2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
|
|
|
|
---
|
|
|
|
|
language: python
|
|
|
|
|
contributors:
|
|
|
|
|
- ["Louie Dinh", "http://ldinh.ca"]
|
|
|
|
|
translators:
|
|
|
|
|
- ["Chenbo Li", "http://binarythink.net"]
|
2013-08-12 20:53:40 +04:00
|
|
|
|
filename: learnpython-zh.py
|
2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
|
|
|
|
lang: zh-cn
|
|
|
|
|
---
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Python 由 Guido Van Rossum 在90年代初创建。 它现在是最流行的语言之一
|
|
|
|
|
我喜爱python是因为它有极为清晰的语法,甚至可以说,它就是可以执行的伪代码
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
很欢迎来自您的反馈,你可以在[@louiedinh](http://twitter.com/louiedinh) 和 louiedinh [at] [google's email service] 这里找到我
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
注意: 这篇文章针对的版本是Python 2.7,但大多也可使用于其他Python 2的版本
|
|
|
|
|
如果是Python 3,请在网络上寻找其他教程
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```python
|
|
|
|
|
# 单行注释
|
|
|
|
|
""" 多行字符串可以用
|
|
|
|
|
三个引号包裹,不过这也可以被当做
|
|
|
|
|
多行注释
|
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
####################################################
|
|
|
|
|
## 1. 原始数据类型和操作符
|
|
|
|
|
####################################################
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 数字类型
|
|
|
|
|
3 #=> 3
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 简单的算数
|
|
|
|
|
1 + 1 #=> 2
|
|
|
|
|
8 - 1 #=> 7
|
|
|
|
|
10 * 2 #=> 20
|
|
|
|
|
35 / 5 #=> 7
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 整数的除法会自动取整
|
|
|
|
|
5 / 2 #=> 2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 要做精确的除法,我们需要引入浮点数
|
|
|
|
|
2.0 # 浮点数
|
|
|
|
|
11.0 / 4.0 #=> 2.75 好多了
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 括号具有最高优先级
|
|
|
|
|
(1 + 3) * 2 #=> 8
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 布尔值也是原始数据类型
|
|
|
|
|
True
|
|
|
|
|
False
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 用not来取非
|
|
|
|
|
not True #=> False
|
|
|
|
|
not False #=> True
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 相等
|
|
|
|
|
1 == 1 #=> True
|
|
|
|
|
2 == 1 #=> False
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 不等
|
|
|
|
|
1 != 1 #=> False
|
|
|
|
|
2 != 1 #=> True
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 更多的比较操作符
|
|
|
|
|
1 < 10 #=> True
|
|
|
|
|
1 > 10 #=> False
|
|
|
|
|
2 <= 2 #=> True
|
|
|
|
|
2 >= 2 #=> True
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 比较运算可以连起来写!
|
|
|
|
|
1 < 2 < 3 #=> True
|
|
|
|
|
2 < 3 < 2 #=> False
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 字符串通过"或'括起来
|
|
|
|
|
"This is a string."
|
|
|
|
|
'This is also a string.'
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 字符串通过加号拼接
|
|
|
|
|
"Hello " + "world!" #=> "Hello world!"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 字符串可以被视为字符的列表
|
|
|
|
|
"This is a string"[0] #=> 'T'
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# % 可以用来格式化字符串
|
|
|
|
|
"%s can be %s" % ("strings", "interpolated")
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 也可以用format方法来格式化字符串
|
|
|
|
|
# 推荐使用这个方法
|
|
|
|
|
"{0} can be {1}".format("strings", "formatted")
|
|
|
|
|
# 也可以用变量名代替数字
|
|
|
|
|
"{name} wants to eat {food}".format(name="Bob", food="lasagna")
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# None 是对象
|
|
|
|
|
None #=> None
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 不要用相等 `==` 符号来和None进行比较
|
|
|
|
|
# 要用 `is`
|
|
|
|
|
"etc" is None #=> False
|
|
|
|
|
None is None #=> True
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 'is' 可以用来比较对象的相等性
|
|
|
|
|
# 这个操作符在比较原始数据时没多少用,但是比较对象时必不可少
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# None, 0, 和空字符串都被算作False
|
|
|
|
|
# 其他的均为True
|
|
|
|
|
0 == False #=> True
|
|
|
|
|
"" == False #=> True
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
####################################################
|
|
|
|
|
## 2. 变量和集合
|
|
|
|
|
####################################################
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 很方便的输出
|
|
|
|
|
print "I'm Python. Nice to meet you!"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 给变量赋值前不需要事先生命
|
|
|
|
|
some_var = 5 # 规范用小写字母和下划线来做为变量名
|
|
|
|
|
some_var #=> 5
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 访问之前为赋值的变量会抛出异常
|
|
|
|
|
# 查看控制流程一节来了解异常处理
|
|
|
|
|
some_other_var # 抛出命名异常
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# if语句可以作为表达式来使用
|
|
|
|
|
"yahoo!" if 3 > 2 else 2 #=> "yahoo!"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 列表用来保存序列
|
|
|
|
|
li = []
|
|
|
|
|
# 可以直接初始化列表
|
|
|
|
|
other_li = [4, 5, 6]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 在列表末尾添加元素
|
|
|
|
|
li.append(1) #li 现在是 [1]
|
|
|
|
|
li.append(2) #li 现在是 [1, 2]
|
|
|
|
|
li.append(4) #li 现在是 [1, 2, 4]
|
|
|
|
|
li.append(3) #li 现在是 [1, 2, 4, 3]
|
|
|
|
|
# 移除列表末尾元素
|
|
|
|
|
li.pop() #=> 3 and li is now [1, 2, 4]
|
|
|
|
|
# 放回来
|
|
|
|
|
li.append(3) # li is now [1, 2, 4, 3] again.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 像其他语言访问数组一样访问列表
|
|
|
|
|
li[0] #=> 1
|
|
|
|
|
# 访问最后一个元素
|
|
|
|
|
li[-1] #=> 3
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 越界会抛出异常
|
|
|
|
|
li[4] # 抛出越界异常
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 切片语法需要用到列表的索引访问
|
|
|
|
|
# 可以看做数学之中左闭右开区间
|
|
|
|
|
li[1:3] #=> [2, 4]
|
|
|
|
|
# 省略开头的元素
|
|
|
|
|
li[2:] #=> [4, 3]
|
|
|
|
|
# 省略末尾的元素
|
|
|
|
|
li[:3] #=> [1, 2, 4]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 删除特定元素
|
|
|
|
|
del li[2] # li 现在是 [1, 2, 3]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 合并列表
|
|
|
|
|
li + other_li #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] - 不改变这两个列表
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 通过拼接合并列表
|
|
|
|
|
li.extend(other_li) # li 是 [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 用in来返回元素是否在列表中
|
|
|
|
|
1 in li #=> True
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 返回列表长度
|
|
|
|
|
len(li) #=> 6
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 元组类似于列表,但是他是不可改变的
|
|
|
|
|
tup = (1, 2, 3)
|
|
|
|
|
tup[0] #=> 1
|
|
|
|
|
tup[0] = 3 # 类型错误
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 对于大多数的列表操作,也适用于元组
|
|
|
|
|
len(tup) #=> 3
|
|
|
|
|
tup + (4, 5, 6) #=> (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
|
|
|
|
|
tup[:2] #=> (1, 2)
|
|
|
|
|
2 in tup #=> True
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 你可以将元组解包赋给多个变量
|
|
|
|
|
a, b, c = (1, 2, 3) # a是1,b是2,c是3
|
|
|
|
|
# 如果不加括号,那么会自动视为元组
|
|
|
|
|
d, e, f = 4, 5, 6
|
|
|
|
|
# 现在我们可以看看交换两个数字是多么容易的事
|
|
|
|
|
e, d = d, e # d是5,e是4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 字典用来储存映射关系
|
|
|
|
|
empty_dict = {}
|
|
|
|
|
# 字典初始化
|
|
|
|
|
filled_dict = {"one": 1, "two": 2, "three": 3}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 字典也用中括号访问元素
|
|
|
|
|
filled_dict["one"] #=> 1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 把所有的键保存在列表中
|
|
|
|
|
filled_dict.keys() #=> ["three", "two", "one"]
|
|
|
|
|
# 键的顺序并不是唯一的,得到的不一定是这个顺序
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 把所有的值保存在列表中
|
|
|
|
|
filled_dict.values() #=> [3, 2, 1]
|
|
|
|
|
# 和键的顺序相同
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 判断一个键是否存在
|
|
|
|
|
"one" in filled_dict #=> True
|
|
|
|
|
1 in filled_dict #=> False
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 查询一个不存在的键会抛出键异常
|
|
|
|
|
filled_dict["four"] # 键异常
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 用get方法来避免键异常
|
|
|
|
|
filled_dict.get("one") #=> 1
|
|
|
|
|
filled_dict.get("four") #=> None
|
|
|
|
|
# get方法支持在不存在的时候返回一个默认值
|
|
|
|
|
filled_dict.get("one", 4) #=> 1
|
|
|
|
|
filled_dict.get("four", 4) #=> 4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Setdefault是一个更安全的添加字典元素的方法
|
|
|
|
|
filled_dict.setdefault("five", 5) #filled_dict["five"] 的值为 5
|
|
|
|
|
filled_dict.setdefault("five", 6) #filled_dict["five"] 的值仍然是 5
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 集合储存无顺序的元素
|
|
|
|
|
empty_set = set()
|
|
|
|
|
# 出事话一个集合
|
|
|
|
|
some_set = set([1,2,2,3,4]) # filled_set 现在是 set([1, 2, 3, 4])
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Python 2.7 之后,大括号可以用来表示集合
|
|
|
|
|
filled_set = {1, 2, 2, 3, 4} # => {1 2 3 4}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 为集合添加元素
|
|
|
|
|
filled_set.add(5) # filled_set 现在是 {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 用&来实现集合的交
|
|
|
|
|
other_set = {3, 4, 5, 6}
|
|
|
|
|
filled_set & other_set #=> {3, 4, 5}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 用|来实现集合的并
|
|
|
|
|
filled_set | other_set #=> {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 用-来实现集合的差
|
|
|
|
|
{1,2,3,4} - {2,3,5} #=> {1, 4}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 用in来判断元素是否存在于集合中
|
|
|
|
|
2 in filled_set #=> True
|
|
|
|
|
10 in filled_set #=> False
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
####################################################
|
|
|
|
|
## 3. 控制流程
|
|
|
|
|
####################################################
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 新建一个变量
|
|
|
|
|
some_var = 5
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 这是个if语句,在python中缩进是很重要的。
|
|
|
|
|
# 会输出 "some var is smaller than 10"
|
|
|
|
|
if some_var > 10:
|
|
|
|
|
print "some_var is totally bigger than 10."
|
|
|
|
|
elif some_var < 10: # 这个 elif 语句是不必须的
|
|
|
|
|
print "some_var is smaller than 10."
|
|
|
|
|
else: # 也不是必须的
|
|
|
|
|
print "some_var is indeed 10."
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
|
用for循环遍历列表
|
|
|
|
|
输出:
|
|
|
|
|
dog is a mammal
|
|
|
|
|
cat is a mammal
|
|
|
|
|
mouse is a mammal
|
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
|
for animal in ["dog", "cat", "mouse"]:
|
|
|
|
|
# 你可以用 % 来格式化字符串
|
|
|
|
|
print "%s is a mammal" % animal
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
|
`range(number)` 返回从0到给定数字的列表
|
|
|
|
|
输出:
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
|
for i in range(4):
|
|
|
|
|
print i
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
|
While循环
|
|
|
|
|
输出:
|
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
|
x = 0
|
|
|
|
|
while x < 4:
|
|
|
|
|
print x
|
|
|
|
|
x += 1 # Shorthand for x = x + 1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 用 try/except块来处理异常
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Python 2.6 及以上适用:
|
|
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
|
|
# 用raise来抛出异常
|
|
|
|
|
raise IndexError("This is an index error")
|
|
|
|
|
except IndexError as e:
|
|
|
|
|
pass # Pass就是什么都不做,不过通常这里会做一些恢复工作
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
####################################################
|
|
|
|
|
## 4. 函数
|
|
|
|
|
####################################################
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 用def来新建函数
|
|
|
|
|
def add(x, y):
|
|
|
|
|
print "x is %s and y is %s" % (x, y)
|
|
|
|
|
return x + y # Return values with a return statement
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 调用带参数的函数
|
|
|
|
|
add(5, 6) #=> 输出 "x is 5 and y is 6" 返回 11
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 通过关键字赋值来调用函数
|
|
|
|
|
add(y=6, x=5) # 顺序是无所谓的
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 我们也可以定义接受多个变量的函数,这些变量是按照顺序排列的
|
|
|
|
|
def varargs(*args):
|
|
|
|
|
return args
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
varargs(1, 2, 3) #=> (1,2,3)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 我们也可以定义接受多个变量的函数,这些变量是按照关键字排列的
|
|
|
|
|
def keyword_args(**kwargs):
|
|
|
|
|
return kwargs
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 实际效果:
|
|
|
|
|
keyword_args(big="foot", loch="ness") #=> {"big": "foot", "loch": "ness"}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 你也可以同时将一个函数定义成两种形式
|
|
|
|
|
def all_the_args(*args, **kwargs):
|
|
|
|
|
print args
|
|
|
|
|
print kwargs
|
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
|
all_the_args(1, 2, a=3, b=4) prints:
|
|
|
|
|
(1, 2)
|
|
|
|
|
{"a": 3, "b": 4}
|
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 当调用函数的时候,我们也可以和之前所做的相反,把元组和字典展开为参数
|
|
|
|
|
args = (1, 2, 3, 4)
|
|
|
|
|
kwargs = {"a": 3, "b": 4}
|
|
|
|
|
all_the_args(*args) # equivalent to foo(1, 2, 3, 4)
|
|
|
|
|
all_the_args(**kwargs) # equivalent to foo(a=3, b=4)
|
|
|
|
|
all_the_args(*args, **kwargs) # equivalent to foo(1, 2, 3, 4, a=3, b=4)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Python 有一等函数:
|
|
|
|
|
def create_adder(x):
|
|
|
|
|
def adder(y):
|
|
|
|
|
return x + y
|
|
|
|
|
return adder
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
add_10 = create_adder(10)
|
|
|
|
|
add_10(3) #=> 13
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 匿名函数
|
|
|
|
|
(lambda x: x > 2)(3) #=> True
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 内置高阶函数
|
|
|
|
|
map(add_10, [1,2,3]) #=> [11, 12, 13]
|
|
|
|
|
filter(lambda x: x > 5, [3, 4, 5, 6, 7]) #=> [6, 7]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 可以用列表方法来对高阶函数进行更巧妙的引用
|
|
|
|
|
[add_10(i) for i in [1, 2, 3]] #=> [11, 12, 13]
|
|
|
|
|
[x for x in [3, 4, 5, 6, 7] if x > 5] #=> [6, 7]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
####################################################
|
|
|
|
|
## 5. 类
|
|
|
|
|
####################################################
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 我们新建的类是从object类中继承的
|
|
|
|
|
class Human(object):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 类属性,由所有类的对象共享
|
|
|
|
|
species = "H. sapiens"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 基本构造函数
|
|
|
|
|
def __init__(self, name):
|
|
|
|
|
# 将参数赋给对象成员属性
|
|
|
|
|
self.name = name
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 成员方法,参数要有self
|
|
|
|
|
def say(self, msg):
|
|
|
|
|
return "%s: %s" % (self.name, msg)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 类方法由所有类的对象共享
|
|
|
|
|
# 这类方法在调用时,会把类本身传给第一个参数
|
|
|
|
|
@classmethod
|
|
|
|
|
def get_species(cls):
|
|
|
|
|
return cls.species
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 静态方法是不需要类和对象的引用就可以调用的方法
|
|
|
|
|
@staticmethod
|
|
|
|
|
def grunt():
|
|
|
|
|
return "*grunt*"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 实例化一个类
|
|
|
|
|
i = Human(name="Ian")
|
|
|
|
|
print i.say("hi") # 输出 "Ian: hi"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
j = Human("Joel")
|
|
|
|
|
print j.say("hello") # 输出 "Joel: hello"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 访问类的方法
|
|
|
|
|
i.get_species() #=> "H. sapiens"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 改变共享属性
|
|
|
|
|
Human.species = "H. neanderthalensis"
|
|
|
|
|
i.get_species() #=> "H. neanderthalensis"
|
|
|
|
|
j.get_species() #=> "H. neanderthalensis"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 访问静态变量
|
|
|
|
|
Human.grunt() #=> "*grunt*"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
####################################################
|
|
|
|
|
## 6. 模块
|
|
|
|
|
####################################################
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 我们可以导入其他模块
|
|
|
|
|
import math
|
|
|
|
|
print math.sqrt(16) #=> 4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 我们也可以从一个模块中特定的函数
|
|
|
|
|
from math import ceil, floor
|
|
|
|
|
print ceil(3.7) #=> 4.0
|
|
|
|
|
print floor(3.7) #=> 3.0
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 从模块中导入所有的函数
|
|
|
|
|
# 警告:不推荐使用
|
|
|
|
|
from math import *
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 简写模块名
|
|
|
|
|
import math as m
|
|
|
|
|
math.sqrt(16) == m.sqrt(16) #=> True
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Python的模块其实只是普通的python文件
|
|
|
|
|
# 你也可以创建自己的模块,并且导入它们
|
|
|
|
|
# 模块的名字就和文件的名字相同
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 以可以通过下面的信息找找要成为模块需要什么属性或方法
|
|
|
|
|
import math
|
|
|
|
|
dir(math)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## 更多阅读
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
希望学到更多?试试下面的链接:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* [Learn Python The Hard Way](http://learnpythonthehardway.org/book/)
|
|
|
|
|
* [Dive Into Python](http://www.diveintopython.net/)
|
|
|
|
|
* [The Official Docs](http://docs.python.org/2.6/)
|
|
|
|
|
* [Hitchhiker's Guide to Python](http://docs.python-guide.org/en/latest/)
|
|
|
|
|
* [Python Module of the Week](http://pymotw.com/2/)
|