following `Array` methods:
+ * `concat`, `join`, `pop`, `push`, `reverse`, `shift`, `slice`, `sort`, `splice`,
+ * and `unshift`
+ *
+ * Chaining is supported in custom builds as long as the `value` method is
+ * implicitly or explicitly included in the build.
+ *
+ * The chainable wrapper functions are:
+ * `after`, `assign`, `bind`, `bindAll`, `bindKey`, `chain`, `compact`,
+ * `compose`, `concat`, `countBy`, `create`, `createCallback`, `curry`,
+ * `debounce`, `defaults`, `defer`, `delay`, `difference`, `filter`, `flatten`,
+ * `forEach`, `forEachRight`, `forIn`, `forInRight`, `forOwn`, `forOwnRight`,
+ * `functions`, `groupBy`, `indexBy`, `initial`, `intersection`, `invert`,
+ * `invoke`, `keys`, `map`, `max`, `memoize`, `merge`, `min`, `object`, `omit`,
+ * `once`, `pairs`, `partial`, `partialRight`, `pick`, `pluck`, `pull`, `push`,
+ * `range`, `reject`, `remove`, `rest`, `reverse`, `shuffle`, `slice`, `sort`,
+ * `sortBy`, `splice`, `tap`, `throttle`, `times`, `toArray`, `transform`,
+ * `union`, `uniq`, `unshift`, `unzip`, `values`, `where`, `without`, `wrap`,
+ * and `zip`
+ *
+ * The non-chainable wrapper functions are:
+ * `clone`, `cloneDeep`, `contains`, `escape`, `every`, `find`, `findIndex`,
+ * `findKey`, `findLast`, `findLastIndex`, `findLastKey`, `has`, `identity`,
+ * `indexOf`, `isArguments`, `isArray`, `isBoolean`, `isDate`, `isElement`,
+ * `isEmpty`, `isEqual`, `isFinite`, `isFunction`, `isNaN`, `isNull`, `isNumber`,
+ * `isObject`, `isPlainObject`, `isRegExp`, `isString`, `isUndefined`, `join`,
+ * `lastIndexOf`, `mixin`, `noConflict`, `parseInt`, `pop`, `random`, `reduce`,
+ * `reduceRight`, `result`, `shift`, `size`, `some`, `sortedIndex`, `runInContext`,
+ * `template`, `unescape`, `uniqueId`, and `value`
+ *
+ * The wrapper functions `first` and `last` return wrapped values when `n` is
+ * provided, otherwise they return unwrapped values.
+ *
+ * Explicit chaining can be enabled by using the `_.chain` method.
+ *
+ * @name _
+ * @constructor
+ * @category Chaining
+ * @param {*} value The value to wrap in a `lodash` instance.
+ * @returns {Object} Returns a `lodash` instance.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * var wrapped = _([1, 2, 3]);
+ *
+ * // returns an unwrapped value
+ * wrapped.reduce(function(sum, num) {
+ * return sum + num;
+ * });
+ * // => 6
+ *
+ * // returns a wrapped value
+ * var squares = wrapped.map(function(num) {
+ * return num * num;
+ * });
+ *
+ * _.isArray(squares);
+ * // => false
+ *
+ * _.isArray(squares.value());
+ * // => true
+ */
+ function lodash(value) {
+ return (value instanceof lodash)
+ ? value
+ : new lodashWrapper(value);
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * A fast path for creating `lodash` wrapper objects.
+ *
+ * @private
+ * @param {*} value The value to wrap in a `lodash` instance.
+ * @param {boolean} chainAll A flag to enable chaining for all methods
+ * @returns {Object} Returns a `lodash` instance.
+ */
+ function lodashWrapper(value, chainAll) {
+ this.__chain__ = !!chainAll;
+ this.__wrapped__ = value;
+ }
+ // ensure `new lodashWrapper` is an instance of `lodash`
+ lodashWrapper.prototype = lodash.prototype;
+
+ /**
+ * An object used to flag environments features.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @type Object
+ */
+ var support = {};
+
+ (function() {
+ var object = { '0': 1, 'length': 1 };
+
+ /**
+ * Detect if `Array#shift` and `Array#splice` augment array-like objects correctly.
+ *
+ * Firefox < 10, IE compatibility mode, and IE < 9 have buggy Array `shift()`
+ * and `splice()` functions that fail to remove the last element, `value[0]`,
+ * of array-like objects even though the `length` property is set to `0`.
+ * The `shift()` method is buggy in IE 8 compatibility mode, while `splice()`
+ * is buggy regardless of mode in IE < 9 and buggy in compatibility mode in IE 9.
+ *
+ * @memberOf _.support
+ * @type boolean
+ */
+ support.spliceObjects = (arrayRef.splice.call(object, 0, 1), !object[0]);
+ }(1));
+
+ /**
+ * By default, the template delimiters used by Lo-Dash are similar to those in
+ * embedded Ruby (ERB). Change the following template settings to use alternative
+ * delimiters.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @type Object
+ */
+ lodash.templateSettings = {
+
+ /**
+ * Used to detect `data` property values to be HTML-escaped.
+ *
+ * @memberOf _.templateSettings
+ * @type RegExp
+ */
+ 'escape': /<%-([\s\S]+?)%>/g,
+
+ /**
+ * Used to detect code to be evaluated.
+ *
+ * @memberOf _.templateSettings
+ * @type RegExp
+ */
+ 'evaluate': /<%([\s\S]+?)%>/g,
+
+ /**
+ * Used to detect `data` property values to inject.
+ *
+ * @memberOf _.templateSettings
+ * @type RegExp
+ */
+ 'interpolate': reInterpolate,
+
+ /**
+ * Used to reference the data object in the template text.
+ *
+ * @memberOf _.templateSettings
+ * @type string
+ */
+ 'variable': ''
+ };
+
+ /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+ /**
+ * The base implementation of `_.bind` that creates the bound function and
+ * sets its meta data.
+ *
+ * @private
+ * @param {Array} bindData The bind data array.
+ * @returns {Function} Returns the new bound function.
+ */
+ function baseBind(bindData) {
+ var func = bindData[0],
+ partialArgs = bindData[2],
+ thisArg = bindData[4];
+
+ function bound() {
+ // `Function#bind` spec
+ // http://es5.github.io/#x15.3.4.5
+ if (partialArgs) {
+ // avoid `arguments` object deoptimizations by using `slice` instead
+ // of `Array.prototype.slice.call` and not assigning `arguments` to a
+ // variable as a ternary expression
+ var args = slice(partialArgs);
+ push.apply(args, arguments);
+ }
+ // mimic the constructor's `return` behavior
+ // http://es5.github.io/#x13.2.2
+ if (this instanceof bound) {
+ // ensure `new bound` is an instance of `func`
+ var thisBinding = baseCreate(func.prototype),
+ result = func.apply(thisBinding, args || arguments);
+ return isObject(result) ? result : thisBinding;
+ }
+ return func.apply(thisArg, args || arguments);
+ }
+ return bound;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * The base implementation of `_.create` without support for assigning
+ * properties to the created object.
+ *
+ * @private
+ * @param {Object} prototype The object to inherit from.
+ * @returns {Object} Returns the new object.
+ */
+ function baseCreate(prototype, properties) {
+ return isObject(prototype) ? nativeCreate(prototype) : {};
+ }
+ // fallback for browsers without `Object.create`
+ if (!nativeCreate) {
+ baseCreate = (function() {
+ function Object() {}
+ return function(prototype) {
+ if (isObject(prototype)) {
+ Object.prototype = prototype;
+ var result = new Object;
+ Object.prototype = null;
+ }
+ return result || root.Object();
+ };
+ }());
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * The base implementation of `_.createCallback` without support for creating
+ * "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callbacks.
+ *
+ * @private
+ * @param {*} [func=identity] The value to convert to a callback.
+ * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of the created callback.
+ * @param {number} [argCount] The number of arguments the callback accepts.
+ * @returns {Function} Returns a callback function.
+ */
+ function baseCreateCallback(func, thisArg, argCount) {
+ if (typeof func != 'function') {
+ return identity;
+ }
+ // exit early for no `thisArg` or already bound by `Function#bind`
+ if (typeof thisArg == 'undefined' || !('prototype' in func)) {
+ return func;
+ }
+ switch (argCount) {
+ case 1: return function(value) {
+ return func.call(thisArg, value);
+ };
+ case 2: return function(a, b) {
+ return func.call(thisArg, a, b);
+ };
+ case 3: return function(value, index, collection) {
+ return func.call(thisArg, value, index, collection);
+ };
+ case 4: return function(accumulator, value, index, collection) {
+ return func.call(thisArg, accumulator, value, index, collection);
+ };
+ }
+ return bind(func, thisArg);
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * The base implementation of `createWrapper` that creates the wrapper and
+ * sets its meta data.
+ *
+ * @private
+ * @param {Array} bindData The bind data array.
+ * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
+ */
+ function baseCreateWrapper(bindData) {
+ var func = bindData[0],
+ bitmask = bindData[1],
+ partialArgs = bindData[2],
+ partialRightArgs = bindData[3],
+ thisArg = bindData[4],
+ arity = bindData[5];
+
+ var isBind = bitmask & 1,
+ isBindKey = bitmask & 2,
+ isCurry = bitmask & 4,
+ isCurryBound = bitmask & 8,
+ key = func;
+
+ function bound() {
+ var thisBinding = isBind ? thisArg : this;
+ if (partialArgs) {
+ var args = slice(partialArgs);
+ push.apply(args, arguments);
+ }
+ if (partialRightArgs || isCurry) {
+ args || (args = slice(arguments));
+ if (partialRightArgs) {
+ push.apply(args, partialRightArgs);
+ }
+ if (isCurry && args.length < arity) {
+ bitmask |= 16 & ~32;
+ return baseCreateWrapper([func, (isCurryBound ? bitmask : bitmask & ~3), args, null, thisArg, arity]);
+ }
+ }
+ args || (args = arguments);
+ if (isBindKey) {
+ func = thisBinding[key];
+ }
+ if (this instanceof bound) {
+ thisBinding = baseCreate(func.prototype);
+ var result = func.apply(thisBinding, args);
+ return isObject(result) ? result : thisBinding;
+ }
+ return func.apply(thisBinding, args);
+ }
+ return bound;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * The base implementation of `_.difference` that accepts a single array
+ * of values to exclude.
+ *
+ * @private
+ * @param {Array} array The array to process.
+ * @param {Array} [values] The array of values to exclude.
+ * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of filtered values.
+ */
+ function baseDifference(array, values) {
+ var index = -1,
+ indexOf = getIndexOf(),
+ length = array ? array.length : 0,
+ result = [];
+
+ while (++index < length) {
+ var value = array[index];
+ if (indexOf(values, value) < 0) {
+ result.push(value);
+ }
+ }
+ return result;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * The base implementation of `_.flatten` without support for callback
+ * shorthands or `thisArg` binding.
+ *
+ * @private
+ * @param {Array} array The array to flatten.
+ * @param {boolean} [isShallow=false] A flag to restrict flattening to a single level.
+ * @param {boolean} [isStrict=false] A flag to restrict flattening to arrays and `arguments` objects.
+ * @param {number} [fromIndex=0] The index to start from.
+ * @returns {Array} Returns a new flattened array.
+ */
+ function baseFlatten(array, isShallow, isStrict, fromIndex) {
+ var index = (fromIndex || 0) - 1,
+ length = array ? array.length : 0,
+ result = [];
+
+ while (++index < length) {
+ var value = array[index];
+
+ if (value && typeof value == 'object' && typeof value.length == 'number'
+ && (isArray(value) || isArguments(value))) {
+ // recursively flatten arrays (susceptible to call stack limits)
+ if (!isShallow) {
+ value = baseFlatten(value, isShallow, isStrict);
+ }
+ var valIndex = -1,
+ valLength = value.length,
+ resIndex = result.length;
+
+ result.length += valLength;
+ while (++valIndex < valLength) {
+ result[resIndex++] = value[valIndex];
+ }
+ } else if (!isStrict) {
+ result.push(value);
+ }
+ }
+ return result;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * The base implementation of `_.isEqual`, without support for `thisArg` binding,
+ * that allows partial "_.where" style comparisons.
+ *
+ * @private
+ * @param {*} a The value to compare.
+ * @param {*} b The other value to compare.
+ * @param {Function} [callback] The function to customize comparing values.
+ * @param {Function} [isWhere=false] A flag to indicate performing partial comparisons.
+ * @param {Array} [stackA=[]] Tracks traversed `a` objects.
+ * @param {Array} [stackB=[]] Tracks traversed `b` objects.
+ * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the values are equivalent, else `false`.
+ */
+ function baseIsEqual(a, b, stackA, stackB) {
+ if (a === b) {
+ return a !== 0 || (1 / a == 1 / b);
+ }
+ var type = typeof a,
+ otherType = typeof b;
+
+ if (a === a &&
+ !(a && objectTypes[type]) &&
+ !(b && objectTypes[otherType])) {
+ return false;
+ }
+ if (a == null || b == null) {
+ return a === b;
+ }
+ var className = toString.call(a),
+ otherClass = toString.call(b);
+
+ if (className != otherClass) {
+ return false;
+ }
+ switch (className) {
+ case boolClass:
+ case dateClass:
+ return +a == +b;
+
+ case numberClass:
+ return a != +a
+ ? b != +b
+ : (a == 0 ? (1 / a == 1 / b) : a == +b);
+
+ case regexpClass:
+ case stringClass:
+ return a == String(b);
+ }
+ var isArr = className == arrayClass;
+ if (!isArr) {
+ var aWrapped = a instanceof lodash,
+ bWrapped = b instanceof lodash;
+
+ if (aWrapped || bWrapped) {
+ return baseIsEqual(aWrapped ? a.__wrapped__ : a, bWrapped ? b.__wrapped__ : b, stackA, stackB);
+ }
+ if (className != objectClass) {
+ return false;
+ }
+ var ctorA = a.constructor,
+ ctorB = b.constructor;
+
+ if (ctorA != ctorB &&
+ !(isFunction(ctorA) && ctorA instanceof ctorA && isFunction(ctorB) && ctorB instanceof ctorB) &&
+ ('constructor' in a && 'constructor' in b)
+ ) {
+ return false;
+ }
+ }
+ stackA || (stackA = []);
+ stackB || (stackB = []);
+
+ var length = stackA.length;
+ while (length--) {
+ if (stackA[length] == a) {
+ return stackB[length] == b;
+ }
+ }
+ var result = true,
+ size = 0;
+
+ stackA.push(a);
+ stackB.push(b);
+
+ if (isArr) {
+ size = b.length;
+ result = size == a.length;
+
+ if (result) {
+ while (size--) {
+ if (!(result = baseIsEqual(a[size], b[size], stackA, stackB))) {
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ else {
+ forIn(b, function(value, key, b) {
+ if (hasOwnProperty.call(b, key)) {
+ size++;
+ return !(result = hasOwnProperty.call(a, key) && baseIsEqual(a[key], value, stackA, stackB)) && indicatorObject;
+ }
+ });
+
+ if (result) {
+ forIn(a, function(value, key, a) {
+ if (hasOwnProperty.call(a, key)) {
+ return !(result = --size > -1) && indicatorObject;
+ }
+ });
+ }
+ }
+ stackA.pop();
+ stackB.pop();
+ return result;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * The base implementation of `_.random` without argument juggling or support
+ * for returning floating-point numbers.
+ *
+ * @private
+ * @param {number} min The minimum possible value.
+ * @param {number} max The maximum possible value.
+ * @returns {number} Returns a random number.
+ */
+ function baseRandom(min, max) {
+ return min + floor(nativeRandom() * (max - min + 1));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * The base implementation of `_.uniq` without support for callback shorthands
+ * or `thisArg` binding.
+ *
+ * @private
+ * @param {Array} array The array to process.
+ * @param {boolean} [isSorted=false] A flag to indicate that `array` is sorted.
+ * @param {Function} [callback] The function called per iteration.
+ * @returns {Array} Returns a duplicate-value-free array.
+ */
+ function baseUniq(array, isSorted, callback) {
+ var index = -1,
+ indexOf = getIndexOf(),
+ length = array ? array.length : 0,
+ result = [],
+ seen = callback ? [] : result;
+
+ while (++index < length) {
+ var value = array[index],
+ computed = callback ? callback(value, index, array) : value;
+
+ if (isSorted
+ ? !index || seen[seen.length - 1] !== computed
+ : indexOf(seen, computed) < 0
+ ) {
+ if (callback) {
+ seen.push(computed);
+ }
+ result.push(value);
+ }
+ }
+ return result;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Creates a function that aggregates a collection, creating an object composed
+ * of keys generated from the results of running each element of the collection
+ * through a callback. The given `setter` function sets the keys and values
+ * of the composed object.
+ *
+ * @private
+ * @param {Function} setter The setter function.
+ * @returns {Function} Returns the new aggregator function.
+ */
+ function createAggregator(setter) {
+ return function(collection, callback, thisArg) {
+ var result = {};
+ callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg, 3);
+
+ var index = -1,
+ length = collection ? collection.length : 0;
+
+ if (typeof length == 'number') {
+ while (++index < length) {
+ var value = collection[index];
+ setter(result, value, callback(value, index, collection), collection);
+ }
+ } else {
+ forOwn(collection, function(value, key, collection) {
+ setter(result, value, callback(value, key, collection), collection);
+ });
+ }
+ return result;
+ };
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Creates a function that, when called, either curries or invokes `func`
+ * with an optional `this` binding and partially applied arguments.
+ *
+ * @private
+ * @param {Function|string} func The function or method name to reference.
+ * @param {number} bitmask The bitmask of method flags to compose.
+ * The bitmask may be composed of the following flags:
+ * 1 - `_.bind`
+ * 2 - `_.bindKey`
+ * 4 - `_.curry`
+ * 8 - `_.curry` (bound)
+ * 16 - `_.partial`
+ * 32 - `_.partialRight`
+ * @param {Array} [partialArgs] An array of arguments to prepend to those
+ * provided to the new function.
+ * @param {Array} [partialRightArgs] An array of arguments to append to those
+ * provided to the new function.
+ * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `func`.
+ * @param {number} [arity] The arity of `func`.
+ * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
+ */
+ function createWrapper(func, bitmask, partialArgs, partialRightArgs, thisArg, arity) {
+ var isBind = bitmask & 1,
+ isBindKey = bitmask & 2,
+ isCurry = bitmask & 4,
+ isCurryBound = bitmask & 8,
+ isPartial = bitmask & 16,
+ isPartialRight = bitmask & 32;
+
+ if (!isBindKey && !isFunction(func)) {
+ throw new TypeError;
+ }
+ if (isPartial && !partialArgs.length) {
+ bitmask &= ~16;
+ isPartial = partialArgs = false;
+ }
+ if (isPartialRight && !partialRightArgs.length) {
+ bitmask &= ~32;
+ isPartialRight = partialRightArgs = false;
+ }
+ // fast path for `_.bind`
+ var creater = (bitmask == 1 || bitmask === 17) ? baseBind : baseCreateWrapper;
+ return creater([func, bitmask, partialArgs, partialRightArgs, thisArg, arity]);
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Used by `escape` to convert characters to HTML entities.
+ *
+ * @private
+ * @param {string} match The matched character to escape.
+ * @returns {string} Returns the escaped character.
+ */
+ function escapeHtmlChar(match) {
+ return htmlEscapes[match];
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Gets the appropriate "indexOf" function. If the `_.indexOf` method is
+ * customized, this method returns the custom method, otherwise it returns
+ * the `baseIndexOf` function.
+ *
+ * @private
+ * @returns {Function} Returns the "indexOf" function.
+ */
+ function getIndexOf() {
+ var result = (result = lodash.indexOf) === indexOf ? baseIndexOf : result;
+ return result;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Checks if `value` is a native function.
+ *
+ * @private
+ * @param {*} value The value to check.
+ * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is a native function, else `false`.
+ */
+ function isNative(value) {
+ return typeof value == 'function' && reNative.test(value);
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Used by `unescape` to convert HTML entities to characters.
+ *
+ * @private
+ * @param {string} match The matched character to unescape.
+ * @returns {string} Returns the unescaped character.
+ */
+ function unescapeHtmlChar(match) {
+ return htmlUnescapes[match];
+ }
+
+ /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+ /**
+ * Checks if `value` is an `arguments` object.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Objects
+ * @param {*} value The value to check.
+ * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is an `arguments` object, else `false`.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * (function() { return _.isArguments(arguments); })(1, 2, 3);
+ * // => true
+ *
+ * _.isArguments([1, 2, 3]);
+ * // => false
+ */
+ function isArguments(value) {
+ return value && typeof value == 'object' && typeof value.length == 'number' &&
+ toString.call(value) == argsClass || false;
+ }
+ // fallback for browsers that can't detect `arguments` objects by [[Class]]
+ if (!isArguments(arguments)) {
+ isArguments = function(value) {
+ return value && typeof value == 'object' && typeof value.length == 'number' &&
+ hasOwnProperty.call(value, 'callee') && !propertyIsEnumerable.call(value, 'callee') || false;
+ };
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Checks if `value` is an array.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @type Function
+ * @category Objects
+ * @param {*} value The value to check.
+ * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is an array, else `false`.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * (function() { return _.isArray(arguments); })();
+ * // => false
+ *
+ * _.isArray([1, 2, 3]);
+ * // => true
+ */
+ var isArray = nativeIsArray || function(value) {
+ return value && typeof value == 'object' && typeof value.length == 'number' &&
+ toString.call(value) == arrayClass || false;
+ };
+
+ /**
+ * A fallback implementation of `Object.keys` which produces an array of the
+ * given object's own enumerable property names.
+ *
+ * @private
+ * @type Function
+ * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
+ * @returns {Array} Returns an array of property names.
+ */
+ var shimKeys = function(object) {
+ var index, iterable = object, result = [];
+ if (!iterable) return result;
+ if (!(objectTypes[typeof object])) return result;
+ for (index in iterable) {
+ if (hasOwnProperty.call(iterable, index)) {
+ result.push(index);
+ }
+ }
+ return result
+ };
+
+ /**
+ * Creates an array composed of the own enumerable property names of an object.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Objects
+ * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
+ * @returns {Array} Returns an array of property names.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.keys({ 'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3 });
+ * // => ['one', 'two', 'three'] (property order is not guaranteed across environments)
+ */
+ var keys = !nativeKeys ? shimKeys : function(object) {
+ if (!isObject(object)) {
+ return [];
+ }
+ return nativeKeys(object);
+ };
+
+ /**
+ * Used to convert characters to HTML entities:
+ *
+ * Though the `>` character is escaped for symmetry, characters like `>` and `/`
+ * don't require escaping in HTML and have no special meaning unless they're part
+ * of a tag or an unquoted attribute value.
+ * http://mathiasbynens.be/notes/ambiguous-ampersands (under "semi-related fun fact")
+ */
+ var htmlEscapes = {
+ '&': '&',
+ '<': '<',
+ '>': '>',
+ '"': '"',
+ "'": '''
+ };
+
+ /** Used to convert HTML entities to characters */
+ var htmlUnescapes = invert(htmlEscapes);
+
+ /** Used to match HTML entities and HTML characters */
+ var reEscapedHtml = RegExp('(' + keys(htmlUnescapes).join('|') + ')', 'g'),
+ reUnescapedHtml = RegExp('[' + keys(htmlEscapes).join('') + ']', 'g');
+
+ /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+ /**
+ * Assigns own enumerable properties of source object(s) to the destination
+ * object. Subsequent sources will overwrite property assignments of previous
+ * sources. If a callback is provided it will be executed to produce the
+ * assigned values. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with two
+ * arguments; (objectValue, sourceValue).
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @type Function
+ * @alias extend
+ * @category Objects
+ * @param {Object} object The destination object.
+ * @param {...Object} [source] The source objects.
+ * @param {Function} [callback] The function to customize assigning values.
+ * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+ * @returns {Object} Returns the destination object.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.assign({ 'name': 'fred' }, { 'employer': 'slate' });
+ * // => { 'name': 'fred', 'employer': 'slate' }
+ *
+ * var defaults = _.partialRight(_.assign, function(a, b) {
+ * return typeof a == 'undefined' ? b : a;
+ * });
+ *
+ * var object = { 'name': 'barney' };
+ * defaults(object, { 'name': 'fred', 'employer': 'slate' });
+ * // => { 'name': 'barney', 'employer': 'slate' }
+ */
+ function assign(object) {
+ if (!object) {
+ return object;
+ }
+ for (var argsIndex = 1, argsLength = arguments.length; argsIndex < argsLength; argsIndex++) {
+ var iterable = arguments[argsIndex];
+ if (iterable) {
+ for (var key in iterable) {
+ object[key] = iterable[key];
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ return object;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Creates a clone of `value`. If `isDeep` is `true` nested objects will also
+ * be cloned, otherwise they will be assigned by reference. If a callback
+ * is provided it will be executed to produce the cloned values. If the
+ * callback returns `undefined` cloning will be handled by the method instead.
+ * The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with one argument; (value).
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Objects
+ * @param {*} value The value to clone.
+ * @param {boolean} [isDeep=false] Specify a deep clone.
+ * @param {Function} [callback] The function to customize cloning values.
+ * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+ * @returns {*} Returns the cloned value.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * var characters = [
+ * { 'name': 'barney', 'age': 36 },
+ * { 'name': 'fred', 'age': 40 }
+ * ];
+ *
+ * var shallow = _.clone(characters);
+ * shallow[0] === characters[0];
+ * // => true
+ *
+ * var deep = _.clone(characters, true);
+ * deep[0] === characters[0];
+ * // => false
+ *
+ * _.mixin({
+ * 'clone': _.partialRight(_.clone, function(value) {
+ * return _.isElement(value) ? value.cloneNode(false) : undefined;
+ * })
+ * });
+ *
+ * var clone = _.clone(document.body);
+ * clone.childNodes.length;
+ * // => 0
+ */
+ function clone(value) {
+ return isObject(value)
+ ? (isArray(value) ? slice(value) : assign({}, value))
+ : value;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Assigns own enumerable properties of source object(s) to the destination
+ * object for all destination properties that resolve to `undefined`. Once a
+ * property is set, additional defaults of the same property will be ignored.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @type Function
+ * @category Objects
+ * @param {Object} object The destination object.
+ * @param {...Object} [source] The source objects.
+ * @param- {Object} [guard] Allows working with `_.reduce` without using its
+ * `key` and `object` arguments as sources.
+ * @returns {Object} Returns the destination object.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * var object = { 'name': 'barney' };
+ * _.defaults(object, { 'name': 'fred', 'employer': 'slate' });
+ * // => { 'name': 'barney', 'employer': 'slate' }
+ */
+ function defaults(object) {
+ if (!object) {
+ return object;
+ }
+ for (var argsIndex = 1, argsLength = arguments.length; argsIndex < argsLength; argsIndex++) {
+ var iterable = arguments[argsIndex];
+ if (iterable) {
+ for (var key in iterable) {
+ if (typeof object[key] == 'undefined') {
+ object[key] = iterable[key];
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ return object;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Iterates over own and inherited enumerable properties of an object,
+ * executing the callback for each property. The callback is bound to `thisArg`
+ * and invoked with three arguments; (value, key, object). Callbacks may exit
+ * iteration early by explicitly returning `false`.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @type Function
+ * @category Objects
+ * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
+ * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
+ * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+ * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * function Shape() {
+ * this.x = 0;
+ * this.y = 0;
+ * }
+ *
+ * Shape.prototype.move = function(x, y) {
+ * this.x += x;
+ * this.y += y;
+ * };
+ *
+ * _.forIn(new Shape, function(value, key) {
+ * console.log(key);
+ * });
+ * // => logs 'x', 'y', and 'move' (property order is not guaranteed across environments)
+ */
+ var forIn = function(collection, callback) {
+ var index, iterable = collection, result = iterable;
+ if (!iterable) return result;
+ if (!objectTypes[typeof iterable]) return result;
+ for (index in iterable) {
+ if (callback(iterable[index], index, collection) === indicatorObject) return result;
+ }
+ return result
+ };
+
+ /**
+ * Iterates over own enumerable properties of an object, executing the callback
+ * for each property. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
+ * arguments; (value, key, object). Callbacks may exit iteration early by
+ * explicitly returning `false`.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @type Function
+ * @category Objects
+ * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
+ * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
+ * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+ * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.forOwn({ '0': 'zero', '1': 'one', 'length': 2 }, function(num, key) {
+ * console.log(key);
+ * });
+ * // => logs '0', '1', and 'length' (property order is not guaranteed across environments)
+ */
+ var forOwn = function(collection, callback) {
+ var index, iterable = collection, result = iterable;
+ if (!iterable) return result;
+ if (!objectTypes[typeof iterable]) return result;
+ for (index in iterable) {
+ if (hasOwnProperty.call(iterable, index)) {
+ if (callback(iterable[index], index, collection) === indicatorObject) return result;
+ }
+ }
+ return result
+ };
+
+ /**
+ * Creates a sorted array of property names of all enumerable properties,
+ * own and inherited, of `object` that have function values.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @alias methods
+ * @category Objects
+ * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
+ * @returns {Array} Returns an array of property names that have function values.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.functions(_);
+ * // => ['all', 'any', 'bind', 'bindAll', 'clone', 'compact', 'compose', ...]
+ */
+ function functions(object) {
+ var result = [];
+ forIn(object, function(value, key) {
+ if (isFunction(value)) {
+ result.push(key);
+ }
+ });
+ return result.sort();
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Checks if the specified property name exists as a direct property of `object`,
+ * instead of an inherited property.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Objects
+ * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
+ * @param {string} key The name of the property to check.
+ * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if key is a direct property, else `false`.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.has({ 'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3 }, 'b');
+ * // => true
+ */
+ function has(object, key) {
+ return object ? hasOwnProperty.call(object, key) : false;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Creates an object composed of the inverted keys and values of the given object.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Objects
+ * @param {Object} object The object to invert.
+ * @returns {Object} Returns the created inverted object.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.invert({ 'first': 'fred', 'second': 'barney' });
+ * // => { 'fred': 'first', 'barney': 'second' }
+ */
+ function invert(object) {
+ var index = -1,
+ props = keys(object),
+ length = props.length,
+ result = {};
+
+ while (++index < length) {
+ var key = props[index];
+ result[object[key]] = key;
+ }
+ return result;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Checks if `value` is a boolean value.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Objects
+ * @param {*} value The value to check.
+ * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is a boolean value, else `false`.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.isBoolean(null);
+ * // => false
+ */
+ function isBoolean(value) {
+ return value === true || value === false ||
+ value && typeof value == 'object' && toString.call(value) == boolClass || false;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Checks if `value` is a date.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Objects
+ * @param {*} value The value to check.
+ * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is a date, else `false`.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.isDate(new Date);
+ * // => true
+ */
+ function isDate(value) {
+ return value && typeof value == 'object' && toString.call(value) == dateClass || false;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Checks if `value` is a DOM element.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Objects
+ * @param {*} value The value to check.
+ * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is a DOM element, else `false`.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.isElement(document.body);
+ * // => true
+ */
+ function isElement(value) {
+ return value && value.nodeType === 1 || false;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Checks if `value` is empty. Arrays, strings, or `arguments` objects with a
+ * length of `0` and objects with no own enumerable properties are considered
+ * "empty".
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Objects
+ * @param {Array|Object|string} value The value to inspect.
+ * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is empty, else `false`.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.isEmpty([1, 2, 3]);
+ * // => false
+ *
+ * _.isEmpty({});
+ * // => true
+ *
+ * _.isEmpty('');
+ * // => true
+ */
+ function isEmpty(value) {
+ if (!value) {
+ return true;
+ }
+ if (isArray(value) || isString(value)) {
+ return !value.length;
+ }
+ for (var key in value) {
+ if (hasOwnProperty.call(value, key)) {
+ return false;
+ }
+ }
+ return true;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Performs a deep comparison between two values to determine if they are
+ * equivalent to each other. If a callback is provided it will be executed
+ * to compare values. If the callback returns `undefined` comparisons will
+ * be handled by the method instead. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and
+ * invoked with two arguments; (a, b).
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Objects
+ * @param {*} a The value to compare.
+ * @param {*} b The other value to compare.
+ * @param {Function} [callback] The function to customize comparing values.
+ * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+ * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the values are equivalent, else `false`.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * var object = { 'name': 'fred' };
+ * var copy = { 'name': 'fred' };
+ *
+ * object == copy;
+ * // => false
+ *
+ * _.isEqual(object, copy);
+ * // => true
+ *
+ * var words = ['hello', 'goodbye'];
+ * var otherWords = ['hi', 'goodbye'];
+ *
+ * _.isEqual(words, otherWords, function(a, b) {
+ * var reGreet = /^(?:hello|hi)$/i,
+ * aGreet = _.isString(a) && reGreet.test(a),
+ * bGreet = _.isString(b) && reGreet.test(b);
+ *
+ * return (aGreet || bGreet) ? (aGreet == bGreet) : undefined;
+ * });
+ * // => true
+ */
+ function isEqual(a, b) {
+ return baseIsEqual(a, b);
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Checks if `value` is, or can be coerced to, a finite number.
+ *
+ * Note: This is not the same as native `isFinite` which will return true for
+ * booleans and empty strings. See http://es5.github.io/#x15.1.2.5.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Objects
+ * @param {*} value The value to check.
+ * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is finite, else `false`.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.isFinite(-101);
+ * // => true
+ *
+ * _.isFinite('10');
+ * // => true
+ *
+ * _.isFinite(true);
+ * // => false
+ *
+ * _.isFinite('');
+ * // => false
+ *
+ * _.isFinite(Infinity);
+ * // => false
+ */
+ function isFinite(value) {
+ return nativeIsFinite(value) && !nativeIsNaN(parseFloat(value));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Checks if `value` is a function.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Objects
+ * @param {*} value The value to check.
+ * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is a function, else `false`.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.isFunction(_);
+ * // => true
+ */
+ function isFunction(value) {
+ return typeof value == 'function';
+ }
+ // fallback for older versions of Chrome and Safari
+ if (isFunction(/x/)) {
+ isFunction = function(value) {
+ return typeof value == 'function' && toString.call(value) == funcClass;
+ };
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Checks if `value` is the language type of Object.
+ * (e.g. arrays, functions, objects, regexes, `new Number(0)`, and `new String('')`)
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Objects
+ * @param {*} value The value to check.
+ * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is an object, else `false`.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.isObject({});
+ * // => true
+ *
+ * _.isObject([1, 2, 3]);
+ * // => true
+ *
+ * _.isObject(1);
+ * // => false
+ */
+ function isObject(value) {
+ // check if the value is the ECMAScript language type of Object
+ // http://es5.github.io/#x8
+ // and avoid a V8 bug
+ // http://code.google.com/p/v8/issues/detail?id=2291
+ return !!(value && objectTypes[typeof value]);
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Checks if `value` is `NaN`.
+ *
+ * Note: This is not the same as native `isNaN` which will return `true` for
+ * `undefined` and other non-numeric values. See http://es5.github.io/#x15.1.2.4.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Objects
+ * @param {*} value The value to check.
+ * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is `NaN`, else `false`.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.isNaN(NaN);
+ * // => true
+ *
+ * _.isNaN(new Number(NaN));
+ * // => true
+ *
+ * isNaN(undefined);
+ * // => true
+ *
+ * _.isNaN(undefined);
+ * // => false
+ */
+ function isNaN(value) {
+ // `NaN` as a primitive is the only value that is not equal to itself
+ // (perform the [[Class]] check first to avoid errors with some host objects in IE)
+ return isNumber(value) && value != +value;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Checks if `value` is `null`.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Objects
+ * @param {*} value The value to check.
+ * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is `null`, else `false`.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.isNull(null);
+ * // => true
+ *
+ * _.isNull(undefined);
+ * // => false
+ */
+ function isNull(value) {
+ return value === null;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Checks if `value` is a number.
+ *
+ * Note: `NaN` is considered a number. See http://es5.github.io/#x8.5.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Objects
+ * @param {*} value The value to check.
+ * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is a number, else `false`.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.isNumber(8.4 * 5);
+ * // => true
+ */
+ function isNumber(value) {
+ return typeof value == 'number' ||
+ value && typeof value == 'object' && toString.call(value) == numberClass || false;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Checks if `value` is a regular expression.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Objects
+ * @param {*} value The value to check.
+ * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is a regular expression, else `false`.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.isRegExp(/fred/);
+ * // => true
+ */
+ function isRegExp(value) {
+ return value && objectTypes[typeof value] && toString.call(value) == regexpClass || false;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Checks if `value` is a string.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Objects
+ * @param {*} value The value to check.
+ * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is a string, else `false`.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.isString('fred');
+ * // => true
+ */
+ function isString(value) {
+ return typeof value == 'string' ||
+ value && typeof value == 'object' && toString.call(value) == stringClass || false;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Checks if `value` is `undefined`.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Objects
+ * @param {*} value The value to check.
+ * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is `undefined`, else `false`.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.isUndefined(void 0);
+ * // => true
+ */
+ function isUndefined(value) {
+ return typeof value == 'undefined';
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Creates a shallow clone of `object` excluding the specified properties.
+ * Property names may be specified as individual arguments or as arrays of
+ * property names. If a callback is provided it will be executed for each
+ * property of `object` omitting the properties the callback returns truey
+ * for. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments;
+ * (value, key, object).
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Objects
+ * @param {Object} object The source object.
+ * @param {Function|...string|string[]} [callback] The properties to omit or the
+ * function called per iteration.
+ * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+ * @returns {Object} Returns an object without the omitted properties.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.omit({ 'name': 'fred', 'age': 40 }, 'age');
+ * // => { 'name': 'fred' }
+ *
+ * _.omit({ 'name': 'fred', 'age': 40 }, function(value) {
+ * return typeof value == 'number';
+ * });
+ * // => { 'name': 'fred' }
+ */
+ function omit(object) {
+ var props = [];
+ forIn(object, function(value, key) {
+ props.push(key);
+ });
+ props = baseDifference(props, baseFlatten(arguments, true, false, 1));
+
+ var index = -1,
+ length = props.length,
+ result = {};
+
+ while (++index < length) {
+ var key = props[index];
+ result[key] = object[key];
+ }
+ return result;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Creates a two dimensional array of an object's key-value pairs,
+ * i.e. `[[key1, value1], [key2, value2]]`.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Objects
+ * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
+ * @returns {Array} Returns new array of key-value pairs.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.pairs({ 'barney': 36, 'fred': 40 });
+ * // => [['barney', 36], ['fred', 40]] (property order is not guaranteed across environments)
+ */
+ function pairs(object) {
+ var index = -1,
+ props = keys(object),
+ length = props.length,
+ result = Array(length);
+
+ while (++index < length) {
+ var key = props[index];
+ result[index] = [key, object[key]];
+ }
+ return result;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Creates a shallow clone of `object` composed of the specified properties.
+ * Property names may be specified as individual arguments or as arrays of
+ * property names. If a callback is provided it will be executed for each
+ * property of `object` picking the properties the callback returns truey
+ * for. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments;
+ * (value, key, object).
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Objects
+ * @param {Object} object The source object.
+ * @param {Function|...string|string[]} [callback] The function called per
+ * iteration or property names to pick, specified as individual property
+ * names or arrays of property names.
+ * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+ * @returns {Object} Returns an object composed of the picked properties.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.pick({ 'name': 'fred', '_userid': 'fred1' }, 'name');
+ * // => { 'name': 'fred' }
+ *
+ * _.pick({ 'name': 'fred', '_userid': 'fred1' }, function(value, key) {
+ * return key.charAt(0) != '_';
+ * });
+ * // => { 'name': 'fred' }
+ */
+ function pick(object) {
+ var index = -1,
+ props = baseFlatten(arguments, true, false, 1),
+ length = props.length,
+ result = {};
+
+ while (++index < length) {
+ var key = props[index];
+ if (key in object) {
+ result[key] = object[key];
+ }
+ }
+ return result;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Creates an array composed of the own enumerable property values of `object`.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Objects
+ * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
+ * @returns {Array} Returns an array of property values.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.values({ 'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3 });
+ * // => [1, 2, 3] (property order is not guaranteed across environments)
+ */
+ function values(object) {
+ var index = -1,
+ props = keys(object),
+ length = props.length,
+ result = Array(length);
+
+ while (++index < length) {
+ result[index] = object[props[index]];
+ }
+ return result;
+ }
+
+ /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+ /**
+ * Checks if a given value is present in a collection using strict equality
+ * for comparisons, i.e. `===`. If `fromIndex` is negative, it is used as the
+ * offset from the end of the collection.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @alias include
+ * @category Collections
+ * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+ * @param {*} target The value to check for.
+ * @param {number} [fromIndex=0] The index to search from.
+ * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the `target` element is found, else `false`.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.contains([1, 2, 3], 1);
+ * // => true
+ *
+ * _.contains([1, 2, 3], 1, 2);
+ * // => false
+ *
+ * _.contains({ 'name': 'fred', 'age': 40 }, 'fred');
+ * // => true
+ *
+ * _.contains('pebbles', 'eb');
+ * // => true
+ */
+ function contains(collection, target) {
+ var indexOf = getIndexOf(),
+ length = collection ? collection.length : 0,
+ result = false;
+ if (length && typeof length == 'number') {
+ result = indexOf(collection, target) > -1;
+ } else {
+ forOwn(collection, function(value) {
+ return (result = value === target) && indicatorObject;
+ });
+ }
+ return result;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Creates an object composed of keys generated from the results of running
+ * each element of `collection` through the callback. The corresponding value
+ * of each key is the number of times the key was returned by the callback.
+ * The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments;
+ * (value, index|key, collection).
+ *
+ * If a property name is provided for `callback` the created "_.pluck" style
+ * callback will return the property value of the given element.
+ *
+ * If an object is provided for `callback` the created "_.where" style callback
+ * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
+ * else `false`.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Collections
+ * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+ * @param {Function|Object|string} [callback=identity] The function called
+ * per iteration. If a property name or object is provided it will be used
+ * to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
+ * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+ * @returns {Object} Returns the composed aggregate object.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.countBy([4.3, 6.1, 6.4], function(num) { return Math.floor(num); });
+ * // => { '4': 1, '6': 2 }
+ *
+ * _.countBy([4.3, 6.1, 6.4], function(num) { return this.floor(num); }, Math);
+ * // => { '4': 1, '6': 2 }
+ *
+ * _.countBy(['one', 'two', 'three'], 'length');
+ * // => { '3': 2, '5': 1 }
+ */
+ var countBy = createAggregator(function(result, value, key) {
+ (hasOwnProperty.call(result, key) ? result[key]++ : result[key] = 1);
+ });
+
+ /**
+ * Checks if the given callback returns truey value for **all** elements of
+ * a collection. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
+ * arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
+ *
+ * If a property name is provided for `callback` the created "_.pluck" style
+ * callback will return the property value of the given element.
+ *
+ * If an object is provided for `callback` the created "_.where" style callback
+ * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
+ * else `false`.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @alias all
+ * @category Collections
+ * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+ * @param {Function|Object|string} [callback=identity] The function called
+ * per iteration. If a property name or object is provided it will be used
+ * to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
+ * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+ * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if all elements passed the callback check,
+ * else `false`.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.every([true, 1, null, 'yes']);
+ * // => false
+ *
+ * var characters = [
+ * { 'name': 'barney', 'age': 36 },
+ * { 'name': 'fred', 'age': 40 }
+ * ];
+ *
+ * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
+ * _.every(characters, 'age');
+ * // => true
+ *
+ * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
+ * _.every(characters, { 'age': 36 });
+ * // => false
+ */
+ function every(collection, callback, thisArg) {
+ var result = true;
+ callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg, 3);
+
+ var index = -1,
+ length = collection ? collection.length : 0;
+
+ if (typeof length == 'number') {
+ while (++index < length) {
+ if (!(result = !!callback(collection[index], index, collection))) {
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+ } else {
+ forOwn(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
+ return !(result = !!callback(value, index, collection)) && indicatorObject;
+ });
+ }
+ return result;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Iterates over elements of a collection, returning an array of all elements
+ * the callback returns truey for. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and
+ * invoked with three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
+ *
+ * If a property name is provided for `callback` the created "_.pluck" style
+ * callback will return the property value of the given element.
+ *
+ * If an object is provided for `callback` the created "_.where" style callback
+ * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
+ * else `false`.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @alias select
+ * @category Collections
+ * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+ * @param {Function|Object|string} [callback=identity] The function called
+ * per iteration. If a property name or object is provided it will be used
+ * to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
+ * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+ * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of elements that passed the callback check.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * var evens = _.filter([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num) { return num % 2 == 0; });
+ * // => [2, 4, 6]
+ *
+ * var characters = [
+ * { 'name': 'barney', 'age': 36, 'blocked': false },
+ * { 'name': 'fred', 'age': 40, 'blocked': true }
+ * ];
+ *
+ * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
+ * _.filter(characters, 'blocked');
+ * // => [{ 'name': 'fred', 'age': 40, 'blocked': true }]
+ *
+ * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
+ * _.filter(characters, { 'age': 36 });
+ * // => [{ 'name': 'barney', 'age': 36, 'blocked': false }]
+ */
+ function filter(collection, callback, thisArg) {
+ var result = [];
+ callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg, 3);
+
+ var index = -1,
+ length = collection ? collection.length : 0;
+
+ if (typeof length == 'number') {
+ while (++index < length) {
+ var value = collection[index];
+ if (callback(value, index, collection)) {
+ result.push(value);
+ }
+ }
+ } else {
+ forOwn(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
+ if (callback(value, index, collection)) {
+ result.push(value);
+ }
+ });
+ }
+ return result;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Iterates over elements of a collection, returning the first element that
+ * the callback returns truey for. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and
+ * invoked with three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
+ *
+ * If a property name is provided for `callback` the created "_.pluck" style
+ * callback will return the property value of the given element.
+ *
+ * If an object is provided for `callback` the created "_.where" style callback
+ * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
+ * else `false`.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @alias detect, findWhere
+ * @category Collections
+ * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+ * @param {Function|Object|string} [callback=identity] The function called
+ * per iteration. If a property name or object is provided it will be used
+ * to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
+ * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+ * @returns {*} Returns the found element, else `undefined`.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * var characters = [
+ * { 'name': 'barney', 'age': 36, 'blocked': false },
+ * { 'name': 'fred', 'age': 40, 'blocked': true },
+ * { 'name': 'pebbles', 'age': 1, 'blocked': false }
+ * ];
+ *
+ * _.find(characters, function(chr) {
+ * return chr.age < 40;
+ * });
+ * // => { 'name': 'barney', 'age': 36, 'blocked': false }
+ *
+ * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
+ * _.find(characters, { 'age': 1 });
+ * // => { 'name': 'pebbles', 'age': 1, 'blocked': false }
+ *
+ * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
+ * _.find(characters, 'blocked');
+ * // => { 'name': 'fred', 'age': 40, 'blocked': true }
+ */
+ function find(collection, callback, thisArg) {
+ callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg, 3);
+
+ var index = -1,
+ length = collection ? collection.length : 0;
+
+ if (typeof length == 'number') {
+ while (++index < length) {
+ var value = collection[index];
+ if (callback(value, index, collection)) {
+ return value;
+ }
+ }
+ } else {
+ var result;
+ forOwn(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
+ if (callback(value, index, collection)) {
+ result = value;
+ return indicatorObject;
+ }
+ });
+ return result;
+ }
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Examines each element in a `collection`, returning the first that
+ * has the given properties. When checking `properties`, this method
+ * performs a deep comparison between values to determine if they are
+ * equivalent to each other.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Collections
+ * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+ * @param {Object} properties The object of property values to filter by.
+ * @returns {*} Returns the found element, else `undefined`.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * var food = [
+ * { 'name': 'apple', 'organic': false, 'type': 'fruit' },
+ * { 'name': 'banana', 'organic': true, 'type': 'fruit' },
+ * { 'name': 'beet', 'organic': false, 'type': 'vegetable' }
+ * ];
+ *
+ * _.findWhere(food, { 'type': 'vegetable' });
+ * // => { 'name': 'beet', 'organic': false, 'type': 'vegetable' }
+ */
+ function findWhere(object, properties) {
+ return where(object, properties, true);
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Iterates over elements of a collection, executing the callback for each
+ * element. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments;
+ * (value, index|key, collection). Callbacks may exit iteration early by
+ * explicitly returning `false`.
+ *
+ * Note: As with other "Collections" methods, objects with a `length` property
+ * are iterated like arrays. To avoid this behavior `_.forIn` or `_.forOwn`
+ * may be used for object iteration.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @alias each
+ * @category Collections
+ * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+ * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
+ * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+ * @returns {Array|Object|string} Returns `collection`.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _([1, 2, 3]).forEach(function(num) { console.log(num); }).join(',');
+ * // => logs each number and returns '1,2,3'
+ *
+ * _.forEach({ 'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3 }, function(num) { console.log(num); });
+ * // => logs each number and returns the object (property order is not guaranteed across environments)
+ */
+ function forEach(collection, callback, thisArg) {
+ var index = -1,
+ length = collection ? collection.length : 0;
+
+ callback = callback && typeof thisArg == 'undefined' ? callback : baseCreateCallback(callback, thisArg, 3);
+ if (typeof length == 'number') {
+ while (++index < length) {
+ if (callback(collection[index], index, collection) === indicatorObject) {
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+ } else {
+ forOwn(collection, callback);
+ }
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * This method is like `_.forEach` except that it iterates over elements
+ * of a `collection` from right to left.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @alias eachRight
+ * @category Collections
+ * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+ * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
+ * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+ * @returns {Array|Object|string} Returns `collection`.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _([1, 2, 3]).forEachRight(function(num) { console.log(num); }).join(',');
+ * // => logs each number from right to left and returns '3,2,1'
+ */
+ function forEachRight(collection, callback) {
+ var length = collection ? collection.length : 0;
+ if (typeof length == 'number') {
+ while (length--) {
+ if (callback(collection[length], length, collection) === false) {
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+ } else {
+ var props = keys(collection);
+ length = props.length;
+ forOwn(collection, function(value, key, collection) {
+ key = props ? props[--length] : --length;
+ return callback(collection[key], key, collection) === false && indicatorObject;
+ });
+ }
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Creates an object composed of keys generated from the results of running
+ * each element of a collection through the callback. The corresponding value
+ * of each key is an array of the elements responsible for generating the key.
+ * The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments;
+ * (value, index|key, collection).
+ *
+ * If a property name is provided for `callback` the created "_.pluck" style
+ * callback will return the property value of the given element.
+ *
+ * If an object is provided for `callback` the created "_.where" style callback
+ * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
+ * else `false`
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Collections
+ * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+ * @param {Function|Object|string} [callback=identity] The function called
+ * per iteration. If a property name or object is provided it will be used
+ * to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
+ * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+ * @returns {Object} Returns the composed aggregate object.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.groupBy([4.2, 6.1, 6.4], function(num) { return Math.floor(num); });
+ * // => { '4': [4.2], '6': [6.1, 6.4] }
+ *
+ * _.groupBy([4.2, 6.1, 6.4], function(num) { return this.floor(num); }, Math);
+ * // => { '4': [4.2], '6': [6.1, 6.4] }
+ *
+ * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
+ * _.groupBy(['one', 'two', 'three'], 'length');
+ * // => { '3': ['one', 'two'], '5': ['three'] }
+ */
+ var groupBy = createAggregator(function(result, value, key) {
+ (hasOwnProperty.call(result, key) ? result[key] : result[key] = []).push(value);
+ });
+
+ /**
+ * Creates an object composed of keys generated from the results of running
+ * each element of the collection through the given callback. The corresponding
+ * value of each key is the last element responsible for generating the key.
+ * The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments;
+ * (value, index|key, collection).
+ *
+ * If a property name is provided for `callback` the created "_.pluck" style
+ * callback will return the property value of the given element.
+ *
+ * If an object is provided for `callback` the created "_.where" style callback
+ * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
+ * else `false`.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Collections
+ * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+ * @param {Function|Object|string} [callback=identity] The function called
+ * per iteration. If a property name or object is provided it will be used
+ * to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
+ * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+ * @returns {Object} Returns the composed aggregate object.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * var keys = [
+ * { 'dir': 'left', 'code': 97 },
+ * { 'dir': 'right', 'code': 100 }
+ * ];
+ *
+ * _.indexBy(keys, 'dir');
+ * // => { 'left': { 'dir': 'left', 'code': 97 }, 'right': { 'dir': 'right', 'code': 100 } }
+ *
+ * _.indexBy(keys, function(key) { return String.fromCharCode(key.code); });
+ * // => { 'a': { 'dir': 'left', 'code': 97 }, 'd': { 'dir': 'right', 'code': 100 } }
+ *
+ * _.indexBy(characters, function(key) { this.fromCharCode(key.code); }, String);
+ * // => { 'a': { 'dir': 'left', 'code': 97 }, 'd': { 'dir': 'right', 'code': 100 } }
+ */
+ var indexBy = createAggregator(function(result, value, key) {
+ result[key] = value;
+ });
+
+ /**
+ * Invokes the method named by `methodName` on each element in the `collection`
+ * returning an array of the results of each invoked method. Additional arguments
+ * will be provided to each invoked method. If `methodName` is a function it
+ * will be invoked for, and `this` bound to, each element in the `collection`.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Collections
+ * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+ * @param {Function|string} methodName The name of the method to invoke or
+ * the function invoked per iteration.
+ * @param {...*} [arg] Arguments to invoke the method with.
+ * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of the results of each invoked method.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.invoke([[5, 1, 7], [3, 2, 1]], 'sort');
+ * // => [[1, 5, 7], [1, 2, 3]]
+ *
+ * _.invoke([123, 456], String.prototype.split, '');
+ * // => [['1', '2', '3'], ['4', '5', '6']]
+ */
+ function invoke(collection, methodName) {
+ var args = slice(arguments, 2),
+ index = -1,
+ isFunc = typeof methodName == 'function',
+ length = collection ? collection.length : 0,
+ result = Array(typeof length == 'number' ? length : 0);
+
+ forEach(collection, function(value) {
+ result[++index] = (isFunc ? methodName : value[methodName]).apply(value, args);
+ });
+ return result;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Creates an array of values by running each element in the collection
+ * through the callback. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with
+ * three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
+ *
+ * If a property name is provided for `callback` the created "_.pluck" style
+ * callback will return the property value of the given element.
+ *
+ * If an object is provided for `callback` the created "_.where" style callback
+ * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
+ * else `false`.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @alias collect
+ * @category Collections
+ * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+ * @param {Function|Object|string} [callback=identity] The function called
+ * per iteration. If a property name or object is provided it will be used
+ * to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
+ * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+ * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of the results of each `callback` execution.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.map([1, 2, 3], function(num) { return num * 3; });
+ * // => [3, 6, 9]
+ *
+ * _.map({ 'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3 }, function(num) { return num * 3; });
+ * // => [3, 6, 9] (property order is not guaranteed across environments)
+ *
+ * var characters = [
+ * { 'name': 'barney', 'age': 36 },
+ * { 'name': 'fred', 'age': 40 }
+ * ];
+ *
+ * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
+ * _.map(characters, 'name');
+ * // => ['barney', 'fred']
+ */
+ function map(collection, callback, thisArg) {
+ var index = -1,
+ length = collection ? collection.length : 0;
+
+ callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg, 3);
+ if (typeof length == 'number') {
+ var result = Array(length);
+ while (++index < length) {
+ result[index] = callback(collection[index], index, collection);
+ }
+ } else {
+ result = [];
+ forOwn(collection, function(value, key, collection) {
+ result[++index] = callback(value, key, collection);
+ });
+ }
+ return result;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Retrieves the maximum value of a collection. If the collection is empty or
+ * falsey `-Infinity` is returned. If a callback is provided it will be executed
+ * for each value in the collection to generate the criterion by which the value
+ * is ranked. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
+ * arguments; (value, index, collection).
+ *
+ * If a property name is provided for `callback` the created "_.pluck" style
+ * callback will return the property value of the given element.
+ *
+ * If an object is provided for `callback` the created "_.where" style callback
+ * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
+ * else `false`.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Collections
+ * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+ * @param {Function|Object|string} [callback=identity] The function called
+ * per iteration. If a property name or object is provided it will be used
+ * to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
+ * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+ * @returns {*} Returns the maximum value.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.max([4, 2, 8, 6]);
+ * // => 8
+ *
+ * var characters = [
+ * { 'name': 'barney', 'age': 36 },
+ * { 'name': 'fred', 'age': 40 }
+ * ];
+ *
+ * _.max(characters, function(chr) { return chr.age; });
+ * // => { 'name': 'fred', 'age': 40 };
+ *
+ * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
+ * _.max(characters, 'age');
+ * // => { 'name': 'fred', 'age': 40 };
+ */
+ function max(collection, callback, thisArg) {
+ var computed = -Infinity,
+ result = computed;
+
+ // allows working with functions like `_.map` without using
+ // their `index` argument as a callback
+ if (typeof callback != 'function' && thisArg && thisArg[callback] === collection) {
+ callback = null;
+ }
+ var index = -1,
+ length = collection ? collection.length : 0;
+
+ if (callback == null && typeof length == 'number') {
+ while (++index < length) {
+ var value = collection[index];
+ if (value > result) {
+ result = value;
+ }
+ }
+ } else {
+ callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg, 3);
+
+ forEach(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
+ var current = callback(value, index, collection);
+ if (current > computed) {
+ computed = current;
+ result = value;
+ }
+ });
+ }
+ return result;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Retrieves the minimum value of a collection. If the collection is empty or
+ * falsey `Infinity` is returned. If a callback is provided it will be executed
+ * for each value in the collection to generate the criterion by which the value
+ * is ranked. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
+ * arguments; (value, index, collection).
+ *
+ * If a property name is provided for `callback` the created "_.pluck" style
+ * callback will return the property value of the given element.
+ *
+ * If an object is provided for `callback` the created "_.where" style callback
+ * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
+ * else `false`.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Collections
+ * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+ * @param {Function|Object|string} [callback=identity] The function called
+ * per iteration. If a property name or object is provided it will be used
+ * to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
+ * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+ * @returns {*} Returns the minimum value.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.min([4, 2, 8, 6]);
+ * // => 2
+ *
+ * var characters = [
+ * { 'name': 'barney', 'age': 36 },
+ * { 'name': 'fred', 'age': 40 }
+ * ];
+ *
+ * _.min(characters, function(chr) { return chr.age; });
+ * // => { 'name': 'barney', 'age': 36 };
+ *
+ * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
+ * _.min(characters, 'age');
+ * // => { 'name': 'barney', 'age': 36 };
+ */
+ function min(collection, callback, thisArg) {
+ var computed = Infinity,
+ result = computed;
+
+ // allows working with functions like `_.map` without using
+ // their `index` argument as a callback
+ if (typeof callback != 'function' && thisArg && thisArg[callback] === collection) {
+ callback = null;
+ }
+ var index = -1,
+ length = collection ? collection.length : 0;
+
+ if (callback == null && typeof length == 'number') {
+ while (++index < length) {
+ var value = collection[index];
+ if (value < result) {
+ result = value;
+ }
+ }
+ } else {
+ callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg, 3);
+
+ forEach(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
+ var current = callback(value, index, collection);
+ if (current < computed) {
+ computed = current;
+ result = value;
+ }
+ });
+ }
+ return result;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Retrieves the value of a specified property from all elements in the collection.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @type Function
+ * @category Collections
+ * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+ * @param {string} property The name of the property to pluck.
+ * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of property values.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * var characters = [
+ * { 'name': 'barney', 'age': 36 },
+ * { 'name': 'fred', 'age': 40 }
+ * ];
+ *
+ * _.pluck(characters, 'name');
+ * // => ['barney', 'fred']
+ */
+ var pluck = map;
+
+ /**
+ * Reduces a collection to a value which is the accumulated result of running
+ * each element in the collection through the callback, where each successive
+ * callback execution consumes the return value of the previous execution. If
+ * `accumulator` is not provided the first element of the collection will be
+ * used as the initial `accumulator` value. The callback is bound to `thisArg`
+ * and invoked with four arguments; (accumulator, value, index|key, collection).
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @alias foldl, inject
+ * @category Collections
+ * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+ * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
+ * @param {*} [accumulator] Initial value of the accumulator.
+ * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+ * @returns {*} Returns the accumulated value.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * var sum = _.reduce([1, 2, 3], function(sum, num) {
+ * return sum + num;
+ * });
+ * // => 6
+ *
+ * var mapped = _.reduce({ 'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3 }, function(result, num, key) {
+ * result[key] = num * 3;
+ * return result;
+ * }, {});
+ * // => { 'a': 3, 'b': 6, 'c': 9 }
+ */
+ function reduce(collection, callback, accumulator, thisArg) {
+ if (!collection) return accumulator;
+ var noaccum = arguments.length < 3;
+ callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg, 4);
+
+ var index = -1,
+ length = collection.length;
+
+ if (typeof length == 'number') {
+ if (noaccum) {
+ accumulator = collection[++index];
+ }
+ while (++index < length) {
+ accumulator = callback(accumulator, collection[index], index, collection);
+ }
+ } else {
+ forOwn(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
+ accumulator = noaccum
+ ? (noaccum = false, value)
+ : callback(accumulator, value, index, collection)
+ });
+ }
+ return accumulator;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * This method is like `_.reduce` except that it iterates over elements
+ * of a `collection` from right to left.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @alias foldr
+ * @category Collections
+ * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+ * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
+ * @param {*} [accumulator] Initial value of the accumulator.
+ * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+ * @returns {*} Returns the accumulated value.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * var list = [[0, 1], [2, 3], [4, 5]];
+ * var flat = _.reduceRight(list, function(a, b) { return a.concat(b); }, []);
+ * // => [4, 5, 2, 3, 0, 1]
+ */
+ function reduceRight(collection, callback, accumulator, thisArg) {
+ var noaccum = arguments.length < 3;
+ callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg, 4);
+ forEachRight(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
+ accumulator = noaccum
+ ? (noaccum = false, value)
+ : callback(accumulator, value, index, collection);
+ });
+ return accumulator;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * The opposite of `_.filter` this method returns the elements of a
+ * collection that the callback does **not** return truey for.
+ *
+ * If a property name is provided for `callback` the created "_.pluck" style
+ * callback will return the property value of the given element.
+ *
+ * If an object is provided for `callback` the created "_.where" style callback
+ * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
+ * else `false`.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Collections
+ * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+ * @param {Function|Object|string} [callback=identity] The function called
+ * per iteration. If a property name or object is provided it will be used
+ * to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
+ * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+ * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of elements that failed the callback check.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * var odds = _.reject([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num) { return num % 2 == 0; });
+ * // => [1, 3, 5]
+ *
+ * var characters = [
+ * { 'name': 'barney', 'age': 36, 'blocked': false },
+ * { 'name': 'fred', 'age': 40, 'blocked': true }
+ * ];
+ *
+ * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
+ * _.reject(characters, 'blocked');
+ * // => [{ 'name': 'barney', 'age': 36, 'blocked': false }]
+ *
+ * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
+ * _.reject(characters, { 'age': 36 });
+ * // => [{ 'name': 'fred', 'age': 40, 'blocked': true }]
+ */
+ function reject(collection, callback, thisArg) {
+ callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg, 3);
+ return filter(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
+ return !callback(value, index, collection);
+ });
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Retrieves a random element or `n` random elements from a collection.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Collections
+ * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to sample.
+ * @param {number} [n] The number of elements to sample.
+ * @param- {Object} [guard] Allows working with functions like `_.map`
+ * without using their `index` arguments as `n`.
+ * @returns {Array} Returns the random sample(s) of `collection`.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.sample([1, 2, 3, 4]);
+ * // => 2
+ *
+ * _.sample([1, 2, 3, 4], 2);
+ * // => [3, 1]
+ */
+ function sample(collection, n, guard) {
+ if (collection && typeof collection.length != 'number') {
+ collection = values(collection);
+ }
+ if (n == null || guard) {
+ return collection ? collection[baseRandom(0, collection.length - 1)] : undefined;
+ }
+ var result = shuffle(collection);
+ result.length = nativeMin(nativeMax(0, n), result.length);
+ return result;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Creates an array of shuffled values, using a version of the Fisher-Yates
+ * shuffle. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher-Yates_shuffle.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Collections
+ * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to shuffle.
+ * @returns {Array} Returns a new shuffled collection.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.shuffle([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);
+ * // => [4, 1, 6, 3, 5, 2]
+ */
+ function shuffle(collection) {
+ var index = -1,
+ length = collection ? collection.length : 0,
+ result = Array(typeof length == 'number' ? length : 0);
+
+ forEach(collection, function(value) {
+ var rand = baseRandom(0, ++index);
+ result[index] = result[rand];
+ result[rand] = value;
+ });
+ return result;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Gets the size of the `collection` by returning `collection.length` for arrays
+ * and array-like objects or the number of own enumerable properties for objects.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Collections
+ * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to inspect.
+ * @returns {number} Returns `collection.length` or number of own enumerable properties.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.size([1, 2]);
+ * // => 2
+ *
+ * _.size({ 'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3 });
+ * // => 3
+ *
+ * _.size('pebbles');
+ * // => 7
+ */
+ function size(collection) {
+ var length = collection ? collection.length : 0;
+ return typeof length == 'number' ? length : keys(collection).length;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Checks if the callback returns a truey value for **any** element of a
+ * collection. The function returns as soon as it finds a passing value and
+ * does not iterate over the entire collection. The callback is bound to
+ * `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
+ *
+ * If a property name is provided for `callback` the created "_.pluck" style
+ * callback will return the property value of the given element.
+ *
+ * If an object is provided for `callback` the created "_.where" style callback
+ * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
+ * else `false`.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @alias any
+ * @category Collections
+ * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+ * @param {Function|Object|string} [callback=identity] The function called
+ * per iteration. If a property name or object is provided it will be used
+ * to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
+ * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+ * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if any element passed the callback check,
+ * else `false`.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.some([null, 0, 'yes', false], Boolean);
+ * // => true
+ *
+ * var characters = [
+ * { 'name': 'barney', 'age': 36, 'blocked': false },
+ * { 'name': 'fred', 'age': 40, 'blocked': true }
+ * ];
+ *
+ * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
+ * _.some(characters, 'blocked');
+ * // => true
+ *
+ * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
+ * _.some(characters, { 'age': 1 });
+ * // => false
+ */
+ function some(collection, callback, thisArg) {
+ var result;
+ callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg, 3);
+
+ var index = -1,
+ length = collection ? collection.length : 0;
+
+ if (typeof length == 'number') {
+ while (++index < length) {
+ if ((result = callback(collection[index], index, collection))) {
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+ } else {
+ forOwn(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
+ return (result = callback(value, index, collection)) && indicatorObject;
+ });
+ }
+ return !!result;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Creates an array of elements, sorted in ascending order by the results of
+ * running each element in a collection through the callback. This method
+ * performs a stable sort, that is, it will preserve the original sort order
+ * of equal elements. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with
+ * three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
+ *
+ * If a property name is provided for `callback` the created "_.pluck" style
+ * callback will return the property value of the given element.
+ *
+ * If an array of property names is provided for `callback` the collection
+ * will be sorted by each property value.
+ *
+ * If an object is provided for `callback` the created "_.where" style callback
+ * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
+ * else `false`.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Collections
+ * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+ * @param {Array|Function|Object|string} [callback=identity] The function called
+ * per iteration. If a property name or object is provided it will be used
+ * to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
+ * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+ * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of sorted elements.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.sortBy([1, 2, 3], function(num) { return Math.sin(num); });
+ * // => [3, 1, 2]
+ *
+ * _.sortBy([1, 2, 3], function(num) { return this.sin(num); }, Math);
+ * // => [3, 1, 2]
+ *
+ * var characters = [
+ * { 'name': 'barney', 'age': 36 },
+ * { 'name': 'fred', 'age': 40 },
+ * { 'name': 'barney', 'age': 26 },
+ * { 'name': 'fred', 'age': 30 }
+ * ];
+ *
+ * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
+ * _.map(_.sortBy(characters, 'age'), _.values);
+ * // => [['barney', 26], ['fred', 30], ['barney', 36], ['fred', 40]]
+ *
+ * // sorting by multiple properties
+ * _.map(_.sortBy(characters, ['name', 'age']), _.values);
+ * // = > [['barney', 26], ['barney', 36], ['fred', 30], ['fred', 40]]
+ */
+ function sortBy(collection, callback, thisArg) {
+ var index = -1,
+ length = collection ? collection.length : 0,
+ result = Array(typeof length == 'number' ? length : 0);
+
+ callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg, 3);
+ forEach(collection, function(value, key, collection) {
+ result[++index] = {
+ 'criteria': [callback(value, key, collection)],
+ 'index': index,
+ 'value': value
+ };
+ });
+
+ length = result.length;
+ result.sort(compareAscending);
+ while (length--) {
+ result[length] = result[length].value;
+ }
+ return result;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Converts the `collection` to an array.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Collections
+ * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to convert.
+ * @returns {Array} Returns the new converted array.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * (function() { return _.toArray(arguments).slice(1); })(1, 2, 3, 4);
+ * // => [2, 3, 4]
+ */
+ function toArray(collection) {
+ if (isArray(collection)) {
+ return slice(collection);
+ }
+ if (collection && typeof collection.length == 'number') {
+ return map(collection);
+ }
+ return values(collection);
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Performs a deep comparison of each element in a `collection` to the given
+ * `properties` object, returning an array of all elements that have equivalent
+ * property values.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @type Function
+ * @category Collections
+ * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
+ * @param {Object} props The object of property values to filter by.
+ * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of elements that have the given properties.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * var characters = [
+ * { 'name': 'barney', 'age': 36, 'pets': ['hoppy'] },
+ * { 'name': 'fred', 'age': 40, 'pets': ['baby puss', 'dino'] }
+ * ];
+ *
+ * _.where(characters, { 'age': 36 });
+ * // => [{ 'name': 'barney', 'age': 36, 'pets': ['hoppy'] }]
+ *
+ * _.where(characters, { 'pets': ['dino'] });
+ * // => [{ 'name': 'fred', 'age': 40, 'pets': ['baby puss', 'dino'] }]
+ */
+ function where(collection, properties, first) {
+ return (first && isEmpty(properties))
+ ? undefined
+ : (first ? find : filter)(collection, properties);
+ }
+
+ /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+ /**
+ * Creates an array with all falsey values removed. The values `false`, `null`,
+ * `0`, `""`, `undefined`, and `NaN` are all falsey.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Arrays
+ * @param {Array} array The array to compact.
+ * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of filtered values.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.compact([0, 1, false, 2, '', 3]);
+ * // => [1, 2, 3]
+ */
+ function compact(array) {
+ var index = -1,
+ length = array ? array.length : 0,
+ result = [];
+
+ while (++index < length) {
+ var value = array[index];
+ if (value) {
+ result.push(value);
+ }
+ }
+ return result;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Creates an array excluding all values of the provided arrays using strict
+ * equality for comparisons, i.e. `===`.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Arrays
+ * @param {Array} array The array to process.
+ * @param {...Array} [values] The arrays of values to exclude.
+ * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of filtered values.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.difference([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], [5, 2, 10]);
+ * // => [1, 3, 4]
+ */
+ function difference(array) {
+ return baseDifference(array, baseFlatten(arguments, true, true, 1));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Gets the first element or first `n` elements of an array. If a callback
+ * is provided elements at the beginning of the array are returned as long
+ * as the callback returns truey. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and
+ * invoked with three arguments; (value, index, array).
+ *
+ * If a property name is provided for `callback` the created "_.pluck" style
+ * callback will return the property value of the given element.
+ *
+ * If an object is provided for `callback` the created "_.where" style callback
+ * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
+ * else `false`.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @alias head, take
+ * @category Arrays
+ * @param {Array} array The array to query.
+ * @param {Function|Object|number|string} [callback] The function called
+ * per element or the number of elements to return. If a property name or
+ * object is provided it will be used to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where"
+ * style callback, respectively.
+ * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+ * @returns {*} Returns the first element(s) of `array`.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.first([1, 2, 3]);
+ * // => 1
+ *
+ * _.first([1, 2, 3], 2);
+ * // => [1, 2]
+ *
+ * _.first([1, 2, 3], function(num) {
+ * return num < 3;
+ * });
+ * // => [1, 2]
+ *
+ * var characters = [
+ * { 'name': 'barney', 'blocked': true, 'employer': 'slate' },
+ * { 'name': 'fred', 'blocked': false, 'employer': 'slate' },
+ * { 'name': 'pebbles', 'blocked': true, 'employer': 'na' }
+ * ];
+ *
+ * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
+ * _.first(characters, 'blocked');
+ * // => [{ 'name': 'barney', 'blocked': true, 'employer': 'slate' }]
+ *
+ * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
+ * _.pluck(_.first(characters, { 'employer': 'slate' }), 'name');
+ * // => ['barney', 'fred']
+ */
+ function first(array, callback, thisArg) {
+ var n = 0,
+ length = array ? array.length : 0;
+
+ if (typeof callback != 'number' && callback != null) {
+ var index = -1;
+ callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg, 3);
+ while (++index < length && callback(array[index], index, array)) {
+ n++;
+ }
+ } else {
+ n = callback;
+ if (n == null || thisArg) {
+ return array ? array[0] : undefined;
+ }
+ }
+ return slice(array, 0, nativeMin(nativeMax(0, n), length));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Flattens a nested array (the nesting can be to any depth). If `isShallow`
+ * is truey, the array will only be flattened a single level. If a callback
+ * is provided each element of the array is passed through the callback before
+ * flattening. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
+ * arguments; (value, index, array).
+ *
+ * If a property name is provided for `callback` the created "_.pluck" style
+ * callback will return the property value of the given element.
+ *
+ * If an object is provided for `callback` the created "_.where" style callback
+ * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
+ * else `false`.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Arrays
+ * @param {Array} array The array to flatten.
+ * @param {boolean} [isShallow=false] A flag to restrict flattening to a single level.
+ * @param {Function|Object|string} [callback=identity] The function called
+ * per iteration. If a property name or object is provided it will be used
+ * to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
+ * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+ * @returns {Array} Returns a new flattened array.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.flatten([1, [2], [3, [[4]]]]);
+ * // => [1, 2, 3, 4];
+ *
+ * _.flatten([1, [2], [3, [[4]]]], true);
+ * // => [1, 2, 3, [[4]]];
+ *
+ * var characters = [
+ * { 'name': 'barney', 'age': 30, 'pets': ['hoppy'] },
+ * { 'name': 'fred', 'age': 40, 'pets': ['baby puss', 'dino'] }
+ * ];
+ *
+ * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
+ * _.flatten(characters, 'pets');
+ * // => ['hoppy', 'baby puss', 'dino']
+ */
+ function flatten(array, isShallow) {
+ return baseFlatten(array, isShallow);
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Gets the index at which the first occurrence of `value` is found using
+ * strict equality for comparisons, i.e. `===`. If the array is already sorted
+ * providing `true` for `fromIndex` will run a faster binary search.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Arrays
+ * @param {Array} array The array to search.
+ * @param {*} value The value to search for.
+ * @param {boolean|number} [fromIndex=0] The index to search from or `true`
+ * to perform a binary search on a sorted array.
+ * @returns {number} Returns the index of the matched value or `-1`.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.indexOf([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3], 2);
+ * // => 1
+ *
+ * _.indexOf([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3], 2, 3);
+ * // => 4
+ *
+ * _.indexOf([1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3], 2, true);
+ * // => 2
+ */
+ function indexOf(array, value, fromIndex) {
+ if (typeof fromIndex == 'number') {
+ var length = array ? array.length : 0;
+ fromIndex = (fromIndex < 0 ? nativeMax(0, length + fromIndex) : fromIndex || 0);
+ } else if (fromIndex) {
+ var index = sortedIndex(array, value);
+ return array[index] === value ? index : -1;
+ }
+ return baseIndexOf(array, value, fromIndex);
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Gets all but the last element or last `n` elements of an array. If a
+ * callback is provided elements at the end of the array are excluded from
+ * the result as long as the callback returns truey. The callback is bound
+ * to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, index, array).
+ *
+ * If a property name is provided for `callback` the created "_.pluck" style
+ * callback will return the property value of the given element.
+ *
+ * If an object is provided for `callback` the created "_.where" style callback
+ * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
+ * else `false`.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Arrays
+ * @param {Array} array The array to query.
+ * @param {Function|Object|number|string} [callback=1] The function called
+ * per element or the number of elements to exclude. If a property name or
+ * object is provided it will be used to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where"
+ * style callback, respectively.
+ * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+ * @returns {Array} Returns a slice of `array`.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.initial([1, 2, 3]);
+ * // => [1, 2]
+ *
+ * _.initial([1, 2, 3], 2);
+ * // => [1]
+ *
+ * _.initial([1, 2, 3], function(num) {
+ * return num > 1;
+ * });
+ * // => [1]
+ *
+ * var characters = [
+ * { 'name': 'barney', 'blocked': false, 'employer': 'slate' },
+ * { 'name': 'fred', 'blocked': true, 'employer': 'slate' },
+ * { 'name': 'pebbles', 'blocked': true, 'employer': 'na' }
+ * ];
+ *
+ * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
+ * _.initial(characters, 'blocked');
+ * // => [{ 'name': 'barney', 'blocked': false, 'employer': 'slate' }]
+ *
+ * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
+ * _.pluck(_.initial(characters, { 'employer': 'na' }), 'name');
+ * // => ['barney', 'fred']
+ */
+ function initial(array, callback, thisArg) {
+ var n = 0,
+ length = array ? array.length : 0;
+
+ if (typeof callback != 'number' && callback != null) {
+ var index = length;
+ callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg, 3);
+ while (index-- && callback(array[index], index, array)) {
+ n++;
+ }
+ } else {
+ n = (callback == null || thisArg) ? 1 : callback || n;
+ }
+ return slice(array, 0, nativeMin(nativeMax(0, length - n), length));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Creates an array of unique values present in all provided arrays using
+ * strict equality for comparisons, i.e. `===`.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Arrays
+ * @param {...Array} [array] The arrays to inspect.
+ * @returns {Array} Returns an array of shared values.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.intersection([1, 2, 3], [5, 2, 1, 4], [2, 1]);
+ * // => [1, 2]
+ */
+ function intersection() {
+ var args = [],
+ argsIndex = -1,
+ argsLength = arguments.length;
+
+ while (++argsIndex < argsLength) {
+ var value = arguments[argsIndex];
+ if (isArray(value) || isArguments(value)) {
+ args.push(value);
+ }
+ }
+ var array = args[0],
+ index = -1,
+ indexOf = getIndexOf(),
+ length = array ? array.length : 0,
+ result = [];
+
+ outer:
+ while (++index < length) {
+ value = array[index];
+ if (indexOf(result, value) < 0) {
+ var argsIndex = argsLength;
+ while (--argsIndex) {
+ if (indexOf(args[argsIndex], value) < 0) {
+ continue outer;
+ }
+ }
+ result.push(value);
+ }
+ }
+ return result;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Gets the last element or last `n` elements of an array. If a callback is
+ * provided elements at the end of the array are returned as long as the
+ * callback returns truey. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked
+ * with three arguments; (value, index, array).
+ *
+ * If a property name is provided for `callback` the created "_.pluck" style
+ * callback will return the property value of the given element.
+ *
+ * If an object is provided for `callback` the created "_.where" style callback
+ * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
+ * else `false`.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Arrays
+ * @param {Array} array The array to query.
+ * @param {Function|Object|number|string} [callback] The function called
+ * per element or the number of elements to return. If a property name or
+ * object is provided it will be used to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where"
+ * style callback, respectively.
+ * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+ * @returns {*} Returns the last element(s) of `array`.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.last([1, 2, 3]);
+ * // => 3
+ *
+ * _.last([1, 2, 3], 2);
+ * // => [2, 3]
+ *
+ * _.last([1, 2, 3], function(num) {
+ * return num > 1;
+ * });
+ * // => [2, 3]
+ *
+ * var characters = [
+ * { 'name': 'barney', 'blocked': false, 'employer': 'slate' },
+ * { 'name': 'fred', 'blocked': true, 'employer': 'slate' },
+ * { 'name': 'pebbles', 'blocked': true, 'employer': 'na' }
+ * ];
+ *
+ * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
+ * _.pluck(_.last(characters, 'blocked'), 'name');
+ * // => ['fred', 'pebbles']
+ *
+ * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
+ * _.last(characters, { 'employer': 'na' });
+ * // => [{ 'name': 'pebbles', 'blocked': true, 'employer': 'na' }]
+ */
+ function last(array, callback, thisArg) {
+ var n = 0,
+ length = array ? array.length : 0;
+
+ if (typeof callback != 'number' && callback != null) {
+ var index = length;
+ callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg, 3);
+ while (index-- && callback(array[index], index, array)) {
+ n++;
+ }
+ } else {
+ n = callback;
+ if (n == null || thisArg) {
+ return array ? array[length - 1] : undefined;
+ }
+ }
+ return slice(array, nativeMax(0, length - n));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Gets the index at which the last occurrence of `value` is found using strict
+ * equality for comparisons, i.e. `===`. If `fromIndex` is negative, it is used
+ * as the offset from the end of the collection.
+ *
+ * If a property name is provided for `callback` the created "_.pluck" style
+ * callback will return the property value of the given element.
+ *
+ * If an object is provided for `callback` the created "_.where" style callback
+ * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
+ * else `false`.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Arrays
+ * @param {Array} array The array to search.
+ * @param {*} value The value to search for.
+ * @param {number} [fromIndex=array.length-1] The index to search from.
+ * @returns {number} Returns the index of the matched value or `-1`.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.lastIndexOf([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3], 2);
+ * // => 4
+ *
+ * _.lastIndexOf([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3], 2, 3);
+ * // => 1
+ */
+ function lastIndexOf(array, value, fromIndex) {
+ var index = array ? array.length : 0;
+ if (typeof fromIndex == 'number') {
+ index = (fromIndex < 0 ? nativeMax(0, index + fromIndex) : nativeMin(fromIndex, index - 1)) + 1;
+ }
+ while (index--) {
+ if (array[index] === value) {
+ return index;
+ }
+ }
+ return -1;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Creates an array of numbers (positive and/or negative) progressing from
+ * `start` up to but not including `end`. If `start` is less than `stop` a
+ * zero-length range is created unless a negative `step` is specified.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Arrays
+ * @param {number} [start=0] The start of the range.
+ * @param {number} end The end of the range.
+ * @param {number} [step=1] The value to increment or decrement by.
+ * @returns {Array} Returns a new range array.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.range(4);
+ * // => [0, 1, 2, 3]
+ *
+ * _.range(1, 5);
+ * // => [1, 2, 3, 4]
+ *
+ * _.range(0, 20, 5);
+ * // => [0, 5, 10, 15]
+ *
+ * _.range(0, -4, -1);
+ * // => [0, -1, -2, -3]
+ *
+ * _.range(1, 4, 0);
+ * // => [1, 1, 1]
+ *
+ * _.range(0);
+ * // => []
+ */
+ function range(start, end, step) {
+ start = +start || 0;
+ step = (+step || 1);
+
+ if (end == null) {
+ end = start;
+ start = 0;
+ }
+ // use `Array(length)` so engines like Chakra and V8 avoid slower modes
+ // http://youtu.be/XAqIpGU8ZZk#t=17m25s
+ var index = -1,
+ length = nativeMax(0, ceil((end - start) / step)),
+ result = Array(length);
+
+ while (++index < length) {
+ result[index] = start;
+ start += step;
+ }
+ return result;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * The opposite of `_.initial` this method gets all but the first element or
+ * first `n` elements of an array. If a callback function is provided elements
+ * at the beginning of the array are excluded from the result as long as the
+ * callback returns truey. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked
+ * with three arguments; (value, index, array).
+ *
+ * If a property name is provided for `callback` the created "_.pluck" style
+ * callback will return the property value of the given element.
+ *
+ * If an object is provided for `callback` the created "_.where" style callback
+ * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
+ * else `false`.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @alias drop, tail
+ * @category Arrays
+ * @param {Array} array The array to query.
+ * @param {Function|Object|number|string} [callback=1] The function called
+ * per element or the number of elements to exclude. If a property name or
+ * object is provided it will be used to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where"
+ * style callback, respectively.
+ * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+ * @returns {Array} Returns a slice of `array`.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.rest([1, 2, 3]);
+ * // => [2, 3]
+ *
+ * _.rest([1, 2, 3], 2);
+ * // => [3]
+ *
+ * _.rest([1, 2, 3], function(num) {
+ * return num < 3;
+ * });
+ * // => [3]
+ *
+ * var characters = [
+ * { 'name': 'barney', 'blocked': true, 'employer': 'slate' },
+ * { 'name': 'fred', 'blocked': false, 'employer': 'slate' },
+ * { 'name': 'pebbles', 'blocked': true, 'employer': 'na' }
+ * ];
+ *
+ * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
+ * _.pluck(_.rest(characters, 'blocked'), 'name');
+ * // => ['fred', 'pebbles']
+ *
+ * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
+ * _.rest(characters, { 'employer': 'slate' });
+ * // => [{ 'name': 'pebbles', 'blocked': true, 'employer': 'na' }]
+ */
+ function rest(array, callback, thisArg) {
+ if (typeof callback != 'number' && callback != null) {
+ var n = 0,
+ index = -1,
+ length = array ? array.length : 0;
+
+ callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg, 3);
+ while (++index < length && callback(array[index], index, array)) {
+ n++;
+ }
+ } else {
+ n = (callback == null || thisArg) ? 1 : nativeMax(0, callback);
+ }
+ return slice(array, n);
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Uses a binary search to determine the smallest index at which a value
+ * should be inserted into a given sorted array in order to maintain the sort
+ * order of the array. If a callback is provided it will be executed for
+ * `value` and each element of `array` to compute their sort ranking. The
+ * callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with one argument; (value).
+ *
+ * If a property name is provided for `callback` the created "_.pluck" style
+ * callback will return the property value of the given element.
+ *
+ * If an object is provided for `callback` the created "_.where" style callback
+ * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
+ * else `false`.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Arrays
+ * @param {Array} array The array to inspect.
+ * @param {*} value The value to evaluate.
+ * @param {Function|Object|string} [callback=identity] The function called
+ * per iteration. If a property name or object is provided it will be used
+ * to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
+ * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+ * @returns {number} Returns the index at which `value` should be inserted
+ * into `array`.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.sortedIndex([20, 30, 50], 40);
+ * // => 2
+ *
+ * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
+ * _.sortedIndex([{ 'x': 20 }, { 'x': 30 }, { 'x': 50 }], { 'x': 40 }, 'x');
+ * // => 2
+ *
+ * var dict = {
+ * 'wordToNumber': { 'twenty': 20, 'thirty': 30, 'fourty': 40, 'fifty': 50 }
+ * };
+ *
+ * _.sortedIndex(['twenty', 'thirty', 'fifty'], 'fourty', function(word) {
+ * return dict.wordToNumber[word];
+ * });
+ * // => 2
+ *
+ * _.sortedIndex(['twenty', 'thirty', 'fifty'], 'fourty', function(word) {
+ * return this.wordToNumber[word];
+ * }, dict);
+ * // => 2
+ */
+ function sortedIndex(array, value, callback, thisArg) {
+ var low = 0,
+ high = array ? array.length : low;
+
+ // explicitly reference `identity` for better inlining in Firefox
+ callback = callback ? createCallback(callback, thisArg, 1) : identity;
+ value = callback(value);
+
+ while (low < high) {
+ var mid = (low + high) >>> 1;
+ (callback(array[mid]) < value)
+ ? low = mid + 1
+ : high = mid;
+ }
+ return low;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Creates an array of unique values, in order, of the provided arrays using
+ * strict equality for comparisons, i.e. `===`.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Arrays
+ * @param {...Array} [array] The arrays to inspect.
+ * @returns {Array} Returns an array of combined values.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.union([1, 2, 3], [5, 2, 1, 4], [2, 1]);
+ * // => [1, 2, 3, 5, 4]
+ */
+ function union() {
+ return baseUniq(baseFlatten(arguments, true, true));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Creates a duplicate-value-free version of an array using strict equality
+ * for comparisons, i.e. `===`. If the array is sorted, providing
+ * `true` for `isSorted` will use a faster algorithm. If a callback is provided
+ * each element of `array` is passed through the callback before uniqueness
+ * is computed. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
+ * arguments; (value, index, array).
+ *
+ * If a property name is provided for `callback` the created "_.pluck" style
+ * callback will return the property value of the given element.
+ *
+ * If an object is provided for `callback` the created "_.where" style callback
+ * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
+ * else `false`.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @alias unique
+ * @category Arrays
+ * @param {Array} array The array to process.
+ * @param {boolean} [isSorted=false] A flag to indicate that `array` is sorted.
+ * @param {Function|Object|string} [callback=identity] The function called
+ * per iteration. If a property name or object is provided it will be used
+ * to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
+ * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+ * @returns {Array} Returns a duplicate-value-free array.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.uniq([1, 2, 1, 3, 1]);
+ * // => [1, 2, 3]
+ *
+ * _.uniq([1, 1, 2, 2, 3], true);
+ * // => [1, 2, 3]
+ *
+ * _.uniq(['A', 'b', 'C', 'a', 'B', 'c'], function(letter) { return letter.toLowerCase(); });
+ * // => ['A', 'b', 'C']
+ *
+ * _.uniq([1, 2.5, 3, 1.5, 2, 3.5], function(num) { return this.floor(num); }, Math);
+ * // => [1, 2.5, 3]
+ *
+ * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
+ * _.uniq([{ 'x': 1 }, { 'x': 2 }, { 'x': 1 }], 'x');
+ * // => [{ 'x': 1 }, { 'x': 2 }]
+ */
+ function uniq(array, isSorted, callback, thisArg) {
+ // juggle arguments
+ if (typeof isSorted != 'boolean' && isSorted != null) {
+ thisArg = callback;
+ callback = (typeof isSorted != 'function' && thisArg && thisArg[isSorted] === array) ? null : isSorted;
+ isSorted = false;
+ }
+ if (callback != null) {
+ callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg, 3);
+ }
+ return baseUniq(array, isSorted, callback);
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Creates an array excluding all provided values using strict equality for
+ * comparisons, i.e. `===`.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Arrays
+ * @param {Array} array The array to filter.
+ * @param {...*} [value] The values to exclude.
+ * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of filtered values.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.without([1, 2, 1, 0, 3, 1, 4], 0, 1);
+ * // => [2, 3, 4]
+ */
+ function without(array) {
+ return baseDifference(array, slice(arguments, 1));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Creates an array of grouped elements, the first of which contains the first
+ * elements of the given arrays, the second of which contains the second
+ * elements of the given arrays, and so on.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @alias unzip
+ * @category Arrays
+ * @param {...Array} [array] Arrays to process.
+ * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of grouped elements.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.zip(['fred', 'barney'], [30, 40], [true, false]);
+ * // => [['fred', 30, true], ['barney', 40, false]]
+ */
+ function zip() {
+ var index = -1,
+ length = max(pluck(arguments, 'length')),
+ result = Array(length < 0 ? 0 : length);
+
+ while (++index < length) {
+ result[index] = pluck(arguments, index);
+ }
+ return result;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Creates an object composed from arrays of `keys` and `values`. Provide
+ * either a single two dimensional array, i.e. `[[key1, value1], [key2, value2]]`
+ * or two arrays, one of `keys` and one of corresponding `values`.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @alias object
+ * @category Arrays
+ * @param {Array} keys The array of keys.
+ * @param {Array} [values=[]] The array of values.
+ * @returns {Object} Returns an object composed of the given keys and
+ * corresponding values.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.zipObject(['fred', 'barney'], [30, 40]);
+ * // => { 'fred': 30, 'barney': 40 }
+ */
+ function zipObject(keys, values) {
+ var index = -1,
+ length = keys ? keys.length : 0,
+ result = {};
+
+ if (!values && length && !isArray(keys[0])) {
+ values = [];
+ }
+ while (++index < length) {
+ var key = keys[index];
+ if (values) {
+ result[key] = values[index];
+ } else if (key) {
+ result[key[0]] = key[1];
+ }
+ }
+ return result;
+ }
+
+ /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+ /**
+ * Creates a function that executes `func`, with the `this` binding and
+ * arguments of the created function, only after being called `n` times.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Functions
+ * @param {number} n The number of times the function must be called before
+ * `func` is executed.
+ * @param {Function} func The function to restrict.
+ * @returns {Function} Returns the new restricted function.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * var saves = ['profile', 'settings'];
+ *
+ * var done = _.after(saves.length, function() {
+ * console.log('Done saving!');
+ * });
+ *
+ * _.forEach(saves, function(type) {
+ * asyncSave({ 'type': type, 'complete': done });
+ * });
+ * // => logs 'Done saving!', after all saves have completed
+ */
+ function after(n, func) {
+ if (!isFunction(func)) {
+ throw new TypeError;
+ }
+ return function() {
+ if (--n < 1) {
+ return func.apply(this, arguments);
+ }
+ };
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Creates a function that, when called, invokes `func` with the `this`
+ * binding of `thisArg` and prepends any additional `bind` arguments to those
+ * provided to the bound function.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Functions
+ * @param {Function} func The function to bind.
+ * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `func`.
+ * @param {...*} [arg] Arguments to be partially applied.
+ * @returns {Function} Returns the new bound function.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * var func = function(greeting) {
+ * return greeting + ' ' + this.name;
+ * };
+ *
+ * func = _.bind(func, { 'name': 'fred' }, 'hi');
+ * func();
+ * // => 'hi fred'
+ */
+ function bind(func, thisArg) {
+ return arguments.length > 2
+ ? createWrapper(func, 17, slice(arguments, 2), null, thisArg)
+ : createWrapper(func, 1, null, null, thisArg);
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Binds methods of an object to the object itself, overwriting the existing
+ * method. Method names may be specified as individual arguments or as arrays
+ * of method names. If no method names are provided all the function properties
+ * of `object` will be bound.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Functions
+ * @param {Object} object The object to bind and assign the bound methods to.
+ * @param {...string} [methodName] The object method names to
+ * bind, specified as individual method names or arrays of method names.
+ * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * var view = {
+ * 'label': 'docs',
+ * 'onClick': function() { console.log('clicked ' + this.label); }
+ * };
+ *
+ * _.bindAll(view);
+ * jQuery('#docs').on('click', view.onClick);
+ * // => logs 'clicked docs', when the button is clicked
+ */
+ function bindAll(object) {
+ var funcs = arguments.length > 1 ? baseFlatten(arguments, true, false, 1) : functions(object),
+ index = -1,
+ length = funcs.length;
+
+ while (++index < length) {
+ var key = funcs[index];
+ object[key] = createWrapper(object[key], 1, null, null, object);
+ }
+ return object;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Creates a function that is the composition of the provided functions,
+ * where each function consumes the return value of the function that follows.
+ * For example, composing the functions `f()`, `g()`, and `h()` produces `f(g(h()))`.
+ * Each function is executed with the `this` binding of the composed function.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Functions
+ * @param {...Function} [func] Functions to compose.
+ * @returns {Function} Returns the new composed function.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * var realNameMap = {
+ * 'pebbles': 'penelope'
+ * };
+ *
+ * var format = function(name) {
+ * name = realNameMap[name.toLowerCase()] || name;
+ * return name.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + name.slice(1).toLowerCase();
+ * };
+ *
+ * var greet = function(formatted) {
+ * return 'Hiya ' + formatted + '!';
+ * };
+ *
+ * var welcome = _.compose(greet, format);
+ * welcome('pebbles');
+ * // => 'Hiya Penelope!'
+ */
+ function compose() {
+ var funcs = arguments,
+ length = funcs.length;
+
+ while (length--) {
+ if (!isFunction(funcs[length])) {
+ throw new TypeError;
+ }
+ }
+ return function() {
+ var args = arguments,
+ length = funcs.length;
+
+ while (length--) {
+ args = [funcs[length].apply(this, args)];
+ }
+ return args[0];
+ };
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Creates a function that will delay the execution of `func` until after
+ * `wait` milliseconds have elapsed since the last time it was invoked.
+ * Provide an options object to indicate that `func` should be invoked on
+ * the leading and/or trailing edge of the `wait` timeout. Subsequent calls
+ * to the debounced function will return the result of the last `func` call.
+ *
+ * Note: If `leading` and `trailing` options are `true` `func` will be called
+ * on the trailing edge of the timeout only if the the debounced function is
+ * invoked more than once during the `wait` timeout.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Functions
+ * @param {Function} func The function to debounce.
+ * @param {number} wait The number of milliseconds to delay.
+ * @param {Object} [options] The options object.
+ * @param {boolean} [options.leading=false] Specify execution on the leading edge of the timeout.
+ * @param {number} [options.maxWait] The maximum time `func` is allowed to be delayed before it's called.
+ * @param {boolean} [options.trailing=true] Specify execution on the trailing edge of the timeout.
+ * @returns {Function} Returns the new debounced function.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * // avoid costly calculations while the window size is in flux
+ * var lazyLayout = _.debounce(calculateLayout, 150);
+ * jQuery(window).on('resize', lazyLayout);
+ *
+ * // execute `sendMail` when the click event is fired, debouncing subsequent calls
+ * jQuery('#postbox').on('click', _.debounce(sendMail, 300, {
+ * 'leading': true,
+ * 'trailing': false
+ * });
+ *
+ * // ensure `batchLog` is executed once after 1 second of debounced calls
+ * var source = new EventSource('/stream');
+ * source.addEventListener('message', _.debounce(batchLog, 250, {
+ * 'maxWait': 1000
+ * }, false);
+ */
+ function debounce(func, wait, options) {
+ var args,
+ maxTimeoutId,
+ result,
+ stamp,
+ thisArg,
+ timeoutId,
+ trailingCall,
+ lastCalled = 0,
+ maxWait = false,
+ trailing = true;
+
+ if (!isFunction(func)) {
+ throw new TypeError;
+ }
+ wait = nativeMax(0, wait) || 0;
+ if (options === true) {
+ var leading = true;
+ trailing = false;
+ } else if (isObject(options)) {
+ leading = options.leading;
+ maxWait = 'maxWait' in options && (nativeMax(wait, options.maxWait) || 0);
+ trailing = 'trailing' in options ? options.trailing : trailing;
+ }
+ var delayed = function() {
+ var remaining = wait - (now() - stamp);
+ if (remaining <= 0) {
+ if (maxTimeoutId) {
+ clearTimeout(maxTimeoutId);
+ }
+ var isCalled = trailingCall;
+ maxTimeoutId = timeoutId = trailingCall = undefined;
+ if (isCalled) {
+ lastCalled = now();
+ result = func.apply(thisArg, args);
+ if (!timeoutId && !maxTimeoutId) {
+ args = thisArg = null;
+ }
+ }
+ } else {
+ timeoutId = setTimeout(delayed, remaining);
+ }
+ };
+
+ var maxDelayed = function() {
+ if (timeoutId) {
+ clearTimeout(timeoutId);
+ }
+ maxTimeoutId = timeoutId = trailingCall = undefined;
+ if (trailing || (maxWait !== wait)) {
+ lastCalled = now();
+ result = func.apply(thisArg, args);
+ if (!timeoutId && !maxTimeoutId) {
+ args = thisArg = null;
+ }
+ }
+ };
+
+ return function() {
+ args = arguments;
+ stamp = now();
+ thisArg = this;
+ trailingCall = trailing && (timeoutId || !leading);
+
+ if (maxWait === false) {
+ var leadingCall = leading && !timeoutId;
+ } else {
+ if (!maxTimeoutId && !leading) {
+ lastCalled = stamp;
+ }
+ var remaining = maxWait - (stamp - lastCalled),
+ isCalled = remaining <= 0;
+
+ if (isCalled) {
+ if (maxTimeoutId) {
+ maxTimeoutId = clearTimeout(maxTimeoutId);
+ }
+ lastCalled = stamp;
+ result = func.apply(thisArg, args);
+ }
+ else if (!maxTimeoutId) {
+ maxTimeoutId = setTimeout(maxDelayed, remaining);
+ }
+ }
+ if (isCalled && timeoutId) {
+ timeoutId = clearTimeout(timeoutId);
+ }
+ else if (!timeoutId && wait !== maxWait) {
+ timeoutId = setTimeout(delayed, wait);
+ }
+ if (leadingCall) {
+ isCalled = true;
+ result = func.apply(thisArg, args);
+ }
+ if (isCalled && !timeoutId && !maxTimeoutId) {
+ args = thisArg = null;
+ }
+ return result;
+ };
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Defers executing the `func` function until the current call stack has cleared.
+ * Additional arguments will be provided to `func` when it is invoked.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Functions
+ * @param {Function} func The function to defer.
+ * @param {...*} [arg] Arguments to invoke the function with.
+ * @returns {number} Returns the timer id.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.defer(function(text) { console.log(text); }, 'deferred');
+ * // logs 'deferred' after one or more milliseconds
+ */
+ function defer(func) {
+ if (!isFunction(func)) {
+ throw new TypeError;
+ }
+ var args = slice(arguments, 1);
+ return setTimeout(function() { func.apply(undefined, args); }, 1);
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Executes the `func` function after `wait` milliseconds. Additional arguments
+ * will be provided to `func` when it is invoked.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Functions
+ * @param {Function} func The function to delay.
+ * @param {number} wait The number of milliseconds to delay execution.
+ * @param {...*} [arg] Arguments to invoke the function with.
+ * @returns {number} Returns the timer id.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.delay(function(text) { console.log(text); }, 1000, 'later');
+ * // => logs 'later' after one second
+ */
+ function delay(func, wait) {
+ if (!isFunction(func)) {
+ throw new TypeError;
+ }
+ var args = slice(arguments, 2);
+ return setTimeout(function() { func.apply(undefined, args); }, wait);
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Creates a function that memoizes the result of `func`. If `resolver` is
+ * provided it will be used to determine the cache key for storing the result
+ * based on the arguments provided to the memoized function. By default, the
+ * first argument provided to the memoized function is used as the cache key.
+ * The `func` is executed with the `this` binding of the memoized function.
+ * The result cache is exposed as the `cache` property on the memoized function.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Functions
+ * @param {Function} func The function to have its output memoized.
+ * @param {Function} [resolver] A function used to resolve the cache key.
+ * @returns {Function} Returns the new memoizing function.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * var fibonacci = _.memoize(function(n) {
+ * return n < 2 ? n : fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2);
+ * });
+ *
+ * fibonacci(9)
+ * // => 34
+ *
+ * var data = {
+ * 'fred': { 'name': 'fred', 'age': 40 },
+ * 'pebbles': { 'name': 'pebbles', 'age': 1 }
+ * };
+ *
+ * // modifying the result cache
+ * var get = _.memoize(function(name) { return data[name]; }, _.identity);
+ * get('pebbles');
+ * // => { 'name': 'pebbles', 'age': 1 }
+ *
+ * get.cache.pebbles.name = 'penelope';
+ * get('pebbles');
+ * // => { 'name': 'penelope', 'age': 1 }
+ */
+ function memoize(func, resolver) {
+ var cache = {};
+ return function() {
+ var key = resolver ? resolver.apply(this, arguments) : keyPrefix + arguments[0];
+ return hasOwnProperty.call(cache, key)
+ ? cache[key]
+ : (cache[key] = func.apply(this, arguments));
+ };
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Creates a function that is restricted to execute `func` once. Repeat calls to
+ * the function will return the value of the first call. The `func` is executed
+ * with the `this` binding of the created function.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Functions
+ * @param {Function} func The function to restrict.
+ * @returns {Function} Returns the new restricted function.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * var initialize = _.once(createApplication);
+ * initialize();
+ * initialize();
+ * // `initialize` executes `createApplication` once
+ */
+ function once(func) {
+ var ran,
+ result;
+
+ if (!isFunction(func)) {
+ throw new TypeError;
+ }
+ return function() {
+ if (ran) {
+ return result;
+ }
+ ran = true;
+ result = func.apply(this, arguments);
+
+ // clear the `func` variable so the function may be garbage collected
+ func = null;
+ return result;
+ };
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Creates a function that, when called, invokes `func` with any additional
+ * `partial` arguments prepended to those provided to the new function. This
+ * method is similar to `_.bind` except it does **not** alter the `this` binding.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Functions
+ * @param {Function} func The function to partially apply arguments to.
+ * @param {...*} [arg] Arguments to be partially applied.
+ * @returns {Function} Returns the new partially applied function.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * var greet = function(greeting, name) { return greeting + ' ' + name; };
+ * var hi = _.partial(greet, 'hi');
+ * hi('fred');
+ * // => 'hi fred'
+ */
+ function partial(func) {
+ return createWrapper(func, 16, slice(arguments, 1));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Creates a function that, when executed, will only call the `func` function
+ * at most once per every `wait` milliseconds. Provide an options object to
+ * indicate that `func` should be invoked on the leading and/or trailing edge
+ * of the `wait` timeout. Subsequent calls to the throttled function will
+ * return the result of the last `func` call.
+ *
+ * Note: If `leading` and `trailing` options are `true` `func` will be called
+ * on the trailing edge of the timeout only if the the throttled function is
+ * invoked more than once during the `wait` timeout.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Functions
+ * @param {Function} func The function to throttle.
+ * @param {number} wait The number of milliseconds to throttle executions to.
+ * @param {Object} [options] The options object.
+ * @param {boolean} [options.leading=true] Specify execution on the leading edge of the timeout.
+ * @param {boolean} [options.trailing=true] Specify execution on the trailing edge of the timeout.
+ * @returns {Function} Returns the new throttled function.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * // avoid excessively updating the position while scrolling
+ * var throttled = _.throttle(updatePosition, 100);
+ * jQuery(window).on('scroll', throttled);
+ *
+ * // execute `renewToken` when the click event is fired, but not more than once every 5 minutes
+ * jQuery('.interactive').on('click', _.throttle(renewToken, 300000, {
+ * 'trailing': false
+ * }));
+ */
+ function throttle(func, wait, options) {
+ var leading = true,
+ trailing = true;
+
+ if (!isFunction(func)) {
+ throw new TypeError;
+ }
+ if (options === false) {
+ leading = false;
+ } else if (isObject(options)) {
+ leading = 'leading' in options ? options.leading : leading;
+ trailing = 'trailing' in options ? options.trailing : trailing;
+ }
+ options = {};
+ options.leading = leading;
+ options.maxWait = wait;
+ options.trailing = trailing;
+
+ return debounce(func, wait, options);
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Creates a function that provides `value` to the wrapper function as its
+ * first argument. Additional arguments provided to the function are appended
+ * to those provided to the wrapper function. The wrapper is executed with
+ * the `this` binding of the created function.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Functions
+ * @param {*} value The value to wrap.
+ * @param {Function} wrapper The wrapper function.
+ * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * var p = _.wrap(_.escape, function(func, text) {
+ * return '' + func(text) + '
';
+ * });
+ *
+ * p('Fred, Wilma, & Pebbles');
+ * // => 'Fred, Wilma, & Pebbles
'
+ */
+ function wrap(value, wrapper) {
+ return createWrapper(wrapper, 16, [value]);
+ }
+
+ /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+ /**
+ * Produces a callback bound to an optional `thisArg`. If `func` is a property
+ * name the created callback will return the property value for a given element.
+ * If `func` is an object the created callback will return `true` for elements
+ * that contain the equivalent object properties, otherwise it will return `false`.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Utilities
+ * @param {*} [func=identity] The value to convert to a callback.
+ * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of the created callback.
+ * @param {number} [argCount] The number of arguments the callback accepts.
+ * @returns {Function} Returns a callback function.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * var characters = [
+ * { 'name': 'barney', 'age': 36 },
+ * { 'name': 'fred', 'age': 40 }
+ * ];
+ *
+ * // wrap to create custom callback shorthands
+ * _.createCallback = _.wrap(_.createCallback, function(func, callback, thisArg) {
+ * var match = /^(.+?)__([gl]t)(.+)$/.exec(callback);
+ * return !match ? func(callback, thisArg) : function(object) {
+ * return match[2] == 'gt' ? object[match[1]] > match[3] : object[match[1]] < match[3];
+ * };
+ * });
+ *
+ * _.filter(characters, 'age__gt38');
+ * // => [{ 'name': 'fred', 'age': 40 }]
+ */
+ function createCallback(func, thisArg, argCount) {
+ var type = typeof func;
+ if (func == null || type == 'function') {
+ return baseCreateCallback(func, thisArg, argCount);
+ }
+ // handle "_.pluck" style callback shorthands
+ if (type != 'object') {
+ return property(func);
+ }
+ var props = keys(func);
+ return function(object) {
+ var length = props.length,
+ result = false;
+
+ while (length--) {
+ if (!(result = object[props[length]] === func[props[length]])) {
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+ return result;
+ };
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Converts the characters `&`, `<`, `>`, `"`, and `'` in `string` to their
+ * corresponding HTML entities.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Utilities
+ * @param {string} string The string to escape.
+ * @returns {string} Returns the escaped string.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.escape('Fred, Wilma, & Pebbles');
+ * // => 'Fred, Wilma, & Pebbles'
+ */
+ function escape(string) {
+ return string == null ? '' : String(string).replace(reUnescapedHtml, escapeHtmlChar);
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * This method returns the first argument provided to it.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Utilities
+ * @param {*} value Any value.
+ * @returns {*} Returns `value`.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * var object = { 'name': 'fred' };
+ * _.identity(object) === object;
+ * // => true
+ */
+ function identity(value) {
+ return value;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Adds function properties of a source object to the destination object.
+ * If `object` is a function methods will be added to its prototype as well.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Utilities
+ * @param {Function|Object} [object=lodash] object The destination object.
+ * @param {Object} source The object of functions to add.
+ * @param {Object} [options] The options object.
+ * @param {boolean} [options.chain=true] Specify whether the functions added are chainable.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * function capitalize(string) {
+ * return string.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + string.slice(1).toLowerCase();
+ * }
+ *
+ * _.mixin({ 'capitalize': capitalize });
+ * _.capitalize('fred');
+ * // => 'Fred'
+ *
+ * _('fred').capitalize().value();
+ * // => 'Fred'
+ *
+ * _.mixin({ 'capitalize': capitalize }, { 'chain': false });
+ * _('fred').capitalize();
+ * // => 'Fred'
+ */
+ function mixin(object) {
+ forEach(functions(object), function(methodName) {
+ var func = lodash[methodName] = object[methodName];
+
+ lodash.prototype[methodName] = function() {
+ var args = [this.__wrapped__];
+ push.apply(args, arguments);
+
+ var result = func.apply(lodash, args);
+ return this.__chain__
+ ? new lodashWrapper(result, true)
+ : result;
+ };
+ });
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Reverts the '_' variable to its previous value and returns a reference to
+ * the `lodash` function.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Utilities
+ * @returns {Function} Returns the `lodash` function.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * var lodash = _.noConflict();
+ */
+ function noConflict() {
+ root._ = oldDash;
+ return this;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * A no-operation function.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Utilities
+ * @example
+ *
+ * var object = { 'name': 'fred' };
+ * _.noop(object) === undefined;
+ * // => true
+ */
+ function noop() {
+ // no operation performed
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Gets the number of milliseconds that have elapsed since the Unix epoch
+ * (1 January 1970 00:00:00 UTC).
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Utilities
+ * @example
+ *
+ * var stamp = _.now();
+ * _.defer(function() { console.log(_.now() - stamp); });
+ * // => logs the number of milliseconds it took for the deferred function to be called
+ */
+ var now = isNative(now = Date.now) && now || function() {
+ return new Date().getTime();
+ };
+
+ /**
+ * Creates a "_.pluck" style function, which returns the `key` value of a
+ * given object.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Utilities
+ * @param {string} key The name of the property to retrieve.
+ * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * var characters = [
+ * { 'name': 'fred', 'age': 40 },
+ * { 'name': 'barney', 'age': 36 }
+ * ];
+ *
+ * var getName = _.property('name');
+ *
+ * _.map(characters, getName);
+ * // => ['barney', 'fred']
+ *
+ * _.sortBy(characters, getName);
+ * // => [{ 'name': 'barney', 'age': 36 }, { 'name': 'fred', 'age': 40 }]
+ */
+ function property(key) {
+ return function(object) {
+ return object[key];
+ };
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Produces a random number between `min` and `max` (inclusive). If only one
+ * argument is provided a number between `0` and the given number will be
+ * returned. If `floating` is truey or either `min` or `max` are floats a
+ * floating-point number will be returned instead of an integer.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Utilities
+ * @param {number} [min=0] The minimum possible value.
+ * @param {number} [max=1] The maximum possible value.
+ * @param {boolean} [floating=false] Specify returning a floating-point number.
+ * @returns {number} Returns a random number.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * _.random(0, 5);
+ * // => an integer between 0 and 5
+ *
+ * _.random(5);
+ * // => also an integer between 0 and 5
+ *
+ * _.random(5, true);
+ * // => a floating-point number between 0 and 5
+ *
+ * _.random(1.2, 5.2);
+ * // => a floating-point number between 1.2 and 5.2
+ */
+ function random(min, max) {
+ if (min == null && max == null) {
+ max = 1;
+ }
+ min = +min || 0;
+ if (max == null) {
+ max = min;
+ min = 0;
+ } else {
+ max = +max || 0;
+ }
+ return min + floor(nativeRandom() * (max - min + 1));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Resolves the value of property `key` on `object`. If `key` is a function
+ * it will be invoked with the `this` binding of `object` and its result returned,
+ * else the property value is returned. If `object` is falsey then `undefined`
+ * is returned.
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Utilities
+ * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
+ * @param {string} key The name of the property to resolve.
+ * @returns {*} Returns the resolved value.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * var object = {
+ * 'cheese': 'crumpets',
+ * 'stuff': function() {
+ * return 'nonsense';
+ * }
+ * };
+ *
+ * _.result(object, 'cheese');
+ * // => 'crumpets'
+ *
+ * _.result(object, 'stuff');
+ * // => 'nonsense'
+ */
+ function result(object, key) {
+ if (object) {
+ var value = object[key];
+ return isFunction(value) ? object[key]() : value;
+ }
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * A micro-templating method that handles arbitrary delimiters, preserves
+ * whitespace, and correctly escapes quotes within interpolated code.
+ *
+ * Note: In the development build, `_.template` utilizes sourceURLs for easier
+ * debugging. See http://www.html5rocks.com/en/tutorials/developertools/sourcemaps/#toc-sourceurl
+ *
+ * For more information on precompiling templates see:
+ * http://lodash.com/custom-builds
+ *
+ * For more information on Chrome extension sandboxes see:
+ * http://developer.chrome.com/stable/extensions/sandboxingEval.html
+ *
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf _
+ * @category Utilities
+ * @param {string} text The template text.
+ * @param {Object} data The data object used to populate the text.
+ * @param {Object} [options] The options object.
+ * @param {RegExp} [options.escape] The "escape" delimiter.
+ * @param {RegExp} [options.evaluate] The "evaluate" delimiter.
+ * @param {Object} [options.imports] An object to import into the template as local variables.
+ * @param {RegExp} [options.interpolate] The "interpolate" delimiter.
+ * @param {string} [sourceURL] The sourceURL of the template's compiled source.
+ * @param {string} [variable] The data object variable name.
+ * @returns {Function|string} Returns a compiled function when no `data` object
+ * is given, else it returns the interpolated text.
+ * @example
+ *
+ * // using the "interpolate" delimiter to create a compiled template
+ * var compiled = _.template('hello <%= name %>');
+ * compiled({ 'name': 'fred' });
+ * // => 'hello fred'
+ *
+ * // using the "escape" delimiter to escape HTML in data property values
+ * _.template('<%- value %>', { 'value': '