2013-08-01 08:49:37 +04:00
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---
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language: php
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contributors:
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- ["Malcolm Fell", "http://emarref.net/"]
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- ["Trismegiste", "https://github.com/Trismegiste"]
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translators:
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2013-08-01 22:24:23 +04:00
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- ["Chenbo Li", "http://binarythink.net"]
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2013-08-12 20:53:40 +04:00
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filename: learnphp-zh.php
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2013-08-01 22:24:23 +04:00
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lang: zh-cn
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2013-08-01 08:49:37 +04:00
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---
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这份教程所使用的版本是 PHP 5+.
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```php
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<?php // PHP必须被包围于 <?php ? > 之中
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// 如果你的文件中只有php代码,那么最好省略结束括号标记
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// 这是单行注释的标志
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# 井号也可以,但是//更常见
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/*
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这是多行注释
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*/
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// 使用 "echo" 或者 "print" 来输出信息到标准输出
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print('Hello '); // 输出 "Hello " 并且没有换行符
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// () 对于echo和print是可选的
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echo "World\n"; // 输出 "World" 并且换行
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// (每个语句必须以分号结尾)
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// 在 <?php 标签之外的语句都被自动输出到标准输出
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?>Hello World Again!
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<?php
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/************************************
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* 类型与变量
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*/
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// 变量以$开始
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// 变量可以以字母或者下划线开头,后面可以跟着数字、字母和下划线
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// 布尔值是大小写无关的
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$boolean = true; // 或 TRUE 或 True
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$boolean = false; // 或 FALSE 或 False
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// 整型
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$int1 = 12; // => 12
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$int2 = -12; // => -12
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$int3 = 012; // => 10 (0开头代表八进制数)
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$int4 = 0x0F; // => 15 (0x开头代表十六进制数)
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// 浮点型 (即双精度浮点型)
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$float = 1.234;
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$float = 1.2e3;
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$float = 7E-10;
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// 算数运算
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$sum = 1 + 1; // 2
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$difference = 2 - 1; // 1
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$product = 2 * 2; // 4
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$quotient = 2 / 1; // 2
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// 算数运算的简写
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$number = 0;
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$number += 1; // $number 自增1
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echo $number++; // 输出1 (运算后自增)
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echo ++$number; // 输出3 (自增后运算)
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$number /= $float; // 先除后赋值给 $number
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// 字符串需要被包含在单引号之中
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$sgl_quotes = '$String'; // => '$String'
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// 如果需要在字符串中引用变量,就需要使用双引号
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$dbl_quotes = "This is a $sgl_quotes."; // => 'This is a $String.'
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// 特殊字符只有在双引号中有用
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$escaped = "This contains a \t tab character.";
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$unescaped = 'This just contains a slash and a t: \t';
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// 可以把变量包含在一对大括号中
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$money = "I have $${number} in the bank.";
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// 自 PHP 5.3 开始, nowdocs 可以被用作多行非计算型字符串
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$nowdoc = <<<'END'
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Multi line
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string
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END;
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// 而Heredocs则可以用作多行计算型字符串
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$heredoc = <<<END
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Multi line
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$sgl_quotes
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END;
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// 字符串需要用 . 来连接
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echo 'This string ' . 'is concatenated';
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/********************************
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* 数组
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*/
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// PHP 中的数组都是关联型数组,也就是某些语言中的哈希表或字典
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// 在所有PHP版本中均适用:
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$associative = array('One' => 1, 'Two' => 2, 'Three' => 3);
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// PHP 5.4 中引入了新的语法
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$associative = ['One' => 1, 'Two' => 2, 'Three' => 3];
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echo $associative['One']; // 输出 1
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// 声明为列表实际上是给每个值都分配了一个整数键(key)
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$array = ['One', 'Two', 'Three'];
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echo $array[0]; // => "One"
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/********************************
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* 输出
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*/
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echo('Hello World!');
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// 输出到标准输出
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// 此时标准输出就是浏览器中的网页
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print('Hello World!'); // 和echo相同
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// echo和print实际上也属于这个语言本身,所以我们省略括号
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echo 'Hello World!';
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print 'Hello World!';
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$paragraph = 'paragraph';
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echo 100; // 直接输出标量
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echo $paragraph; // 或者输出变量
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// 如果你配置了短标签,或者使用5.4.0及以上的版本
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// 你就可以使用简写的echo语法
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?>
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<p><?= $paragraph ?></p>
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<?php
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$x = 1;
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$y = 2;
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$x = $y; // $x 现在和 $y 的值相同
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$z = &$y;
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// $z 现在持有 $y 的引用. 现在更改 $z 的值也会更改 $y 的值,反之亦然
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// 但是改变 $y 的值不会改变 $x 的值
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echo $x; // => 2
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echo $z; // => 2
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$y = 0;
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echo $x; // => 2
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echo $z; // => 0
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/********************************
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* 逻辑
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*/
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$a = 0;
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$b = '0';
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$c = '1';
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$d = '1';
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// 如果assert的参数为假,就会抛出警告
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// 下面的比较都为真,不管它们的类型是否匹配
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assert($a == $b); // 相等
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assert($c != $a); // 不等
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assert($c <> $a); // 另一种不等的表示
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assert($a < $c);
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assert($c > $b);
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assert($a <= $b);
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assert($c >= $d);
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// 下面的比较只有在类型相同、值相同的情况下才为真
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assert($c === $d);
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assert($a !== $d);
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2014-01-17 10:47:54 +04:00
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assert(1 === '1');
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2013-08-01 08:49:37 +04:00
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assert(1 !== '1');
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// 变量可以根据其使用来进行类型转换
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$integer = 1;
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echo $integer + $integer; // => 2
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$string = '1';
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echo $string + $string; // => 2 (字符串在此时被转化为整数)
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$string = 'one';
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echo $string + $string; // => 0
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// 输出0,因为'one'这个字符串无法被转换为整数
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// 类型转换可以将一个类型视作另一种类型
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$boolean = (boolean) 1; // => true
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$zero = 0;
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$boolean = (boolean) $zero; // => false
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// 还有一些专用的函数来进行类型转换
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$integer = 5;
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$string = strval($integer);
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$var = null; // 空值
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/********************************
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* 控制结构
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*/
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if (true) {
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print 'I get printed';
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}
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if (false) {
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print 'I don\'t';
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} else {
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print 'I get printed';
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}
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if (false) {
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print 'Does not get printed';
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} elseif(true) {
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print 'Does';
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}
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// 三目运算符
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print (false ? 'Does not get printed' : 'Does');
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$x = 0;
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if ($x === '0') {
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print 'Does not print';
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} elseif($x == '1') {
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print 'Does not print';
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} else {
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print 'Does print';
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}
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2014-01-17 10:50:29 +04:00
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// 下面的语法常用于模板中:
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2013-08-01 08:49:37 +04:00
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?>
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<?php if ($x): ?>
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This is displayed if the test is truthy.
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<?php else: ?>
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This is displayed otherwise.
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<?php endif; ?>
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<?php
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// 用switch来实现相同的逻辑
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switch ($x) {
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case '0':
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print 'Switch does type coercion';
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break; // 在case中必须使用一个break语句,
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// 否则在执行完这个语句后会直接执行后面的语句
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case 'two':
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case 'three':
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// 如果$variable是 'two' 或 'three',执行这里的语句
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break;
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default:
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// 其他情况
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}
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// While, do...while 和 for 循环
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$i = 0;
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while ($i < 5) {
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echo $i++;
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}; // 输出 "01234"
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echo "\n";
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$i = 0;
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do {
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echo $i++;
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} while ($i < 5); // 输出 "01234"
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echo "\n";
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for ($x = 0; $x < 10; $x++) {
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echo $x;
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} // 输出 "0123456789"
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echo "\n";
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$wheels = ['bicycle' => 2, 'car' => 4];
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// Foreach 循环可以遍历数组
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foreach ($wheels as $wheel_count) {
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echo $wheel_count;
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} // 输出 "24"
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echo "\n";
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// 也可以同时遍历键和值
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foreach ($wheels as $vehicle => $wheel_count) {
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echo "A $vehicle has $wheel_count wheels";
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}
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echo "\n";
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$i = 0;
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while ($i < 5) {
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if ($i === 3) {
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break; // 退出循环
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}
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echo $i++;
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} // 输出 "012"
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for ($i = 0; $i < 5; $i++) {
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if ($i === 3) {
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continue; // 跳过此次遍历
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}
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echo $i;
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} // 输出 "0124"
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/********************************
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* 函数
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*/
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// 通过"function"定义函数:
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function my_function () {
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return 'Hello';
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}
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echo my_function(); // => "Hello"
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// 函数名需要以字母或者下划线开头,
|
2014-01-17 11:12:05 +04:00
|
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|
|
// 后面可以跟着任意的字母、下划线、数字.
|
2013-08-01 08:49:37 +04:00
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function add ($x, $y = 1) { // $y 是可选参数,默认值为 1
|
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|
$result = $x + $y;
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|
return $result;
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|
}
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echo add(4); // => 5
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echo add(4, 2); // => 6
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|
// $result 在函数外部不可访问
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// print $result; // 抛出警告
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// 从 PHP 5.3 起我们可以定义匿名函数
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|
$inc = function ($x) {
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|
return $x + 1;
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|
};
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echo $inc(2); // => 3
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function foo ($x, $y, $z) {
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|
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|
echo "$x - $y - $z";
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}
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// 函数也可以返回一个函数
|
|
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|
function bar ($x, $y) {
|
|
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|
// 用 'use' 将外部的参数引入到里面
|
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|
return function ($z) use ($x, $y) {
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|
foo($x, $y, $z);
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};
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}
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$bar = bar('A', 'B');
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$bar('C'); // 输出 "A - B - C"
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// 你也可以通过字符串调用函数
|
|
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|
$function_name = 'add';
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|
echo $function_name(1, 2); // => 3
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|
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|
// 在通过程序来决定调用哪个函数时很有用
|
|
|
|
|
// 或者,使用 call_user_func(callable $callback [, $parameter [, ... ]]);
|
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|
|
/********************************
|
|
|
|
|
* 导入
|
|
|
|
|
*/
|
|
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|
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|
|
<?php
|
|
|
|
|
// 被导入的php文件也必须以php开标签开始
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
include 'my-file.php';
|
|
|
|
|
// 现在my-file.php就在当前作用域中可见了
|
|
|
|
|
// 如果这个文件无法被导入(比如文件不存在),会抛出警告
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
include_once 'my-file.php';
|
|
|
|
|
// my-file.php中的代码在其他地方被导入了,那么就不会被再次导入
|
|
|
|
|
// 这会避免类的多重定义错误
|
|
|
|
|
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|
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|
|
require 'my-file.php';
|
|
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|
|
require_once 'my-file.php';
|
|
|
|
|
// 和include功能相同,只不过如果不能被导入时,会抛出错误
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// my-include.php的内容:
|
|
|
|
|
<?php
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
return 'Anything you like.';
|
|
|
|
|
// 文件结束
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// Include和Require函数也有返回值
|
|
|
|
|
$value = include 'my-include.php';
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 被引入的文件是根据文件路径或者include_path配置来查找到的
|
|
|
|
|
// 如果文件最终没有被找到,那么就会查找当前文件夹。之后才会报错
|
|
|
|
|
/* */
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/********************************
|
|
|
|
|
* 类
|
|
|
|
|
*/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 类是由class关键字定义的
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
class MyClass
|
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
|
const MY_CONST = 'value'; // 常量
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
static $staticVar = 'static';
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 属性必须声明其作用域
|
|
|
|
|
public $property = 'public';
|
|
|
|
|
public $instanceProp;
|
|
|
|
|
protected $prot = 'protected'; // 当前类和子类可访问
|
|
|
|
|
private $priv = 'private'; // 仅当前类可访问
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 通过 __construct 来定义构造函数
|
|
|
|
|
public function __construct($instanceProp) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 通过 $this 访问当前对象
|
|
|
|
|
$this->instanceProp = $instanceProp;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 方法就是类中定义的函数
|
|
|
|
|
public function myMethod()
|
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
|
print 'MyClass';
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
final function youCannotOverrideMe()
|
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
public static function myStaticMethod()
|
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
|
print 'I am static';
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
echo MyClass::MY_CONST; // 输出 'value';
|
|
|
|
|
echo MyClass::$staticVar; // 输出 'static';
|
|
|
|
|
MyClass::myStaticMethod(); // 输出 'I am static';
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 通过new来新建实例
|
|
|
|
|
$my_class = new MyClass('An instance property');
|
|
|
|
|
// 如果不传递参数,那么括号可以省略
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 用 -> 来访问成员
|
|
|
|
|
echo $my_class->property; // => "public"
|
|
|
|
|
echo $my_class->instanceProp; // => "An instance property"
|
|
|
|
|
$my_class->myMethod(); // => "MyClass"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 使用extends来生成子类
|
|
|
|
|
class MyOtherClass extends MyClass
|
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
|
function printProtectedProperty()
|
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
|
echo $this->prot;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 方法覆盖
|
|
|
|
|
function myMethod()
|
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
|
parent::myMethod();
|
|
|
|
|
print ' > MyOtherClass';
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$my_other_class = new MyOtherClass('Instance prop');
|
|
|
|
|
$my_other_class->printProtectedProperty(); // => 输出 "protected"
|
|
|
|
|
$my_other_class->myMethod(); // 输出 "MyClass > MyOtherClass"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
final class YouCannotExtendMe
|
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 你可以使用“魔法方法”来生成getter和setter方法
|
|
|
|
|
class MyMapClass
|
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
|
private $property;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
public function __get($key)
|
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
|
return $this->$key;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
public function __set($key, $value)
|
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
|
$this->$key = $value;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$x = new MyMapClass();
|
|
|
|
|
echo $x->property; // 会使用 __get() 方法
|
|
|
|
|
$x->property = 'Something'; // 会使用 __set() 方法
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 类可以是被定义成抽象类 (使用 abstract 关键字) 或者
|
|
|
|
|
// 去实现接口 (使用 implements 关键字).
|
|
|
|
|
// 接口需要通过interface关键字来定义
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
interface InterfaceOne
|
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
|
public function doSomething();
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
interface InterfaceTwo
|
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
|
public function doSomethingElse();
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 接口可以被扩展
|
|
|
|
|
interface InterfaceThree extends InterfaceTwo
|
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
|
public function doAnotherContract();
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
abstract class MyAbstractClass implements InterfaceOne
|
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
|
public $x = 'doSomething';
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
class MyConcreteClass extends MyAbstractClass implements InterfaceTwo
|
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
|
public function doSomething()
|
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
|
echo $x;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
public function doSomethingElse()
|
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
|
echo 'doSomethingElse';
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 一个类可以实现多个接口
|
|
|
|
|
class SomeOtherClass implements InterfaceOne, InterfaceTwo
|
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
|
public function doSomething()
|
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
|
echo 'doSomething';
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
public function doSomethingElse()
|
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
|
echo 'doSomethingElse';
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/********************************
|
|
|
|
|
* 特征
|
|
|
|
|
*/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 特征 从 PHP 5.4.0 开始包括,需要用 "trait" 这个关键字声明
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
trait MyTrait
|
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
|
public function myTraitMethod()
|
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
|
print 'I have MyTrait';
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
class MyTraitfulClass
|
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
|
use MyTrait;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$cls = new MyTraitfulClass();
|
|
|
|
|
$cls->myTraitMethod(); // 输出 "I have MyTrait"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/********************************
|
|
|
|
|
* 命名空间
|
|
|
|
|
*/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 这部分是独立于这个文件的
|
|
|
|
|
// 因为命名空间必须在一个文件的开始处。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<?php
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 类会被默认的放在全局命名空间中,可以被一个\来显式调用
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$cls = new \MyClass();
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 为一个文件设置一个命名空间
|
|
|
|
|
namespace My\Namespace;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
class MyClass
|
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// (或者从其他文件中)
|
|
|
|
|
$cls = new My\Namespace\MyClass;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
//或者从其他命名空间中
|
|
|
|
|
namespace My\Other\Namespace;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
use My\Namespace\MyClass;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$cls = new MyClass();
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 你也可以为命名空间起一个别名
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
namespace My\Other\Namespace;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
use My\Namespace as SomeOtherNamespace;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$cls = new SomeOtherNamespace\MyClass();
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## 更多阅读
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
访问 [PHP 官方文档](http://www.php.net/manual/)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
如果你对最佳实践感兴趣(实时更新) [PHP The Right Way](http://www.phptherightway.com/).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
如果你很熟悉善于包管理的语言 [Composer](http://getcomposer.org/).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
如要了解通用标准,请访问PHP Framework Interoperability Group's [PSR standards](https://github.com/php-fig/fig-standards).
|