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fixing issues listed in "gripes about haskell" (fixes bug #45)
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@ -45,15 +45,21 @@ not False -- True
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1 /= 1 -- False
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1 /= 1 -- False
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1 < 10 -- True
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1 < 10 -- True
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-- In the above examples, `not` is a function that takes one value.
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-- Haskell doesn't need parentheses for function calls...all the arguments
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-- are just listed after the function. So the general pattern is:
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-- func arg1 arg2 arg3...
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-- See the section on functions for information on how to write your own.
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-- Strings and characters
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-- Strings and characters
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"This is a string."
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"This is a string."
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'a' -- character
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'a' -- character
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'You cant use single quotes for strings.' -- error!
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'You cant use single quotes for strings.' -- error!
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-- Strings can be added too!
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-- Strings can be concatenated
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"Hello " ++ "world!" -- "Hello world!"
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"Hello " ++ "world!" -- "Hello world!"
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-- A string can be treated like a list of characters
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-- A string is a list of characters
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"This is a string" !! 0 -- 'T'
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"This is a string" !! 0 -- 'T'
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@ -69,14 +75,24 @@ not False -- True
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-- You can also have infinite lists in Haskell!
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-- You can also have infinite lists in Haskell!
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[1..] -- a list of all the natural numbers
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[1..] -- a list of all the natural numbers
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-- joining two lists
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-- Infinite lists work because Haskell has "lazy evaluation". This means
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-- that Haskell only evaluates things when it needs to. So you can ask for
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-- the 1000th element of your list and Haskell will give it to you:
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[1..] !! 999 -- 1000
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-- And now Haskell has evaluated elements 1 - 1000 of this list...but the
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-- rest of the elements of this "infinite" list don't exist yet! Haskell won't
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-- actually evaluate them until it needs to.
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- joining two lists
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[1..5] ++ [6..10]
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[1..5] ++ [6..10]
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-- adding to the head of a list
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-- adding to the head of a list
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0:[1..5] -- [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
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0:[1..5] -- [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
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-- indexing into a list
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-- indexing into a list
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[0..] !! 5 -- 4
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[0..] !! 5 -- 5
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-- more list operations
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-- more list operations
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head [1..5] -- 1
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head [1..5] -- 1
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@ -136,12 +152,12 @@ foo (x, y) = (x + 1, y + 2)
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-- Pattern matching on arrays. Here `x` is the first element
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-- Pattern matching on arrays. Here `x` is the first element
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-- in the array, and `xs` is the rest of the array. We can write
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-- in the array, and `xs` is the rest of the array. We can write
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-- our own map function:
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-- our own map function:
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map func [x] = [func x]
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myMap func [x] = [func x]
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map func (x:xs) = func x:(map func xs)
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myMap func (x:xs) = func x:(myMap func xs)
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-- Anonymous functions are created with a backslash followed by
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-- Anonymous functions are created with a backslash followed by
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-- all the arguments.
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-- all the arguments.
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map (\x -> x + 2) [1..5] -- [3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
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myMap (\x -> x + 2) [1..5] -- [3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
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-- using fold (called `inject` in some languages) with an anonymous
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-- using fold (called `inject` in some languages) with an anonymous
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-- function. foldl1 means fold left, and use the first value in the
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-- function. foldl1 means fold left, and use the first value in the
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@ -180,10 +196,10 @@ foo 5 -- 75
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-- of parentheses:
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-- of parentheses:
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-- before
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-- before
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(even (double 7)) -- true
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(even (fib 7)) -- true
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-- after
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-- after
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even . double $ 7 -- true
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even . fib $ 7 -- true
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----------------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------------
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-- 5. Type signatures
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-- 5. Type signatures
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@ -198,13 +214,17 @@ True :: Bool
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-- Functions have types too.
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-- Functions have types too.
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-- `not` takes a boolean and returns a boolean:
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-- `not` takes a boolean and returns a boolean:
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not :: Bool -> Bool
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-- not :: Bool -> Bool
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-- Here's a function that takes two arguments:
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-- Here's a function that takes two arguments:
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add :: Integer -> Integer -> Integer
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-- add :: Integer -> Integer -> Integer
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-- When you define a value, it's good practice to write it's type above it:
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double :: Integer -> Integer
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double x = x * 2
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----------------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------------
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-- 6. Control Flow
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-- 6. Control Flow and If Statements
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----------------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------------
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-- if statements
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-- if statements
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@ -263,18 +283,19 @@ Just 1
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-- 8. Haskell IO
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-- 8. Haskell IO
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----------------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------------
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-- While IO can't be explained fully without explaining monads
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-- While IO can't be explained fully without explaining monads,
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-- it is not hard to explain enough to get going
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-- it is not hard to explain enough to get going.
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-- An IO a value is an IO action: you can chain them with do blocks
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-- An `IO a` value is an IO action: you can chain them with do blocks
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action :: IO String
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action = do
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action = do
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putStrLn "This is a line. Duh"
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putStrLn "This is a line. Duh"
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input <- getLine -- this gets a line and gives it the name "input"
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input <- getLine -- this gets a line and gives it the name "input"
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input2 <- getLine
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input2 <- getLine
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return (input1++"\n"++input2) -- This is the result of the whole action
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return (input1 ++ "\n" ++ input2) -- This is the result of the whole action
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-- This didn't actually do anything. When a haskell program is executed
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-- This didn't actually do anything. When a haskell program is executed
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-- an IO action called "main" is read and interprete
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-- an IO action called "main" is read and interpreted.
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main = do
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main = do
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putStrLn "Our first program. How exciting!"
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putStrLn "Our first program. How exciting!"
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@ -282,6 +303,15 @@ main = do
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putStrLn result
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putStrLn result
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putStrLn "This was all, folks!"
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putStrLn "This was all, folks!"
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-- Haskell does IO through a monad because this allows it to be a purely
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-- functional language. Our `action` function had a type signature of `IO String`.
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-- In general any function that interacts with the outside world (i.e. does IO)
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-- gets marked as `IO` in it's type signature. This lets us reason about what
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-- functions are "pure" (don't interact with the outside world or modify state)
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-- and what functions aren't.
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-- This is a powerful feature, because it's easy to run pure functions concurrently
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-- so concurrency in Haskell is very easy.
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----------------------------------------------------
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----------------------------------------------------
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