2016-02-19 14:16:39 +03:00
|
|
|
|
---
|
|
|
|
|
language: TypeScript
|
|
|
|
|
category: language
|
|
|
|
|
contributors:
|
|
|
|
|
- ["Philippe Vlérick", "https://github.com/pvlerick"]
|
|
|
|
|
translators:
|
|
|
|
|
- ["Shawn Zhang", "https://github.com/shawnzhang009"]
|
|
|
|
|
filename: learntypescript-cn.ts
|
|
|
|
|
lang: zh-cn
|
|
|
|
|
---
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TypeScript是一门为开发大型JavaScript应用而设计的语言。TypeScript在JavaScript的基础上增加了类、模块、接口、泛型和静态类型(可选)等常见的概念。它是JavaScript的一个超集:所有JavaScript代码都是有效的TypeScript代码,所以任何JavaScript项目都可以无缝引入TypeScript. TypeScript编译器会把TypeScript代码编译成JavaScript代码。
|
|
|
|
|
|
2016-03-14 21:29:56 +03:00
|
|
|
|
本文只关注TypeScript额外增加的区别于[JavaScript](../javascript-cn/)的语法,.
|
2016-02-19 14:16:39 +03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
如需测试TypeScript编译器,你可以在[Playground](http://www.typescriptlang.org/Playground)码代码,它会自动编译成JavaScript代码然后直接显示出来。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```js
|
|
|
|
|
// TypeScript有三种基本类型
|
|
|
|
|
var isDone: boolean = false;
|
|
|
|
|
var lines: number = 42;
|
|
|
|
|
var name: string = "Anders";
|
|
|
|
|
|
2016-03-14 21:29:56 +03:00
|
|
|
|
// 如果不知道是什么类型,可以使用"any"(任意)类型
|
2016-02-19 14:16:39 +03:00
|
|
|
|
var notSure: any = 4;
|
|
|
|
|
notSure = "maybe a string instead";
|
|
|
|
|
notSure = false; // 亦可,定义为布尔型
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 对于集合的声明, 有类型化数组和泛型数组
|
|
|
|
|
var list: number[] = [1, 2, 3];
|
|
|
|
|
// 另外一种,使用泛型数组
|
|
|
|
|
var list: Array<number> = [1, 2, 3];
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 枚举:
|
|
|
|
|
enum Color {Red, Green, Blue};
|
|
|
|
|
var c: Color = Color.Green;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 最后,"void"用于函数没有任何返回的特殊情况下
|
|
|
|
|
function bigHorribleAlert(): void {
|
|
|
|
|
alert("I'm a little annoying box!");
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 函数是"第一等公民"(first class citizens), 支持使用箭头表达式和类型推断
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 以下是相等的,TypeScript编译器会把它们编译成相同的JavaScript代码
|
|
|
|
|
var f1 = function(i: number): number { return i * i; }
|
|
|
|
|
// 返回推断类型的值
|
|
|
|
|
var f2 = function(i: number) { return i * i; }
|
|
|
|
|
var f3 = (i: number): number => { return i * i; }
|
|
|
|
|
// 返回推断类型的值
|
|
|
|
|
var f4 = (i: number) => { return i * i; }
|
|
|
|
|
// 返回推断类型的值, 单行程式可以不需要return关键字和大括号
|
|
|
|
|
var f5 = (i: number) => i * i;
|
|
|
|
|
|
2016-03-14 21:29:56 +03:00
|
|
|
|
// 接口是结构化的,任何具有这些属性的对象都与该接口兼容
|
2016-02-19 14:16:39 +03:00
|
|
|
|
interface Person {
|
|
|
|
|
name: string;
|
|
|
|
|
// 可选属性,使用"?"标识
|
|
|
|
|
age?: number;
|
|
|
|
|
// 函数
|
|
|
|
|
move(): void;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 实现"Person"接口的对象,当它有了"name"和"move"方法之后可被视为一个"Person"
|
|
|
|
|
var p: Person = { name: "Bobby", move: () => {} };
|
|
|
|
|
// 带了可选参数的对象
|
|
|
|
|
var validPerson: Person = { name: "Bobby", age: 42, move: () => {} };
|
|
|
|
|
// 因为"age"不是"number"类型所以这不是一个"Person"
|
|
|
|
|
var invalidPerson: Person = { name: "Bobby", age: true };
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 接口同样可以描述一个函数的类型
|
|
|
|
|
interface SearchFunc {
|
|
|
|
|
(source: string, subString: string): boolean;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 参数名并不重要,参数类型才是重要的
|
|
|
|
|
var mySearch: SearchFunc;
|
|
|
|
|
mySearch = function(src: string, sub: string) {
|
|
|
|
|
return src.search(sub) != -1;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 类 - 成员默认为公共的(public)
|
|
|
|
|
class Point {
|
|
|
|
|
// 属性
|
|
|
|
|
x: number;
|
|
|
|
|
|
2016-03-14 21:29:56 +03:00
|
|
|
|
// 构造器 - 这里面的public/private关键字会为属性生成样板代码和初始化值
|
|
|
|
|
// 这个例子中,y会被同x一样定义,不需要额外代码
|
2016-02-19 14:16:39 +03:00
|
|
|
|
// 同样支持默认值
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
constructor(x: number, public y: number = 0) {
|
|
|
|
|
this.x = x;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 函数
|
|
|
|
|
dist() { return Math.sqrt(this.x * this.x + this.y * this.y); }
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 静态成员
|
|
|
|
|
static origin = new Point(0, 0);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
var p1 = new Point(10 ,20);
|
|
|
|
|
var p2 = new Point(25); //y为0
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 继承
|
|
|
|
|
class Point3D extends Point {
|
|
|
|
|
constructor(x: number, y: number, public z: number = 0) {
|
|
|
|
|
super(x, y); // 必须显式调用父类的构造器
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 重写
|
|
|
|
|
dist() {
|
|
|
|
|
var d = super.dist();
|
|
|
|
|
return Math.sqrt(d * d + this.z * this.z);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 模块, "."可以作为子模块的分隔符
|
|
|
|
|
module Geometry {
|
|
|
|
|
export class Square {
|
|
|
|
|
constructor(public sideLength: number = 0) {
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
area() {
|
|
|
|
|
return Math.pow(this.sideLength, 2);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
var s1 = new Geometry.Square(5);
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 引入模块并定义本地别名
|
|
|
|
|
import G = Geometry;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
var s2 = new G.Square(10);
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 泛型
|
|
|
|
|
// 类
|
|
|
|
|
class Tuple<T1, T2> {
|
|
|
|
|
constructor(public item1: T1, public item2: T2) {
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 接口
|
|
|
|
|
interface Pair<T> {
|
|
|
|
|
item1: T;
|
|
|
|
|
item2: T;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 以及函数
|
|
|
|
|
var pairToTuple = function<T>(p: Pair<T>) {
|
|
|
|
|
return new Tuple(p.item1, p.item2);
|
|
|
|
|
};
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
var tuple = pairToTuple({ item1:"hello", item2:"world"});
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 引用定义文件
|
2018-02-28 17:57:32 +03:00
|
|
|
|
/// <reference path="jquery.d.ts" />
|
2016-02-19 14:16:39 +03:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 模板字符串(使用反引号的字符串)
|
|
|
|
|
// 嵌入变量的模板字符串
|
|
|
|
|
var name = 'Tyrone';
|
|
|
|
|
var greeting = `Hi ${name}, how are you?`
|
|
|
|
|
// 有多行内容的模板字符串
|
|
|
|
|
var multiline = `This is an example
|
|
|
|
|
of a multiline string`;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## 参考资料
|
|
|
|
|
* [TypeScript官网](http://www.typescriptlang.org/)
|
|
|
|
|
* [TypeScript语言规范说明书(pdf)](http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=267238)
|
|
|
|
|
* [Anders Hejlsberg - TypeScript介绍](http://channel9.msdn.com/posts/Anders-Hejlsberg-Introducing-TypeScript)
|
|
|
|
|
* [GitHub源码](https://github.com/Microsoft/TypeScript)
|
|
|
|
|
* [Definitely Typed - 类型定义仓库](http://definitelytyped.org/)
|