graphql-engine/server/tests-py/validate.py
Samir Talwar c2cb07f7e8 server/tests-py: Start webhook.py inside the test harness.
We use a helper service to start a webhook-based authentication service for some tests. This moves the initialization of the service out of _test-server.sh_ and into the Python test harness, as a fixture.

In order to do this, I had to make a few changes. The main deviation is that we no longer run _all_ tests against an HGE with this authentication service, just a few (those in _test_webhook.py_). Because this reduced coverage, I have added some more tests there, which actually cover some areas not exacerbated elsewhere (mainly trying to use webhook credentials to talk to an admin-only endpoint).

The webhook service can run both with and without TLS, and decide whether it's necessary to skip one of these based on the arguments passed and how HGE is started, according to the following logic:

* If a TLS CA certificate is passed in, it will run with TLS, otherwise it will skip it.
* If HGE was started externally and a TLS certificate is provided, it will skip running without TLS, as it will assume that HGE was configured to talk to a webhook over HTTPS.
* Some tests should only be run with TLS; this is marked with a `tls_webhook_server` marker.
* Some tests should only be run _without_ TLS; this is marked with a `no_tls_webhook_server` marker.

The actual parameterization of the webhook service configuration is done through test subclasses, because normal pytest parameterization doesn't work with the `hge_fixture_env` hack that we use. Because `hge_fixture_env` is not a sanctioned way of conveying data between fixtures (and, unfortunately, there isn't a sanctioned way of doing this when the fixtures in question may not know about each other directly), parameterizing the `webhook_server` fixture doesn't actually parameterize `hge_server` properly. Subclassing forces this to work correctly.

The certificate generation is moved to a Python fixture, so that we don't have to revoke the CA certificate for _test_webhook_insecure.py_; we can just generate a bogus certificate instead. The CA certificate is still generated in the _test-server.sh_ script, as it needs to be installed into the OS certificate store.

Interestingly, the CA certificate installation wasn't actually working, because the certificates were written to the wrong location. This didn't cause any failures, as we weren't actually testing this behavior. This is now fixed with the other changes.

PR-URL: https://github.com/hasura/graphql-engine-mono/pull/6363
GitOrigin-RevId: 0f277d374daa64f657257ed2a4c2057c74b911db
2022-10-20 19:00:01 +00:00

625 lines
26 KiB
Python

#!/usr/bin/env python3
import base64
import copy
import graphql
import json
import jsondiff
import jwt
import os
import pytest
import queue
import random
import ruamel.yaml as yaml
from ruamel.yaml.comments import CommentedMap
from ruamel.yaml.compat import ordereddict, StringIO
import textwrap
import warnings
from context import HGECtx, PytestConf
from fixtures.tls import TLSTrust
def check_keys(keys, obj):
for k in keys:
assert k in obj, obj
def check_ev_payload_shape(ev_payload):
top_level_keys = ["created_at", "event", "id", "table", "trigger"]
check_keys(top_level_keys, ev_payload)
event_keys = ["data", "op"]
check_keys(event_keys, ev_payload['event'])
trigger_keys = ["name"]
check_keys(trigger_keys, ev_payload['trigger'])
def validate_event_payload(ev_payload, trig_name, table):
check_ev_payload_shape(ev_payload)
assert ev_payload['table'] == table, ev_payload
assert ev_payload['trigger']['name'] == trig_name, ev_payload
def validate_event_headers(ev_headers, headers):
for key, value in headers.items():
v = ev_headers.get(key)
assert v == value, (key, v)
def validate_removed_event_headers (ev_headers, headers):
for key in headers:
v = ev_headers.get(key)
assert (not v), (key, v)
def validate_event_webhook(ev_webhook_path, webhook_path):
assert ev_webhook_path == webhook_path
def validate_session_variables(hge_ctx, ev, session_variables):
# TODO: Naveen: MSSQL ET does not yet contain session variables in it's
# payload body. Hence ignoring that for now. Remove this guard when payload
# has it
if (hge_ctx.backend == "postgres"):
assert ev['session_variables'] == session_variables, ev
elif (hge_ctx.backend == "mssql"):
with pytest.raises(KeyError):
assert ev['session_variables'] == session_variables, ev
def validate_event(hge_ctx,
trig_name,
table,
operation,
ev_full,
exp_ev_data,
headers = {},
webhook_path = '/',
session_variables = {'x-hasura-role': 'admin'},
retry = 0,
):
ev = ev_full['body']['event']
validate_event_webhook(ev_full['path'], webhook_path)
validate_event_headers(ev_full['headers'], headers)
validate_event_payload(ev_full['body'], trig_name, table)
assert ev['op'] == operation, ev
validate_session_variables(hge_ctx, ev, session_variables)
assert ev['data'] == exp_ev_data, ev
assert ev_full['body']['delivery_info']['current_retry'] == retry
# Make some assertions on a single event recorded by webhook. Waits up to 3
# seconds by default for an event to appear
def check_event(hge_ctx,
evts_webhook,
trig_name,
table,
operation,
exp_ev_data,
headers = {},
webhook_path = '/',
session_variables = {'x-hasura-role': 'admin'},
retry = 0,
get_timeout = 3
):
ev_full = evts_webhook.get_event(get_timeout)
validate_event(hge_ctx, trig_name, table, operation, ev_full, exp_ev_data, headers, webhook_path, session_variables, retry)
# Compares the list of expected event data with the one received from webhook. Waits
# up to 3 seconds by default for an event to appear.
# This is useful when the list of events that are generated have no order, so you
# cannot use 'check_event' to check each event one after another.
def check_events(hge_ctx,
evts_webhook,
trig_name,
table,
operation,
num_of_events,
exp_ev_datas,
headers = {},
webhook_path = '/',
session_variables = {'x-hasura-role': 'admin'},
retry = 0,
get_timeout = 3
):
events_payloads_webhook = []
# Get all the expected number of events
for i in range(num_of_events):
ev_full = evts_webhook.get_event(get_timeout)
ev_payload_data = ev_full['body']['event']['data']
events_payloads_webhook.append((ev_payload_data, ev_full))
# If there are still some events present in queue after we get the expected number
# of events, then it means some stray events got generated.
if (not evts_webhook.is_queue_empty()):
assert False, "expected number of event payload not equal to the actual number of event payload generated"
# Check if the payload we get from event webhook is present in the expected datas
# If no such data is present, then error else validate the data.
for (ev_payload_data, ev_full) in events_payloads_webhook:
if ev_payload_data in exp_ev_datas:
# Since ev_payload_data is present in exp_ev_datas, is means that it is
# the exp_ev_data for that particular event payload (ev_full)
exp_ev_data = ev_payload_data
validate_event(hge_ctx, trig_name, table, operation, ev_full, exp_ev_data, headers, webhook_path, session_variables, retry)
else:
assert False, ("Received event data: \n" + json.dumps(ev_payload_data) + "\n not present in expected event data from webhook")
def check_event_transformed(hge_ctx,
evts_webhook,
exp_payload,
headers = {},
webhook_path = '/',
session_variables = {'x-hasura-role': 'admin'},
retry = 0,
get_timeout = 3,
removedHeaders = []):
ev_full = evts_webhook.get_event(get_timeout)
validate_event_webhook(ev_full['path'], webhook_path)
validate_event_headers(ev_full['headers'], headers)
validate_removed_event_headers(ev_full['headers'], removedHeaders)
assert ev_full['body'] == exp_payload
def test_forbidden_when_admin_secret_reqd(hge_ctx, conf):
if conf['url'] == '/v1/graphql' or conf['url'] == '/v1beta1/relay':
if conf['status'] == 404:
status = [404]
else:
status = [200]
else:
status = [401, 404]
headers = {}
if 'headers' in conf:
# Convert header values to strings, as the YAML parser might give us an internal class.
headers = {name: str(value) for name, value in conf['headers'].items()}
# Test without admin secret
code, resp, resp_hdrs = hge_ctx.anyq(conf['url'], conf['query'], headers)
#assert code in [401,404], "\n" + yaml.dump({
assert code in status, "\n" + yaml.dump({
"expected": "Should be access denied as admin secret is not provided",
"actual": {
"code": code,
"response": resp
},
'request id': resp_hdrs.get('x-request-id')
})
# Test with random admin secret
headers['X-Hasura-Admin-Secret'] = base64.b64encode(os.urandom(30)).decode()
code, resp, resp_hdrs = hge_ctx.anyq(conf['url'], conf['query'], headers)
#assert code in [401,404], "\n" + yaml.dump({
assert code in status, "\n" + yaml.dump({
"expected": "Should be access denied as an incorrect admin secret is provided",
"actual": {
"code": code,
"response": resp
},
'request id': resp_hdrs.get('x-request-id')
})
def test_forbidden_webhook(hge_ctx, conf):
if conf['url'] == '/v1/graphql' or conf['url'] == '/v1beta1/relay':
if conf['status'] == 404:
status = [404]
else:
status = [200]
else:
status = [401, 404]
h = {'Authorization': 'Bearer ' + base64.b64encode(base64.b64encode(os.urandom(30))).decode('utf-8')}
code, resp, resp_hdrs = hge_ctx.anyq(conf['url'], conf['query'], h)
#assert code in [401,404], "\n" + yaml.dump({
assert code in status, "\n" + yaml.dump({
"expected": "Should be access denied as it is denied from webhook",
"actual": {
"code": code,
"response": resp
},
'request id': resp_hdrs.get('x-request-id')
})
def mk_claims_with_namespace_path(claims,hasura_claims,namespace_path):
if namespace_path is None:
claims['https://hasura.io/jwt/claims'] = hasura_claims
elif namespace_path == "$":
claims.update(hasura_claims)
elif namespace_path == "$.hasura_claims":
claims['hasura_claims'] = hasura_claims
elif namespace_path == "$.hasura['claims%']":
claims['hasura'] = {}
claims['hasura']['claims%'] = hasura_claims
else:
raise Exception(
'''claims_namespace_path should not be anything
other than $.hasura_claims, $.hasura['claims%'] or $ for testing. The
value of claims_namespace_path was {}'''.format(namespace_path))
return claims
# Returns the response received and a bool indicating whether the test passed
# or not (this will always be True unless we are `--accepting`)
def check_query(hge_ctx: HGECtx, conf, transport='http', add_auth=True, claims_namespace_path=None, gqlws=False):
headers = {}
if 'headers' in conf:
# Convert header values to strings, as the YAML parser might give us an internal class.
headers = {name: str(value) for name, value in conf['headers'].items()}
# No headers in conf => Admin role
# Set the X-Hasura-Role header randomly
# If header is set, jwt/webhook auth will happen
# Otherwise admin-secret will be set
if len(headers) == 0 and random.choice([True, False]):
headers['X-Hasura-Role'] = 'admin'
if add_auth:
# Use the hasura role specified in the test case, and create a JWT token
if hge_ctx.hge_jwt_key is not None and len(headers) > 0 and 'X-Hasura-Role' in headers:
hClaims = dict()
hClaims['X-Hasura-Allowed-Roles'] = [headers['X-Hasura-Role']]
hClaims['X-Hasura-Default-Role'] = headers['X-Hasura-Role']
for key in headers:
if key != 'X-Hasura-Role':
hClaims[key] = headers[key]
claim = {
"sub": "foo",
"name": "bar",
}
claim = mk_claims_with_namespace_path(claim, hClaims, claims_namespace_path)
headers['Authorization'] = 'Bearer ' + jwt.encode(claim, hge_ctx.hge_jwt_key, algorithm=hge_ctx.hge_jwt_algo)
# Use the hasura role specified in the test case, and create an authorization token which will be verified by webhook
if hge_ctx.webhook and len(headers) > 0:
if hge_ctx.webhook.tls_trust != TLSTrust.INSECURE:
# Check whether the output is also forbidden when webhook returns forbidden
test_forbidden_webhook(hge_ctx, conf)
headers = authorize_for_webhook(headers)
# The case as admin with admin-secret and jwt/webhook
elif (hge_ctx.webhook or hge_ctx.hge_jwt_key is not None) \
and hge_ctx.hge_key is not None \
and len(headers) == 0:
headers['X-Hasura-Admin-Secret'] = hge_ctx.hge_key
# The case as admin with only admin-secret
elif hge_ctx.hge_key is not None and not hge_ctx.webhook and hge_ctx.hge_jwt_key is None:
# Test whether it is forbidden when incorrect/no admin_secret is specified
test_forbidden_when_admin_secret_reqd(hge_ctx, conf)
headers['X-Hasura-Admin-Secret'] = hge_ctx.hge_key
assert transport in ['http', 'websocket', 'subscription'], "Unknown transport type " + transport
if transport == 'http':
print('running on http')
if 'allowed_responses' in conf:
return validate_http_anyq_with_allowed_responses(hge_ctx, conf['url'], conf['query'], headers,
conf['status'], conf.get('allowed_responses'), body=conf.get('body'), method=conf.get('method'))
else:
return validate_http_anyq(hge_ctx, conf['url'], conf['query'], headers,
conf['status'], conf.get('response'), conf.get('resp_headers'), body=conf.get('body'), method=conf.get('method'))
elif transport == 'websocket':
print('running on websocket')
return validate_gql_ws_q(hge_ctx, conf, headers, retry=True, gqlws=gqlws)
elif transport == 'subscription':
print('running via subscription')
return validate_gql_ws_q(hge_ctx, conf, headers, retry=True, via_subscription=True, gqlws=gqlws)
def authorize_for_webhook(headers: dict[str, str]) -> dict[str, str]:
headers['X-Hasura-Auth-Mode'] = 'webhook'
headers_new = dict()
headers_new['Authorization'] = 'Bearer ' + base64.b64encode(json.dumps(headers).encode('utf-8')).decode('utf-8')
return headers_new
def validate_gql_ws_q(hge_ctx, conf, headers, retry=False, via_subscription=False, gqlws=False):
assert 'response' in conf
assert conf['url'].endswith('/graphql') or conf['url'].endswith('/relay')
endpoint = conf['url']
query = conf['query']
exp_http_response = conf['response']
if via_subscription:
query_text = query['query']
assert query_text.startswith('query '), query_text
# make the query into a subscription and add the
# _multiple_subscriptions directive that enables having more
# than 1 root field in a subscription
query['query'] = 'subscription' + query_text[len('query'):].replace("{"," @_multiple_top_level_fields {",1)
if endpoint == '/v1alpha1/graphql':
ws_client = hge_ctx.ws_client_v1alpha1
elif endpoint == '/v1beta1/relay':
ws_client = hge_ctx.ws_client_relay
elif gqlws: # for `graphQL-ws` clients
ws_client = hge_ctx.ws_client_graphql_ws
else:
ws_client = hge_ctx.ws_client
print(ws_client.ws_url)
if not headers or len(headers) == 0:
ws_client.init({})
if ws_client.remote_closed or ws_client.is_closing:
ws_client.create_conn()
if not headers or len(headers) == 0 or hge_ctx.hge_key is None:
ws_client.init()
else:
ws_client.init_as_admin()
query_resp = ws_client.send_query(query, query_id='hge_test', headers=headers, timeout=15)
resp = next(query_resp)
print('websocket resp: ', resp)
if resp.get('type') == 'complete':
if retry:
#Got query complete before payload. Retry once more
print("Got query complete before getting query response payload. Retrying")
ws_client.recreate_conn()
return validate_gql_ws_q(hge_ctx, query, headers, exp_http_response, False)
else:
assert resp['type'] in ['data', 'error', 'next'], resp
if 'errors' in exp_http_response or 'error' in exp_http_response:
if gqlws:
resp['payload'] = {'errors':resp['payload']}
assert resp['type'] in ['data', 'error', 'next'], resp
else:
assert resp['type'] == 'data' or resp['type'] == 'next', resp
assert 'payload' in resp, resp
if via_subscription:
if not gqlws:
ws_client.send({ 'id': 'hge_test', 'type': 'stop' })
else:
ws_client.send({ 'id': 'hge_test', 'type': 'complete' })
if not gqlws: # NOTE: for graphql-ws, we have some elements that are left in the queue especially after a 'next' message.
with pytest.raises(queue.Empty):
ws_client.get_ws_event(0)
else:
resp_done = next(query_resp)
assert resp_done['type'] == 'complete'
return assert_graphql_resp_expected(resp['payload'], exp_http_response, query, skip_if_err_msg=hge_ctx.avoid_err_msg_checks)
def assert_response_code(url, query, code, exp_code, resp, body=None):
assert code == exp_code, \
f"""
When querying {url},
Got response code {code}, expected {exp_code}.
Request query:
{textwrap.indent(json.dumps(query, indent=2), ' ')}
Request body:
{textwrap.indent(json.dumps(body, indent=2), ' ')}
Response body:
{textwrap.indent(json.dumps(resp, indent=2), ' ')}
"""
def validate_http_anyq(hge_ctx, url, query, headers, exp_code, exp_response, exp_resp_hdrs, body = None, method = None):
code, resp, resp_hdrs = hge_ctx.anyq(url, query, headers, body, method)
assert_response_code(url, query, code, exp_code, resp, body)
if exp_response:
return assert_graphql_resp_expected(resp, exp_response, query, resp_hdrs, hge_ctx.avoid_err_msg_checks, exp_resp_hdrs=exp_resp_hdrs)
else:
return resp, True
def validate_http_anyq_with_allowed_responses(hge_ctx, url, query, headers, exp_code, allowed_responses, body = None, method = None):
code, resp, resp_hdrs = hge_ctx.anyq(url, query, headers, body, method)
assert_response_code(url, query, code, exp_code, resp, body)
if isinstance(allowed_responses, list) and len(allowed_responses) > 0:
resp_res = {}
test_passed = False
for response in allowed_responses:
dict_resp = json.loads(json.dumps(response))
exp_resp = dict_resp['response']
exp_resp_hdrs = dict_resp.get('resp_headers')
resp_result, pass_test = assert_graphql_resp_expected(resp, exp_resp, query, resp_hdrs, hge_ctx.avoid_err_msg_checks, True, exp_resp_hdrs)
if pass_test == True:
test_passed = True
resp_res = resp_result
break
if test_passed == True:
return resp_res, test_passed
else:
# test should fail if none of the allowed responses work
raise Exception("allowed_responses did not contain the response that was expected. Please check your allowed_responses")
else:
raise Exception("allowed_responses was not a list of permissible responses")
# Check the actual graphql response is what we expected, also taking into
# consideration the ordering of keys that we expect to be preserved, based on
# 'query'.
#
# Returns 'resp' and a bool indicating whether the test passed or not (this
# will always be True unless we are `--accepting`)
def assert_graphql_resp_expected(resp_orig, exp_response_orig, query, resp_hdrs={}, skip_if_err_msg=False, skip_assertion=False, exp_resp_hdrs={}):
print('Reponse Headers: ', resp_hdrs)
print(exp_resp_hdrs)
# Prepare actual and expected responses so comparison takes into
# consideration only the ordering that we care about:
resp = collapse_order_not_selset(resp_orig, query)
exp_response = collapse_order_not_selset(exp_response_orig, query)
matched = equal_CommentedMap(resp, exp_response) and (exp_resp_hdrs or {}).items() <= resp_hdrs.items()
if PytestConf.config.getoption("--accept"):
print('skipping assertion since we chose to --accept new output')
else:
yml = yaml.YAML()
# https://yaml.readthedocs.io/en/latest/example.html#output-of-dump-as-a-string :
dump_str = StringIO()
test_output = {
# Keep strict received order when displaying errors:
'response': resp_orig,
'expected': exp_response_orig,
'diff':
(lambda diff:
"(results differ only in their order of keys)" if diff == {} else diff)
(stringify_keys(jsondiff.diff(exp_response, resp))),
'query': query
}
if 'x-request-id' in resp_hdrs:
test_output['request id'] = resp_hdrs['x-request-id']
if exp_resp_hdrs:
diff_hdrs = {key: val for key, val in resp_hdrs.items() if key in exp_resp_hdrs}
test_output['headers'] = {
'actual': dict(resp_hdrs),
'expected': exp_resp_hdrs,
'diff': (stringify_keys(jsondiff.diff(exp_resp_hdrs, diff_hdrs)))
}
yml.dump(test_output, stream=dump_str)
if not skip_if_err_msg:
if skip_assertion:
return resp, matched
else:
assert matched, '\n' + dump_str.getvalue()
elif matched:
return resp, matched
else:
def is_err_msg(msg):
return any(msg.get(x) for x in ['error','errors'])
def as_list(x):
return x if isinstance(x, list) else [x]
# If it is a batch GraphQL query, compare each individual response separately
for (exp, out) in zip(as_list(exp_response), as_list(resp)):
matched_ = equal_CommentedMap(exp, out)
if is_err_msg(exp) and is_err_msg(out):
if not matched_:
warnings.warn("Response does not have the expected error message\n" + dump_str.getvalue())
return resp, matched
else:
if skip_assertion:
return resp, matched_
else:
assert matched_, '\n' + dump_str.getvalue()
return resp, matched # matched always True unless --accept
# This really sucks; newer ruamel made __eq__ ignore ordering:
# https://bitbucket.org/ruamel/yaml/issues/326/commentedmap-equality-no-longer-takes-into
def equal_CommentedMap(m1, m2):
if isinstance(m1, list) and isinstance(m2, list):
return (len(m1) == len(m2) and all(equal_CommentedMap(x,y) for x,y in zip(m1,m2)))
elif isinstance(m1, dict) and isinstance(m2, dict):
# (see collapse_order_not_selset):
if isinstance(m1, (ordereddict, CommentedMap)) and \
isinstance(m2, (ordereddict, CommentedMap)):
m1_l = list(m1.items())
m2_l = list(m2.items())
else:
m1_l = sorted(list(m1.items()))
m2_l = sorted(list(m2.items()))
return (len(m1_l) == len(m2_l) and
all(k1 == k2 and equal_CommentedMap(v1,v2)
for (k1,v1),(k2,v2) in zip(m1_l,m2_l)))
# else this is a scalar:
else:
return m1 == m2
# Parse test case YAML file
def get_conf_f(f):
with open(f, 'r+') as c:
return yaml.YAML().load(c)
def check_query_f(hge_ctx, f, transport='http', add_auth=True, gqlws = False):
hge_ctx.may_skip_test_teardown = False
should_write_back = False
# ruamel will preserve order so that we can test the JSON ordering
# property conforms to YAML spec. It also lets us write back the yaml
# nicely when we `--accept.`
yml = yaml.YAML()
with open(f, 'r+') as c:
# NOTE: preserve ordering with ruamel
conf = yml.load(c)
if isinstance(conf, list):
for ix, sconf in enumerate(conf):
actual_resp, matched = check_query(hge_ctx, sconf, transport, add_auth, None, gqlws)
if PytestConf.config.getoption("--accept") and not matched:
conf[ix]['response'] = actual_resp
should_write_back = True
else:
if conf['status'] != 200:
hge_ctx.may_skip_test_teardown = True
actual_resp, matched = check_query(hge_ctx, conf, transport, add_auth, None, gqlws)
# If using `--accept` write the file back out with the new expected
# response set to the actual response we got:
if PytestConf.config.getoption("--accept") and not matched:
conf['response'] = actual_resp
should_write_back = True
if should_write_back:
warnings.warn(
"\nRecording formerly failing case as correct in: " + f +
"\n NOTE: if this case was marked 'xfail' this won't be correct!"
)
c.seek(0)
yml.dump(conf, stream=c)
c.truncate()
# Return a new dict that discards the object key ordering properties of
# 'result' where the key is not part of the selection set. This lets us compare
# expected and actual results properly with respect to the graphql spec's
# ordering requirements.
def collapse_order_not_selset(result_inp, query):
# Collapse to unordered dict recursively by roundtripping through json
def collapse(x):
return json.loads(json.dumps(x))
result = copy.deepcopy(result_inp)
try:
if 'query' in query:
gql_query_str = query['query']
# We don't support multiple operations in the same query yet:
selset0 = graphql.parse(gql_query_str).definitions[0].selection_set
def go(result_node, selset):
for field in selset.selections:
fname = field.name.value
# If field has no subfields then all its values can be recursively stripped of ordering.
# Also if it's an array for some reason (like in 'returning')
if field.selection_set is None or not isinstance(result_node[fname], (dict, list)):
result_node[fname] = collapse(result_node[fname])
elif isinstance(result_node[fname], list):
for node in result_node[fname]:
go(node, field.selection_set)
else:
go(result_node[fname], field.selection_set)
if 'data' in result:
go(result['data'], selset0)
# errors is unordered
if 'errors' in result:
result['errors'] = collapse(result['errors'])
# and finally remove ordering at just the topmost level
return dict(result)
else:
# this isn't a graphql query, collapse ordering
return collapse(result_inp)
except Exception as e:
print("Bailing out and collapsing all ordering, due to: ", e)
return collapse(result)
# Use this since jsondiff seems to produce object/dict structures that can't
# always be serialized to json.
def stringify_keys(d):
"""Recursively convert a dict's keys to strings."""
if not isinstance(d, dict): return d
def decode(k):
if isinstance(k, str): return k
try:
return k.decode("utf-8")
except Exception:
return repr(k)
return { decode(k): stringify_keys(v) for k, v in d.items() }