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Fix performance of getFileExists (#322)

* Improve hover performance by speeding up getFileExists We touch the file system only the first time. After that, we rely on the lsp client to tell us if a file is created or deleted Fixes #101

commit2d9314ae1da02d32463c1e4140dd9bbe7387a5a1 authorPepe Iborra <pepeiborra@gmail.com> dateTue 21 Jan 2020, 08:05 (7 years ago) parent703bb82
9 files changed+270−54
exe/Main.hs+3−3 ghcide.cabal+13 src/Development/IDE/Core/FileExists.hs+187 src/Development/IDE/Core/FileStore.hs+5−32 src/Development/IDE/Core/Rules.hs+2−1 src/Development/IDE/Core/Service.hs+7−3 src/Development/IDE/Core/Shake.hs+13−1 src/Development/IDE/LSP/Notifications.hs+29−12 test/exe/Main.hs+11−2
exe/Main.hs+3−3
@@ -93,10 +93,10 @@ main = do
9393 -- very important we only call loadSession once, and it's fast, so just do it before starting
9494 session <- loadSession dir
9595 let options = (defaultIdeOptions $ return session)
96− { optReportProgress = clientSupportsProgress caps
96+ { optReportProgress = clientSupportsProgress caps
9797 , optShakeProfiling = argsShakeProfiling
9898 }
99− initialise (mainRule >> action kick) getLspId event (logger minBound) options vfs
99+ initialise caps (mainRule >> action kick) getLspId event (logger minBound) options vfs
100100 else do
101101 putStrLn $ "Ghcide setup tester in " ++ dir ++ "."
102102 putStrLn "Report bugs at https://github.com/digital-asset/ghcide/issues"
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ main = do
125125 let grab file = fromMaybe (head sessions) $ do
126126 cradle <- Map.lookup file filesToCradles
127127 Map.lookup cradle cradlesToSessions
128− ide <- initialise mainRule (pure $ IdInt 0) (showEvent lock) (logger Info) (defaultIdeOptions $ return $ return . grab) vfs
128+ ide <- initialise def mainRule (pure $ IdInt 0) (showEvent lock) (logger Info) (defaultIdeOptions $ return $ return . grab) vfs
129129
130130 putStrLn "\nStep 6/6: Type checking the files"
131131 setFilesOfInterest ide $ Set.fromList $ map toNormalizedFilePath files
ghcide.cabal+13
@@ -121,6 +121,7 @@ library
121121 Development.IDE.Core.Debouncer
122122 Development.IDE.Core.Compile
123123 Development.IDE.Core.Preprocessor
124+ Development.IDE.Core.FileExists
124125 Development.IDE.GHC.Compat
125126 Development.IDE.GHC.CPP
126127 Development.IDE.GHC.Error
@@ -230,4 +231,16 @@ test-suite ghcide-tests
230231 Development.IDE.Test
231232 Development.IDE.Test.Runfiles
232233 default-extensions:
234+ BangPatterns
235+ DeriveFunctor
236+ DeriveGeneric
237+ GeneralizedNewtypeDeriving
238+ LambdaCase
239+ NamedFieldPuns
233240 OverloadedStrings
241+ RecordWildCards
242+ ScopedTypeVariables
243+ StandaloneDeriving
244+ TupleSections
245+ TypeApplications
246+ ViewPatterns
src/Development/IDE/Core/FileExists.hsnew file+187
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
1+{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedLists #-}
2+{-# LANGUAGE TypeFamilies #-}
3+{-# LANGUAGE UndecidableInstances #-}
4+module Development.IDE.Core.FileExists
5+ ( fileExistsRules
6+ , modifyFileExists
7+ , getFileExists
8+ )
9+where
10+
11+import Control.Concurrent.Extra
12+import Control.Exception
13+import Control.Monad.Extra
14+import qualified Data.Aeson as A
15+import Data.Binary
16+import qualified Data.ByteString as BS
17+import Data.Map.Strict ( Map )
18+import qualified Data.Map.Strict as Map
19+import Data.Maybe
20+import qualified Data.Text as T
21+import Development.IDE.Core.FileStore
22+import Development.IDE.Core.Shake
23+import Development.IDE.Types.Location
24+import Development.Shake
25+import Development.Shake.Classes
26+import GHC.Generics
27+import Language.Haskell.LSP.Messages
28+import Language.Haskell.LSP.Types
29+import Language.Haskell.LSP.Types.Capabilities
30+import qualified System.Directory as Dir
31+
32+-- | A map for tracking the file existence
33+type FileExistsMap = (Map NormalizedFilePath Bool)
34+
35+-- | A wrapper around a mutable 'FileExistsMap'
36+newtype FileExistsMapVar = FileExistsMapVar (Var FileExistsMap)
37+
38+instance IsIdeGlobal FileExistsMapVar
39+
40+-- | Grab the current global value of 'FileExistsMap' without acquiring a dependency
41+getFileExistsMapUntracked :: Action FileExistsMap
42+getFileExistsMapUntracked = do
43+ FileExistsMapVar v <- getIdeGlobalAction
44+ liftIO $ readVar v
45+
46+-- | Modify the global store of file exists
47+modifyFileExistsAction :: (FileExistsMap -> IO FileExistsMap) -> Action ()
48+modifyFileExistsAction f = do
49+ FileExistsMapVar var <- getIdeGlobalAction
50+ liftIO $ modifyVar_ var f
51+
52+-- | Modify the global store of file exists
53+modifyFileExists :: IdeState -> [(NormalizedFilePath, Bool)] -> IO ()
54+modifyFileExists state changes = do
55+ FileExistsMapVar var <- getIdeGlobalState state
56+ changesMap <- evaluate $ Map.fromList changes
57+
58+ -- Masked to ensure that the previous values are flushed together with the map update
59+ mask $ \_ -> do
60+ -- update the map
61+ modifyVar_ var $ evaluate . Map.union changesMap
62+ -- flush previous values
63+ mapM_ (deleteValue state GetFileExists . fst) changes
64+
65+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
66+
67+type instance RuleResult GetFileExists = Bool
68+
69+data GetFileExists = GetFileExists
70+ deriving (Eq, Show, Typeable, Generic)
71+
72+instance NFData GetFileExists
73+instance Hashable GetFileExists
74+instance Binary GetFileExists
75+
76+-- | Returns True if the file exists
77+-- Note that a file is not considered to exist unless it is saved to disk.
78+-- In particular, VFS existence is not enough.
79+-- Consider the following example:
80+-- 1. The file @A.hs@ containing the line @import B@ is added to the files of interest
81+-- Since @B.hs@ is neither open nor exists, GetLocatedImports finds Nothing
82+-- 2. The editor creates a new buffer @B.hs@
83+-- Unless the editor also sends a @DidChangeWatchedFile@ event, ghcide will not pick it up
84+-- Most editors, e.g. VSCode, only send the event when the file is saved to disk.
85+getFileExists :: NormalizedFilePath -> Action Bool
86+getFileExists fp = use_ GetFileExists fp
87+
88+-- | Installs the 'getFileExists' rules.
89+-- Provides a fast implementation if client supports dynamic watched files.
90+-- Creates a global state as a side effect in that case.
91+fileExistsRules :: IO LspId -> ClientCapabilities -> VFSHandle -> Rules ()
92+fileExistsRules getLspId ClientCapabilities{_workspace}
93+ | Just WorkspaceClientCapabilities{_didChangeWatchedFiles} <- _workspace
94+ , Just DidChangeWatchedFilesClientCapabilities{_dynamicRegistration} <- _didChangeWatchedFiles
95+ , Just True <- _dynamicRegistration
96+ = fileExistsRulesFast getLspId
97+ | otherwise = fileExistsRulesSlow
98+
99+-- Requires an lsp client that provides WatchedFiles notifications.
100+fileExistsRulesFast :: IO LspId -> VFSHandle -> Rules ()
101+fileExistsRulesFast getLspId vfs = do
102+ addIdeGlobal . FileExistsMapVar =<< liftIO (newVar [])
103+ defineEarlyCutoff $ \GetFileExists file -> do
104+ fileExistsMap <- getFileExistsMapUntracked
105+ let mbFilesWatched = Map.lookup file fileExistsMap
106+ case mbFilesWatched of
107+ Just fv -> pure (summarizeExists fv, ([], Just fv))
108+ Nothing -> do
109+ exist <- liftIO $ getFileExistsVFS vfs file
110+ ShakeExtras { eventer } <- getShakeExtras
111+
112+ -- add a listener for VFS Create/Delete file events,
113+ -- taking the FileExistsMap lock to prevent race conditions
114+ -- that would lead to multiple listeners for the same path
115+ modifyFileExistsAction $ \x -> do
116+ case Map.insertLookupWithKey (\_ x _ -> x) file exist x of
117+ (Nothing, x') -> do
118+ -- if the listener addition fails, we never recover. This is a bug.
119+ addListener eventer file
120+ return x'
121+ (Just _, _) ->
122+ -- if the key was already there, do nothing
123+ return x
124+
125+ pure (summarizeExists exist, ([], Just exist))
126+ where
127+ addListener eventer fp = do
128+ reqId <- getLspId
129+ let
130+ req = RequestMessage "2.0" reqId ClientRegisterCapability regParams
131+ fpAsId = T.pack $ fromNormalizedFilePath fp
132+ regParams = RegistrationParams (List [registration])
133+ registration = Registration fpAsId
134+ WorkspaceDidChangeWatchedFiles
135+ (Just (A.toJSON regOptions))
136+ regOptions =
137+ DidChangeWatchedFilesRegistrationOptions { watchers = List [watcher] }
138+ watcher = FileSystemWatcher { globPattern = fromNormalizedFilePath fp
139+ , kind = Just 5 -- Create and Delete events only
140+ }
141+
142+ eventer $ ReqRegisterCapability req
143+
144+summarizeExists :: Bool -> Maybe BS.ByteString
145+summarizeExists x = Just $ if x then BS.singleton 1 else BS.empty
146+
147+fileExistsRulesSlow:: VFSHandle -> Rules ()
148+fileExistsRulesSlow vfs = do
149+ defineEarlyCutoff $ \GetFileExists file -> do
150+ alwaysRerun
151+ exist <- liftIO $ getFileExistsVFS vfs file
152+ pure (summarizeExists exist, ([], Just exist))
153+
154+getFileExistsVFS :: VFSHandle -> NormalizedFilePath -> IO Bool
155+getFileExistsVFS vfs file = do
156+ -- we deliberately and intentionally wrap the file as an FilePath WITHOUT mkAbsolute
157+ -- so that if the file doesn't exist, is on a shared drive that is unmounted etc we get a properly
158+ -- cached 'No' rather than an exception in the wrong place
159+ handle (\(_ :: IOException) -> return False) $
160+ (isJust <$> getVirtualFile vfs (filePathToUri' file)) ||^
161+ Dir.doesFileExist (fromNormalizedFilePath file)
162+
163+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
164+-- The message definitions below probably belong in haskell-lsp-types
165+
166+data DidChangeWatchedFilesRegistrationOptions = DidChangeWatchedFilesRegistrationOptions
167+ { watchers :: List FileSystemWatcher
168+ }
169+
170+instance A.ToJSON DidChangeWatchedFilesRegistrationOptions where
171+ toJSON DidChangeWatchedFilesRegistrationOptions {..} =
172+ A.object ["watchers" A..= watchers]
173+
174+data FileSystemWatcher = FileSystemWatcher
175+ { -- | The glob pattern to watch.
176+ -- For details on glob pattern syntax, check the spec: https://microsoft.github.io/language-server-protocol/specifications/specification-3-14/#workspace_didChangeWatchedFiles
177+ globPattern :: String
178+ -- | The kind of event to subscribe to. Defaults to all.
179+ -- Defined as a bitmap of Create(1), Change(2), and Delete(4)
180+ , kind :: Maybe Int
181+ }
182+
183+instance A.ToJSON FileSystemWatcher where
184+ toJSON FileSystemWatcher {..} =
185+ A.object
186+ $ ["globPattern" A..= globPattern]
187+ ++ [ "kind" A..= x | Just x <- [kind] ]
src/Development/IDE/Core/FileStore.hs+5−32
@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@
44{-# LANGUAGE TypeFamilies #-}
55
66module Development.IDE.Core.FileStore(
7− getFileExists, getFileContents,
7+ getFileContents,
8+ getVirtualFile,
89 setBufferModified,
910 setSomethingModified,
1011 fileStoreRules,
@@ -20,16 +21,14 @@ import Fingerprint
2021import StringBuffer
2122import Development.IDE.GHC.Orphans()
2223import Development.IDE.GHC.Util
23−
24+import Development.IDE.Core.Shake
2425import Control.Concurrent.Extra
2526import qualified Data.Map.Strict as Map
2627import Data.Maybe
2728import qualified Data.Text as T
2829import Control.Monad.Extra
29−import qualified System.Directory as Dir
3030import Development.Shake
3131import Development.Shake.Classes
32−import Development.IDE.Core.Shake
3332import Control.Exception
3433import GHC.Generics
3534import Data.Either.Extra
@@ -90,17 +89,8 @@ makeLSPVFSHandle lspFuncs = VFSHandle
9089-- | Get the contents of a file, either dirty (if the buffer is modified) or Nothing to mean use from disk.
9190type instance RuleResult GetFileContents = (FileVersion, Maybe StringBuffer)
9291
93−-- | Does the file exist.
94−type instance RuleResult GetFileExists = Bool
95−
9692type instance RuleResult FingerprintSource = Fingerprint
9793
98−data GetFileExists = GetFileExists
99− deriving (Eq, Show, Generic)
100−instance Hashable GetFileExists
101−instance NFData GetFileExists
102−instance Binary GetFileExists
103−
10494data GetFileContents = GetFileContents
10595 deriving (Eq, Show, Generic)
10696instance Hashable GetFileContents
@@ -122,16 +112,6 @@ fingerprintSourceRule =
122112 pure ([], Just fingerprint)
123113 where fpStringBuffer (StringBuffer buf len cur) = withForeignPtr buf $ \ptr -> fingerprintData (ptr `plusPtr` cur) len
124114
125−getFileExistsRule :: VFSHandle -> Rules ()
126−getFileExistsRule vfs =
127− defineEarlyCutoff $ \GetFileExists file -> do
128− alwaysRerun
129− res <- liftIO $ handle (\(_ :: IOException) -> return False) $
130− (isJust <$> getVirtualFile vfs (filePathToUri' file)) ||^
131− Dir.doesFileExist (fromNormalizedFilePath file)
132− return (Just $ if res then BS.singleton '1' else BS.empty, ([], Just res))
133−
134−
135115getModificationTimeRule :: VFSHandle -> Rules ()
136116getModificationTimeRule vfs =
137117 defineEarlyCutoff $ \GetModificationTime file -> do
@@ -154,6 +134,8 @@ getModificationTimeRule vfs =
154134 -- time spent checking file modifications (which happens on every change)
155135 -- from > 0.5s to ~0.15s.
156136 -- We might also want to try speeding this up on Windows at some point.
137+ -- TODO leverage DidChangeWatchedFile lsp notifications on clients that
138+ -- support them, as done for GetFileExists
157139 getModTime :: FilePath -> IO BS.ByteString
158140 getModTime f =
159141#ifdef mingw32_HOST_OS
@@ -198,20 +180,11 @@ ideTryIOException fp act =
198180getFileContents :: NormalizedFilePath -> Action (FileVersion, Maybe StringBuffer)
199181getFileContents = use_ GetFileContents
200182
201−getFileExists :: NormalizedFilePath -> Action Bool
202−getFileExists =
203− -- we deliberately and intentionally wrap the file as an FilePath WITHOUT mkAbsolute
204− -- so that if the file doesn't exist, is on a shared drive that is unmounted etc we get a properly
205− -- cached 'No' rather than an exception in the wrong place
206− use_ GetFileExists
207−
208−
209183fileStoreRules :: VFSHandle -> Rules ()
210184fileStoreRules vfs = do
211185 addIdeGlobal vfs
212186 getModificationTimeRule vfs
213187 getFileContentsRule vfs
214− getFileExistsRule vfs
215188 fingerprintSourceRule
216189
217190
src/Development/IDE/Core/Rules.hs+2−1
@@ -37,7 +37,8 @@ import Development.IDE.Types.Options
3737import Development.IDE.Spans.Calculate
3838import Development.IDE.Import.DependencyInformation
3939import Development.IDE.Import.FindImports
40−import Development.IDE.Core.FileStore
40+import Development.IDE.Core.FileExists
41+import Development.IDE.Core.FileStore (getFileContents, getSourceFingerprint)
4142import Development.IDE.Types.Diagnostics
4243import Development.IDE.Types.Location
4344import Development.IDE.GHC.Util
src/Development/IDE/Core/Service.hs+7−3
@@ -23,13 +23,15 @@ import Control.Concurrent.Async
2323import Data.Maybe
2424import Development.IDE.Types.Options (IdeOptions(..))
2525import Control.Monad
26−import Development.IDE.Core.FileStore
26+import Development.IDE.Core.FileStore (VFSHandle, fileStoreRules)
27+import Development.IDE.Core.FileExists (fileExistsRules)
2728import Development.IDE.Core.OfInterest
2829import Development.IDE.Types.Logger
2930import Development.Shake
3031import Data.Either.Extra
3132import qualified Language.Haskell.LSP.Messages as LSP
3233import qualified Language.Haskell.LSP.Types as LSP
34+import qualified Language.Haskell.LSP.Types.Capabilities as LSP
3335
3436import Development.IDE.Core.Shake
3537
@@ -42,14 +44,15 @@ instance IsIdeGlobal GlobalIdeOptions
4244-- Exposed API
4345
4446-- | Initialise the Compiler Service.
45−initialise :: Rules ()
47+initialise :: LSP.ClientCapabilities
48+ -> Rules ()
4649 -> IO LSP.LspId
4750 -> (LSP.FromServerMessage -> IO ())
4851 -> Logger
4952 -> IdeOptions
5053 -> VFSHandle
5154 -> IO IdeState
52−initialise mainRule getLspId toDiags logger options vfs =
55+initialise caps mainRule getLspId toDiags logger options vfs =
5356 shakeOpen
5457 getLspId
5558 toDiags
@@ -63,6 +66,7 @@ initialise mainRule getLspId toDiags logger options vfs =
6366 addIdeGlobal $ GlobalIdeOptions options
6467 fileStoreRules vfs
6568 ofInterestRules
69+ fileExistsRules getLspId caps vfs
6670 mainRule
6771
6872writeProfile :: IdeState -> FilePath -> IO ()
src/Development/IDE/Core/Shake.hs+13−1
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
2020-- between runs. To deserialise a Shake value, we just consult Values.
2121module Development.IDE.Core.Shake(
2222 IdeState,
23+ ShakeExtras(..), getShakeExtras,
2324 IdeRule, IdeResult, GetModificationTime(..),
2425 shakeOpen, shakeShut,
2526 shakeRun,
@@ -38,7 +39,8 @@ module Development.IDE.Core.Shake(
3839 FileVersion(..),
3940 Priority(..),
4041 updatePositionMapping,
41− OnDiskRule(..)
42+ deleteValue,
43+ OnDiskRule(..),
4244 ) where
4345
4446import Development.Shake hiding (ShakeValue, doesFileExist)
@@ -257,6 +259,16 @@ setValues state key file val = modifyVar_ state $ \vals -> do
257259 -- Force to make sure the old HashMap is not retained
258260 evaluate $ HMap.insert (file, Key key) (fmap toDyn val) vals
259261
262+-- | Delete the value stored for a given ide build key
263+deleteValue
264+ :: (Typeable k, Hashable k, Eq k, Show k)
265+ => IdeState
266+ -> k
267+ -> NormalizedFilePath
268+ -> IO ()
269+deleteValue IdeState{shakeExtras = ShakeExtras{state}} key file = modifyVar_ state $ \vals ->
270+ evaluate $ HMap.delete (file, Key key) vals
271+
260272-- | We return Nothing if the rule has not run and Just Failed if it has failed to produce a value.
261273getValues :: forall k v. IdeRule k v => Var Values -> k -> NormalizedFilePath -> IO (Maybe (Value v))
262274getValues state key file = do
src/Development/IDE/LSP/Notifications.hs+29−12
@@ -2,26 +2,30 @@
22-- SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
33
44{-# LANGUAGE DuplicateRecordFields #-}
5−{-# LANGUAGE RankNTypes #-}
5+{-# LANGUAGE RankNTypes #-}
66
77module Development.IDE.LSP.Notifications
88 ( setHandlersNotifications
99 ) where
1010
11−import Language.Haskell.LSP.Types
1211import Development.IDE.LSP.Server
13−import qualified Language.Haskell.LSP.Core as LSP
14−import qualified Language.Haskell.LSP.Types as LSP
12+import qualified Language.Haskell.LSP.Core as LSP
13+import Language.Haskell.LSP.Types
14+import qualified Language.Haskell.LSP.Types as LSP
1515
16−import Development.IDE.Types.Logger
17−import Development.IDE.Core.Service
18−import Development.IDE.Types.Location
16+import Development.IDE.Core.Service
17+import Development.IDE.Types.Location
18+import Development.IDE.Types.Logger
1919
20−import Control.Monad.Extra
21−import qualified Data.Set as S
20+import Control.Monad.Extra
21+import Data.Foldable as F
22+import Data.Maybe
23+import qualified Data.Set as S
24+import qualified Data.Text as Text
2225
23−import Development.IDE.Core.FileStore
24−import Development.IDE.Core.OfInterest
26+import Development.IDE.Core.FileStore (setSomethingModified)
27+import Development.IDE.Core.FileExists (modifyFileExists)
28+import Development.IDE.Core.OfInterest
2529
2630
2731whenUriFile :: Uri -> (NormalizedFilePath -> IO ()) -> IO ()
@@ -52,4 +56,17 @@ setHandlersNotifications = PartialHandlers $ \WithMessage{..} x -> return x
5256 whenUriFile _uri $ \file -> do
5357 modifyFilesOfInterest ide (S.delete file)
5458 logInfo (ideLogger ide) $ "Closed text document: " <> getUri _uri
55− }
59+ ,LSP.didChangeWatchedFilesNotificationHandler = withNotification (LSP.didChangeWatchedFilesNotificationHandler x) $
60+ \_ ide (DidChangeWatchedFilesParams fileEvents) -> do
61+ let events =
62+ mapMaybe
63+ (\(FileEvent uri ev) ->
64+ (, ev /= FcDeleted) . toNormalizedFilePath
65+ <$> LSP.uriToFilePath uri
66+ )
67+ ( F.toList fileEvents )
68+ let msg = Text.pack $ show events
69+ logInfo (ideLogger ide) $ "Files created or deleted: " <> msg
70+ modifyFileExists ide events
71+ setSomethingModified ide
72+ }
test/exe/Main.hs+11−2
@@ -20,7 +20,8 @@ import qualified Data.Text as T
2020import Development.IDE.Test
2121import Development.IDE.Test.Runfiles
2222import Development.IDE.Types.Location
23−import Language.Haskell.LSP.Test
23+import qualified Language.Haskell.LSP.Test as LSPTest
24+import Language.Haskell.LSP.Test hiding (openDoc')
2425import Language.Haskell.LSP.Types
2526import Language.Haskell.LSP.Types.Capabilities
2627import System.Environment.Blank (setEnv)
@@ -1583,7 +1584,8 @@ run s = withTempDir $ \dir -> do
15831584 -- HIE calls getXgdDirectory which assumes that HOME is set.
15841585 -- Only sets HOME if it wasn't already set.
15851586 setEnv "HOME" "/homeless-shelter" False
1586− runSessionWithConfig conf cmd fullCaps { _window = Just $ WindowClientCapabilities $ Just True } dir s
1587+ let lspTestCaps = fullCaps { _window = Just $ WindowClientCapabilities $ Just True }
1588+ runSessionWithConfig conf cmd lspTestCaps dir s
15871589 where
15881590 conf = defaultConfig
15891591 -- If you uncomment this you can see all logging
@@ -1626,3 +1628,10 @@ unitTests = do
16261628 [ testCase "empty file path" $
16271629 uriToFilePath' (fromNormalizedUri $ filePathToUri' "") @?= Just ""
16281630 ]
1631+
1632+-- | Wrapper around 'LSPTest.openDoc'' that sends file creation events
1633+openDoc' :: FilePath -> String -> T.Text -> Session TextDocumentIdentifier
1634+openDoc' fp name contents = do
1635+ res@(TextDocumentIdentifier uri) <- LSPTest.openDoc' fp name contents
1636+ sendNotification WorkspaceDidChangeWatchedFiles (DidChangeWatchedFilesParams $ List [FileEvent uri FcCreated])
1637+ return res