2016-12-13 04:28:54 +03:00
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---
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language: less
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filename: learnless-cn.less
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contributors:
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- ["Saravanan Ganesh", "http://srrvnn.me"]
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translators:
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- ["Jiang Haiyun", "http://www.atjiang.com"]
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lang: zh-cn
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---
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Less是一种CSS预处理器,它增加了诸如变量、嵌套、mixin等功能。
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Less(以及其它预处理器,如[Sass](http://sass-lang.com/))能帮助开发人员编写易维护,DRY (Don't Repeat Yourself) 的代码。
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2024-04-08 17:07:03 +03:00
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```less
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2016-12-13 04:28:54 +03:00
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//单行注释在编译成CSS后会被删除。
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/* 多行注释将保留. */
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/* 变量
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==============================*/
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/* 你可以将一个CSS值(如一个颜色值)保存到变量中。
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使用'@'符号来创建一个变量。*/
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@primary-color: #a3a4ff;
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@secondary-color: #51527f;
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@body-font: 'Roboto', sans-serif;
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/* 你可以在你的样式文件中使用这些变量。
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现在假如你想修改颜色,你只需修改一次即可。*/
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body {
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background-color: @primary-color;
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color: @secondary-color;
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font-family: @body-font;
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}
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/* 以上将编译成: */
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body {
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background-color: #a3a4ff;
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color: #51527F;
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font-family: 'Roboto', sans-serif;
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}
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/* 相比于在你的样式文件中逐个修改,这种方式维护性更好。 */
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/* Mixins
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==============================*/
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/* 如果你要为多个元素编写同样的代码,
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你可能想实现轻松地重用。*/
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.center {
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display: block;
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margin-left: auto;
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margin-right: auto;
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left: 0;
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right: 0;
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}
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/* 你只需简单地将选择子作为样式添加进来就能使用mixin了 */
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div {
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.center;
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background-color: @primary-color;
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}
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/* 它将编译成: */
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.center {
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display: block;
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margin-left: auto;
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margin-right: auto;
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left: 0;
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right: 0;
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}
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div {
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display: block;
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margin-left: auto;
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margin-right: auto;
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left: 0;
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right: 0;
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background-color: #a3a4ff;
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}
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/* 通过在选择子后添加括号,可以使这些mixin代码不被编译 */
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.center() {
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display: block;
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margin-left: auto;
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margin-right: auto;
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left: 0;
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right: 0;
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}
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div {
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.center;
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background-color: @primary-color;
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}
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/* 将编译成: */
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div {
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display: block;
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margin-left: auto;
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margin-right: auto;
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left: 0;
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right: 0;
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background-color: #a3a4ff;
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}
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/* 嵌套
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==============================*/
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/* Less允许你在选择子中嵌套选择子 */
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ul {
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list-style-type: none;
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margin-top: 2em;
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li {
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background-color: #f00;
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}
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}
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/* '&'将被替换成父选择子。*/
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/* 你也可以嵌套伪类。 */
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/* 注意过度嵌套将会导致代码难以维护。
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最佳实践推荐在嵌套时不超过3层。
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例如: */
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ul {
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list-style-type: none;
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margin-top: 2em;
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li {
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background-color: red;
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&:hover {
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background-color: blue;
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}
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a {
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color: white;
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}
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}
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}
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/* 编译成: */
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ul {
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list-style-type: none;
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margin-top: 2em;
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}
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ul li {
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background-color: red;
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}
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ul li:hover {
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background-color: blue;
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}
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ul li a {
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color: white;
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}
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/* 函数
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==============================*/
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/* Less提供的函数可以用来完成多种任务。
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考虑以下情况: */
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/* 函数可以通过其名称及传入其所需的参数来调用。 */
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body {
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width: round(10.25px);
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}
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.header {
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background-color: lighten(#000, 0.5);
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}
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.footer {
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background-color: fadeout(#000, 0.25)
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}
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/* 编译成: */
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body {
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width: 10px;
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}
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.header {
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background-color: #010101;
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}
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.footer {
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background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75);
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}
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/* 你也可以定义自己的函数。函数非常类似于mixin。
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当你在函数和mixin之间抉择时,
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记住mixin最适合用来创建CSS而函数更适合于
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处理那些可能在你的Less代码中使用的逻辑。
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'数学运算符'部分的例子是转成可重用函数的最佳选择。*/
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/* 该函数计算两数的平均值: */
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.average(@x, @y) {
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@average-result: ((@x + @y) / 2);
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}
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div {
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.average(16px, 50px); // "调用"mixin
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padding: @average-result; // 使用它的"返回"值
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}
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/* 编译成: */
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div {
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padding: 33px;
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}
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/* 扩展 (继承)
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==============================*/
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/* 扩展是在选择子间共享属性的一种方法。 */
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.display {
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height: 50px;
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}
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.display-success {
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&:extend(.display);
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border-color: #22df56;
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}
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/* 编译成: */
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.display,
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.display-success {
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height: 50px;
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}
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.display-success {
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border-color: #22df56;
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}
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/* 扩展一条CSS语句优于创建一个mixin,
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这是由其组合所有共享相同基样式的类的方式决定的。
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如果使用mixin完成,其属性将会在调用了该mixin的每条语句中重复。
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虽然它不至会影响你的工作流,但它会在由Less编译器
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生成的的文件中添加不必要的代码。*/
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/* 片段与导入
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==============================*/
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/* Less允许你创建片段文件。它有助于你的Less代码保持模块化。
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片段文件习惯上以'_'开头,例如 _reset.css,并被导入到
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一个将会被编译成CSS的主less文件中。*/
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/* 考虑以下的CSS,我们将把它们放入一个叫_reset.css的文件中 */
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html,
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body,
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ul,
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ol {
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margin: 0;
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padding: 0;
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}
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/* Less提供的@import能用来将片段导入到文件中。
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它与传统的CSS @import语句不同,无需通过
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HTTP请求获取导入文件。Less提取导入文件
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并将它们与编译后的代码结合起来。 */
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@import 'reset';
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body {
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font-size: 16px;
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font-family: Helvetica, Arial, Sans-serif;
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}
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/* 编译成: */
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html, body, ul, ol {
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margin: 0;
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padding: 0;
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}
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body {
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font-size: 16px;
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font-family: Helvetica, Arial, Sans-serif;
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}
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/* 数学运算符
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==============================*/
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/* Less提供以下的运算符: +, -, *, /, 和 %。
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相比于使用你事先手工计算好了的数值,它们
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对于直接在你的Less文件中计算数值很有用。
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以下是设置一个两列设计的例子。*/
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@content-area: 960px;
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@main-content: 600px;
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@sidebar-content: 300px;
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@main-size: @main-content / @content-area * 100%;
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@sidebar-size: @sidebar-content / @content-area * 100%;
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@gutter: 100% - (@main-size + @sidebar-size);
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body {
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width: 100%;
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}
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.main-content {
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width: @main-size;
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}
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.sidebar {
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width: @sidebar-size;
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}
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.gutter {
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width: @gutter;
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}
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/* 编译成: */
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body {
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width: 100%;
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}
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.main-content {
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width: 62.5%;
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}
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.sidebar {
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width: 31.25%;
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}
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.gutter {
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width: 6.25%;
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}
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```
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## 实践Less
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如果你想在你的浏览器中尝试LESS,参阅:
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* [Codepen](http://codepen.io/)
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* [LESS2CSS](http://lesscss.org/less-preview/)
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## 兼容性
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Less可以用于任何项目中,只要你有程序能将它编译成CSS即可。你还需要验证你所使用的CSS是否与你的目标浏览器兼容。
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[QuirksMode CSS](http://www.quirksmode.org/css/)和[CanIUse](http://caniuse.com) 对于检查兼容性来说都是不错的资源。
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## 延伸阅读资料
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* [Official Documentation](http://lesscss.org/features/)
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* [Less CSS - Beginner's Guide](http://www.hongkiat.com/blog/less-basic/)
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