2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
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---
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language: python
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contributors:
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- ["Louie Dinh", "http://ldinh.ca"]
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translators:
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- ["Chenbo Li", "http://binarythink.net"]
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2013-08-12 20:53:40 +04:00
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filename: learnpython-zh.py
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2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
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lang: zh-cn
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---
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Python 由 Guido Van Rossum 在90年代初创建。 它现在是最流行的语言之一
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我喜爱python是因为它有极为清晰的语法,甚至可以说,它就是可以执行的伪代码
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很欢迎来自您的反馈,你可以在[@louiedinh](http://twitter.com/louiedinh) 和 louiedinh [at] [google's email service] 这里找到我
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注意: 这篇文章针对的版本是Python 2.7,但大多也可使用于其他Python 2的版本
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如果是Python 3,请在网络上寻找其他教程
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```python
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2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
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2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
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# 单行注释
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""" 多行字符串可以用
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三个引号包裹,不过这也可以被当做
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多行注释
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"""
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####################################################
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## 1. 原始数据类型和操作符
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####################################################
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# 数字类型
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2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
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3 # => 3
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2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
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# 简单的算数
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2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
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1 + 1 # => 2
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8 - 1 # => 7
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10 * 2 # => 20
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35 / 5 # => 7
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2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
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# 整数的除法会自动取整
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5 / 2 # => 2
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2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
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# 要做精确的除法,我们需要引入浮点数
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2.0 # 浮点数
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2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
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11.0 / 4.0 # => 2.75 精确多了
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2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
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# 括号具有最高优先级
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2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
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(1 + 3) * 2 # => 8
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2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
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2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
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# 布尔值也是基本的数据类型
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2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
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True
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False
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2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
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# 用 not 来取非
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not True # => False
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not False # => True
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# 相等
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1 == 1 # => True
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2 == 1 # => False
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# 不等
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1 != 1 # => False
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2 != 1 # => True
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2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
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# 更多的比较操作符
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1 < 10 # => True
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1 > 10 # => False
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2 <= 2 # => True
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2 >= 2 # => True
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2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
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# 比较运算可以连起来写!
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1 < 2 < 3 # => True
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2 < 3 < 2 # => False
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2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
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2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
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# 字符串通过 " 或 ' 括起来
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"This is a string."
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'This is also a string.'
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# 字符串通过加号拼接
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"Hello " + "world!" # => "Hello world!"
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# 字符串可以被视为字符的列表
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"This is a string"[0] # => 'T'
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# % 可以用来格式化字符串
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"%s can be %s" % ("strings", "interpolated")
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2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
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# 也可以用 format 方法来格式化字符串
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# 推荐使用这个方法
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"{0} can be {1}".format("strings", "formatted")
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# 也可以用变量名代替数字
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"{name} wants to eat {food}".format(name="Bob", food="lasagna")
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# None 是对象
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None # => None
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2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
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# 不要用相等 `==` 符号来和None进行比较
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2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
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# 要用 `is`
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"etc" is None # => False
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None is None # => True
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2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
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# 'is' 可以用来比较对象的相等性
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# 这个操作符在比较原始数据时没多少用,但是比较对象时必不可少
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2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
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# None, 0, 和空字符串都被算作 False
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# 其他的均为 True
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0 == False # => True
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"" == False # => True
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2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
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####################################################
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## 2. 变量和集合
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####################################################
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# 很方便的输出
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print "I'm Python. Nice to meet you!"
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2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
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# 给变量赋值前不需要事先声明
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some_var = 5 # 一般建议使用小写字母和下划线组合来做为变量名
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some_var # => 5
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2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
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# 访问未赋值的变量会抛出异常
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# 可以查看控制流程一节来了解如何异常处理
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some_other_var # 抛出 NameError
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2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
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# if 语句可以作为表达式来使用
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"yahoo!" if 3 > 2 else 2 # => "yahoo!"
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2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
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# 列表用来保存序列
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li = []
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# 可以直接初始化列表
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other_li = [4, 5, 6]
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# 在列表末尾添加元素
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li.append(1) # li 现在是 [1]
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li.append(2) # li 现在是 [1, 2]
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li.append(4) # li 现在是 [1, 2, 4]
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li.append(3) # li 现在是 [1, 2, 4, 3]
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# 移除列表末尾元素
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li.pop() # => 3 li 现在是 [1, 2, 4]
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# 重新加进去
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li.append(3) # li is now [1, 2, 4, 3] again.
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# 像其他语言访问数组一样访问列表
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li[0] # => 1
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# 访问最后一个元素
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li[-1] # => 3
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# 越界会抛出异常
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li[4] # 抛出越界异常
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# 切片语法需要用到列表的索引访问
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# 可以看做数学之中左闭右开区间
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li[1:3] # => [2, 4]
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# 省略开头的元素
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li[2:] # => [4, 3]
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# 省略末尾的元素
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li[:3] # => [1, 2, 4]
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# 删除特定元素
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del li[2] # li 现在是 [1, 2, 3]
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# 合并列表
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li + other_li # => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] - 并不会不改变这两个列表
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2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
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# 通过拼接来合并列表
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li.extend(other_li) # li 是 [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
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2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
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# 用 in 来返回元素是否在列表中
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1 in li # => True
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# 返回列表长度
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len(li) # => 6
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2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
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# 元组类似于列表,但它是不可改变的
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tup = (1, 2, 3)
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tup[0] # => 1
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tup[0] = 3 # 类型错误
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# 对于大多数的列表操作,也适用于元组
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2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
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len(tup) # => 3
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tup + (4, 5, 6) # => (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
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tup[:2] # => (1, 2)
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2 in tup # => True
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# 你可以将元组解包赋给多个变量
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a, b, c = (1, 2, 3) # a 是 1,b 是 2,c 是 3
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# 如果不加括号,将会被自动视为元组
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d, e, f = 4, 5, 6
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# 现在我们可以看看交换两个数字是多么容易的事
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e, d = d, e # d 是 5,e 是 4
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# 字典用来储存映射关系
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empty_dict = {}
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# 字典初始化
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filled_dict = {"one": 1, "two": 2, "three": 3}
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# 字典也用中括号访问元素
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filled_dict["one"] # => 1
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# 把所有的键保存在列表中
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filled_dict.keys() # => ["three", "two", "one"]
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# 键的顺序并不是唯一的,得到的不一定是这个顺序
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# 把所有的值保存在列表中
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filled_dict.values() # => [3, 2, 1]
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# 和键的顺序相同
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# 判断一个键是否存在
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"one" in filled_dict # => True
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1 in filled_dict # => False
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2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
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# 查询一个不存在的键会抛出 KeyError
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filled_dict["four"] # KeyError
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2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
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# 用 get 方法来避免 KeyError
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filled_dict.get("one") # => 1
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filled_dict.get("four") # => None
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# get 方法支持在不存在的时候返回一个默认值
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filled_dict.get("one", 4) # => 1
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filled_dict.get("four", 4) # => 4
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2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
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# setdefault 是一个更安全的添加字典元素的方法
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filled_dict.setdefault("five", 5) # filled_dict["five"] 的值为 5
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filled_dict.setdefault("five", 6) # filled_dict["five"] 的值仍然是 5
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# 集合储存无顺序的元素
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empty_set = set()
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# 初始化一个集合
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some_set = set([1, 2, 2, 3, 4]) # some_set 现在是 set([1, 2, 3, 4])
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2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
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# Python 2.7 之后,大括号可以用来表示集合
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2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
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filled_set = {1, 2, 2, 3, 4} # => {1 2 3 4}
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2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
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# 向集合添加元素
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filled_set.add(5) # filled_set 现在是 {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
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2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
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# 用 & 来计算集合的交
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other_set = {3, 4, 5, 6}
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filled_set & other_set # => {3, 4, 5}
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2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
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2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
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# 用 | 来计算集合的并
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filled_set | other_set # => {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
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2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
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2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
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# 用 - 来计算集合的差
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{1, 2, 3, 4} - {2, 3, 5} # => {1, 4}
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2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
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2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
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# 用 in 来判断元素是否存在于集合中
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2 in filled_set # => True
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10 in filled_set # => False
|
2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
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####################################################
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## 3. 控制流程
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####################################################
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# 新建一个变量
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some_var = 5
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2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
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# 这是个 if 语句,在 python 中缩进是很重要的。
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# 下面的代码片段将会输出 "some var is smaller than 10"
|
2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
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if some_var > 10:
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print "some_var is totally bigger than 10."
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elif some_var < 10: # 这个 elif 语句是不必须的
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print "some_var is smaller than 10."
|
2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
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else: # 这个 else 也不是必须的
|
2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
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|
print "some_var is indeed 10."
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"""
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|
用for循环遍历列表
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|
输出:
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|
dog is a mammal
|
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|
cat is a mammal
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|
mouse is a mammal
|
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|
"""
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|
for animal in ["dog", "cat", "mouse"]:
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|
# 你可以用 % 来格式化字符串
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|
print "%s is a mammal" % animal
|
2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
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|
2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
|
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|
"""
|
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|
|
`range(number)` 返回从0到给定数字的列表
|
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|
输出:
|
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|
0
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1
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2
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3
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|
"""
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|
for i in range(4):
|
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|
|
print i
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|
"""
|
2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
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|
while 循环
|
2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
|
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|
|
输出:
|
|
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|
|
0
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
2
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|
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|
3
|
|
|
|
|
"""
|
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|
|
x = 0
|
|
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|
|
while x < 4:
|
|
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|
|
print x
|
2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
|
|
|
|
x += 1 # x = x + 1 的简写
|
2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
|
|
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|
2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
|
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|
|
# 用 try/except 块来处理异常
|
2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
|
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|
|
# Python 2.6 及以上适用:
|
|
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|
|
try:
|
2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
|
|
|
|
# 用 raise 来抛出异常
|
2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
|
|
|
|
raise IndexError("This is an index error")
|
|
|
|
|
except IndexError as e:
|
2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
|
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|
|
pass # pass 就是什么都不做,不过通常这里会做一些恢复工作
|
2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
|
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|
|
####################################################
|
|
|
|
|
## 4. 函数
|
|
|
|
|
####################################################
|
|
|
|
|
|
2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
|
|
|
|
# 用 def 来新建函数
|
2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
|
|
|
|
def add(x, y):
|
|
|
|
|
print "x is %s and y is %s" % (x, y)
|
2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
|
|
|
|
return x + y # 通过 return 来返回值
|
2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 调用带参数的函数
|
2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
|
|
|
|
add(5, 6) # => 输出 "x is 5 and y is 6" 返回 11
|
2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 通过关键字赋值来调用函数
|
|
|
|
|
add(y=6, x=5) # 顺序是无所谓的
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 我们也可以定义接受多个变量的函数,这些变量是按照顺序排列的
|
|
|
|
|
def varargs(*args):
|
|
|
|
|
return args
|
|
|
|
|
|
2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
|
|
|
|
varargs(1, 2, 3) # => (1,2,3)
|
2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 我们也可以定义接受多个变量的函数,这些变量是按照关键字排列的
|
|
|
|
|
def keyword_args(**kwargs):
|
|
|
|
|
return kwargs
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 实际效果:
|
2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
|
|
|
|
keyword_args(big="foot", loch="ness") # => {"big": "foot", "loch": "ness"}
|
2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 你也可以同时将一个函数定义成两种形式
|
|
|
|
|
def all_the_args(*args, **kwargs):
|
|
|
|
|
print args
|
|
|
|
|
print kwargs
|
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
|
all_the_args(1, 2, a=3, b=4) prints:
|
|
|
|
|
(1, 2)
|
|
|
|
|
{"a": 3, "b": 4}
|
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
|
|
2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
|
|
|
|
# 当调用函数的时候,我们也可以进行相反的操作,把元组和字典展开为参数
|
2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
|
|
|
|
args = (1, 2, 3, 4)
|
|
|
|
|
kwargs = {"a": 3, "b": 4}
|
2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
|
|
|
|
all_the_args(*args) # 等价于 foo(1, 2, 3, 4)
|
|
|
|
|
all_the_args(**kwargs) # 等价于 foo(a=3, b=4)
|
|
|
|
|
all_the_args(*args, **kwargs) # 等价于 foo(1, 2, 3, 4, a=3, b=4)
|
2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
|
|
|
|
|
2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
|
|
|
|
# 函数在 python 中是一等公民
|
2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
|
|
|
|
def create_adder(x):
|
|
|
|
|
def adder(y):
|
|
|
|
|
return x + y
|
|
|
|
|
return adder
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
add_10 = create_adder(10)
|
2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
|
|
|
|
add_10(3) # => 13
|
2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 匿名函数
|
2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
|
|
|
|
(lambda x: x > 2)(3) # => True
|
2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 内置高阶函数
|
2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
|
|
|
|
map(add_10, [1, 2, 3]) # => [11, 12, 13]
|
|
|
|
|
filter(lambda x: x > 5, [3, 4, 5, 6, 7]) # => [6, 7]
|
2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 可以用列表方法来对高阶函数进行更巧妙的引用
|
2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
|
|
|
|
[add_10(i) for i in [1, 2, 3]] # => [11, 12, 13]
|
|
|
|
|
[x for x in [3, 4, 5, 6, 7] if x > 5] # => [6, 7]
|
2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
####################################################
|
|
|
|
|
## 5. 类
|
|
|
|
|
####################################################
|
|
|
|
|
|
2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
|
|
|
|
# 我们新建的类是从 object 类中继承的
|
2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
|
|
|
|
class Human(object):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 类属性,由所有类的对象共享
|
|
|
|
|
species = "H. sapiens"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 基本构造函数
|
|
|
|
|
def __init__(self, name):
|
|
|
|
|
# 将参数赋给对象成员属性
|
|
|
|
|
self.name = name
|
|
|
|
|
|
2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
|
|
|
|
# 成员方法,参数要有 self
|
2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
|
|
|
|
def say(self, msg):
|
2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
|
|
|
|
return "%s: %s" % (self.name, msg)
|
2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 类方法由所有类的对象共享
|
|
|
|
|
# 这类方法在调用时,会把类本身传给第一个参数
|
|
|
|
|
@classmethod
|
|
|
|
|
def get_species(cls):
|
|
|
|
|
return cls.species
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 静态方法是不需要类和对象的引用就可以调用的方法
|
|
|
|
|
@staticmethod
|
|
|
|
|
def grunt():
|
|
|
|
|
return "*grunt*"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 实例化一个类
|
|
|
|
|
i = Human(name="Ian")
|
|
|
|
|
print i.say("hi") # 输出 "Ian: hi"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
j = Human("Joel")
|
|
|
|
|
print j.say("hello") # 输出 "Joel: hello"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 访问类的方法
|
2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
|
|
|
|
i.get_species() # => "H. sapiens"
|
2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 改变共享属性
|
|
|
|
|
Human.species = "H. neanderthalensis"
|
2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
|
|
|
|
i.get_species() # => "H. neanderthalensis"
|
|
|
|
|
j.get_species() # => "H. neanderthalensis"
|
2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 访问静态变量
|
2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
|
|
|
|
Human.grunt() # => "*grunt*"
|
2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
####################################################
|
|
|
|
|
## 6. 模块
|
|
|
|
|
####################################################
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 我们可以导入其他模块
|
|
|
|
|
import math
|
2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
|
|
|
|
print math.sqrt(16) # => 4
|
2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
|
|
|
|
|
2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
|
|
|
|
# 我们也可以从一个模块中导入特定的函数
|
2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
|
|
|
|
from math import ceil, floor
|
2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
|
|
|
|
print ceil(3.7) # => 4.0
|
|
|
|
|
print floor(3.7) # => 3.0
|
2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 从模块中导入所有的函数
|
|
|
|
|
# 警告:不推荐使用
|
|
|
|
|
from math import *
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 简写模块名
|
|
|
|
|
import math as m
|
2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
|
|
|
|
math.sqrt(16) == m.sqrt(16) # => True
|
2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Python的模块其实只是普通的python文件
|
|
|
|
|
# 你也可以创建自己的模块,并且导入它们
|
|
|
|
|
# 模块的名字就和文件的名字相同
|
|
|
|
|
|
2013-08-14 04:19:05 +04:00
|
|
|
|
# 也可以通过下面的方法查看模块中有什么属性和方法
|
2013-08-03 18:36:38 +04:00
|
|
|
|
import math
|
|
|
|
|
dir(math)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## 更多阅读
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
希望学到更多?试试下面的链接:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* [Learn Python The Hard Way](http://learnpythonthehardway.org/book/)
|
|
|
|
|
* [Dive Into Python](http://www.diveintopython.net/)
|
|
|
|
|
* [The Official Docs](http://docs.python.org/2.6/)
|
|
|
|
|
* [Hitchhiker's Guide to Python](http://docs.python-guide.org/en/latest/)
|
|
|
|
|
* [Python Module of the Week](http://pymotw.com/2/)
|