crane/README.md

# Crane

A [Nix](https://nixos.org/) library for building [cargo](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/) projects.

* **Source fetching**: automatically done using a Cargo.lock file
* **Incremental**: build your workspace dependencies just once, then quickly lint,
  build, and test changes to your project without slowing down
* **Composable**: split builds and tests into granular steps. Gate CI without
  burdening downstream consumers building from source.

## Features

Examples can be found [here](./examples). Detailed [API docs] are available, but
at a glance, the following are supported:
* Automatic vendoring of dependencies in a way that works with Nix
  - Alternative cargo registries are supported (with a minor configuration
    change)
  - Git dependencies are automatically supported without additional
    configuration.
    - Cargo retains the flexibility to only use these dependencies when they are
      actually needed, without forcing an override for the entire workspace.
* Reusing dependency artifacts after only building them once
* [clippy](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy) checks
* [rustfmt](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustfmt) checks
* [cargo-tarpaulin](https://github.com/xd009642/tarpaulin) for code coverage

## Getting Started

The easiest way to get started is to initialize a flake from a template:

```sh
# Start with a comprehensive suite of tests
nix flake init -t github:ipetkov/crane#quick-start

# Or if you want something simpler
nix flake init -t github:ipetkov/crane#quick-start-simple

# If you need a custom rust toolchain (e.g. to build WASM targets):
nix flake init -t github:ipetkov/crane#custom-toolchain

# If you need to use another crate registry besides crates.io
nix flake init -t github:ipetkov/crane#alt-registry

# If you need cross-compilation, you can also try out
nix flake init -t github:ipetkov/crane#cross-rust-overlay

# For statically linked binaries using musl
nix flake init -t github:ipetkov/crane#cross-musl
```

For an even more lean, no frills set up, create a `flake.nix` file with the
following contents at the root of your cargo workspace:

```nix
{
  inputs = {
    nixpkgs.url = "github:NixOS/nixpkgs/nixpkgs-unstable";
    crane.url = "github:ipetkov/crane";
    crane.inputs.nixpkgs.follows = "nixpkgs";
    flake-utils.url = "github:numtide/flake-utils";
  };

  outputs = { self, nixpkgs, crane, flake-utils, ... }:
    flake-utils.lib.eachDefaultSystem (system: {
      packages.default = crane.lib.${system}.buildPackage {
        src = ./.;

        # Add extra inputs here or any other derivation settings
        # doCheck = true;
        # buildInputs = [];
        # nativeBuildInputs = [];
      };
    });
}
```

## Philosophy

Crane is designed around the idea of composing cargo invocations such that they
can take advantage of the artifacts generated in previous invocations. This
allows for both flexible configurations and great caching (à la Cachix) in CI
and local development builds.

Here's how it works at a high level: when a cargo workspace is built its source
is first transformed such that only the dependencies listed by the `Cargo.toml`
and `Cargo.lock` files are built, and none of the crate's real source is
included. This allows cargo to build all dependency crates and prevents Nix from
invalidating the derivation whenever the source files are updated. Then, a
second derivation is built, this time using the real source files, which also
imports the cargo artifacts generated in the first step.

This pattern can be used with any arbitrary sequence of commands, regardless of
whether those commands are running additional lints, performing code coverage
analysis, or even generating types from a model schema. Let's take a look at two
examples at how very similar configurations can give us very different behavior!

### Example One

Suppose we are developing a crate and want to run our CI assurance checks
via `nix flake check`. Perhaps we want the CI gate to be very strict and block
any changes which raise warnings when run with `cargo clippy`. Oh, and we want
to enforce some code coverage too!

Except we do not want to push our strict guidelines on any downstream consumers
who may want to build our crate. Suppose they need to build the crate with a
different compiler version (for one reason or another) which comes with a new lint
whose warnings we have not yet addressed. We don't want to make their life
harder, so we want to make sure we do not run `cargo clippy` as part of the
crate's actual derivation, but at the same time, we don't want to have to
rebuild dependencies from scratch.

Here's how we can set up our flake to achieve our goals:

```nix
{
  inputs = {
    nixpkgs.url = "github:NixOS/nixpkgs/nixpkgs-unstable";
    crane.url = "github:ipetkov/crane";
    crane.inputs.nixpkgs.follows = "nixpkgs";
    flake-utils.url = "github:numtide/flake-utils";
  };

  outputs = { self, nixpkgs, crane, flake-utils, ... }:
    flake-utils.lib.eachDefaultSystem (system:
      let
        pkgs = import nixpkgs {
          inherit system;
        };

        craneLib = crane.lib.${system};

        # Common derivation arguments used for all builds
        commonArgs = {
          src = ./.;

          buildInputs = with pkgs; [
            # Add extra build inputs here, etc.
            # openssl
          ];

          nativeBuildInputs = with pkgs; [
            # Add extra native build inputs here, etc.
            # pkg-config
          ];
        };

        # Build *just* the cargo dependencies, so we can reuse
        # all of that work (e.g. via cachix) when running in CI
        cargoArtifacts = craneLib.buildDepsOnly (commonArgs // {
          # Additional arguments specific to this derivation can be added here.
          # Be warned that using `//` will not do a deep copy of nested
          # structures
          pname = "mycrate-deps";
        });

        # Run clippy (and deny all warnings) on the crate source,
        # resuing the dependency artifacts (e.g. from build scripts or
        # proc-macros) from above.
        #
        # Note that this is done as a separate derivation so it
        # does not impact building just the crate by itself.
        myCrateClippy = craneLib.cargoClippy (commonArgs // {
          # Again we apply some extra arguments only to this derivation
          # and not every where else. In this case we add some clippy flags
          inherit cargoArtifacts;
          cargoClippyExtraArgs = "--all-targets -- --deny warnings";
        });

        # Build the actual crate itself, reusing the dependency
        # artifacts from above.
        myCrate = craneLib.buildPackage (commonArgs // {
          inherit cargoArtifacts;
        });

        # Also run the crate tests under cargo-tarpaulin so that we can keep
        # track of code coverage
        myCrateCoverage = craneLib.cargoTarpaulin (commonArgs // {
          inherit cargoArtifacts;
        });
      in
      {
        packages.default = myCrate;
        checks = {
         inherit
           # Build the crate as part of `nix flake check` for convenience
           myCrate
           myCrateClippy
           myCrateCoverage;
        };
      });
}
```

When we run `nix flake check` the following will happen:
1. The sources for any dependency crates will be fetched
1. They will be built without our crate's code and the artifacts propagated
1. Our crate, the clippy checks, and code coverage collection will be built,
   each reusing the same set of artifacts from the initial source-free build. If
   enough cores are available to Nix it may build all three derivations
   completely in parallel, or schedule them in some arbitrary order.

Splitting up our builds like this also gives us the benefit of granular control
over what is rebuilt. Suppose we change our mind and decide to adjust the clippy
flags (e.g. to allow certain lints or forbid others). Doing so will _only_
rebuild the clippy derivation, without having to rebuild and rerun any of our
other tests!

### Example Two

Let's take an alternative approach to the example above. Suppose instead that we
care more about not wasting any resources building certain tests (even if they
would succeed!) if another particular test fails. Perhaps binary substitutes are
readily available so that we do not mind if anyone building from source is bound
by our rules, and we can be sure that all tests have passed as part of the
build.

```nix
{
  inputs = {
    nixpkgs.url = "github:NixOS/nixpkgs/nixpkgs-unstable";
    crane.url = "github:ipetkov/crane";
    crane.inputs.nixpkgs.follows = "nixpkgs";
    flake-utils.url = "github:numtide/flake-utils";
  };

  outputs = { self, nixpkgs, crane, flake-utils, ... }:
    flake-utils.lib.eachDefaultSystem (system:
      let
        pkgs = import nixpkgs {
          inherit system;
        };

        craneLib = crane.lib.${system};
        # Common derivation arguments used for all builds
        commonArgs = {
          src = ./.;

          buildInputs = with pkgs; [
            # Add extra build inputs here, etc.
            # openssl
          ];

          nativeBuildInputs = with pkgs; [
            # Add extra native build inputs here, etc.
            # pkg-config
          ];
        };

        # Build *just* the cargo dependencies, so we can reuse
        # all of that work (e.g. via cachix) when running in CI
        cargoArtifacts = craneLib.buildDepsOnly (commonArgs // {
          # Additional arguments specific to this derivation can be added here.
          # Be warned that using `//` will not do a deep copy of nested
          # structures
          pname = "mycrate-deps";
        });

        # First, run clippy (and deny all warnings) on the crate source.
        myCrateClippy = craneLib.cargoClippy (commonArgs // {
          # Again we apply some extra arguments only to this derivation
          # and not every where else. In this case we add some clippy flags
          inherit cargoArtifacts;
          cargoClippyExtraArgs = "--all-targets -- --deny warnings";
        });

        # Next, we want to run the tests and collect code-coverage, _but only if
        # the clippy checks pass_ so we do not waste any extra cycles.
        myCrateCoverage = craneLib.cargoTarpaulin (commonArgs // {
          cargoArtifacts = myCrateClippy;
        });

        # Build the actual crate itself, _but only if the previous tests pass_.
        myCrate = craneLib.buildPackage (commonArgs // {
          cargoArtifacts = myCrateCoverage;
        });
      in
      {
        packages.default = myCrate;
        checks = {
         inherit
           # Build the crate as part of `nix flake check` for convenience
           myCrate
           myCrateCoverage;
        };
      });
}
```

When we run `nix flake check` the following will happen:
1. The sources for any dependency crates will be fetched
1. They will be built without our crate's code and the artifacts propagated
1. Next the clippy checks will run, reusing the dependency artifacts above.
1. Next the code coverage tests will run, reusing the artifacts from the clippy
   run
1. Finally the actual crate itself is built

In this case we lose the ability to build derivations independently, but we gain
the ability to enforce a strict build order. However, we can easily change our
mind, which would be much more difficult if we had written everything as one
giant derivation.

## Compatibility Policy

Breaking changes can land on the `master` branch at any time, so it is
recommended you use a versioning strategy when consuming this library (for
example, using something like flakes or [niv]).

Tagged releases will be cut periodically and changes will be documented in the
[CHANGELOG]. Release versions will follow [Semantic Versioning].

The test suite is run against the latest stable nixpkgs release, as well as
`nixpkgs-unstable`. Any breakage on those channels is considered a bug and
should be reported as such.

## FAQs

### I want to use a custom version of nixpkgs or another specific system

The crane library can be instantiated with a specific version of nixpkgs as
follows. For more information, see the [API docs] for `mkLib`.

```nix
crane.mkLib (import nixpkgs { system = "armv7l-linux"; })
```

### I want to override a particular package used by the crane library

Specific inputs can be overridden for the entire library via the
`overrideScope'` API as follows. For more information, see the [API docs] for
`mkLib`/`overrideToolchain`, or checkout the [custom-toolchain] example.

```nix
crane.lib.${system}.overrideScope' (final: prev: {
  cargo-tarpaulin = myCustomCargoTarpaulinVersion;
})
```

```nix
crane.lib.${system}.overrideToolchain myCustomToolchain
```

### Nix is complaining about IFD (import from derivation)

If a derivation's `pname` and `version` attributes are not explicitly set,
crane will inspect the project's `Cargo.toml` file to set them as a convenience
to avoid duplicating that information by hand. This works well when the source
is a local path, but can cause issues if the source is being fetched remotely,
or flakes are not being used (since flakes have IFD enabled on by default).

One easy workaround for this issue (besides enabling the
`allow-import-from-derivation` option in Nix) is to explicitly set
`{ pname = "..."; version = "..."; }` in the derivation.

You'll know you've run into this issue if you see error messages along the lines
of:
* `cannot build '/nix/store/...-source.drv' during evaluation because the option 'allow-import-from-derivation' is disabled`
* `a 'aarch64-darwin' with features {} is required to build '/nix/store/...', but I am a 'x86_64-linux' with features {}`

### I'm getting rebuilds all of the time, especially when I change `flake.nix`

Nix will rebuild a derivation if any of its inputs change, which includes any
file contained by the source that is passed in. For example, if the build
expression specifies `src = ./.;` then the crate will be rebuilt when _any_ file
changes (including "unrelated" changes to `flake.nix`)!

There are two main ways to avoid unnecessary builds:

1. One option is to put the crate's source files into its own subdirectory (e.g.
   `./mycrate`) and then set the build expression's source to that subdirectory
   (e.g. `src = ./mycrate;`). Then, changes to files _outside_ of that directory
   will be ignored and will not cause a rebuild
1. The other option is to use a [source cleaning] function from nixpkgs which
   can omit any files know to not be needed while building the crate (for
   example, all `*.nix` sources, `flake.lock`, and so on)

### I'm trying to build another cargo project from source which has no lock file

First consider if there is a release of this project available _with_ a lock
file as it may be simpler and more consistent to use the exact dependencies
published by the project itself. Projects published on crates.io always come
with a lock file and `nixpkgs` has a `fetchCrate` fetcher which pulls straight
from crates.io.

If that is not an option, the next best thing is to generate your own
`Cargo.lock` file and pass it in as an override by setting `cargoLock =
./path/to/Cargo.lock`. If you are calling `buildDepsOnly` or `vendorCargoDeps`
directly the value must be passed there; otherwise you can pass it into
`buildPackage` or `cargoBuild` and it will automatically passed through.

Note that the `Cargo.lock` file must be accessible _at evaluation time_ for the
dependency vendoring to work, meaning the file cannot be generated within the
same derivation that builds the project. It _may_ come from another derivation,
but it may require enabling IFD if flakes are not used.

## License

This project is licensed under the [MIT license].

### Contribution

Unless you explicitly state otherwise, any contribution intentionally submitted
for inclusion by you, shall be licensed as MIT, without any additional terms or
conditions.

[API docs]: ./docs/API.md
[CHANGELOG]: ./CHANGELOG.md
[custom-toolchain]: ./examples/custom-toolchain/flake.nix
[MIT license]: ./LICENSE
[niv]: https://github.com/nmattia/niv
[Semantic Versioning]: http://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.html
[source cleaning]: https://nixos.org/manual/nixpkgs/unstable/#sec-functions-library-sources