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fix spaces at end-of-lines
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@ -16,9 +16,8 @@ R is a statistical computing language. It has lots of libraries for uploading an
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# You can't make multi-line comments,
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# but you can stack multiple comments like so.
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# in Windows or Mac, hit COMMAND-ENTER to execute a line
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# in Windows you can use CTRL-ENTER to execute a line.
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# on Mac it is COMMAND-ENTER
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#############################################################################
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# Stuff you can do without understanding anything about programming
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@ -37,8 +36,8 @@ head(rivers) # peek at the data set
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length(rivers) # how many rivers were measured?
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# 141
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summary(rivers) # what are some summary statistics?
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# Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
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# 135.0 310.0 425.0 591.2 680.0 3710.0
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# Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
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# 135.0 310.0 425.0 591.2 680.0 3710.0
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# make a stem-and-leaf plot (a histogram-like data visualization)
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stem(rivers)
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@ -55,14 +54,14 @@ stem(rivers)
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# 14 | 56
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# 16 | 7
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# 18 | 9
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# 20 |
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# 20 |
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# 22 | 25
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# 24 | 3
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# 26 |
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# 28 |
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# 30 |
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# 32 |
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# 34 |
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# 26 |
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# 28 |
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# 30 |
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# 32 |
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# 34 |
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# 36 | 1
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stem(log(rivers)) # Notice that the data are neither normal nor log-normal!
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@ -71,7 +70,7 @@ stem(log(rivers)) # Notice that the data are neither normal nor log-normal!
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# The decimal point is 1 digit(s) to the left of the |
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#
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# 48 | 1
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# 50 |
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# 50 |
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# 52 | 15578
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# 54 | 44571222466689
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# 56 | 023334677000124455789
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@ -86,7 +85,7 @@ stem(log(rivers)) # Notice that the data are neither normal nor log-normal!
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# 74 | 84
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# 76 | 56
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# 78 | 4
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# 80 |
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# 80 |
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# 82 | 2
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# make a histogram:
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@ -109,7 +108,7 @@ sort(discoveries)
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# [76] 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 9 10 12
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stem(discoveries, scale=2)
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#
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#
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# The decimal point is at the |
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#
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# 0 | 000000000
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@ -130,7 +129,7 @@ max(discoveries)
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# 12
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summary(discoveries)
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# Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
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# 0.0 2.0 3.0 3.1 4.0 12.0
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# 0.0 2.0 3.0 3.1 4.0 12.0
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# Roll a die a few times
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round(runif(7, min=.5, max=6.5))
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@ -274,7 +273,7 @@ class(NULL) # NULL
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parakeet = c("beak", "feathers", "wings", "eyes")
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parakeet
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# =>
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# [1] "beak" "feathers" "wings" "eyes"
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# [1] "beak" "feathers" "wings" "eyes"
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parakeet <- NULL
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parakeet
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# =>
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@ -291,7 +290,7 @@ as.numeric("Bilbo")
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# =>
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# [1] NA
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# Warning message:
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# NAs introduced by coercion
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# NAs introduced by coercion
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# Also note: those were just the basic data types
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# There are many more data types, such as for dates, time series, etc.
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@ -431,10 +430,10 @@ mat %*% t(mat)
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mat2 <- cbind(1:4, c("dog", "cat", "bird", "dog"))
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mat2
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# =>
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# [,1] [,2]
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# [1,] "1" "dog"
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# [2,] "2" "cat"
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# [3,] "3" "bird"
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# [,1] [,2]
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# [1,] "1" "dog"
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# [2,] "2" "cat"
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# [3,] "3" "bird"
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# [4,] "4" "dog"
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class(mat2) # matrix
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# Again, note what happened!
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