2015-02-09 09:30:45 +03:00
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---
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language: xml
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filename: learnxml-ru.xml
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contributors:
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- ["João Farias", "https://github.com/JoaoGFarias"]
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translators:
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- ["Dmitry Bessonov", "https://github.com/TheDmitry"]
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lang: ru-ru
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---
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XML - это язык разметки, предназначеный для хранения и передачи данных.
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В отличие от HTML, XML не определяет, как отображать или формировать данные, он только содержит их.
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* XML Синтаксис
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```xml
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2015-02-09 11:14:16 +03:00
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<!-- Комментраии в XML выглядят так -->
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2015-02-09 09:30:45 +03:00
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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<bookstore>
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2015-02-09 11:14:16 +03:00
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<book category="КУЛИНАРИЯ">
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2015-02-09 09:30:45 +03:00
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<title lang="en">Everyday Italian</title>
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<author>Giada De Laurentiis</author>
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<year>2005</year>
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<price>30.00</price>
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</book>
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2015-02-09 11:14:16 +03:00
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<book category="ДЕТИ">
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<title lang="ru">Гарри Поттер</title>
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<author>Дж. К. Роулинг</author>
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<year>2005</year>
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<price>29.99</price>
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</book>
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2015-02-09 11:14:16 +03:00
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<book category="ВСЕМИРНАЯ ПАУТИНА">
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<title lang="ru">Изучаем XML</title>
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<author>Эрик Рэй</author>
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<year>2003</year>
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<price>39.95</price>
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</book>
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</bookstore>
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2015-02-10 14:43:29 +03:00
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<!-- Вышеописанный документ - типичный XML-файл.
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Он начинается с определения, информирующее о некоторых метаданных (необязательно).
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2015-02-09 09:30:45 +03:00
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2015-02-10 14:43:29 +03:00
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XML использует древовидную структуру. У вишеописанного документа корневой узел - 'bookstore', который содержит
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три дочерних узла - все 'books'. Такие узлы содержат много дочерних узлов и т.д.
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2015-02-09 09:30:45 +03:00
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2015-02-10 14:43:29 +03:00
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Узлы создаются с помощью открывающего/закрывающего тегов, а дочерние - это узлы между
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открывающимися и закрывающимися тегами.-->
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2015-02-09 09:30:45 +03:00
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<!-- XML carries two kind of data:
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1 - Attributes -> That's metadata about a node.
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Usually, the XML parser uses this information to store the data properly.
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It is characterized by appearing in parenthesis within the opening tag
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2 - Elements -> That's pure data.
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That's what the parser will retrieve from the XML file.
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Elements appear between the open and close tags, without parenthesis. -->
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<!-- Below, an element with two attributes -->
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<file type="gif" id="4293">computer.gif</file>
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```
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* Well-Formated Document x Validation
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A XML document is well-formated if it is syntactically correct.
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However, it is possible to inject more constraints in the document,
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using document definitions, such as DTD and XML Schema.
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A XML document which follows a document definition is called valid,
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regarding that document.
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With this tool, you can check the XML data outside the application logic.
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```xml
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<!-- Below, you can see an simplified version of bookstore document,
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with the addition of DTD definition.-->
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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<!DOCTYPE note SYSTEM "Bookstore.dtd">
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<bookstore>
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<book category="COOKING">
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<title >Everyday Italian</title>
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<price>30.00</price>
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</book>
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</bookstore>
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<!-- This DTD could be something like:-->
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<!DOCTYPE note
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[
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<!ELEMENT bookstore (book+)>
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<!ELEMENT book (title,price)>
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<!ATTLIST book category CDATA "Literature">
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<!ELEMENT title (#PCDATA)>
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<!ELEMENT price (#PCDATA)>
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]>
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<!-- The DTD starts with a declaration.
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Following, the root node is declared, requiring 1 or more child nodes 'book'.
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Each 'book' should contain exactly one 'title' and 'price' and an attribute
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called 'category', with "Literature" as its default value.
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The 'title' and 'price' nodes contain a parsed character data.-->
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<!-- The DTD could be declared inside the XML file itself.-->
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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<!DOCTYPE note
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[
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<!ELEMENT bookstore (book+)>
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<!ELEMENT book (title,price)>
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<!ATTLIST book category CDATA "Literature">
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<!ELEMENT title (#PCDATA)>
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<!ELEMENT price (#PCDATA)>
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]>
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<bookstore>
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<book category="COOKING">
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<title >Everyday Italian</title>
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<price>30.00</price>
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</book>
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</bookstore>
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2015-02-09 11:14:16 +03:00
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```
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