2016-02-19 14:16:39 +03:00
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---
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language: TypeScript
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category: language
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contributors:
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- ["Philippe Vlérick", "https://github.com/pvlerick"]
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translators:
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- ["Shawn Zhang", "https://github.com/shawnzhang009"]
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filename: learntypescript-cn.ts
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lang: zh-cn
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---
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TypeScript是一门为开发大型JavaScript应用而设计的语言。TypeScript在JavaScript的基础上增加了类、模块、接口、泛型和静态类型(可选)等常见的概念。它是JavaScript的一个超集:所有JavaScript代码都是有效的TypeScript代码,所以任何JavaScript项目都可以无缝引入TypeScript. TypeScript编译器会把TypeScript代码编译成JavaScript代码。
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2016-03-14 21:29:56 +03:00
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本文只关注TypeScript额外增加的区别于[JavaScript](../javascript-cn/)的语法,.
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2016-02-19 14:16:39 +03:00
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如需测试TypeScript编译器,你可以在[Playground](http://www.typescriptlang.org/Playground)码代码,它会自动编译成JavaScript代码然后直接显示出来。
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```js
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// TypeScript有三种基本类型
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var isDone: boolean = false;
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var lines: number = 42;
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var name: string = "Anders";
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2016-03-14 21:29:56 +03:00
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// 如果不知道是什么类型,可以使用"any"(任意)类型
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2016-02-19 14:16:39 +03:00
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var notSure: any = 4;
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notSure = "maybe a string instead";
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notSure = false; // 亦可,定义为布尔型
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// 对于集合的声明, 有类型化数组和泛型数组
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var list: number[] = [1, 2, 3];
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// 另外一种,使用泛型数组
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var list: Array<number> = [1, 2, 3];
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// 枚举:
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enum Color {Red, Green, Blue};
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var c: Color = Color.Green;
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// 最后,"void"用于函数没有任何返回的特殊情况下
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function bigHorribleAlert(): void {
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alert("I'm a little annoying box!");
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}
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// 函数是"第一等公民"(first class citizens), 支持使用箭头表达式和类型推断
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// 以下是相等的,TypeScript编译器会把它们编译成相同的JavaScript代码
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var f1 = function(i: number): number { return i * i; }
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// 返回推断类型的值
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var f2 = function(i: number) { return i * i; }
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var f3 = (i: number): number => { return i * i; }
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// 返回推断类型的值
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var f4 = (i: number) => { return i * i; }
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// 返回推断类型的值, 单行程式可以不需要return关键字和大括号
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var f5 = (i: number) => i * i;
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2016-03-14 21:29:56 +03:00
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// 接口是结构化的,任何具有这些属性的对象都与该接口兼容
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interface Person {
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name: string;
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// 可选属性,使用"?"标识
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age?: number;
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// 函数
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move(): void;
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}
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// 实现"Person"接口的对象,当它有了"name"和"move"方法之后可被视为一个"Person"
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var p: Person = { name: "Bobby", move: () => {} };
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// 带了可选参数的对象
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var validPerson: Person = { name: "Bobby", age: 42, move: () => {} };
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// 因为"age"不是"number"类型所以这不是一个"Person"
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var invalidPerson: Person = { name: "Bobby", age: true };
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// 接口同样可以描述一个函数的类型
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interface SearchFunc {
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(source: string, subString: string): boolean;
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}
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// 参数名并不重要,参数类型才是重要的
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var mySearch: SearchFunc;
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mySearch = function(src: string, sub: string) {
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return src.search(sub) != -1;
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}
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// 类 - 成员默认为公共的(public)
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class Point {
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// 属性
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x: number;
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2016-03-14 21:29:56 +03:00
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// 构造器 - 这里面的public/private关键字会为属性生成样板代码和初始化值
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// 这个例子中,y会被同x一样定义,不需要额外代码
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// 同样支持默认值
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constructor(x: number, public y: number = 0) {
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this.x = x;
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}
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// 函数
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dist() { return Math.sqrt(this.x * this.x + this.y * this.y); }
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// 静态成员
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static origin = new Point(0, 0);
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}
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var p1 = new Point(10 ,20);
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var p2 = new Point(25); //y为0
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// 继承
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class Point3D extends Point {
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constructor(x: number, y: number, public z: number = 0) {
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super(x, y); // 必须显式调用父类的构造器
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}
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// 重写
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dist() {
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var d = super.dist();
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return Math.sqrt(d * d + this.z * this.z);
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}
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}
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// 模块, "."可以作为子模块的分隔符
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module Geometry {
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export class Square {
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constructor(public sideLength: number = 0) {
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}
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area() {
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return Math.pow(this.sideLength, 2);
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}
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}
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}
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var s1 = new Geometry.Square(5);
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// 引入模块并定义本地别名
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import G = Geometry;
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var s2 = new G.Square(10);
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// 泛型
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// 类
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class Tuple<T1, T2> {
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constructor(public item1: T1, public item2: T2) {
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}
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}
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// 接口
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interface Pair<T> {
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item1: T;
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item2: T;
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}
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// 以及函数
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var pairToTuple = function<T>(p: Pair<T>) {
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return new Tuple(p.item1, p.item2);
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};
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var tuple = pairToTuple({ item1:"hello", item2:"world"});
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// 引用定义文件
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// <reference path="jquery.d.ts" />
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// 模板字符串(使用反引号的字符串)
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// 嵌入变量的模板字符串
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var name = 'Tyrone';
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var greeting = `Hi ${name}, how are you?`
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// 有多行内容的模板字符串
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var multiline = `This is an example
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of a multiline string`;
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```
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## 参考资料
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* [TypeScript官网](http://www.typescriptlang.org/)
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* [TypeScript语言规范说明书(pdf)](http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=267238)
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* [Anders Hejlsberg - TypeScript介绍](http://channel9.msdn.com/posts/Anders-Hejlsberg-Introducing-TypeScript)
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* [GitHub源码](https://github.com/Microsoft/TypeScript)
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* [Definitely Typed - 类型定义仓库](http://definitelytyped.org/)
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