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---
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category: tool
tool: git
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contributors:
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- ["Jake Prather", "http://github.com/JakeHP"]
- ["Leo Rudberg" , "http://github.com/LOZORD"]
- ["Betsy Lorton" , "http://github.com/schbetsy"]
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filename: LearnGit.txt
---
Git is a distributed version control and source code management system.
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It does this through a series of snapshots of your project, and it works
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with those snapshots to provide you with functionality to version and
manage your source code.
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## Versioning Concepts
### What is version control?
Version control is a system that records changes to a file, or set of files, over time.
### Centralized Versioning VS Distributed Versioning
* Centralized version control focuses on synchronizing, tracking, and backing up files.
* Distributed version control focuses on sharing changes. Every change has a unique id.
* Distributed systems have no defined structure. You could easily have a SVN style, centralized system, with git.
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[Additional Information](http://git-scm.com/book/en/Getting-Started-About-Version-Control)
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### Why Use Git?
* Can work offline.
* Collaborating with others is easy!
* Branching is easy!
* Merging is easy!
* Git is fast.
* Git is flexible.
## Git Architecture
### Repository
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A set of files, directories, historical records, commits, and heads. Imagine it as a source code data structure,
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with the attribute that each source code "element" gives you access to its revision history, among other things.
A git repository is comprised of the .git directory & working tree.
### .git Directory (component of repository)
The .git directory contains all the configurations, logs, branches, HEAD, and more.
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[Detailed List.](http://gitready.com/advanced/2009/03/23/whats-inside-your-git-directory.html)
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### Working Tree (component of repository)
This is basically the directories and files in your repository. It is often referred to
as your working directory.
### Index (component of .git dir)
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The Index is the staging area in git. It's basically a layer that separates your working tree
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from the Git repository. This gives developers more power over what gets sent to the Git
repository.
### Commit
A git commit is a snapshot of a set of changes, or manipulations to your Working Tree.
For example, if you added 5 files, and removed 2 others, these changes will be contained
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in a commit (or snapshot). This commit can then be pushed to other repositories, or not!
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### Branch
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A branch is essentially a pointer that points to the last commit you made. As you commit,
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this pointer will automatically update and point to the latest commit.
### HEAD and head (component of .git dir)
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HEAD is a pointer that points to the current branch. A repository only has 1 *active* HEAD.
head is a pointer that points to any commit. A repository can have any number of heads.
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### Conceptual Resources
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* [Git For Computer Scientists](http://eagain.net/articles/git-for-computer-scientists/)
* [Git For Designers](http://hoth.entp.com/output/git_for_designers.html)
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## Commands
### init
Create an empty Git repository. The Git repository's settings, stored information,
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and more is stored in a directory (a folder) named ".git".
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```bash
$ git init
```
### config
To configure settings. Whether it be for the repository, the system itself, or global
configurations.
```bash
# Print & Set Some Basic Config Variables (Global)
$ git config --global user.email
$ git config --global user.name
$ git config --global user.email "MyEmail@Zoho.com"
$ git config --global user.name "My Name"
```
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[Learn More About git config.](http://git-scm.com/docs/git-config)
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### help
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To give you quick access to an extremely detailed guide of each command. Or to
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just give you a quick reminder of some semantics.
```bash
# Quickly check available commands
$ git help
# Check all available commands
$ git help -a
# Command specific help - user manual
# git help <command_here>
$ git help add
$ git help commit
$ git help init
```
### status
To show differences between the index file (basically your working copy/repo) and the current
HEAD commit.
```bash
# Will display the branch, untracked files, changes and other differences
$ git status
# To learn other "tid bits" about git status
$ git help status
```
### add
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To add files to the current working tree/directory/repo. If you do not `git add` new files to the
working tree/directory, they will not be included in commits!
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```bash
# add a file in your current working directory
$ git add HelloWorld.java
# add a file in a nested dir
$ git add /path/to/file/HelloWorld.c
# Regular Expression support!
$ git add ./*.java
```
### branch
Manage your branches. You can view, edit, create, delete branches using this command.
```bash
# list existing branches & remotes
$ git branch -a
# create a new branch
$ git branch myNewBranch
# delete a branch
$ git branch -d myBranch
# rename a branch
# git branch -m <oldname> <newname>
$ git branch -m myBranchName myNewBranchName
# edit a branch's description
$ git branch myBranchName --edit-description
```
### checkout
Updates all files in the working tree to match the version in the index, or specified tree.
```bash
# Checkout a repo - defaults to master branch
$ git checkout
# Checkout a specified branch
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$ git checkout branchName
# Create a new branch & switch to it, like: "git branch <name>; git checkout <name>"
$ git checkout -b newBranch
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```
### clone
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Clones, or copies, an existing repository into a new directory. It also adds
remote-tracking branches for each branch in the cloned repo, which allows you to push
to a remote branch.
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```bash
# Clone learnxinyminutes-docs
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$ git clone https://github.com/adambard/learnxinyminutes-docs.git
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```
### commit
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Stores the current contents of the index in a new "commit." This commit contains
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the changes made and a message created by the user.
```bash
# commit with a message
$ git commit -m "Added multiplyNumbers() function to HelloWorld.c"
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# automatically stage modified or deleted files, except new files, and then commit
$ git commit -a -m "Modified foo.php and removed bar.php"
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```
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### diff
Shows differences between a file in the working directory, index and commits.
```bash
# Show difference between your working dir and the index
$ git diff
# Show differences between the index and the most recent commit.
$ git diff --cached
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# Show differences between your working dir and the most recent commit
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$ git diff HEAD
```
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### grep
Allows you to quickly search a repository.
Optional Configurations:
```bash
# Thanks to Travis Jeffery for these
# Set line numbers to be shown in grep search results
$ git config --global grep.lineNumber true
# Make search results more readable, including grouping
$ git config --global alias.g "grep --break --heading --line-number"
```
```bash
# Search for "variableName" in all java files
$ git grep 'variableName' -- '*.java'
# Search for a line that contains "arrayListName" and, "add" or "remove"
$ git grep -e 'arrayListName' --and \( -e add -e remove \)
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```
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Google is your friend; for more examples
[Git Grep Ninja](http://travisjeffery.com/b/2012/02/search-a-git-repo-like-a-ninja)
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### log
Display commits to the repository.
```bash
# Show all commits
$ git log
# Show X number of commits
$ git log -n 10
# Show merge commits only
$ git log --merges
```
### merge
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"Merge" in changes from external commits into the current branch.
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```bash
# Merge the specified branch into the current.
$ git merge branchName
# Always generate a merge commit when merging
$ git merge --no-ff branchName
```
### mv
Rename or move a file
```bash
# Renaming a file
$ git mv HelloWorld.c HelloNewWorld.c
# Moving a file
$ git mv HelloWorld.c ./new/path/HelloWorld.c
# Force rename or move
# "existingFile" already exists in the directory, will be overwritten
$ git mv -f myFile existingFile
```
### pull
Pulls from a repository and merges it with another branch.
```bash
# Update your local repo, by merging in new changes
# from the remote "origin" and "master" branch.
# git pull <remote> <branch>
# git pull => implicitly defaults to => git pull origin master
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$ git pull origin master
# Merge in changes from remote branch and rebase
# branch commits onto your local repo, like: "git pull <remote> <branch>, git rebase <branch>"
$ git pull origin master --rebase
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```
### push
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Push and merge changes from a branch to a remote & branch.
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```bash
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# Push and merge changes from a local repo to a
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# remote named "origin" and "master" branch.
# git push <remote> <branch>
# git push => implicitly defaults to => git push origin master
$ git push origin master
# To link up current local branch with a remote branch, add -u flag:
$ git push -u origin master
# Now, anytime you want to push from that same local branch, use shortcut:
$ git push
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```
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### stash
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Stashing takes the dirty state of your working directory and saves it on a stack of unfinished changes that you can reapply at any time.
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Let's say you've been doing some work in your git repo, but you want to pull from the remote.
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Since you have dirty (uncommited) changes to some files, you are not able to run `git pull`.
Instead, you can run `git stash` to save your changes onto a stack!
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```bash
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$ git stash
Saved working directory and index state \
"WIP on master: 049d078 added the index file"
HEAD is now at 049d078 added the index file
(To restore them type "git stash apply")
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```
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Now you can pull!
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```bash
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git pull
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```
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`...changes apply...`
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Now check that everything is OK
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```bash
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$ git status
# On branch master
nothing to commit, working directory clean
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```
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You can see what "hunks" you've stashed so far using `git stash list`.
Since the "hunks" are stored in a Last-In-First-Out stack, our most recent change will be at top.
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```bash
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$ git stash list
stash@{0}: WIP on master: 049d078 added the index file
stash@{1}: WIP on master: c264051 Revert "added file_size"
stash@{2}: WIP on master: 21d80a5 added number to log
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```
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Now let's apply our dirty changes back by popping them off the stack.
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```bash
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$ git stash pop
# On branch master
# Changes not staged for commit:
# (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
#
# modified: index.html
# modified: lib/simplegit.rb
#
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```
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`git stash apply` does the same thing
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Now you're ready to get back to work on your stuff!
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[Additional Reading.](http://git-scm.com/book/en/v1/Git-Tools-Stashing)
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### rebase (caution)
Take all changes that were committed on one branch, and replay them onto another branch.
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*Do not rebase commits that you have pushed to a public repo*.
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```bash
# Rebase experimentBranch onto master
# git rebase <basebranch> <topicbranch>
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$ git rebase master experimentBranch
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```
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[Additional Reading.](http://git-scm.com/book/en/Git-Branching-Rebasing)
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### reset (caution)
Reset the current HEAD to the specified state. This allows you to undo merges,
pulls, commits, adds, and more. It's a great command but also dangerous if you don't
know what you are doing.
```bash
# Reset the staging area, to match the latest commit (leaves dir unchanged)
$ git reset
# Reset the staging area, to match the latest commit, and overwrite working dir
$ git reset --hard
# Moves the current branch tip to the specified commit (leaves dir unchanged)
# all changes still exist in the directory.
$ git reset 31f2bb1
# Moves the current branch tip backward to the specified commit
# and makes the working dir match (deletes uncommited changes and all commits
# after the specified commit).
$ git reset --hard 31f2bb1
```
### rm
The opposite of git add, git rm removes files from the current working tree.
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```bash
# remove HelloWorld.c
$ git rm HelloWorld.c
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# Remove a file from a nested dir
$ git rm /pather/to/the/file/HelloWorld.c
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```
## Further Information
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* [tryGit - A fun interactive way to learn Git.](http://try.github.io/levels/1/challenges/1)
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* [git-scm - Video Tutorials](http://git-scm.com/videos)
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* [git-scm - Documentation](http://git-scm.com/docs)
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* [Atlassian Git - Tutorials & Workflows](https://www.atlassian.com/git/)
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* [SalesForce Cheat Sheet](https://na1.salesforce.com/help/doc/en/salesforce_git_developer_cheatsheet.pdf)
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* [GitGuys](http://www.gitguys.com/)
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* [Git - the simple guide](http://rogerdudler.github.io/git-guide/index.html)