server/mssql: update mutation, SQL generation and execution

PR-URL: https://github.com/hasura/graphql-engine-mono/pull/3059
GitOrigin-RevId: 4ed0cbf54ac2a7103cb2b7adc97b2dfdf9994c4f

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@
 ### Bug fixes and improvements
 (Add entries below in the order of server, console, cli, docs, others)
 
+- server: implement update mutations for MS SQL Server (closes #7834)
+
 ## v2.1.0
 
 - server: fix issue interpreting urls from environment in the `TestWebhookTransform` endpoint.

server/graphql-engine.cabal

@@ -384,6 +384,7 @@ library
                      , Hasura.Backends.MSSQL.Plan
                      , Hasura.Backends.MSSQL.SQL.Value
                      , Hasura.Backends.MSSQL.ToQuery
+                     , Hasura.Backends.MSSQL.Types
                      , Hasura.Backends.MSSQL.Types.Insert
                      , Hasura.Backends.MSSQL.Types.Instances
                      , Hasura.Backends.MSSQL.Types.Internal

server/src-lib/Hasura/Backends/MSSQL/FromIr.hs

@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ module Hasura.Backends.MSSQL.FromIr
     jsonFieldName,
     fromInsert,
     fromDelete,
+    fromUpdate,
     toSelectIntoTempTable,
   )
 where
@@ -41,8 +42,7 @@ import Data.Proxy
 import Data.Text qualified as T
 import Database.ODBC.SQLServer qualified as ODBC
 import Hasura.Backends.MSSQL.Instances.Types ()
-import Hasura.Backends.MSSQL.Types.Insert as TSQL (MSSQLExtraInsertData (..))
-import Hasura.Backends.MSSQL.Types.Internal as TSQL
+import Hasura.Backends.MSSQL.Types as TSQL
 import Hasura.Prelude
 import Hasura.RQL.IR qualified as IR
 import Hasura.RQL.Types.Column qualified as IR
@@ -1132,6 +1132,30 @@ fromDelete (IR.AnnDel tableName (permFilter, whereClause) _ allColumns) = do
     )
     tableAlias
 
+-- | Convert IR AST representing update into MSSQL AST representing an update statement
+fromUpdate :: IR.AnnotatedUpdate 'MSSQL -> FromIr Update
+fromUpdate (IR.AnnotatedUpdateG tableName (permFilter, whereClause) _ backendUpdate _ allColumns) = do
+  tableAlias <- fromTableName tableName
+  runReaderT
+    ( do
+        permissionsFilter <- fromGBoolExp permFilter
+        whereExpression <- fromGBoolExp whereClause
+        let columnNames = map (ColumnName . unName . IR.pgiName) allColumns
+        pure
+          Update
+            { updateTable =
+                Aliased
+                  { aliasedAlias = entityAliasText tableAlias,
+                    aliasedThing = tableName
+                  },
+              updateSet = updateOperations backendUpdate,
+              updateOutput = Output Inserted (map OutputColumn columnNames),
+              updateTempTable = TempTable tempTableNameUpdated columnNames,
+              updateWhere = Where [permissionsFilter, whereExpression]
+            }
+    )
+    tableAlias
+
 -- | Create a temporary table with the same schema as the given table.
 toSelectIntoTempTable :: TempTableName -> TableName -> [IR.ColumnInfo 'MSSQL] -> SelectIntoTempTable
 toSelectIntoTempTable tempTableName fromTable allColumns = do

server/src-lib/Hasura/Backends/MSSQL/Instances/Execute.hs

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import Hasura.Backends.MSSQL.SQL.Value (txtEncodedColVal)
 import Hasura.Backends.MSSQL.ToQuery as TQ
 import Hasura.Backends.MSSQL.Types.Insert (MSSQLExtraInsertData (..))
 import Hasura.Backends.MSSQL.Types.Internal as TSQL
+import Hasura.Backends.MSSQL.Types.Update
 import Hasura.Base.Error
 import Hasura.EncJSON
 import Hasura.GraphQL.Execute.Backend
@@ -228,7 +229,7 @@ msDBMutationPlan userInfo stringifyNum sourceName sourceConfig mrf = do
   go <$> case mrf of
     MDBInsert annInsert -> executeInsert userInfo stringifyNum sourceConfig annInsert
     MDBDelete annDelete -> executeDelete userInfo stringifyNum sourceConfig annDelete
-    MDBUpdate _annUpdate -> throw400 NotSupported "update mutations are not supported in MS SQL Server"
+    MDBUpdate annUpdate -> executeUpdate userInfo stringifyNum sourceConfig annUpdate
     MDBFunction {} -> throw400 NotSupported "function mutations are not supported in MSSQL"
   where
     go v = DBStepInfo @'MSSQL sourceName sourceConfig Nothing v
@@ -337,7 +338,7 @@ executeInsert userInfo stringifyNum sourceConfig annInsert = do
           `onLeft` (throw500 . tshow)
 
       -- SELECT (<mutation_output_select>) AS [mutation_response], (<check_constraint_select>) AS [check_constraint_select]
-      let mutationOutputCheckConstraintSelect = selectMutationOutputAndCheckCondition mutationOutputSelect checkBoolExp
+      let mutationOutputCheckConstraintSelect = selectMutationOutputAndCheckCondition withAlias mutationOutputSelect checkBoolExp
 
           -- WITH "with_alias" AS (<table_select>)
           -- SELECT (<mutation_output_select>) AS [mutation_response], (<check_constraint_select>) AS [check_constraint_select]
@@ -366,25 +367,6 @@ executeInsert userInfo stringifyNum sourceConfig annInsert = do
                 OpExpression EQ' (columnFieldExpression column) (ValueExpression value)
            in Where $ pure $ OrExpression $ map (AndExpression . map mkColumnEqExpression) pkeyValues
 
-    generateCheckConstraintSelect :: Expression -> Select
-    generateCheckConstraintSelect checkBoolExp =
-      let zeroValue = ValueExpression $ ODBC.IntValue 0
-          oneValue = ValueExpression $ ODBC.IntValue 1
-          caseExpression = ConditionalExpression checkBoolExp zeroValue oneValue
-          sumAggregate = OpAggregate "SUM" [caseExpression]
-       in emptySelect
-            { selectProjections = [AggregateProjection (Aliased sumAggregate "check")],
-              selectFrom = Just $ TSQL.FromIdentifier withAlias
-            }
-
-    selectMutationOutputAndCheckCondition :: Select -> Expression -> Select
-    selectMutationOutputAndCheckCondition mutationOutputSelect checkBoolExp =
-      let mutationOutputProjection =
-            ExpressionProjection $ Aliased (SelectExpression mutationOutputSelect) "mutation_response"
-          checkConstraintProjection =
-            ExpressionProjection $ Aliased (SelectExpression (generateCheckConstraintSelect checkBoolExp)) "check_constraint_select"
-       in emptySelect {selectProjections = [mutationOutputProjection, checkConstraintProjection]}
-
 -- Delete
 
 -- | Executes a Delete IR AST and return results as JSON.
@@ -443,6 +425,77 @@ buildDeleteTx deleteOperation stringifyNum = do
   -- Execute SELECT query and fetch mutation response
   encJFromText <$> Tx.singleRowQueryE fromMSSQLTxError mutationOutputSelectQuery
 
+-- | Executes an Update IR AST and return results as JSON.
+executeUpdate ::
+  MonadError QErr m =>
+  UserInfo ->
+  Bool ->
+  SourceConfig 'MSSQL ->
+  AnnotatedUpdateG 'MSSQL Void (UnpreparedValue 'MSSQL) ->
+  m (ExceptT QErr IO EncJSON)
+executeUpdate userInfo stringifyNum sourceConfig updateOperation = do
+  preparedUpdate <- traverse (prepareValueQuery $ _uiSession userInfo) updateOperation
+  let pool = _mscConnectionPool sourceConfig
+  if null $ updateOperations . _auBackend $ updateOperation
+    then pure $ pure $ IR.buildEmptyMutResp $ _auOutput preparedUpdate
+    else pure $ withMSSQLPool pool $ Tx.runTxE fromMSSQLTxError (buildUpdateTx preparedUpdate stringifyNum)
+
+-- | Converts an Update IR AST to a transaction of three update sql statements.
+--
+-- A GraphQL update mutation does two things:
+--
+-- 1. Update rows in a table according to some predicate
+-- 2. (Potentially) returns the updated rows (including relationships) as JSON
+--
+-- In order to complete these 2 things we need 3 SQL statements:
+--
+-- 1. SELECT INTO <temp_table> WHERE <false> - creates a temporary table
+--    with the same schema as the original table in which we'll store the updated rows
+--    from the table we are deleting
+-- 2. UPDATE SET FROM with OUTPUT - updates the rows from the table and inserts the
+--   updated rows to the temporary table from (1)
+-- 3. SELECT - constructs the @returning@ query from the temporary table, including
+--   relationships with other tables.
+buildUpdateTx ::
+  AnnotatedUpdate 'MSSQL ->
+  Bool ->
+  Tx.TxET QErr IO EncJSON
+buildUpdateTx updateOperation stringifyNum = do
+  let withAlias = "with_alias"
+      createTempTableQuery =
+        toQueryFlat $
+          TQ.fromSelectIntoTempTable $
+            TSQL.toSelectIntoTempTable tempTableNameUpdated (_auTable updateOperation) (_auAllCols updateOperation)
+  -- Create a temp table
+  Tx.unitQueryE fromMSSQLTxError createTempTableQuery
+  let updateQuery = TQ.fromUpdate <$> TSQL.fromUpdate updateOperation
+  updateQueryValidated <- toQueryFlat <$> V.runValidate (runFromIr updateQuery) `onLeft` (throw500 . tshow)
+  -- Execute UPDATE statement
+  Tx.unitQueryE fromMSSQLTxError updateQueryValidated
+  mutationOutputSelect <- mkMutationOutputSelect stringifyNum withAlias $ _auOutput updateOperation
+  let checkCondition = _auCheck updateOperation
+  -- The check constraint is translated to boolean expression
+  checkBoolExp <-
+    V.runValidate (runFromIr $ runReaderT (fromGBoolExp checkCondition) (EntityAlias withAlias))
+      `onLeft` (throw500 . tshow)
+
+  let withSelect =
+        emptySelect
+          { selectProjections = [StarProjection],
+            selectFrom = Just $ FromTempTable $ Aliased tempTableNameUpdated "updated_alias"
+          }
+      mutationOutputCheckConstraintSelect = selectMutationOutputAndCheckCondition withAlias mutationOutputSelect checkBoolExp
+      finalSelect = mutationOutputCheckConstraintSelect {selectWith = Just $ With $ pure $ Aliased withSelect withAlias}
+
+  -- Execute SELECT query to fetch mutation response and check constraint result
+  (responseText, checkConditionInt) <- Tx.singleRowQueryE fromMSSQLTxError (toQueryFlat $ TQ.fromSelect finalSelect)
+  -- Drop the temp table
+  Tx.unitQueryE fromMSSQLTxError $ toQueryFlat $ dropTempTableQuery tempTableNameUpdated
+  -- Raise an exception if the check condition is not met
+  unless (checkConditionInt == (0 :: Int)) $
+    throw400 PermissionError "check constraint of an update permission has failed"
+  pure $ encJFromText responseText
+
 -- | Generate a SQL SELECT statement which outputs the mutation response
 --
 -- For multi row inserts:
@@ -467,6 +520,40 @@ mkMutationOutputSelect stringifyNum withAlias = \case
     pure emptySelect {selectFor = forJson, selectProjections = projections}
   IR.MOutSinglerowObject singleRowField -> mkSelect stringifyNum withAlias JASSingleObject singleRowField
 
+-- | Generate a SQL SELECT statement which outputs the mutation response and check constraint result
+--
+-- The check constraint boolean expression is evaluated on mutated rows in a CASE expression so that
+-- the int value "0" is returned when check constraint is true otherwise the int value "1" is returned.
+-- We use "SUM" aggregation on the returned value and if check constraint on any row is not met, the summed
+-- value will not equal to "0" (always > 1).
+--
+--   <check_constraint_select> :=
+--     SELECT SUM(CASE WHEN <check_boolean_expression> THEN 0 ELSE 1 END) FROM [with_alias]
+--
+--   <mutation_output_select> :=
+--     SELECT (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM [with_alias]) AS [affected_rows], (select_from_returning) AS [returning] FOR JSON PATH, INCLUDE_NULL_VALUES, WITHOUT_ARRAY_WRAPPER
+--
+-- SELECT (<mutation_output_select>) AS [mutation_response], (<check_constraint_select>) AS [check_constraint_select]
+selectMutationOutputAndCheckCondition :: Text -> Select -> Expression -> Select
+selectMutationOutputAndCheckCondition alias mutationOutputSelect checkBoolExp =
+  let mutationOutputProjection =
+        ExpressionProjection $ Aliased (SelectExpression mutationOutputSelect) "mutation_response"
+      checkConstraintProjection =
+        -- apply ISNULL() to avoid check constraint select statement yielding empty rows
+        ExpressionProjection $
+          Aliased (FunctionExpression "ISNULL" [SelectExpression checkConstraintSelect, ValueExpression (ODBC.IntValue 0)]) "check_constraint_select"
+   in emptySelect {selectProjections = [mutationOutputProjection, checkConstraintProjection]}
+  where
+    checkConstraintSelect =
+      let zeroValue = ValueExpression $ ODBC.IntValue 0
+          oneValue = ValueExpression $ ODBC.IntValue 1
+          caseExpression = ConditionalExpression checkBoolExp zeroValue oneValue
+          sumAggregate = OpAggregate "SUM" [caseExpression]
+       in emptySelect
+            { selectProjections = [AggregateProjection (Aliased sumAggregate "check")],
+              selectFrom = Just $ TSQL.FromIdentifier alias
+            }
+
 mkSelect ::
   MonadError QErr m =>
   Bool ->

server/src-lib/Hasura/Backends/MSSQL/Instances/Schema.hs

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ instance BackendSchema 'MSSQL where
   buildTableRelayQueryFields = msBuildTableRelayQueryFields
   buildTableInsertMutationFields = msBuildTableInsertMutationFields
   buildTableDeleteMutationFields = GSB.buildTableDeleteMutationFields
-  buildTableUpdateMutationFields = \_ _ _ _ _ _ -> return [] -- see _msBuildTableUpdateMutationFields.
+  buildTableUpdateMutationFields = msBuildTableUpdateMutationFields
 
   buildFunctionQueryFields = msBuildFunctionQueryFields
   buildFunctionRelayQueryFields = msBuildFunctionRelayQueryFields
@@ -121,10 +121,7 @@ getExtraInsertData tableInfo =
       identityColumns = _tciExtraTableMetadata $ _tiCoreInfo tableInfo
    in MSSQLExtraInsertData (fromMaybe [] pkeyColumns) identityColumns
 
--- Replace the instance implementation of 'buildTableUpdateMutationFields' with
--- the below when we have an executable implementation of updates, in order to
--- enable the update schema.
-_msBuildTableUpdateMutationFields ::
+msBuildTableUpdateMutationFields ::
   MonadBuildSchema 'MSSQL r m n =>
   SourceName ->
   TableName 'MSSQL ->
@@ -133,7 +130,7 @@ _msBuildTableUpdateMutationFields ::
   UpdPermInfo 'MSSQL ->
   Maybe (SelPermInfo 'MSSQL) ->
   m [FieldParser n (AnnotatedUpdateG 'MSSQL (RemoteRelationshipField UnpreparedValue) (UnpreparedValue 'MSSQL))]
-_msBuildTableUpdateMutationFields =
+msBuildTableUpdateMutationFields =
   GSB.buildTableUpdateMutationFields
     ( \ti updPerms ->
         fmap BackendUpdate

server/src-lib/Hasura/Backends/MSSQL/ToQuery.hs

@@ -10,12 +10,15 @@ module Hasura.Backends.MSSQL.ToQuery
     fromInsert,
     fromSetIdentityInsert,
     fromDelete,
+    fromUpdate,
     fromSelectIntoTempTable,
+    dropTempTableQuery,
     Printer (..),
   )
 where
 
 import Data.Aeson (ToJSON (..))
+import Data.HashMap.Strict qualified as HM
 import Data.List (intersperse)
 import Data.String
 import Data.Text qualified as T
@@ -23,8 +26,7 @@ import Data.Text.Extended qualified as T
 import Data.Text.Lazy qualified as L
 import Data.Text.Lazy.Builder qualified as L
 import Database.ODBC.SQLServer
-import Hasura.Backends.MSSQL.Types.Instances ()
-import Hasura.Backends.MSSQL.Types.Internal
+import Hasura.Backends.MSSQL.Types
 import Hasura.Prelude hiding (GT, LT)
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -112,6 +114,11 @@ fromExpression =
         <+> " ("
         <+> fromExpression y
         <+> ")"
+    FunctionExpression function args ->
+      fromString (T.unpack function)
+        <+> "("
+        <+> SepByPrinter ", " (map fromExpression args)
+        <+> ")"
     ListExpression xs -> SepByPrinter ", " $ fromExpression <$> xs
     STOpExpression op e str ->
       "(" <+> fromExpression e <+> ")."
@@ -184,6 +191,9 @@ fromInsertOutput = fromOutput fromInserted
 fromDeleteOutput :: DeleteOutput -> Printer
 fromDeleteOutput = fromOutput fromDeleted
 
+fromUpdateOutput :: UpdateOutput -> Printer
+fromUpdateOutput = fromOutput fromInserted
+
 fromValues :: Values -> Printer
 fromValues (Values values) =
   "( " <+> SepByPrinter ", " (map fromExpression values) <+> " )"
@@ -233,6 +243,42 @@ fromDelete Delete {deleteTable, deleteOutput, deleteTempTable, deleteWhere} =
       fromWhere deleteWhere
     ]
 
+-- | Generate an update statement
+--
+-- > Update
+-- >    (Aliased (TableName "table" "schema") "alias")
+-- >    (fromList [(ColumnName "name", ValueExpression (TextValue "updated_name"))])
+-- >    (Output Inserted)
+-- >    (TempTable (TempTableName "updated") [ColumnName "id", ColumnName "name"])
+-- >    (Where [OpExpression EQ' (ColumnName "id") (ValueExpression (IntValue 1))])
+--
+-- Becomes:
+--
+-- > UPDATE [alias] SET [alias].[name] = 'updated_name' OUTPUT INSERTED.[id], INSERTED.[name] INTO
+-- > #updated([id], [name]) FROM [schema].[table] AS [alias] WHERE (id = 1)
+fromUpdate :: Update -> Printer
+fromUpdate Update {..} =
+  SepByPrinter
+    NewlinePrinter
+    [ "UPDATE " <+> fromNameText (aliasedAlias updateTable),
+      fromUpdateSet updateSet,
+      fromUpdateOutput updateOutput,
+      "INTO " <+> fromTempTable updateTempTable,
+      "FROM " <+> fromAliased (fmap fromTableName updateTable),
+      fromWhere updateWhere
+    ]
+  where
+    fromUpdateSet :: UpdateSet -> Printer
+    fromUpdateSet setColumns =
+      let updateColumnValue (column, updateOp) =
+            fromColumnName column <+> fromUpdateOperator (fromExpression <$> updateOp)
+       in "SET " <+> SepByPrinter ", " (map updateColumnValue (HM.toList setColumns))
+
+    fromUpdateOperator :: UpdateOperator Printer -> Printer
+    fromUpdateOperator = \case
+      UpdateSet p -> " = " <+> p
+      UpdateInc p -> " += " <+> p
+
 -- | Converts `SelectIntoTempTable`.
 --
 --  > SelectIntoTempTable (TempTableName "deleted")  [UnifiedColumn "id" IntegerType, UnifiedColumn "name" TextType] (TableName "table" "schema")
@@ -281,6 +327,11 @@ fromTempTable :: TempTable -> Printer
 fromTempTable (TempTable table columns) =
   fromTempTableName table <+> parens (SepByPrinter ", " (map fromColumnName columns))
 
+-- | @TempTableName "temp_table" is converted to "DROP TABLE #temp_table"
+dropTempTableQuery :: TempTableName -> Printer
+dropTempTableQuery tempTableName =
+  QueryPrinter "DROP TABLE " <+> fromTempTableName tempTableName
+
 fromSelect :: Select -> Printer
 fromSelect Select {..} = fmap fromWith selectWith ?<+> wrapFor selectFor result
   where

server/src-lib/Hasura/Backends/MSSQL/Types.hs

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+-- | This module exports modules @Hasura.Backends.MSSQL.Types.*@
+module Hasura.Backends.MSSQL.Types
+  ( module M,
+  )
+where
+
+import Hasura.Backends.MSSQL.Types.Insert as M
+import Hasura.Backends.MSSQL.Types.Instances ()
+import Hasura.Backends.MSSQL.Types.Internal as M
+import Hasura.Backends.MSSQL.Types.Update as M

server/src-lib/Hasura/Backends/MSSQL/Types/Internal.hs

@@ -71,6 +71,7 @@ module Hasura.Backends.MSSQL.Types.Internal
     snakeCaseTableName,
     stringTypes,
     tempTableNameDeleted,
+    tempTableNameUpdated,
   )
 where
 
@@ -217,6 +218,9 @@ newtype TempTableName = TempTableName Text
 tempTableNameDeleted :: TempTableName
 tempTableNameDeleted = TempTableName "deleted"
 
+tempTableNameUpdated :: TempTableName
+tempTableNameUpdated = TempTableName "updated"
+
 data TempTable = TempTable
   { ttName :: !TempTableName,
     ttColumns :: ![ColumnName]
@@ -311,6 +315,8 @@ data Expression
   | -- | This is for getting actual atomic values out of a JSON
     -- string.
     JsonValueExpression Expression JsonPath
+  | -- | This is for evaluating SQL functions, text(e1, e2, ..).
+    FunctionExpression Text [Expression]
   | OpExpression Op Expression Expression
   | ListExpression [Expression]
   | STOpExpression SpatialOp Expression Expression

server/src-lib/Hasura/Backends/MSSQL/Types/Update.hs

@@ -2,11 +2,14 @@
 module Hasura.Backends.MSSQL.Types.Update
   ( BackendUpdate (..),
     UpdateOperator (..),
+    Update (..),
+    UpdateSet,
+    UpdateOutput,
   )
 where
 
 import Hasura.Backends.MSSQL.Types.Instances ()
-import Hasura.Backends.MSSQL.Types.Internal qualified as MSSQL
+import Hasura.Backends.MSSQL.Types.Internal
 import Hasura.Prelude
 
 -- | The MSSQL-specific data of an Update expression.
@@ -16,7 +19,7 @@ import Hasura.Prelude
 -- the data at the leaves.
 data BackendUpdate v = BackendUpdate
   { -- | The update operations to perform on each column.
-    updateOperations :: HashMap MSSQL.ColumnName (UpdateOperator v)
+    updateOperations :: HashMap ColumnName (UpdateOperator v)
   }
   deriving (Functor, Foldable, Traversable, Generic, Data)
 
@@ -29,3 +32,17 @@ data UpdateOperator v
   = UpdateSet v
   | UpdateInc v
   deriving (Functor, Foldable, Traversable, Generic, Data)
+
+type UpdateSet = HashMap ColumnName (UpdateOperator Expression)
+
+type UpdateOutput = Output Inserted
+
+-- | UPDATE [table_alias] SET [table_alias].column = 'value' OUTPUT INSERTED.column INTO #updated
+-- FROM [table_name] AS [table_alias] WHERE <filter-expression>
+data Update = Update
+  { updateTable :: Aliased TableName,
+    updateSet :: UpdateSet,
+    updateOutput :: UpdateOutput,
+    updateTempTable :: TempTable,
+    updateWhere :: Where
+  }

server/tests-py/queries/graphql_mutation/update/basic/article_column_multiple_operators_mssql.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+description: Update an article with a column used in multiple operators
+url: /v1/graphql
+status: 200
+query:
+  query: |
+    mutation {
+      update_article(
+        _set: {author_id: 2}
+        _inc: {author_id: 1}
+        where: {id: {_eq: 1}}
+      ){
+        affected_rows
+      }
+    }
+response:
+  errors:
+  - extensions:
+      path: "$.selectionSet.update_article.args"
+      code: validation-failed
+    message: 'Column found in multiple operators: "author_id".'

server/tests-py/queries/graphql_mutation/update/basic/article_inc_mssql.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+description: Increment author_id for the article which will re-assign the author
+url: /v1/graphql
+status: 200
+query:
+  query: |
+    mutation {
+      update_article(_inc: {author_id: 1}, where: {id: {_eq: 1}}){
+        affected_rows
+        returning{
+          id
+          title
+          content
+          author{
+            id
+            name
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+response:
+  data:
+    update_article:
+      affected_rows: 1
+      returning:
+      - id: 1
+        title: Article 1
+        content: Sample article content 1
+        author:
+          id: 2
+          name: Author 2

server/tests-py/queries/graphql_mutation/update/basic/author_by_pk_mssql.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+description: Update a row of author by primary key
+url: /v1/graphql
+status: 200
+query:
+  query: |
+    mutation {
+      update_author_by_pk(
+        _set: {name: "Author 2 updated"}
+        pk_columns: {id: 2}
+      ){
+        id
+        name
+        articles_aggregate{
+          aggregate{
+            count
+          }
+          nodes{
+            id
+            title
+            content
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+response:
+  data:
+    update_author_by_pk:
+      id: 2
+      name: Author 2 updated
+      articles_aggregate:
+        aggregate:
+          count: 1
+        nodes:
+        - id: 3
+          title: Article 3
+          content: Sample article content 3

server/tests-py/queries/graphql_mutation/update/basic/author_by_pk_null_mssql.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+description: Update a row of author by primary key
+url: /v1/graphql
+status: 200
+query:
+  query: |
+    mutation {
+      update_author_by_pk(
+        _set: {name: "Author 2 updated"}
+        pk_columns: {id: 123}
+      ){
+        id
+        name
+      }
+    }
+response:
+data:
+  update_author_by_pk: null

server/tests-py/queries/graphql_mutation/update/basic/author_no_operator_mssql.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+description: Update author mutation without any update operators should result in empty mutation response
+url: /v1/graphql
+status: 200
+query:
+  query: |
+    mutation {
+      update_author(where: {id: {_eq: 1}}){
+        affected_rows
+      }
+    }
+response:
+  data:
+    update_author:
+      affected_rows: 0

server/tests-py/queries/graphql_mutation/update/basic/author_set_name_mssql.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+description: Update mutation on author
+url: /v1/graphql
+status: 200
+query:
+  query: |
+    mutation {
+      update_author(
+        where: {id: {_eq: 1}},
+        _set: {name: "Author 1 updated"}
+      ){
+        affected_rows
+        returning{
+          id
+          name
+          articles{
+            id
+            title
+            content
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+response:
+  data:
+    update_author:
+      affected_rows: 1
+      returning:
+      - id: 1
+        name: Author 1 updated
+        articles:
+        - id: 1
+          title: Article 1
+          content: Sample article content 1
+        - id: 2
+          title: Article 2
+          content: Sample article content 2

server/tests-py/queries/graphql_mutation/update/basic/numerics_inc_mssql.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+description: Updated numerics data using _inc operator
+url: /v1/graphql
+status: 200
+query:
+  query: |
+    mutation {
+      update_numerics(
+        where: {id: {_eq: 1}}
+        _inc: {
+          numeric_col: -1.1
+          decimal_col: -1.1
+          int_col: -1
+          smallint_col: -1
+          float_col: -1.1
+          real_col: -1.1
+          bigint_col: -1
+          tinyint_col: -1
+        }
+      ){
+        affected_rows
+        returning{
+          numeric_col
+          decimal_col
+          int_col
+          smallint_col
+          float_col
+          real_col
+          bigint_col
+          tinyint_col
+        }
+      }
+    }
+response:
+  data:
+    update_numerics:
+      affected_rows: 1
+      returning:
+      - numeric_col: 0
+        decimal_col: 122
+        int_col: 2147483646
+        smallint_col: 3276
+        float_col: -306.87
+        real_col: -37.919998
+        bigint_col: 9223372036854775806
+        tinyint_col: 253

server/tests-py/queries/graphql_mutation/update/basic/schema_setup_mssql.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+type: bulk
+args:
+
+#Create tables
+- type: mssql_run_sql
+  args:
+    source: mssql
+    sql: |
+      -- author table
+      create table author(
+          id int identity not null primary key,
+          name text
+      );
+      -- article table
+      CREATE TABLE article (
+        id INT IDENTITY NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
+        title TEXT,
+        content TEXT,
+        author_id INTEGER REFERENCES author(id),
+        is_published BIT,
+        published_on TIMESTAMP
+      );
+      -- table with numeric columns
+      CREATE TABLE numerics (
+        id INT IDENTITY NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
+        numeric_col numeric,
+        decimal_col decimal,
+        int_col int,
+        smallint_col smallint,
+        float_col float,
+        real_col real,
+        bigint_col bigint,
+        tinyint_col tinyint
+      );

server/tests-py/queries/graphql_mutation/update/basic/schema_teardown_mssql.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+type: bulk
+args:
+
+- type: mssql_run_sql
+  args:
+    source: mssql
+    sql: |
+      DROP TABLE article;
+      DROP TABLE author;
+      DROP TABLE numerics;
+    cascade: true

server/tests-py/queries/graphql_mutation/update/basic/setup_mssql.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+type: bulk
+args:
+
+- type: mssql_track_table
+  args:
+    source: mssql
+    table:
+      name: author
+
+- type: mssql_track_table
+  args:
+    source: mssql
+    table:
+      name: article
+
+- type: mssql_track_table
+  args:
+    source: mssql
+    table:
+      name: numerics
+
+#Object relationship article <-> author
+- type: mssql_create_object_relationship
+  args:
+    source: mssql
+    table: article
+    name: author
+    using:
+      foreign_key_constraint_on: author_id
+
+#Array relationship author <-> article
+- type: mssql_create_array_relationship
+  args:
+    source: mssql
+    table: author
+    name: articles
+    using:
+      foreign_key_constraint_on:
+        table: article
+        column: author_id

server/tests-py/queries/graphql_mutation/update/basic/teardown_mssql.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+type: bulk
+args:
+
+#Drop relationships
+- type: mssql_drop_relationship
+  args:
+    source: mssql
+    table:
+      name: author
+    relationship: articles
+
+- type: mssql_drop_relationship
+  args:
+    source: mssql
+    table:
+      name: article
+    relationship: author
+
+#Untrack tables
+- type: mssql_untrack_table
+  args:
+    source: mssql
+    table:
+      name: author
+      cascade: true
+
+- type: mssql_untrack_table
+  args:
+    source: mssql
+    table:
+      name: article
+      cascade: true
+
+- type: mssql_untrack_table
+  args:
+    source: mssql
+    table:
+      name: numerics
+      cascade: true

server/tests-py/queries/graphql_mutation/update/basic/values_setup_mssql.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+type: bulk
+args:
+
+- type: mssql_run_sql
+  args:
+    source: mssql
+    sql: |
+      -- insert data
+      INSERT INTO author (name)
+        VALUES
+        ('Author 1'),
+        ('Author 2')
+      ;
+      INSERT INTO article (title,content,author_id,is_published)
+        VALUES
+        (
+          'Article 1',
+          'Sample article content 1',
+          1,
+          0
+        ),
+        (
+          'Article 2',
+          'Sample article content 2',
+          1,
+          1
+        ),
+        (
+          'Article 3',
+          'Sample article content 3',
+          2,
+          1
+        )
+      ;
+
+      INSERT INTO numerics (
+        numeric_col,
+        decimal_col,
+        int_col,
+        smallint_col,
+        float_col,
+        real_col,
+        bigint_col,
+        tinyint_col
+        ) VALUES ( 1.234
+                 , 123.45
+                 , 2147483647
+                 , 3277
+                 , 2.23E -308
+                 , 1.18E - 38
+                 , 9223372036854775807
+                 , 254
+                 )
+      ;

server/tests-py/queries/graphql_mutation/update/basic/values_teardown_mssql.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+type: bulk
+args:
+
+#truncate data
+- type: mssql_run_sql
+  args:
+    source: mssql
+    sql: |
+      -- delete rows from table
+      DELETE FROM article;
+      DELETE FROM author;
+      DELETE FROM numerics;
+      -- reset identity columns
+      DBCC CHECKIDENT ('article', RESEED, 0);
+      DBCC CHECKIDENT ('author', RESEED, 0);
+      DBCC CHECKIDENT ('numerics', RESEED, 0);

server/tests-py/queries/graphql_mutation/update/permissions/schema_setup_mssql.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+type: bulk
+args:
+
+#Create tables
+- type: mssql_run_sql
+  args:
+    source: mssql
+    sql: |
+      -- author table
+      create table author(
+          id int identity not null primary key,
+          name text
+      );
+      -- article table
+      CREATE TABLE article (
+        id INT IDENTITY NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
+        title TEXT,
+        content TEXT,
+        author_id INTEGER REFERENCES author(id),
+        is_published BIT,
+        published_on TIMESTAMP
+      );

server/tests-py/queries/graphql_mutation/update/permissions/schema_teardown_mssql.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+type: bulk
+args:
+
+- type: mssql_run_sql
+  args:
+    source: mssql
+    sql: |
+      DROP TABLE article;
+      DROP TABLE author;
+    cascade: true

server/tests-py/queries/graphql_mutation/update/permissions/setup_mssql.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+type: bulk
+args:
+
+- type: mssql_track_table
+  args:
+    source: mssql
+    table:
+      name: author
+
+- type: mssql_track_table
+  args:
+    source: mssql
+    table:
+      name: article
+
+#Object relationship article <-> author
+- type: mssql_create_object_relationship
+  args:
+    source: mssql
+    table: article
+    name: author
+    using:
+      foreign_key_constraint_on: author_id
+
+#Array relationship author <-> article
+- type: mssql_create_array_relationship
+  args:
+    source: mssql
+    table: author
+    name: articles
+    using:
+      foreign_key_constraint_on:
+        table: article
+        column: author_id
+
+#Author select permission for user
+- type: mssql_create_select_permission
+  args:
+    source: mssql
+    table: author
+    role: user
+    permission:
+      columns: [id, name]
+      filter:
+        id: X-HASURA-USER-ID
+
+#Author update permission for user
+- type: mssql_create_update_permission
+  args:
+    source: mssql
+    table: author
+    role: user
+    permission:
+      columns:
+      - name
+      filter:
+        id: X-Hasura-User-Id
+
+#Article select permission for user
+- type: mssql_create_select_permission
+  args:
+    source: mssql
+    table: article
+    role: user
+    permission:
+      columns: '*'
+      filter:
+        $or:
+          - author_id: X-HASURA-USER-ID
+          - is_published: 1
+
+#Article update permission for user
+#Allow modifications only on unpublished articles
+- type: mssql_create_update_permission
+  args:
+    source: mssql
+    table: article
+    role: user
+    permission:
+      columns:
+      - title
+      - content
+      - is_published
+      - published_on
+      filter:
+        $and:
+          - author_id: X-HASURA-USER-ID
+          - is_published: 0
+      check:
+        is_published: 0

server/tests-py/queries/graphql_mutation/update/permissions/teardown_mssql.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+type: bulk
+args:
+
+#Drop relationships
+- type: mssql_drop_relationship
+  args:
+    source: mssql
+    table:
+      name: author
+    relationship: articles
+
+- type: mssql_drop_relationship
+  args:
+    source: mssql
+    table:
+      name: article
+    relationship: author
+
+#Untrack tables
+- type: mssql_untrack_table
+  args:
+    source: mssql
+    table:
+      name: author
+      cascade: true
+
+- type: mssql_untrack_table
+  args:
+    source: mssql
+    table:
+      name: article
+      cascade: true

server/tests-py/queries/graphql_mutation/update/permissions/user_can_update_unpublished_article_mssql.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+description: Update mutation on article
+url: /v1/graphql
+status: 200
+headers:
+  X-Hasura-Role: user
+  X-Hasura-User-Id: '1'
+query:
+  query: |
+    mutation {
+      update_article(
+        where: {id: {_eq: 1}}
+        _set: {content: "Author 1 article content updated"}
+      ){
+        affected_rows
+        returning{
+          id
+          title
+          content
+          is_published
+          author{
+            id
+            name
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+response:
+  data:
+    update_article:
+      affected_rows: 1
+      returning:
+      - id: 1
+        title: Article 1
+        content: Author 1 article content updated
+        is_published: false
+        author:
+          id: 1
+          name: Author 1

server/tests-py/queries/graphql_mutation/update/permissions/user_cannot_publish_mssql.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+description: Update mutation on article whose check constraint is not met. Trying to publish the article with user role.
+url: /v1/graphql
+status: 200
+headers:
+  X-Hasura-Role: user
+  X-Hasura-User-Id: '1'
+query:
+  query: |
+    mutation {
+      update_article(
+        where: {id: {_eq: 1}}
+        _set: {is_published: true}
+      ){
+        affected_rows
+        returning{
+          id
+          title
+          content
+          is_published
+          author{
+            id
+            name
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+response:
+  errors:
+  - extensions:
+      path: "$"
+      code: permission-error
+    message: check constraint of an update permission has failed

server/tests-py/queries/graphql_mutation/update/permissions/user_cannot_update_another_users_article_mssql.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+description: Update mutation on article where filter condition is not met. Article with id = 1 belongs to author id = 1 and it is published. Trying to update the article as author id = 2.
+url: /v1/graphql
+status: 200
+headers:
+  X-Hasura-Role: user
+  X-Hasura-User-Id: '2'
+query:
+  query: |
+    mutation {
+      update_article(
+        where: {id: {_eq: 1}}
+        _set: {content: "Author 1 article content updated"}
+      ){
+        affected_rows
+        returning{
+          id
+          title
+          content
+          is_published
+          author{
+            id
+            name
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+response:
+  data:
+    update_article:
+      affected_rows: 0
+      returning: []

server/tests-py/queries/graphql_mutation/update/permissions/user_cannot_update_id_col_article_mssql.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+description: Update mutation on article where updating a column has been restricted.
+url: /v1/graphql
+status: 200
+headers:
+  X-Hasura-Role: user
+  X-Hasura-User-Id: '1'
+query:
+  query: |
+    mutation {
+      update_article(
+        where: {id: {_eq: 1}}
+        _set: {id: 2}
+      ){
+        affected_rows
+        returning{
+          id
+          title
+          content
+          is_published
+          author{
+            id
+            name
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+response:
+  errors:
+  - extensions:
+      path: "$.selectionSet.update_article.args._set.id"
+      code: validation-failed
+    message: 'field "id" not found in type: ''article_set_input'''

server/tests-py/queries/graphql_mutation/update/permissions/user_cannot_update_published_article_mssql.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+description: Update mutation on article where filter condition is not met. Article with id = 2 belongs to author id = 2 and it is unpublished.
+url: /v1/graphql
+status: 200
+headers:
+  X-Hasura-Role: user
+  X-Hasura-User-Id: '2'
+query:
+  query: |
+    mutation {
+      update_article(
+        where: {id: {_eq: 2}}
+        _set: {content: "Author 2 article content updated"}
+      ){
+        affected_rows
+        returning{
+          id
+          title
+          content
+          is_published
+          author{
+            id
+            name
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+response:
+  data:
+    update_article:
+      affected_rows: 0
+      returning: []

server/tests-py/queries/graphql_mutation/update/permissions/user_update_author_mssql.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+description: Update name of an author
+url: /v1/graphql
+status: 200
+headers:
+  X-Hasura-Role: user
+  X-Hasura-User-Id: '1'
+query:
+  query: |
+    mutation {
+      update_author(
+        where: {id: {_eq: 1}}
+        _set: {name: "Author 1 updated"}
+      ){
+        affected_rows
+        returning{
+          id
+          name
+          articles{
+            id
+            title
+            content
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+response:
+  data:
+    update_author:
+      affected_rows: 1
+      returning:
+      - id: 1
+        name: Author 1 updated
+        articles:
+        - id: 1
+          title: Article 1
+          content: Sample article content 1
+        - id: 2
+          title: Article 2
+          content: Sample article content 2

server/tests-py/queries/graphql_mutation/update/permissions/user_update_author_other_userid_mssql.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+description: Trying to update name of author whose id /= X-Hasura-User-Id. This shouldn't mutate any data as permission filter condition is not met.
+url: /v1/graphql
+status: 200
+headers:
+  X-Hasura-Role: user
+  X-Hasura-User-Id: '1'
+query:
+  query: |
+    mutation {
+      update_author(
+        where: {id: {_eq: 2}}
+        _set: {name: "Author 1 updated"}
+      ){
+        affected_rows
+        returning{
+          id
+          name
+          articles{
+            id
+            title
+            content
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+response:
+  data:
+    update_author:
+      affected_rows: 0
+      returning: []

server/tests-py/queries/graphql_mutation/update/permissions/values_setup_mssql.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+type: bulk
+args:
+
+- type: mssql_run_sql
+  args:
+    source: mssql
+    sql: |
+      -- insert data
+      INSERT INTO author (name)
+        VALUES
+        ('Author 1'),
+        ('Author 2')
+      ;
+      INSERT INTO article (title,content,author_id,is_published)
+        VALUES
+        (
+          'Article 1',
+          'Sample article content 1',
+          1,
+          0
+        ),
+        (
+          'Article 2',
+          'Sample article content 2',
+          1,
+          1
+        ),
+        (
+          'Article 3',
+          'Sample article content 3',
+          2,
+          1
+        )
+      ;

server/tests-py/queries/graphql_mutation/update/permissions/values_teardown_mssql.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+type: bulk
+args:
+
+#truncate data
+- type: mssql_run_sql
+  args:
+    source: mssql
+    sql: |
+      -- delete rows from table
+      DELETE FROM article;
+      DELETE FROM author;
+      -- reset identity columns
+      DBCC CHECKIDENT ('article', RESEED, 0);
+      DBCC CHECKIDENT ('author', RESEED, 0);

server/tests-py/test_graphql_mutations.py

@@ -512,6 +512,63 @@ class TestGraphqlUpdatePermissions:
     def dir(cls):
         return "queries/graphql_mutation/update/permissions"
 
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("backend", ['mssql'])
+@use_mutation_fixtures
+class TestGraphqlUpdateBasicMssql:
+
+    def test_set_author_name(self, hge_ctx):
+        check_query_f(hge_ctx, self.dir() + "/author_set_name_mssql.yaml")
+
+    def test_article_inc(self, hge_ctx):
+        check_query_f(hge_ctx, self.dir() + "/article_inc_mssql.yaml")
+
+    def test_author_no_operator(self, hge_ctx):
+        check_query_f(hge_ctx, self.dir() + "/author_no_operator_mssql.yaml")
+
+    def test_article_column_multiple_operators(self, hge_ctx):
+        check_query_f(hge_ctx, self.dir() + "/article_column_multiple_operators_mssql.yaml")
+
+    def test_author_by_pk(self, hge_ctx):
+        check_query_f(hge_ctx, self.dir() + "/author_by_pk_mssql.yaml")
+
+    def test_author_by_pk_null(self, hge_ctx):
+        check_query_f(hge_ctx, self.dir() + "/author_by_pk_null_mssql.yaml")
+
+    def test_numerics_inc(self, hge_ctx):
+        check_query_f(hge_ctx, self.dir() + "/numerics_inc_mssql.yaml")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def dir(cls):
+        return "queries/graphql_mutation/update/basic"
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("backend", ['mssql'])
+@use_mutation_fixtures
+class TestGraphqlUpdatePermissionsMssql:
+
+    def test_user_update_author(self, hge_ctx):
+        check_query_f(hge_ctx, self.dir() + "/user_update_author_mssql.yaml")
+
+    def test_user_update_author_other_userid(self, hge_ctx):
+        check_query_f(hge_ctx, self.dir() + "/user_update_author_other_userid_mssql.yaml")
+
+    def test_user_can_update_unpublished_article(self, hge_ctx):
+        check_query_f(hge_ctx, self.dir() + "/user_can_update_unpublished_article_mssql.yaml")
+
+    def test_user_cannot_update_published_article(self, hge_ctx):
+        check_query_f(hge_ctx, self.dir() + "/user_cannot_update_published_article_mssql.yaml")
+
+    def test_user_cannot_update_id_col_article(self, hge_ctx):
+        check_query_f(hge_ctx, self.dir() + "/user_cannot_update_id_col_article_mssql.yaml")
+
+    def test_user_cannot_update_another_users_article(self, hge_ctx):
+        check_query_f(hge_ctx, self.dir() + "/user_cannot_update_another_users_article_mssql.yaml")
+
+    def test_user_cannot_publish(self, hge_ctx):
+        check_query_f(hge_ctx, self.dir() + "/user_cannot_publish_mssql.yaml")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def dir(cls):
+        return "queries/graphql_mutation/update/permissions"
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("transport", ['http', 'websocket'])
 @use_mutation_fixtures