Merge pull request #98661 from doronbehar/doc/nixos/systemd-nixos-specific

doc/nixos: Explain better NixOS specific Systemd stuff

nixos/doc/manual/administration/service-mgmt.xml

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
  <title>Service Management</title>
  <para>
   In NixOS, all system services are started and monitored using the systemd
-  program. Systemd is the “init” process of the system (i.e. PID 1), the
+  program. systemd is the “init” process of the system (i.e. PID 1), the
   parent of all other processes. It manages a set of so-called “units”,
   which can be things like system services (programs), but also mount points,
   swap files, devices, targets (groups of units) and more. Units can have
@@ -16,10 +16,17 @@
   dependencies of this unit cause all system services to be started, file
   systems to be mounted, swap files to be activated, and so on.
  </para>
- <para>
+ <section xml:id="sect-nixos-systemd-general">
-  The command <command>systemctl</command> is the main way to interact with
+  <title>Interacting with a running systemd</title>
-  <command>systemd</command>. Without any arguments, it shows the status of
+   <para>
-  active units:
+    The command <command>systemctl</command> is the main way to interact with
+    <command>systemd</command>. The following paragraphs demonstrate ways to
+    interact with any OS running systemd as init system. NixOS is of no
+    exception. The <link xlink:href="#sect-nixos-systemd-nixos">next section
+    </link> explains NixOS specific things worth knowing.
+   </para>
+   <para>
+    Without any arguments, <literal>systmctl</literal> the status of active units:
 <screen>
 <prompt>$ </prompt>systemctl
 -.mount          loaded active mounted   /
@@ -28,10 +35,10 @@ sshd.service     loaded active running   SSH Daemon
 graphical.target loaded active active    Graphical Interface
 <replaceable>...</replaceable>
 </screen>
- </para>
+  </para>
- <para>
+  <para>
-  You can ask for detailed status information about a unit, for instance, the
+   You can ask for detailed status information about a unit, for instance, the
-  PostgreSQL database service:
+   PostgreSQL database service:
 <screen>
 <prompt>$ </prompt>systemctl status postgresql.service
 postgresql.service - PostgreSQL Server
@@ -62,11 +69,72 @@ Jan 07 15:55:57 hagbard systemd[1]: Started PostgreSQL Server.
 <prompt># </prompt>systemctl start postgresql.service
 <prompt># </prompt>systemctl restart postgresql.service
 </screen>
-  These operations are synchronous: they wait until the service has finished
+   These operations are synchronous: they wait until the service has finished
-  starting or stopping (or has failed). Starting a unit will cause the
+   starting or stopping (or has failed). Starting a unit will cause the
-  dependencies of that unit to be started as well (if necessary).
+   dependencies of that unit to be started as well (if necessary).
- </para>
+  </para>
-<!-- - cgroups: each service and user session is a cgroup
+  <!-- TODO: document cgroups, draft:
+   each service and user session is a cgroup
 
-- cgroup resource management -->
+   - cgroup resource management -->
+ </section>
+ <section xml:id="sect-nixos-systemd-nixos">
+  <title>systemd in NixOS</title>
+  <para>
+   Packages in Nixpkgs sometimes provide systemd units with them, usually in
+   e.g <literal>#pkg-out#/lib/systemd/</literal>. Putting such a package in
+   <literal>environment.systemPackages</literal> doesn't make the service
+   available to users or the system.
+  </para>
+  <para>
+   In order to enable a systemd <emphasis>system</emphasis> service with
+   provided upstream package, use (e.g):
+<programlisting>
+<xref linkend="opt-systemd.packages"/> = [ pkgs.packagekit ];
+</programlisting>
+  </para>
+  <para>
+   Usually NixOS modules written by the community do the above, plus take care of
+   other details. If a module was written for a service you are interested in,
+   you'd probably need only to use
+   <literal>services.#name#.enable = true;</literal>. These services are defined
+   in Nixpkgs'
+   <link xlink:href="https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/tree/master/nixos/modules">
+   <literal>nixos/modules/</literal> directory </link>. In case the service is
+   simple enough, the above method should work, and start the service on boot.
+  </para>
+  <para>
+   <emphasis>User</emphasis> systemd services on the other hand, should be
+   treated differently. Given a package that has a systemd unit file at
+   <literal>#pkg-out#/lib/systemd/user/</literal>, using
+   <xref linkend="opt-systemd.packages"/> will make you able to start the service via
+   <literal>systemctl --user start</literal>, but it won't start automatically on login.
+   <!-- TODO: Document why systemd.packages doesn't work for user services or fix this.
+   https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/2cd6594a8710a801038af2b72348658f732ce84a/nixos/modules/system/boot/systemd-lib.nix#L177-L198
+
+   This has been talked over at https://discourse.nixos.org/t/how-to-enable-upstream-systemd-user-services-declaratively/7649/5
+   -->
+   However, You can imperatively enable it by adding the package's attribute to
+   <link linkend="opt-environment.systemPackages">
+   <literal>systemd.packages</literal></link> and then do this (e.g):
+<screen>
+<prompt>$ </prompt>mkdir -p ~/.config/systemd/user/default.target.wants
+<prompt>$ </prompt>ln -s /run/current-system/sw/lib/systemd/user/syncthing.service ~/.config/systemd/user/default.target.wants/
+<prompt>$ </prompt>systemctl --user daemon-reload
+<prompt>$ </prompt>systemctl --user enable syncthing.service
+</screen>
+   If you are interested in a timer file, use <literal>timers.target.wants</literal>
+   instead of <literal>default.target.wants</literal> in the 1st and 2nd command.
+  </para>
+  <para>
+   Using <literal>systemctl --user enable syncthing.service</literal> instead of
+   the above, will work, but it'll use the absolute path of
+   <literal>syncthing.service</literal> for the symlink, and this path is in
+   <literal>/nix/store/.../lib/systemd/user/</literal>. Hence
+   <link xlink:href="#sec-nix-gc">garbage collection</link> will remove that file
+   and you will wind up with a broken symlink in your systemd configuration, which
+   in turn will not make the service / timer start on login.
+  </para>
+ </section>
 </chapter>
+