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105 lines
3.4 KiB
ReStructuredText
105 lines
3.4 KiB
ReStructuredText
*************************
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C with Reference Counting
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*************************
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There is an experimental code generator which compiles to an executable via C,
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using a reference counting garbage collector. This is intended as a lightweight
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(i.e. minimal dependencies) code generator that can be ported to multiple
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platforms, especially those with memory constraints.
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Performance is not as good as the Scheme based code generators, partly because
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the reference counting has not yet had any optimisation, and partly because of
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the limitations of C. However, the main goal is portability: the generated
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code should run on any platform that supports a C compiler.
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This code generator can be accessed via the REPL command:
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::
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Main> :set cg refc
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Alternatively, you can set it via the ``IDRIS2_CG`` environment variable:
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::
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$ export IDRIS2_CG=refc
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The C compiler it invokes is determined by either the ``IDRIS2_CC`` or ``CC``
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environment variables. If neither is set, it uses ``cc``.
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This code generator does not yet support `:exec`, just `:c`.
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Also note that, if you link with any dynamic libraries for interfacing with
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C, you will need to arrange for them to be accessible via ``LD_LIBRARY_PATH``
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when running the executable. The default Idris 2 support libraries are
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statically linked.
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Extending RefC
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==============
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RefC can be extended to produce a new backend for languages that support C
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foreign functions. For example, a
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`Python backend for Idris <https://github.com/madman-bob/idris2-python>`_.
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In your backend, use the ``Compiler.RefC`` functions ``generateCSourceFile``,
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``compileCObjectFile {asLibrary = True}``, and
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``compileCFile {asShared = True}`` to generate a ``.so`` shared object file.
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.. code-block:: idris
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_ <- generateCSourceFile defs cSourceFile
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_ <- compileCObjectFile {asLibrary = True} cSourceFile cObjectFile
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_ <- compileCFile {asShared = True} cObjectFile cSharedObjectFile
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To run a compiled Idris program, call the ``int main(int argc, char *argv[])``
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function in the compiled ``.so`` file, with the arguments you wish to pass to
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the running program.
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For example, in Python:
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.. code-block:: python
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import ctypes
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import sys
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argc = len(sys.argv)
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argv = (ctypes.c_char_p * argc)(*map(str.encode, sys.argv))
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cdll = ctypes.CDLL("main.so")
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cdll.main(argc, argv)
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Extending RefC FFIs
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-------------------
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To make the generated C code recognize additional FFI languages beyond the
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standard RefC FFIs, pass the ``additionalFFILangs`` option to
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``generateCSourceFile``, with a list of the language identifiers your backend
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recognizes.
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.. code-block:: idris
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_ <- generateCSourceFile {additionalFFILangs = ["python"]} defs cSourceFile
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This will generate stub FFI function pointers in the generated C file, which
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your backend should set to the appropriate C functions before ``main`` is
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called.
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Each ``%foreign "lang: foreignFuncName, opts"`` definition for a function
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will produce a stub, of the appropriate function pointer type. This stub will
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be called ``cName $ NS (mkNamespace lang) funcName``, where ``funcName`` is the
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fully qualified Idris name of that function.
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So the ``%foreign`` function
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.. code-block:: idris
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%foreign "python: abs"
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abs : Int -> Int
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produces a stub ``python_Main_abs``, which can be backpatched in Python by:
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.. code-block:: python
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abs_ptr = ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(ctypes.c_int64, ctypes.c_int64)(abs)
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ctypes.c_void_p.in_dll(cdll, "python_Main_abs").value = ctypes.cast(abs_ptr, ctypes.c_void_p).value
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