.. meta::
   :description: Creating Hasura actions
   :keywords: hasura, docs, actions, create

.. _create_actions:

Creating actions
================

.. contents:: Table of contents
  :backlinks: none
  :depth: 2
  :local:

Introduction
------------

An action is a GraphQL query or mutation. You have to define the GraphQL type of the
arguments that the query or mutation accepts and the GraphQL type of its response.

To create an action, you have to:

1. Define the query or mutation
2. Define the required types
3. Create a handler

Let's look at **examples** for mutation and query type actions.

Setup
-----

.. rst-class:: api_tabs
.. tabs::

  .. tab:: Console

     There is no setup required for defining actions via the console.

  .. tab:: CLI

     :ref:`Install <install_hasura_cli>` or :ref:`update to <hasura_update-cli>`
     the latest version of Hasura CLI.

     You can either get started with an existing project or create a new project.

     **For a new project**

     .. code-block:: bash

         hasura init

     This will create a new project. You can set up your GraphQL engine endpoint
     (and admin secret if it exists) in the ``config.yaml``.

     Run ``hasura metadata export`` so that you get server's metadata into the
     ``metadata/`` directory.

     **For existing projects**

     Actions are supported only in the v2 config of the CLI. Check the ``config.yaml``
     of your Hasura project for the ``version`` key.

     If you see ``version: 1`` (or do not see a version key), upgrade to version
     2 by running:

     .. code-block:: bash

         hasura scripts update-config-v2

     Run ``hasura metadata export`` so that you get server's metadata into the
     ``metadata/`` directory.

  .. tab:: API

    There is no setup required for defining actions via the :ref:`actions metadata API <api_actions>`.

Mutation type action
--------------------

Let's start with a mutation that accepts a username and password, and returns
an access token. We'll call this mutation ``login``.

.. contents::
  :backlinks: none
  :depth: 1
  :local:

Step 1: Define your mutation and associated types
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Start with defining the mutation and the required types. These types will reflect
in the GraphQL schema.

.. rst-class:: api_tabs
.. tabs::

  .. tab:: Console

     Go to the ``Actions`` tab on the console and click on ``Create``. This will
     take you to a page like this:

     .. thumbnail:: /img/graphql/core/actions/mutation-action-create.png
        :alt: Console action create
        :width: 70%

     Define the action as follows in the ``Action Definition`` editor.

     .. code-block:: graphql

        type Mutation {
          login (username: String!, password: String!): LoginResponse
        }

     In the above action, we called the returning object type to be ``LoginResponse``.
     Define it in the ``New types definition`` as:

     .. code-block:: graphql

        type LoginResponse {
          accessToken: String!
        }

  .. tab:: CLI

     To create an action, run

     .. code-block:: bash

         hasura actions create login

     This will open up an editor with ``metadata/actions.graphql``. You can enter
     the action's mutation definition and the required types in this file. For your
     ``login`` mutation, replace the content of this file with the following
     and save:

     .. code-block:: graphql

        type Mutation {
          login (username: String!, password: String!): LoginResponse
        }

        type LoginResponse {
          accessToken: String!
        }

  .. tab:: API

    It is essential that the custom types used in the action are defined *beforehand* via the :ref:`set_custom_types metadata API <set_custom_types>`:

    .. code-block:: http

      POST /v1/query HTTP/1.1
      Content-Type: application/json
      X-Hasura-Role: admin

      {
        "type": "set_custom_types",
        "args": {
          "scalars": [],
          "enums": [],
          "input_objects": [],
          "objects": [
            {
              "name": "LoginResponse",
              "fields": [
                {
                  "name": "accessToken",
                  "type": "String!"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        }
      }

    Once the custom types are defined, we can create an action via the :ref:`create_action metadata API <create_action>`:

    .. code-block:: http

        POST /v1/query HTTP/1.1
        Content-Type: application/json
        X-Hasura-Role: admin

        {
          "type": "create_action",
          "args": {
            "name": "Login",
            "definition": {
              "kind": "synchronous",
              "type": "mutation",
              "arguments": [
                {
                  "name": "username",
                  "type": "String!"
                },
                {
                  "name": "password",
                  "type": "String!"
                }
              ],
              "output_type": "LoginResponse",
              "handler": "https://hasura-actions-demo.glitch.me/login"
            }
          }
        }

The above definition means:

* This action will be available in your GraphQL schema as a mutation called ``login``.
* It accepts two arguments called ``username`` and ``password`` of type ``String!``.
* It returns an output type called ``LoginResponse``.
* ``LoginResponse`` is a simple object type with a field called ``accessToken`` of type ``String!``.

Step 2: Create the action handler
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

A handler is an HTTP webhook where you can perform the custom logic for the
action.

In this case, we will just return an access token, but typically you would want
to run all the business logic that the action demands. NodeJS/Express code
for this handler would look something like:

.. code-block:: js

    const handler = (req, resp) => {
      // You can access their arguments input at req.body.input
      const { username, password } = req.body.input;

      // perform your custom business logic
      // check if the username and password are valid and login the user

      // return the response
      return resp.json({
        accessToken: "Ew8jkGCNDGAo7p35RV72e0Lk3RGJoJKB"
      })

    };

You can deploy this code somewhere and get the URI. For getting started quickly, we
also have this handler ready at ``https://hasura-actions-demo.glitch.me/login``.

**Set the handler**

Now, set the handler for the action:

.. rst-class:: api_tabs
.. tabs::

  .. tab:: Console

     Set the value of the ``handler`` field to the above endpoint.

  .. tab:: CLI

    Go to ``metadata/actions.yaml``. You must see a handler like ``http://localhost:3000`` or ``http://host.docker.internal:3000`` under the action named ``login``. This is a default value taken from ``config.yaml``. 
    Update the ``handler`` to the above endpoint.

  .. tab:: API

    The action handler must be set when creating an action via the :ref:`create_action metadata API <create_action>`.

    It can be updated later by using the :ref:`update_action metadata API <update_action>`.

.. admonition:: URL templating

  To manage handler endpoints across environments it is possible to template
  the endpoints using ENV variables.

  e.g. ``https://my-handler-endpoint/addNumbers`` can be templated to ``{{ACTION_BASE_ENDPOINT}}/addNumbers``
  where ``ACTION_BASE_ENDPOINT`` is an ENV variable whose value is set to ``https://my-handler-endpoint``

.. note::

  If you are running Hasura using Docker, ensure that the Hasura Docker container can reach the handler endpoint.
  See :ref:`this page <docker_networking>` for Docker networking.

Step 3: Finish action creation
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Finally, to save the action:

.. rst-class:: api_tabs
.. tabs::

  .. tab:: Console

    Hit ``Create``.

  .. tab:: CLI

    Run ``hasura metadata apply``.

  .. tab:: API

    An action will be created when sending a request to the :ref:`create_action metadata API <create_action>`.

Step 4: Try it out
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

In the Hasura console, head to the ``GraphiQL`` tab and try out the new action.

.. graphiql::
  :view_only:
  :query:
    mutation {
      login (username: "jondoe", password: "mysecretpassword") {
        accessToken
      }
    }
  :response:
    {
      "data": {
        "login": {
          "accessToken": "Ew8jkGCNDGAo7p35RV72e0Lk3RGJoJKB"
        }
      }
    }

And that's it. You have extended your Hasura schema with a new mutation.

Query type action
-----------------

Let's start with a basic query that accepts a list of numbers and returns
their sum. We'll call this query ``addNumbers``.

.. contents::
  :backlinks: none
  :depth: 1
  :local:


Step 1: Define your query and associated types
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Start with defining the query and the required types. These types will reflect in
the GraphQL schema.

.. rst-class:: api_tabs
.. tabs::

  .. tab:: Console

     Go to the ``Actions`` tab on the console and click on ``Create``. This will
     take you to a page like this:

     .. thumbnail:: /img/graphql/core/actions/query-action-create.png
        :alt: Console action create
        :width: 70%

     Define the action as follows in the ``Action Definition`` editor.

     .. code-block:: graphql

        type Query {
          addNumbers (numbers: [Int]): AddResult
        }

     In the above action, we called the returning object type to be ``AddResult``.
     Define it in the ``New types definition`` as:

     .. code-block:: graphql

        type AddResult {
          sum: Int
        }

  .. tab:: CLI

     To create an action, run

     .. code-block:: bash

         hasura actions create addNumbers

     This will open up an editor with ``metadata/actions.graphql``. You can enter
     the action's query definition and the required types in this file. For your
     ``addNumbers`` query, replace the content of this file with the following
     and save:

     .. code-block:: graphql

        type Query {
          addNumbers (numbers: [Int]): AddResult
        }

        type AddResult {
          sum: Int
        }

  .. tab:: API

    It is essential that the custom types used in the action are defined *beforehand* via the :ref:`set_custom_types metadata API <set_custom_types>`:

    .. code-block:: http

      POST /v1/query HTTP/1.1
      Content-Type: application/json
      X-Hasura-Role: admin

      {
        "type": "set_custom_types",
        "args": {
          "scalars": [],
          "enums": [],
          "input_objects": [],
          "objects": [
            {
              "name": "AddResult",
              "fields": [
                {
                  "name": "sum",
                  "type": "Int!"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        }
      }

    Once the custom types are defined, we can create an action via the :ref:`create_action metadata API <create_action>`:

    .. code-block:: http

        POST /v1/query HTTP/1.1
        Content-Type: application/json
        X-Hasura-Role: admin

        {
          "type":"create_action",
            "args": {
              "name":"addNumbers",
              "definition": {
                "kind":"synchronous",
                "type": "query",
                "arguments":[
                  {
                    "name":"numbers",
                    "type":"[Int]!"
                  }
                ],
                "output_type":"AddResult",
                "handler":"https://hasura-actions-demo.glitch.me/addNumbers"
            }
          }
        }

The above definition means:

* This action will be available in your GraphQL schema as a query called ``addNumbers``
* It accepts an argument called ``numbers`` which is a list of integers.
* It returns an output type called ``AddResult``.
* ``AddResult`` is a simple object type with a field called ``sum`` of type integer.

Step 2: Create the action handler
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

A handler is an HTTP webhook where you can perform the custom logic for the
action.

In this case, it is the addition of the numbers. NodeJS/Express code
for this handler would look something like:

.. code-block:: js

    const handler = (req, resp) => {
      // You can access their arguments input at req.body.input
      const { numbers } = req.body.input;

      // perform your custom business logic
      // return an error or response
      try {
        return resp.json({
          sum: numbers.reduce((s, n) => s + n, 0)
        });
      } catch(e) {
        console.error(e)
        return resp.status(500).json({
          message: 'unexpected'
        })
      }
    };

You can deploy this code somewhere and get the URI. For getting started quickly, we
also have this handler ready at ``https://hasura-actions-demo.glitch.me/addNumbers``.

**Set the handler**

Now, set the handler for the action:

.. rst-class:: api_tabs
.. tabs::

  .. tab:: Console

     Set the value of the ``handler`` field to the above endpoint.

  .. tab:: CLI

     Go to ``metadata/actions.yaml``. You must see a handler like ``http://localhost:3000``
     or ``http://host.docker.internal:3000`` under the action named ``addNumbers``.
     This is a default value taken from ``config.yaml``.

     Update the ``handler`` to the above endpoint.

  .. tab:: API

    The action handler must be set when creating an action via the Once the custom types are defined, we can create an action via the :ref:`create_action metadata API <create_action>`.

    It can be updated later by using the :ref:`update_action metadata API <update_action>`.

.. admonition:: URL templating

  To manage handler endpoints across environments it is possible to template
  the endpoints using ENV variables.

  e.g. ``https://my-handler-endpoint/addNumbers`` can be templated to ``{{ACTION_BASE_ENDPOINT}}/addNumbers``
  where ``ACTION_BASE_ENDPOINT`` is an ENV variable whose value is set to ``https://my-handler-endpoint``

Step 3: Finish action creation
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Finally, to save the action:

.. rst-class:: api_tabs
.. tabs::

  .. tab:: Console

     Hit ``Create``.

  .. tab:: CLI

     Run ``hasura metadata apply``.

  .. tab:: API

    An action will be created when sending a request to the :ref:`create_action metadata API <create_action>`.


Step 4: Try it out
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

In the Hasura console, head to the ``GraphiQL`` tab and try out the new action.

.. graphiql::
  :view_only:
  :query:
    query {
      addNumbers(numbers: [1, 2, 3, 4]) {
        sum
      }
    }
  :response:
    {
      "data": {
        "addNumbers": {
          "sum": 10
        }
      }
    }

And that's it. You have extended your Hasura schema with a new query.

.. admonition:: Additional Resources

  Introduction to Hasura Actions - `View Recording <https://hasura.io/events/webinar/hasura-actions/?pg=docs&plcmt=body&cta=view-recording&tech=>`__.