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149 lines
4.2 KiB
Markdown
149 lines
4.2 KiB
Markdown
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---
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category: tool
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tool: bash
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contributors:
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- ["Max Yankov", "https://github.com/golergka"]
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- ["Darren Lin", "https://github.com/CogBear"]
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- ["Alexandre Medeiros", "http://alemedeiros.sdf.org"]
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translators:
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- ["Chunyang Xu", "https://github.com/XuChunyang"]
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filename: LearnBash-cn.sh
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lang: zh-cn
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---
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Bash 是一个为GNU计划编写的Unix shell,是 Linux 和 Mac OS X 下的默认shell。
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以下绝大多数例子可以作为脚本的一部分也可直接在 shell 下执行。
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[更多信息](http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html)
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```bash
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#!/bin/sh
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# 脚本的第一行叫 shebang,用来告知系统如何执行该脚本:
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# 参见: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_(Unix)
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# 相信你已经明白了,注释以 # 开头,shebang 也是注释。
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# 显示 “Hello world!”
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echo Hello, world!
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# 每一句指令以换行或分号隔开:
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echo 'This is the first line'; echo 'This is the second line'
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# 声明一个变量:
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VARIABLE="Some string"
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# 下面是错误的做法:
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VARIABLE = "Some string"
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# Bash 会把 VARIABLE 当做一个指令,由于找不到该指令,因此这里会报错。
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# 使用变量:
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echo $VARIABLE
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echo "$VARIABLE"
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echo '$VARIABLE'
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# 当你分配 (assign) 、导出 (export),或者以其他方式使用变量时,变量名前不加 $。
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# 如果要使用变量的值, 则要加 $。
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# 注意: ' (单引号) 不会展开变量(即会屏蔽掉变量)。
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# 在变量内部进行字符串代换
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echo ${VARIABLE/Some/A}
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# 会把 VARIABLE 中首次出现的 "some" 替换成 “A”。
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# 内置变量:
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# 下面的内置变量很有用
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echo "Last program return value: $?"
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echo "Script's PID: $$"
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echo "Number of arguments: $#"
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echo "Scripts arguments: $@"
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echo "Scripts arguments separeted in different variables: $1 $2..."
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# 获取输入:
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echo "What's your name?"
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read NAME # Note that we didn't need to declare new variable
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echo Hello, $NAME!
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# 一般的 if 结构看起来像这样:
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# 'man test' 查看更多的信息
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if [ $NAME -ne $USER ]
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then
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echo "Your name is you username"
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else
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echo "Your name isn't you username"
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fi
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# 根据上一个指令执行结果决定是否执行下一个指令
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echo "Always executed" || echo "Only executed if first command fail"
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echo "Always executed" && echo "Only executed if first command does NOT fail"
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# 表达式的格式如下:
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echo $(( 10 + 5 ))
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# 与其他编程语言不同的是,bash 运行时依赖上下文。比如,使用 ls 时,列出当前目录。
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ls
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# 指令可以带有选项:
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ls -l # Lists every file and directory on a separate line
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# 前一个指令的输出可以当作后一个指令的输入。grep 可以查找字符串。
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# 下面的指令可以,列出当前目录下所有的 txt 文件:
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ls -l | grep "\.txt"
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# 重定向可以到输出,输入和错误输出。
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python2 hello.py < "input.in"
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python2 hello.py > "output.out"
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python2 hello.py 2> "error.err"
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# > 会覆盖已存在的文件, >> 会以累加的方式输出文件中。
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# 指令被 $( ) 嵌套在另一个指令内部:
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# 以下的指令会打印当前目录下的目录和文件总数
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echo "There are $(ls | wc -l) items here."
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# Bash 的 case 语句与 Java 和 C++ 中的 switch 语句类似:
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case "$VARIABLE" in
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#List patterns for the conditions you want to meet
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0) echo "There is a zero.";;
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1) echo "There is a one.";;
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*) echo "It is not null.";;
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esac
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# 循环遍历给定的参数序列:
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# 变量$VARIABLE 的值会被打印 3 次。
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# 注意 ` ` 和 $( ) 等价。seq 返回长度为 3 的数组。
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for VARIABLE in `seq 3`
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do
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echo "$VARIABLE"
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done
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# 你也可以使用函数
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# 定义函数:
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function foo ()
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{
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echo "Arguments work just like script arguments: $@"
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echo "And: $1 $2..."
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echo "This is a function"
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return 0
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}
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# 更简单的方法
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bar ()
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{
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echo "Another way to declare functions!"
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return 0
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}
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# 调用函数
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foo "My name is" $NAME
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# 有很多有用的指令需要学习:
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tail -n 10 file.txt
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# 打印 file.txt 的最后 10 行
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head -n 10 file.txt
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# 打印 file.txt 的前 10 行
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sort file.txt
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# 将 file.txt 按行排序
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uniq -d file.txt
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# 报告或忽略重复的行,用选项 -d 打印重复的行
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cut -d ',' -f 1 file.txt
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# 仅打印字符 ',' 之前内容(以行为单位)
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```
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