2022-07-12 06:49:03 +03:00
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---
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language: GDScript
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contributors:
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- ["Wichamir", "https://github.com/Wichamir/"]
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translators:
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- ["ShiftWatchOut", "https://github.com/ShiftWatchOut"]
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filename: learngdscript-cn.gd
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lang: zh-cn
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---
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GDScript 是一种动态类型的脚本语言,专门为免费开源游戏引擎 Godot 制作。 GDScript 的语法类似 Python。
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它的主要优点是易于使用和与引擎深度集成。 它非常适合游戏开发。
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## 基础
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```nim
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# 单行注释使用 # 号书写。
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"""
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多行
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注释
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是
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使用
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文档字符串(docstring)
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书写。
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"""
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# 脚本文件本身默认是一个类,文件名为类名,您也可以为其定义其他名称。
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class_name MyClass
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# 继承
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extends Node2D
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# 成员变量
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var x = 8 # 整型
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var y = 1.2 # 浮点型
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var b = true # 布尔型
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var s = "Hello World!" # 字符串
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var a = [1, false, "brown fox"] # 数组(Array) - 类似于 Python 的列表(list),
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# 它可以同时保存不同类型的变量。
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var d = {
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"key" : "value",
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42 : true
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} # 字典包含键值对。
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var p_arr = PoolStringArray(["Hi", "there", "!"]) # 池数组只能包含单一类型。
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# 放入其他类型会被转换为目标类型
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# 内置向量类型:
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var v2 = Vector2(1, 2)
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var v3 = Vector3(1, 2, 3)
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# 常量
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const ANSWER_TO_EVERYTHING = 42
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const BREAKFAST = "Spam and eggs!"
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# 枚举
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enum { ZERO, ONE , TWO, THREE }
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enum NamedEnum { ONE = 1, TWO, THREE }
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# 导出的变量将在检查器中可见。
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export(int) var age
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export(float) var height
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export var person_name = "Bob" # 如果设置了默认值,则不需要类型注解。
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# 函数
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func foo():
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pass # pass 关键字是未书写的代码的占位符
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func add(first, second):
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return first + second
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# 打印值
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func printing():
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print("GDScript ", "简直", "棒呆了")
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prints("这", "些", "字", "被", "空", "格", "分", "割")
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printt("这", "些", "字", "被", "制", "表", "符", "分", "割")
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printraw("这句话将被打印到系统控制台。")
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# 数学
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func doing_math():
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var first = 8
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var second = 4
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print(first + second) # 12
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print(first - second) # 4
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print(first * second) # 32
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print(first / second) # 2
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print(first % second) # 0
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# 还有 +=, -=, *=, /=, %= 等操作符,但并没有 ++ 和 -- .
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print(pow(first, 2)) # 64
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print(sqrt(second)) # 2
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printt(PI, TAU, INF, NAN) # 内置常量
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# 控制流
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func control_flow():
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x = 8
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y = 2 # y 最初被设为一个浮点数,
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# 但我们可以利用语言提供的动态类型能力将它的类型变为整型!
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if x < y:
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print("x 小于 y")
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elif x > y:
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print("x 大于 y")
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else:
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print("x 等于 y")
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var a = true
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var b = false
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var c = false
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if a and b or not c: # 你也可以用 &&, || 和 !
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print("看到这句说明上面的条件判断为真!")
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for i in range(20): # GDScript 有类似 Python 的 range 函数
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print(i) # 所以这句将打印从 0 到 19 的数字
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2022-08-17 15:01:12 +03:00
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for i in 20: # 与 Python 略有不同的是,你可以直接用一个整型数开始循环
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print(i) # 所以这行代码也将打印从 0 到 19 的数字
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2022-07-12 06:49:03 +03:00
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for i in ["two", 3, 1.0]: # 遍历数组
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print(i)
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while x > y:
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printt(x, y)
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y += 1
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x = 2
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y = 10
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while x < y:
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x += 1
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if x == 6:
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continue # continue 语句使 x 等于 6 时,程序跳过这次循环后面的代码,不会打印 6。
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prints("x 等于:", x)
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if x == 7:
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break # 循环将在 x 等于 7 处跳出,后续所有循环不再执行,因此不会打印 8、9 和 10
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match x:
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1:
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print("match 很像其他语言中的 switch.")
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2:
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print("但是,您不需要在每个值之前写一个 case 关键字。")
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3:
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print("此外,每种情况都会默认跳出。")
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break # 错误!不要在 match 里用 break 语句!
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4:
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print("如果您需要跳过后续代码,这里也使用 continue 关键字。")
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continue
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_:
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print("下划线分支,在其他分支都不满足时,在这里书写默认的逻辑。")
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# 三元运算符 (写在一行的 if-else 语句)
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prints("x 是", "正值" if x >= 0 else "负值")
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# 类型转换
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func casting_examples():
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var i = 42
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var f = float(42) # 使用变量构造函数强制转换
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var b = i as bool # 或使用 as 关键字
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# 重载函数
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# 通常,我们只会重载以下划线开头的内置函数,
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# 但实际上您可以重载几乎任何函数。
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# _init 在对象初始化时被调用。
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# 这是对象的构造函数。
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func _init():
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# 在此处初始化对象的内部属性。
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pass
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# _ready 在脚本节点及其子节点进入场景树时被调用。
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func _ready():
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pass
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# _process 在每一帧上都被调用。
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func _process(delta):
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# 传递给此函数的 delta 参数是时间,即从上一帧到当前帧经过的秒数。
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print("Delta 时间为:", delta)
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# _physics_process 在每个物理帧上都被调用。
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# 这意味着 delta 应该是恒定的。
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func _physics_process(delta):
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# 使用向量加法和乘法进行简单移动。
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var direction = Vector2(1, 0) # 或使用 Vector2.RIGHT
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var speed = 100.0
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self.global_position += direction * speed * delta
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# self 指向当前类的实例
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# 重载函数时,您可以使用 . 运算符调用父函数
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# like here:
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func get_children():
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# 在这里做一些额外的事情。
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var r = .get_children() # 调用父函数的实现
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return r
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# 内部类
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class InnerClass:
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extends Object
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func hello():
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print("来自内部类的 Hello!")
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func use_inner_class():
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var ic = InnerClass.new()
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ic.hello()
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ic.free() # 可以自行释放内存
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```
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## 访问场景树中其他节点
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```nim
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extends Node2D
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var sprite # 该变量将用来保存引用。
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# 您可以在 _ready 中获取对其他节点的引用。
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func _ready() -> void:
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# NodePath 对于访问节点很有用。
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# 将 String 传递给其构造函数来创建 NodePath:
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var path1 = NodePath("path/to/something")
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# 或者使用 NodePath 字面量:
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var path2 = @"path/to/something"
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# NodePath 示例:
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var path3 = @"Sprite" # 相对路径,当前节点的直接子节点
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var path4 = @"Timers/Firerate" # 相对路径,子节点的子节点
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var path5 = @".." # 当前节点的父节点
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var path6 = @"../Enemy" # 当前节点的兄弟节点
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var path7 = @"/root" # 绝对路径,等价于 get_tree().get_root()
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var path8 = @"/root/Main/Player/Sprite" # Player 的 Sprite 的绝对路径
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var path9 = @"Timers/Firerate:wait_time" # 访问属性
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var path10 = @"Player:position:x" # 访问子属性
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# 最后,获取节点引用可以使用以下方法:
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sprite = get_node(@"Sprite") as Sprite # 始终转换为您期望的类型
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sprite = get_node("Sprite") as Sprite # 这里 String 被隐式转换为 NodePath
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sprite = get_node(path3) as Sprite
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sprite = get_node_or_null("Sprite") as Sprite
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sprite = $Sprite as Sprite
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func _process(delta):
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# 现在我们就可以在别处使用 sprite 里保存的引用了。
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prints("Sprite 有一个全局位置 ", sprite.global_position)
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# 在 _ready 执行之前,使用 onready 关键字为变量赋值。
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# 这是一种常用的语法糖。
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onready var tween = $Tween as Tween
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# 您可以导出这个 NodePath,以便在检查器中给它赋值。
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export var nodepath = @""
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onready var reference = get_node(nodepath) as Node
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```
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## 信号(Signals)
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信号系统是 Godot 对观察者编程模式的实现。例子如下:
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```nim
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class_name Player extends Node2D
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var hp = 10
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signal died() # 定义一个信号
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signal hurt(hp_old, hp_new) # 信号可以带参数
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func apply_damage(dmg):
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var hp_old = hp
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hp -= dmg
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emit_signal("hurt", hp_old, hp) # 发出信号并传递参数
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if hp <= 0:
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emit_signal("died")
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func _ready():
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# 将信号 "died" 连接到 self 中定义的 _on_death 函数
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self.connect("died", self, "_on_death")
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func _on_death():
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self.queue_free() # 死亡时销毁 Player
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```
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## 类型注解
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GDScript 可以选择性地使用静态类型。
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```nim
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extends Node
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var x: int # 定义带有类型的变量
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var y: float = 4.2
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var z := 1.0 # 使用 := 运算符根据默认值推断类型
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onready var node_ref_typed := $Child as Node
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export var speed := 50.0
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const CONSTANT := "Typed constant."
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func _ready() -> void:
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# 此函数不返回任何东西
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x = "string" # 错误!不要更改类型!
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return
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func join(arg1: String, arg2: String) -> String:
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# 此函数接受两个 String 并返回一个 String。
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return arg1 + arg2
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func get_child_at(index: int) -> Node:
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# 此函数接受一个 int 并返回一个 Node
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return get_children()[index]
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signal example(arg: int) # 错误!信号不能接受类型参数!
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```
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## 延展阅读
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* [Godot's Website](https://godotengine.org/)
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* [Godot Docs](https://docs.godotengine.org/en/stable/)
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* [Getting started with GDScript](https://docs.godotengine.org/en/stable/getting_started/scripting/gdscript/index.html)
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* [NodePath](https://docs.godotengine.org/en/stable/classes/class_nodepath.html)
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* [Signals](https://docs.godotengine.org/en/stable/getting_started/step_by_step/signals.html)
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* [GDQuest](https://www.gdquest.com/)
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* [GDScript.com](https://gdscript.com/)
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