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juvix/tests/Compilation/positive/test063.juvix
Łukasz Czajka cbd8253afd
Instance coercions (#2444)
* Closes #2426 

A coercion from trait `T` to `T'` can be declared with the syntax
```
coercion instance
coeName {A} {{T A}} : T' A := ...
```
Coercions can be seen as instances with special resolution rules.

Coercion resolution rules
-------------------------
* If a non-coercion instance can be applied in a single instance
resolution step, no coercions are considered. No ambiguity results if
there exists some coercion which could be applied, but a non-coercion
instance exists - the non-coercion instances have priority.
* If no non-coercion instance can be applied in a single resolution
step, all minimal coercion paths which lead to an applicable
non-coercion instance are considered. If there is more than one,
ambiguity is reported.

Examples
----------

The following type-checks because:
1. There is no non-coercion instance found for `U String`.
2. There are two minimal coercion paths `U` <- `U1` and `U` <- `U2`, but
only one of them (`U` <- `U2`) ends in an applicable non-coercion
instance (`instU2` for `U2 String`).

```
trait
type U A := mkU {pp : A -> A};

trait
type U1 A := mkU1 {pp : A -> A};

trait
type U2 A := mkU2 {pp : A -> A};

coercion instance
fromU1toU {A} {{U1 A}} : U A :=
  mkU@{
    pp := U1.pp
  };

coercion instance
fromU2toU {A} {{U2 A}} : U A :=
  mkU@{
    pp := U2.pp
  };

instance
instU2 : U2 String := mkU2 id;

main : IO := printStringLn (U.pp "X")
```

The following results in an ambiguity error because:
1. There is no non-coercion instance found for `T Unit`.
2. There are two minimal coercion paths `T` <- `T1` and `T` <- `T2`,
both of which end in applicable non-coercion instances.

```
trait
type T A := mkT { pp : A → A };

trait
type T1 A := mkT1 { pp : A → A };

trait
type T2 A := mkT2 { pp : A → A };

instance
unitT1 : T1 Unit := mkT1 (pp := λ{_ := unit});

instance
unitT2 : T2 Unit := mkT2 (pp := λ{_ := unit});

coercion instance
fromT1toT {A} {{T1 A}} : T A := mkT@{
  pp := T1.pp
};

coercion instance
fromT2toT {A} {{T2 A}} : T A := mkT@{
  pp := T2.pp
};

main : Unit := T.pp unit;
```

The following type-checks, because there exists a non-coercion instance
for `T2 String`, so the coercion `fromT1toT2` is ignored during instance
resolution.

```
trait
type T1 A := mkT1 {pp : A -> A};

trait
type T2 A := mkT2 {pp : A -> A};

instance
instT1 {A} : T1 A :=
  mkT1@{
    pp := id
  };

coercion instance
fromT1toT2 {A} {{M : T1 A}} : T2 A :=
  mkT2@{
    pp := T1.pp {{M}}
  };

instance
instT2 : T2 String :=
  mkT2@{
    pp (s : String) : String := s ++str "!"
  };

main : String := T2.pp "a";
```
2023-10-19 16:00:31 +02:00

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-- Coercions
module test063;
import Stdlib.Prelude open;
trait
type T1 A := mkT1 {pp : A -> A};
trait
type T2 A := mkT2 {pp : A -> A};
trait
type T3 A := mkT3 {pp : A -> A};
trait
type T4 A := mkT4 {pp : A -> A};
instance
instT1 {A} : T1 A :=
mkT1@{
pp := id
};
coercion instance
fromT1toT2 {A} {{M : T1 A}} : T2 A :=
mkT2@{
pp := T1.pp {{M}}
};
coercion instance
fromT2toT3 {A} {{M : T2 A}} : T3 A :=
mkT3@{
pp := T2.pp {{M}}
};
coercion instance
fromT2toT4 {A} {{M : T2 A}} : T4 A :=
mkT4@{
pp := T2.pp {{M}}
};
instance
instT4 : T4 String :=
mkT4@{
pp (s : String) : String := s ++str "!"
};
trait
type U A := mkU {pp : A -> A};
trait
type U1 A := mkU1 {pp : A -> A};
trait
type U2 A := mkU2 {pp : A -> A};
coercion instance
fromU1toU {A} {{U1 A}} : U A :=
mkU@{
pp := U1.pp
};
coercion instance
fromU2toU {A} {{U2 A}} : U A :=
mkU@{
pp := U2.pp
};
instance
instU2 : U2 String := mkU2 id;
f {A} {{U A}} : A -> A := U.pp;
g {A} {{U1 A}} : A -> A := f;
h {A} {{U2 A}} : A -> A := f;
main : IO :=
printStringLn (T1.pp "a")
>> printStringLn (T2.pp "b")
>> printStringLn (T3.pp "c")
>> printStringLn (T4.pp "d")
>> printStringLn (U.pp "e")
>> printStringLn (f "f")
>> printStringLn (g {{mkU1 id}} "g")
>> printStringLn (h "h");