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[wikitext/en] WikiText (markdown language for Wikipedia) (#4684)
* wrote wikitext * wikitext * wikitext
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wikitext.html.markdown
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wikitext.html.markdown
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---
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language: wikitext
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contributors:
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- ["Yuxi Liu", "https://github.com/yuxiliu1995/"]
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filename: wikitext.md
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---
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A wiki is an online collaboratively edited hypertext publication, the most famous of which is Wikipedia. Wikitext is the markup language used by wikis. Its syntax is similar to a mix of Markdown and HTML.
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## Syntax
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`<!--- comments are hidden when reading, but visible when editing --->`
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| wikitext | equivalent Markdown | effect |
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| ---- | ---- | ---- |
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| `''italics''` | `*italics*` | *italics* |
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| `'''bold'''` | `**bold**` | **bold** |
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| `'''''both'''''` | `***both***` | ***both*** |
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| `<u>underlined</u>` | `<u>underlined</u>` | <u>underlined</u> |
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| `<nowiki>do not render</nowiki>` | N/A | `do not render` |
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| `<code>inline code snippet</code>` | \`inline code snippet\` | `inline code snippet` |
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| `----` | `----` | horizontal linebreak |
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| `<s>strikethrough</s>` | `~~strikethrough~~` | ~~strikethrough~~ |
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Section headings are bracketed by `=`. They go from `= One equal sign =` to `====== Six equal signs ======`. They are equivalent to Markdown's hashtag headings, from `# One hashtag` to `###### Six hashtags`. Why six in both? I believe it's because HTML has six levels of headings, from `<h1>` to `<h6>`.
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Note that the `= One equal sign =` heading actually corresponds to the title of the page, and so cannot actually be used within a page. Consequently, the least number of equal signs is `== Two equal signs ==`.
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Subscripts and superscripts can be written as `x<sub>1</sub>` and `x<sup>1</sup>`. Alternatively they can be written by the `<math>` tag (see below). `<small>Small</small>` and `<big>big</big>` texts are rarely used.
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```
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Colons allow indentation
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:Each colon creates an indentation three characters wide.
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::and they can be nested.
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```
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`*` Unnumbered lists start with `*`, and numbered lists start with `#`. <br>
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  `**` Lists can be nested <br>
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    `***` for arbitrarily many levels.
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The syntax for tables is [very complicated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Table). The simplest of the [simple tables](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Basic_table_markup) is as follows:
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```wikitext
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{| class="wikitable"
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|+
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! column title A
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! column title B
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|-
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| cell A1
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| cell B1
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|-
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| cell A2
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| cell B2
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|-
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| ...
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| ...
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|}
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```
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which renders to
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| **column title A** | **column title B** |
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|---|---|
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| cell A1 | cell B1 |
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| cell A2 | cell B2 |
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Be warned that the newlines in a wikitext table are meaningful. Deleting a single newline above would completely change the shape of the rendered table.
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You can insert images, audios, videos, or other forms of media by `[[File:Image.png|thumb|right|Image caption]]`. All media files must be hosted on [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page).
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You can insert quotations either by HTML-like tag
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```wikitext
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<blockquote>
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<p>Quotation text.</p>
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<p>Name, source, reference</p>
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</blockquote>
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```
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or [template](#templates)
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```wikitext
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{{Quote|text=Quotation text.|title=Title|author=Author|source=Location in the publication}}
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```
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A "[non-breaking space](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-breaking_space)" is a whitespace that should not be separated by linebreaks, such as the whitespace in "400 km/h". This is written as `400&nbsp;km/h`.
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Extra whitespaces can be specified by `pad` tag. For example, `{{pad|4.0em}}` is a white space with length 4.0 [em-dashes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dash#Em_dash).
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Longer code blocks can be done by
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```wikitext
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<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
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#include <iostream>
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int m2 (int ax, char *p_ax) {
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std::cout <<"Hello World!";
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return 0;
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}</syntaxhighlight>
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```
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which renders to
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```cpp
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#include <iostream>
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int m2 (int ax, char *p_ax) {
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std::cout <<"Hello World!";
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return 0;
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}
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```
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## Linking
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Basic `[[linking]]` is done by double brackets.
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The `|` symbol allows displaying a `[[Actual page title|different text]]`.
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The `#` symbol allows linking to sections within a text, like `[[Frog#Locomotion]]` or `[[Frog#Locomotion|locomotion in frogs]]`.
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If a word is interrupted by a link, it is "blended" into the link. For example, `[[copy edit]]ors` renders to [copy editors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/copy_edit).
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To suppress this behavior, use `<nowiki>`. For example, `[[micro-]]<nowiki />second` renders to [micro-](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/micro-)second.
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There are three kinds of external linking. The third kind is preferred:
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| wikitext | renders to |
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|----|----|
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| `https://www.wikipedia.org` | [https://www.wikipedia.org](https://www.wikipedia.org) |
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| `[https://www.wikipedia.org]` | [[1]](https://www.wikipedia.org) |
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| `[https://www.wikipedia.org Wikipedia]` | [Wikipedia](https://www.wikipedia.org) |
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## Templates
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Templates are macros for wikitext, and they look like `{{template name|attribute=value|...}}`. There are thousands of templates, but only a few are in common use.
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The most (in)famous one is the \[citation needed\]`{{cn}}` template. Note that `{{cn}}` is synonymous with `{{citation needed}}`, as one template can have many names.
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`{{reflist}}` is usually put at the ends of pages, to generate a list of references used in the page.
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An `infobox` template is, as it says, a template for a box containing information. Usually, each page contains at most two infoboxes, one on top and one on bottom. For particularly detailed pages, there can be more than two.
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The infobox on the top is usually used to compactly display tabular information. They are common for biographies, geographical locations, and such. For example, the top infobox for [Euler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonhard_Euler) is:
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```wikitext
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{{Infobox scientist
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| name = Leonhard Euler
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| image = Leonhard Euler.jpg
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| caption = Portrait by [[Jakob Emanuel Handmann]], 1753
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| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1707|4|15}}
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| birth_place = [[Basel]], [[Swiss Confederacy]]
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| death_date = {{nowrap|{{death date and age|df=y|1783|9|18|1707|4|15}}}} {{awrap|{{bracket|[[Adoption of the Gregorian calendar#Adoption in Eastern Europe|OS]]: 7 September 1783}}}}
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...
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}}
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```
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The infobox at the bottom is usually used to display a curated table of related links. For example, the bottom infobox for [Euler–Lagrange equation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%E2%80%93Lagrange_equation) is just `{{Leonhard Euler}}`, which displays a box containing links to many of the things named after Euler.
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`~~~~` is used to sign on talk pages, and expands to something like `Username (talk) 10:50, 12 June 2023 (UTC)`.
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### Mathematics
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`<math>` tag renders $\LaTeX$ inline like `$`, while `<math display=block>` renders it on a separate line like `$$`.
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`<math>E = mc^2</math>` renders to $E = mc^2$.
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`<math display=block></math>` renders to $$E = mc^2$$.
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One can also include math using [HTML renders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Mathematics#Using_HTML) or even by [plain Unicode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_operators_and_symbols_in_Unicode). These are less flexible but more compatible with older browsers. Further, parts of Wikipedia syntax themselves are incompatible with `<math>`, such as in section titles or some templates, forcing the use of HTML or Unicode in such cases.
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Theorems and proofs can be boxed and named:
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```
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{{Math theorem
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|name=Pythagorean theorem
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|note=Pythagoras, 500s BC
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|math_statement=Let <math>a, b, c</math> be the three side lengths of a right triangle, then
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<math display=block>a^2 + b^2 = c^2</math>
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}}
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{{Math proof
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|title=Proof by similar triangles
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|proof=Drop a perpendicular from point C to side AB. Now argue by proportionality. <math>\blacksquare</math>
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}}
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```
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## References
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References are the backbone of Wikipedia `{{citation needed}}`. There are in general two ways to do citations.
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| type | inline citation | expanded citation |
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| ---- | ---- | ---- |
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| purpose | Support specific claims. | Provide general reference work for the entire page. |
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| location | Immediately after the supported claim. | In the `== References ==` section. |
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| appearance | analytic continuation of of _f_.<sup>[\[6\]](#6)</sup> | Abramowitz, Milton; Stegun, Irene A., eds. (1972). ["Chapter 6"](http://www.math.sfu.ca/~cbm/aands/page_253.htm)... |
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| syntax | `<ref>{{cite book\|...}}</ref>` | `{{cite book\|...}}` |
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As expanded citations are just inline citations without the `<ref>` tag, we will describe just inline citations.
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The most basic form is a plaintext citation, like `<ref>Author, Title, date, [url](https://example.com/), etc</ref>`.
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One should generally use a templated citation, like `<ref>{{cite web|url=https://example.com/|title=Example|date=2001|access-date=2023}}</ref>`. There are three forms of citation templates: [`cite web`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web), [`cite journal`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal), [`cite book`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book).
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A citation can be named as `<ref name="X">...</ref>`. It can then be invoked as `<ref name="X" />`. The instance `<ref name="X">...</ref>` can go before or after `<ref name="X" />`. Any ordering would render to the same page.
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## Typical Wikipedia page
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```wikitext
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{{Short description|One sentence summary of page}}
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{{Infox box at the top
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|infobox_data_1=...
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|...
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}}
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[[File:Image of X.png|thumb|right|Image caption]]
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The concept '''X''' is usually bolded. Now define the concept X. For non-specialist pages, this section should be written in plain language, with jargons defined in-line. Some [[link]]s would help.
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== Introduction ==
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Here one usually sets up the notation, overviews the history, and such. Details follow in the next sections.
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Footnotes are numbered separately from inline references.{{NoteTag|note=Footnote text.}}
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== Relation to Y ==
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{{Main|Y}}
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{{See also|Another page}}
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Something about the relation between X and Y.
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== See also ==
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* [[Very relevant link]]
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* [[Less relevant link]]
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== External links ==
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* [https://example.com/ External link one]: Summary of what is in the external link.
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== Footnotes ==
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<references group="note" />{{Notelist}}
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== References ==
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<!-- generates list of references from inline reference tags, with columns with a minimum width of 30 em-dashes. -->
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{{Reflist|30em}}
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<!-- extra, non-inlined references below -->
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{{Refbegin|30em}}
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* {{cite book|title=Book Title|date=2001|chapter=Chapter 1|...}}
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* ...
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== Further reading ==
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* ...
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* ...
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{{Infox box at the bottom}}
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[[Category:First category that the article belongs to]]
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[[Category:First category that the article belongs to]]
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[[Category:There is no limit to the number of categories allowed]]
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```
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## Further reading
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* [Wikipedia's manual of style](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style)
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* [Wikitext cheatsheet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet)
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* [Wikitext, full reference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Wikitext).
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* [Tables, full reference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Table#Simple_straightforward_tables)
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