.. meta::
   :description: Codegen for Hasura actions in Python & Flask
   :keywords: hasura, docs, actions, codegen, guide, python, flask

.. _actions_codegen_python_flask:

GraphQL API with Python & Flask: JWT authentication
===================================================

.. contents:: Table of contents
  :backlinks: none
  :depth: 1
  :local:

Introduction
------------

In this example, we will discuss how to use Hasura actions and codegen to build a Python & Flask API for JWT authentication.

Step 1: Create action definition & custom types
-----------------------------------------------

We assume a ``user`` table with fields ``email`` and ``password``.

We create two :ref:`actions <create_actions>` and :ref:`custom types <custom_types>`: 

1. ``Signup``: returns a ``CreateUserOutput``

.. code-block:: graphql

  type Mutation {
    Signup (email: String! password: String!): CreateUserOutput
  }

  type CreateUserOutput {
    id : Int!
    email : String!
    password : String!
  }

2. ``Login``: returns a ``JsonWebToken``

.. code-block:: graphql

  type Mutation {
    Login (email: String! password: String!): JsonWebToken
  }

  type JsonWebToken {
    token : String!
  }

Example: creating the ``Signup`` action

.. thumbnail:: ../../../../img/graphql/core/actions/python-flask-signup-types.png
  :width: 1000px
  :alt: Python Flask signup types
  :class: no-shadow

Step 2: Action handler implementation for signup
------------------------------------------------

If we check the ``Codegen`` tab, we can see that a nice scaffold has been generated for us from the GraphQL types we defined.

Now we need to implement the business logic for ``Signup``. Our action will do the following:

* Recieve the action arguments ``email`` and ``password`` on ``request``, and pass those values to ``SignupArgs.from_request()``
* Convert the plaintext password input into a hashed secure password with Argon2
* Send a mutation to Hasura to save the newly created user with the hashed password
* Return the created user object to signal success, or else error

The first thing we have to implement is the Argon2 password hashing. We will use `argon2-cffi <https://github.com/hynek/argon2-cffi>`_ for this. The second thing is a library for making requests to Hasura for mutations/queries, our choice will be `requests <https://github.com/psf/requests>`_.

Our ``requirements.txt`` will now look like: ::

  flask
  argon2-cffi
  requests
  pyjwt

On to the implementation.

Signup handler & password hashing
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

For password hashing, the ``argon2`` API is minimal and straightforward: an instance of a password hasher is created with ``PasswordHasher()``, which has methods ``.hash(password)``, ``.verify(hashed_password, password)``, and ``.check_needs_rehash(hashed_password)``.

In our signup handler, the first thing we'll do is convert the action input password to a secure hash:

.. code-block:: python

  from argon2 import PasswordHasher
  Password = PasswordHasher()

  @app.route("/signup", methods=["POST"])
  def signup_handler():
      args = AuthArgs.from_request(request.get_json())
      hashed_password = Password.hash(args.password)

GraphQL request client
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Next, since we have the user's email and hashed password, we need to send a request to Hasura to save them in the database. For that, we'll need a request client implementation:

.. code-block:: python

  from requests import request

  @dataclass
  class Client:
      url: str
      headers: dict

      def run_query(self, query: str, variables: dict, extract=False):
          request = requests.post(
              self.url,
              headers=self.headers,
              json={"query": query, "variables": variables},
          )
          assert request.ok, f"Failed with code {request.status_code}"
          return request.json()

      create_user = lambda self, email, password: self.run_query(
          """
              mutation CreateUser($email: String!, $password: String!) {
                  insert_user_one(object: {email: $email, password: $password}) {
                      id
                      email
                      password
                  }
              }
          """,
          {"email": email, "password": password},
      )

Here we create a utility class for handling our Hasura operations. It takes an URL and headers object as initialization options, and exposes a method ``.run_query()`` for performing GraphQL requests. We create the query function for saving our user in the ``Signup`` action as a class method as well.

We can instantiate the ``Client`` like this:

.. code-block:: python

  HASURA_URL = "http://graphql-engine:8080/v1/graphql"
  HASURA_HEADERS = {"X-Hasura-Admin-Secret": "your-secret"}

  client = Client(url=HASURA_URL, headers=HASURA_HEADERS)

Now, in our ``Signup`` action handler, we need to call ``client.create_user()`` with the input email and the hashed password value to save them, then return the result:

.. code-block:: python

  @app.route("/signup", methods=["POST"])
  def signup_handler():
      args = AuthArgs.from_request(request.get_json())
      hashed_password = Password.hash(args.password)
      user_response = client.create_user(args.email, hashed_password)
      if user_response.get("errors"):
          return {"message": user_response["errors"][0]["message"]}, 400
      else:
          user = user_response["data"]["insert_user_one"]
          return CreateUserOutput(**user).to_json()

To test this out, send an HTTP request to your Flask API at ``/signup`` with an email and password: 

.. code-block:: http

  POST http://localhost:5000/signup HTTP/1.1
  content-type: application/json

  {
    "input": {
      "email": "user@test.com",
      "password": "password123"
    }
  }

You should get a successful response like this:

.. code-block:: http

  HTTP/1.0 200 OK
  Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
  Content-Length: 129
  Server: Werkzeug/1.0.1 Python/3.8.2
  Date: Sun, 10 May 2020 19:58:23 GMT

  {
    "id": 1,
    "email": "user@test.com",
    "password": "$argon2id$v=19$m=102400,t=2,p=8$fSmC349hY74QoGRTD0w$OYQYd/PP9kYsy9gRnDF1oQ"
  }

Now our ``Signup`` action is functional! The last piece is create the ``Login`` handler, which will do a password comparison, and then return a signed JWT if successful.

Step 3: Action handler implementation for login
-----------------------------------------------

The first thing we need is a new request method on our ``Client`` class to find a user by email, so that we can look them up to compare the password. Under ``create_user``, create the following new method:

.. code-block:: python

  find_user_by_email = lambda self, email: self.run_query(
      """
          query UserByEmail($email: String!) {
              user(where: {email: {_eq: $email}}, limit: 1) {
                  id
                  email
                  password
              }
          }
      """,
      {"email": email},
  )

Then in our login handler, we call ``Password.verify()`` to compare the input password against the hashed password saved in the database. If the password matches, we create a JWT from the user credentials, and return it.

We also need to check to see if the password needs to be updated and re-hashed by Argon2, in the event that hashing parameters have changed and it's no longer valid. If so, we should re-hash and then save the updated password in the database through an update mutation to Hasura, ``client.update_password()``.

.. code-block:: python

  @app.route("/login", methods=["POST"])
  def login_handler():
      args = LoginArgs.from_request(request.get_json())
      user_response = client.find_user_by_email(args.email)
      user = user_response["data"]["user"][0]
      try:
          Password.verify(user.get("password"), args.password)
          rehash_and_save_password_if_needed(user, args.password)
          return JsonWebToken(generate_token(user)).to_json()
      except VerifyMismatchError:
          return { "message": "Invalid credentials" }, 401

Here is what the implementation of ``generate_token()`` and ``rehash_and_save_password_if_needed()`` could look like:

.. code-block:: python

  import os
  import jwt

  # Try to get the secret from ENV, else fallback to provided string
  HASURA_JWT_SECRET = os.getenv("HASURA_GRAPHQL_JWT_SECRET", "a-very-secret-secret")

  # ROLE LOGIC FOR DEMO PURPOSES ONLY
  # NOT AT ALL SUITABLE FOR A REAL APP
  def generate_token(user) -> str:
      """
      Generates a JWT compliant with the Hasura spec, given a User object with field "id"
      """
      user_roles = ["user"]
      admin_roles = ["user", "admin"]
      is_admin = user["email"] == "admin@site.com"
      payload = {
          "https://hasura.io/jwt/claims": {
              "x-hasura-allowed-roles": admin_roles if is_admin else user_roles,
              "x-hasura-default-role": "admin" if is_admin else "user",
              "x-hasura-user-id": user["id"],
          }
      }
      token = jwt.encode(payload, HASURA_JWT_SECRET, "HS256")
      return token.decode("utf-8")

  def rehash_and_save_password_if_needed(user, plaintext_password):
      """
      Whenever your Argon2 parameters – or argon2-cffi’s defaults! – 
      change, you should rehash your passwords at the next opportunity.
      The common approach is to do that whenever a user logs in, since 
      that should be the only time when you have access to the cleartext password.
      Therefore it’s best practice to check – and if necessary rehash –
      passwords after each successful authentication.
      """
      if Password.check_needs_rehash(user["password"]):
          client.update_password(user["id"], Password.hash(plaintext_password))

And finally, ``client.update_password()``:

.. code-block:: python

  update_password = lambda self, id, password: self.run_query(
      """
          mutation UpdatePassword($id: Int!, $password: String!) {
              update_user_by_pk(pk_columns: {id: $id}, _set: {password: $password}) {
                  password
              }
          }
      """,
      {"id": id, "password": password},
  )

Step 4: Testing out the handler routes
--------------------------------------

Call the ``/signup`` endpoint with ``email`` and ``password``:

.. code-block:: http

  POST http://localhost:5000/signup HTTP/1.1
  content-type: application/json

  {
    "input": {
      "email": "user@test.com",
      "password": "password123"
    }
  }

Action handler response:

.. code-block:: http

  HTTP/1.0 200 OK
  Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
  Content-Length: 256
  Server: Werkzeug/1.0.1 Python/3.8.2
  Date: Sun, 10 May 2020 19:59:36 GMT

  {
    "token": "eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJzdWIiOiIxMjM0NTY3ODkwIiwibmFtZSI6IkpvaG4gRG9lIiwiaWF0IjoxNTE2MjM5MDIyfQ.z9ey1lw9p89gUkAmWEa7Qbpa1R71TgfkjZnEunGJ1ig"
  }

Decode the JWT token to access the Hasura claims:

.. code-block:: bash

  $ decode_jwt 'eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJzdWIiOiIxMjM0NTY3ODkwIiwibmFtZSI6IkpvaG4gRG9lIiwiaWF0IjoxNTE2MjM5MDIyfQ.z9ey1lw9p89gUkAmWEa7Qbpa1R71TgfkjZnEunGJ1ig'

  {
    "https://hasura.io/jwt/claims": {
      "x-hasura-allowed-roles": ["user"],
      "x-hasura-default-role": "user",
      "x-hasura-user-id": 1
    }
  }
  

Step 5: Calling the finished actions
------------------------------------

Let's try out our defined actions from the GraphQL API.

Call the ``Signup`` action:

.. graphiql::
  :view_only:
  :query:
    mutation Signup {
      signup(email: "newuser@test.com", password: "a-password") {
        id
        email
        password
      }
    }
  :response:
    {
      "data": {
        "Signup": {
          "id": 2,
          "email": "newuser@test.com",
          "password": "$argon2id$v=19$m=102400,t=2,p=8$fSmC349hY74QoGRTD0w$OYQYd/PP9kYsy9gRnDF1oQ" 
        }
      }
    }

Call the ``Signup`` action with a duplicate:

.. graphiql::
  :view_only:
  :query:
    mutation SignupDuplicate {
      signup(email: "newuser@test.com", password: "a-password") {
        id
        email
        password
      }
    }
  :response:
    {
      "errors": [
        {
        "extensions": {
          "path": "$",
          "code": "unexpected"
        },
        "message": "Uniqueness violation. Duplicate key value violates unique constraint \"user_email_key\""
      ]
    }

Call the ``Login`` action with valid credentials:

.. graphiql::
  :view_only:
  :query:
    query Login {
      Login(email: "newuser@test.com", password: "a-password") {
        token
      }
    }
  :response:
    {
      "data": {
        "Login": {
          "token": "eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJzdWIiOiIxMjM0NTY3ODkwIiwibmFtZSI6IkpvaG4gRG9lIiwiaWF0IjoxNTE2MjM5MDIyfQ.z9ey1lw9p89gUkAmWEa7Qbpa1R71TgfkjZnEunGJ1ig"
        }
      }
    }

Call the ``Login`` action with invalid credentials:

.. graphiql::
  :view_only:
  :query:
    query IncorrectLogin {
      Login(email: "newuser@test.com", password: "bad-password") {
        token
      }
    }
  :response:
    {
      "errors": [
        {
        "extensions": {
          "path": "$",
          "code": "unexpected"
        },
        "message": "Invalid credentials"
      ]
    }

Complete app code
-----------------

.. code-block:: python

    import os
    import jwt
    import json
    import logging
    import requests
    from flask import Flask, request, jsonify
    from argon2 import PasswordHasher
    from argon2.exceptions import VerifyMismatchError
    from typing import Optional
    from dataclasses import dataclass, asdict

    HASURA_URL = "http://graphql-engine:8080/v1/graphql"
    HASURA_HEADERS = {"X-Hasura-Admin-Secret": "your-secret"}
    HASURA_JWT_SECRET = os.getenv("HASURA_GRAPHQL_JWT_SECRET", "a-very-secret-secret")

    ################
    # GRAPHQL CLIENT
    ################

    @dataclass
    class Client:
        url: str
        headers: dict

        def run_query(self, query: str, variables: dict, extract=False):
            request = requests.post(
                self.url,
                headers=self.headers,
                json={"query": query, "variables": variables},
            )
            assert request.ok, f"Failed with code {request.status_code}"
            return request.json()

        find_user_by_email = lambda self, email: self.run_query(
            """
                query UserByEmail($email: String!) {
                    user(where: {email: {_eq: $email}}, limit: 1) {
                        id
                        email
                        password
                    }
                }
            """,
            {"email": email},
        )

        create_user = lambda self, email, password: self.run_query(
            """
                mutation CreateUser($email: String!, $password: String!) {
                    insert_user_one(object: {email: $email, password: $password}) {
                        id
                        email
                        password
                    }
                }
            """,
            {"email": email, "password": password},
        )

        update_password = lambda self, id, password: self.run_query(
            """
                mutation UpdatePassword($id: Int!, $password: String!) {
                    update_user_by_pk(pk_columns: {id: $id}, _set: {password: $password}) {
                        password
                    }
                }
            """,
            {"id": id, "password": password},
        )

    #######
    # UTILS
    #######

    Password = PasswordHasher()
    client = Client(url=HASURA_URL, headers=HASURA_HEADERS)

    # ROLE LOGIC FOR DEMO PURPOSES ONLY
    # NOT AT ALL SUITABLE FOR A REAL APP
    def generate_token(user) -> str:
        """
        Generates a JWT compliant with the Hasura spec, given a User object with field "id"
        """
        user_roles = ["user"]
        admin_roles = ["user", "admin"]
        is_admin = user["email"] == "admin@site.com"
        payload = {
            "https://hasura.io/jwt/claims": {
                "x-hasura-allowed-roles": admin_roles if is_admin else user_roles,
                "x-hasura-default-role": "admin" if is_admin else "user",
                "x-hasura-user-id": user["id"],
            }
        }
        token = jwt.encode(payload, HASURA_JWT_SECRET, "HS256")
        return token.decode("utf-8")


    def rehash_and_save_password_if_needed(user, plaintext_password):
        if Password.check_needs_rehash(user["password"]):
            client.update_password(user["id"], Password.hash(plaintext_password))


    #############
    # DATA MODELS
    #############

    @dataclass
    class RequestMixin:
        @classmethod
        def from_request(cls, request):
            """
            Helper method to convert an HTTP request to Dataclass Instance
            """
            values = request.get("input")
            return cls(**values)

        def to_json(self):
            return json.dumps(asdict(self))


    @dataclass
    class CreateUserOutput(RequestMixin):
        id: int
        email: str
        password: str


    @dataclass
    class JsonWebToken(RequestMixin):
        token: str


    @dataclass
    class AuthArgs(RequestMixin):
        email: str
        password: str

    ##############
    # MAIN SERVICE
    ##############

    app = Flask(__name__)

    @app.route("/signup", methods=["POST"])
    def signup_handler():
        args = AuthArgs.from_request(request.get_json())
        hashed_password = Password.hash(args.password)
        user_response = client.create_user(args.email, hashed_password)
        if user_response.get("errors"):
            return {"message": user_response["errors"][0]["message"]}, 400
        else:
            user = user_response["data"]["insert_user_one"]
            return CreateUserOutput(**user).to_json()

    @app.route("/login", methods=["POST"])
    def login_handler():
        args = AuthArgs.from_request(request.get_json())
        user_response = client.find_user_by_email(args.email)
        user = user_response["data"]["user"][0]
        try:
            Password.verify(user.get("password"), args.password)
            rehash_and_save_password_if_needed(user, args.password)
            return JsonWebToken(generate_token(user)).to_json()
        except VerifyMismatchError:
            return {"message": "Invalid credentials"}, 401

    if __name__ == "__main__":
        app.run(debug=True, host="0.0.0.0")

.. admonition:: Additional Resources

  Introduction to Hasura Actions - `View Recording <https://hasura.io/events/webinar/hasura-actions/?pg=docs&plcmt=body&cta=view-recording&tech=>`__.