2020-07-09 00:37:32 +03:00
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***********************************
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Javascript and Node Code Generators
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***********************************
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2021-07-17 18:16:32 +03:00
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There are two javascript code generators, ``node`` and ``javascript``. There are two
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2020-07-24 20:28:20 +03:00
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differences between the two: the ``javascript`` code generator when called to
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output an HTML file will also generate a basic HTML document with the
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generated code inside a ``<script>`` tag; the other distinction is on the ffi
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that will be explained below.
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Javascript FFI Specifiers
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=========================
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There are three main kinds of javascript ffi specifiers ``javascript``,
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``node`` and ``browser``. ``javascript`` is for foreigns that are available on
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node and the browser, ``node`` for foreigns that are only available on node and
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``browser`` for browser only foreigns.
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2020-07-24 21:09:27 +03:00
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For ``node`` there are two ways of defining a foreign:
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.. code-block:: idris
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%foreign "node:lambda: n => process.env[n]"
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prim_getEnv : String -> PrimIO (Ptr String)
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2020-07-24 21:10:11 +03:00
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here ``lambda`` means that we are providing the definition as a lambda
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expression.
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.. code-block:: idris
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2021-07-12 17:17:34 +03:00
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%foreign "node:lambda:fp=>require('fs').fstatSync(fp.fd, {bigint: false}).size"
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prim__fileSize : FilePtr -> PrimIO Int
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2020-12-27 02:10:33 +03:00
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``require`` can be used to import javascript modules.
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2020-07-24 21:09:38 +03:00
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For completion below an example of a foreign available only with ``browser`` codegen:
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.. code-block:: idris
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%foreign "browser:lambda:x=>{document.body.innerHTML = x}"
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prim__setBodyInnerHTML : String -> PrimIO ()
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2020-12-06 20:23:54 +03:00
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Short Example
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-------------
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An interesting example is creating a foreign for the setTimeout function:
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.. code-block:: idris
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2021-07-12 17:17:34 +03:00
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%foreign "javascript:lambda:(callback, delay)=>setTimeout(callback, delay)"
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prim__setTimeout : (PrimIO ()) -> Int -> PrimIO ()
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setTimeout : HasIO io => IO () -> Int -> io ()
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setTimeout callback delay = primIO $ prim__setTimeout (toPrim callback) delay
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2021-07-12 17:17:34 +03:00
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Note: Previous versions of the javascript backends treated ``Int`` as a
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64 bit signed integer represented by ``BigInt`` in javascript land. This is no
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longer the case: ``Int`` is now treated as a 32 bit signed integer represented
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by ``Number``. This should facilitate interop between Idris2 and the backend.
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However, unless you have good reasons to do otherwise, consider using
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one of the other fixed precision integral types. They are supposed to behave
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the same across all backends. All signed and unsigned integrals of up to
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32 bit precision (``Int8``, ``Int16``, ``Int32``, ``Bits8``, ``Bits16``, and ``Bits32``)
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are represented by ``Number`` while ``Int64``, ``Bits64``, and ``Integer``
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are represented by ``BigInt``. The example above could therefore be
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improved by using ``Int32`` instad of ``Int``:
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.. code-block:: idris
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%foreign "javascript:lambda:(callback, delay)=>setTimeout(callback, delay)"
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prim__setTimeout : (PrimIO ()) -> Int32 -> PrimIO ()
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setTimeout : HasIO io => IO () -> Int32 -> io ()
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setTimeout callback delay = primIO $ prim__setTimeout (toPrim callback) delay
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Browser Example
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===============
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To build JavaScript aimed to use in the browser, the code must be compiled with
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the javascript codegen option. The compiler produces a JavaScript or an HTML file.
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The browser needs an HTML file to load. This HTML file can be created in two ways
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- If the ``.html`` suffix is given to the output file the compiler generates an HTML file
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which includes a wrapping around the generated JavaScript.
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- If *no* ``.html`` suffix is given, the generated file only contains the JavaScript code.
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In this case manual wrapping is needed.
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Example of the wrapper HTML:
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.. code-block:: html
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<html>
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<head><meta charset='utf-8'></head>
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<body>
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<script type='text/javascript'>
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JS code goes here
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</script>
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</body>
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</html>
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As our intention is to develop something that runs in the browser questions naturally arise:
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- How to interact with HTML elements?
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- More importantly, when does the generated Idris code start?
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Starting point of the Idris generated code
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------------------------------------------
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The generated JavaScript for your program contains an entry point. The ``main`` function is compiled
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to a JavaScript top-level expression, which will be evaluated during the loading of the ``script``
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tag and that is the entry point for Idris generated program starting in the browser.
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Interaction with HTML elements
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------------------------------
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As sketched in the Short Example section, the FFI must be used when interaction happens between Idris
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generated code and the rest of the Browser/JS ecosystem. Information handled by the FFI is
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separated into two categories. Primitive types in Idris FFI, such as Int, and everything else.
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The everything else part is accessed via AnyPtr. The ``%foreign`` construction should be used
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to give implementation on the JavaScript side. And an Idris function declaration to give ``Type``
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declaration on the Idris side. The syntax is ``%foreign "browser:lambda:js-lambda-expression"`` .
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On the Idris side, primitive types and ``PrimIO t`` types should be used as parameters,
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when defining ``%foreign``. This declaration is a helper function which needs to be called
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behind the ``primIO`` function. More on this can be found in the FFI chapter.
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Examples for JavaScript FFI
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---------------------------
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console.log
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-----------
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.. code-block:: idris
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%foreign "browser:lambda: x => console.log(x)"
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prim__consoleLog : String -> PrimIO ()
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consoleLog : HasIO io => String -> io ()
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consoleLog x = primIO $ prim__consoleLog x
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String is a primitive type in Idris and it is represented as a JavaScript String. There is no need
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for any conversion between the Idris and the JavaScript.
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setInterval
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-----------
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.. code-block:: idris
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2021-07-12 17:17:34 +03:00
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%foreign "browser:lambda: (a,i)=>setInterval(a,i)"
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prim__setInterval : PrimIO () -> Int32 -> PrimIO ()
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2021-07-12 17:17:34 +03:00
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setInterval : (HasIO io) => IO () -> Int32 -> io ()
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setInterval a i = primIO $ prim__setInterval (toPrim a) i
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The ``setInterval`` JavaScript function executes the given function in every ``x`` millisecond.
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We can use Idris generated functions in the callback as far as they have the type ``IO ()`` .
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HTML Dom elements
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-----------------
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Lets turn our attention to the Dom elements and events. As said above, anything that is not a
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primitive type should be handled via the ``AnyPtr`` type in the FFI. Anything complex that is
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returned by a JavaScript function should be captured in an ``AnyPtr`` value. It is advisory to
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separate the ``AnyPtr`` values into categories.
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.. code-block:: idris
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data DomNode = MkNode AnyPtr
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%foreign "browser:lambda: () => document.body"
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prim__body : () -> PrimIO AnyPtr
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body : HasIO io => io DomNode
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body = map MkNode $ primIO $ prim__body ()
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We create a ``DomNode`` type which holds an ``AnyPtr``. The ``prim__body`` function wraps a
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lambda function with no parameters. In the Idris function ``body`` we pass an extra ``()`` parameter
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and the we wrap the result in the ``DomNode`` type using the ``MkNode`` data constructor.
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Primitive values originated in JavaScript
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-----------------------------------------
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As a countinuation of the previous example, the ``width`` attribute of a DOM element can be
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retrieved via the FFI.
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.. code-block:: idris
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2021-07-12 17:17:34 +03:00
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%foreign "browser:lambda: n=>(n.width)"
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prim__width : AnyPtr -> PrimIO Bits32
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2021-07-12 17:17:34 +03:00
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width : HasIO io => DomNode -> io Bits32
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width (MkNode p) = primIO $ prim__width p
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Handling JavaScript events
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--------------------------
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.. code-block:: idris
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data DomEvent = MkEvent AnyPtr
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%foreign "browser:lambda: (event, callback, node) => node.addEventListener(event, x=>callback(x)())"
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prim__addEventListener : String -> (AnyPtr -> PrimIO ()) -> AnyPtr -> PrimIO ()
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addEventListener : HasIO io => String -> DomNode -> (DomEvent -> IO ()) -> io ()
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addEventListener event (MkNode n) callback =
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primIO $ prim__addEventListener event (\ptr => toPrim $ callback $ MkEvent ptr) n
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In this example shows how to attach an event handler to a particular DOM element. Values of events
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are also associated with ``AnyPtr`` on the Idris side. To seperate ``DomNode`` form ``DomEvent``
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we create two different types. Also it demonstrates how a simple callback function defined in
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Idris can be used on the JavaScript side.
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Directives
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----------
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The javascript code generators accepts three different directives
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about how compact and obfusacted the generated code should be.
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The following examples show the code generated for the ``putStr``
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function from the prelude for each of the three directives.
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(``--cg node`` is used in the examples below, but the behavior is
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the same when generating code to be run in browsers with ``--cg javascript``).
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With ``idris2 --cg node --directive pretty`` (the default, if no directive is
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given), a basic pretty printer is used to generate properly indented
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javascript code.
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.. code-block:: javascript
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function Prelude_IO_putStr($0, $1) {
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return $0.a2(undefined)($7 => Prelude_IO_prim__putStr($1, $7));
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}
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With ``idris2 --cg node --directive compact``, every toplevel function
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is declared on a single line, and unneeded spaces are removed:
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.. code-block:: javascript
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function Prelude_IO_putStr($0,$1){return $0.a2(undefined)($7=>Prelude_IO_prim__putStr($1,$7));}
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Finally, with ``idris2 --cg node --directive minimal``, toplevel function
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names are (with a few exceptions like the ones from the static
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preamble) obfuscated to reduce the size of the generated javascript
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file:
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.. code-block:: javascript
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function $R3a($0,$1){return $0.a2(undefined)($7=>$R3b($1,$7));}
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