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@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
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# QUERY
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`<query>` provides a means to create `<table-set>`s derived from persisted and/or cached `<table-set>`s and/or constants. Data rows may be joined according to predicates, specific columns may be selected, and resulting rows may be filtered by predicate.
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The `<query>` statement provides a means to create `<table-set>`s derived from persisted and/or cached `<table-set>`s and/or constants. Data rows can be joined based on predicates, specific columns can be selected, and the resulting rows can be filtered by predicate.
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The full syntax is complex and inludes manipulating data at the row level through scalar functions, aggegating data across rows through aggregate functions, filtering by aggregation, and ordering rows.
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The full syntax involves complex manipulations at the row level through scalar functions, data aggregation across preliminary rows via aggregate functions, filtering by aggregation, and row ordering.
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NOTE: scalar and aggregate functions are under development, not currently available, and subject to change.
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NOTE: scalar and aggregate functions are currently under development and not available. Also, these are subject to change.
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```
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<query> ::=
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@ -32,17 +32,21 @@ NOTE: scalar and aggregate functions are under development, not currently availa
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} [ ,...n ]
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]
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```
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`JOIN` Inner join returns all matching pairs of rows.
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`LEFT JOIN` Left outer join returns all rows from the left table not meeting the join condition long with all matching pairs of rows.
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`RIGHT JOIN` Right outer join returns all rows from the right table not meeting the join condition long with all matching pairs of rows.
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`OUTER JOIN` Full outer join returns matching pairs of rows as well as all rows from both tables not meeting the join condition.
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`CROSS JOIN` Cross join is a cartesian join of two tables.
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`JOIN` is an inner join returning all matching pairs of rows.
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Cross database joins are allowed, but not cross ship joins.
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`LEFT JOIN` is a left outer join returning all rows from the left table not meeting the join condition, along with all matching pairs of rows.
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`HAVING <predicate>` column references in the predicate must be one of the grouping columns or be contained in an aggregate function.
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`RIGHT JOIN` is a right outer join returning all rows from the right table not meeting the join condition, along with all matching pairs of rows.
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Do not use `ORDER BY` in Common Table Expressions (CTE, WITH clause) or in any query manipulated by set operators prior to the last of the queries, except when `TOP` or `BOTTOM` is specified.
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`OUTER JOIN` is a full outer join returning matching pairs of rows, as well as all rows from both tables not meeting the join condition.
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`CROSS JOIN` is a cartesian join of two tables.
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Cross database joins are permitted, but not cross ship joins.
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`HAVING <predicate>` filters aggregated rows returned from the `<query>`. The column references in the predicate must be either one of the grouping columns or be contained in an aggregate function.
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Avoid using `ORDER BY` in CTEs or in any query prior to the last step in a `<transform>`, unless required by `TOP` or `BOTTOM` specified in the `SELECT` statement or, in the case of CTEs, it is used in an `<expression>` expecting a scalar result.
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```
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<predicate> ::=
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@ -64,13 +68,11 @@ Do not use `ORDER BY` in Common Table Expressions (CTE, WITH clause) or in any q
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| [ NOT ] EXISTS { <column value> | <scalar-query> } }
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```
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When applied to a column `EXISTS` tests whether the returned `<row-type>` includes the required column. In the case of `<scalar-query>` it tests whether a CTE returns any data.
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When applied to a column `EXISTS` tests whether the returned `<row-type>` includes the required column. In the case of `<scalar-query>`, it tests whether a CTE returns any rows.
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Since nullable table columns are not allowed, `NOT EXISTS` can only yield `true` on the column of an outer join that is not in a returned row or a `<scalar-query>` that returns nothing. `NULL` is a marker for this case.
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`[ NOT ] EQUIV` is a binary operator, similar to (not) equals `<>`, `=`. However, comparing two `NOT EXISTS` yields true.
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`[ NOT ] EQUIV` is a binary operator like [ NOT ] equals `<>`, `=` except comparing two `NOT EXISTS` yields true.
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`<scalar-query>` is a CTE that selects for one column. When the operator expects a set, it operates on the entire result set. When the operator expects a value, it operates on the first row returned, and so if the CTE is not ordered results may be unexpected.
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`<scalar-query>` is a CTE that selects for one column. Depending on whether the operator expects a set or a value, it operates on the entire result set or on the first row returned, respectively. If the CTE is not ordered, results may be unpredictable.
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```
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<binary-operator> ::=
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@ -78,7 +80,7 @@ Since nullable table columns are not allowed, `NOT EXISTS` can only yield `true`
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```
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Whitespace is not required between operands and binary-operators, except when the left operand is a numeric literal, in which case whitespace is required.
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`<inequality-operator>` is any `<binary-operator>` other than equality and `NOT EQUIV`.
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`<inequality-operator>` is any `<binary-operator>` other than equality and `EQUIV`.
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```
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<scalar-function> ::=
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@ -96,10 +98,9 @@ Whitespace is not required between operands and binary-operators, except when th
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| <boolean>
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| <scalar>
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```
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If a `CASE` expression uses `<predicate>`, the expected boolean (or loobean) logic applies.
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If it uses `<expression>` `@`0 is treated as false and any other value as true (not loobean).
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If a `CASE` expression uses `<predicate>`, the expected boolean (or loobean) logic applies. If it uses `<expression>` `@`0 is treated as false and any other value as true (not loobean). (NOTE: This is preliminary design subject to change.)
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`COALESCE` returns the first `<expression>` in the list that exists where not existing occurs when selected `<expression>` value is not returned due to `LEFT` or `RIGHT JOIN` not matching.
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`COALESCE` returns the first `<expression>` in the list that exists. Non-existence occurs when a selected `<expression>` value is not returned due to an outer join not matching or `<scalar-query>` not returning rows.
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See CH 8 Functions for full documentation on Scalars.
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@ -159,7 +160,7 @@ Used to select columns for ordering and grouping. `<column-ordinal>`s are 1-base
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**`[ TOP <n> ] [ BOTTOM <n> ]`**
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`SELECT` only for the first and/or last `n` rows returned by the rest of the query. If the result set is less than `n` the entire set of rows is returned.
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`SELECT` only the first and/or last `n` rows returned by the rest of the query. If the result set is less than `n`, the entire set of rows is returned.
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`TOP` and `BOTTOM` require the presence of an `ORDER BY` clause.
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@ -169,7 +170,7 @@ The `SELECT` clause may choose columns from a single CTE, in which case the `FRO
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The simplest possible query is `SELECT 0`.
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`<query>` alone never changes Obelisk agent state.
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`<query>` alone does not change the Obelisk agent state.
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## Produced Metadata
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@ -177,4 +178,4 @@ The simplest possible query is `SELECT 0`.
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## Exceptions
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Provided `<query>` executes (syntax and internal consistency checks pass), the only exceptions possible are performance related like time-outs and memory constraints.
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Provided `<query>` attempts execution (i.e., syntax and internal consistency checks pass), the only exceptions possible are performance-related, such as timeouts and memory constraints.
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@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
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# MERGE
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`MERGE` performs actions that modify rows in the `<target-table>`, using the `<source-table>` and static `<common-table-expression>` sources from an applicable `WITH` clause.
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`MERGE` provides a single SQL statement that can conditionally `INSERT`, `UPDATE` or `DELETE` rows, a task that would otherwise require multiple procedural language statements.
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`MERGE` provides a single SQL statement that can conditionally `INSERT`, `UPDATE` or `DELETE` rows, a task that would otherwise require multiple procedural language statements. It modifies the content of the `<target-table>`, using data from the `<source-table>` and static `<common-table-expression>` sources.
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First, the MERGE command performs a join from `<source-table>` to `<target-table>` using `ON <merge-predicate>` producing zero or more candidate change rows.
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@ -17,19 +16,18 @@ When no `WHEN` clause evaluates as true the state remains unchanged (same as spe
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MERGE actions have the same effect as `UPDATE`, `INSERT`, or `DELETE` commands of the same names.
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When `MERGE INTO` is specified or implied `PRODUCING NEW` may not be specified and the resulting `INSERT`s and `UPDATE`s apply to `<target-table>` or `<new-table>`.
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`MERGE` can either update the contents of an existing `<table>`, produce a new `<table>`, or produce a new (virtual) `<table-set>`.
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When `MERGE FROM` is specified then `PRODUCING NEW` must also be specified.
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When `MERGE INTO` is specified or implied `<target-table>` must be a base `<table>` and contents are updated in place. `PRODUCING NEW` may not be specified.
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If `<new-table>` is specfied as a base-table, that table must not pre-exist.
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When `MERGE FROM` is specified then `PRODUCING NEW` must also be specified. `<target-table>` can be `<table>` or any virtual table (i.e. `<view>` or pass-thru `<table-set>`).
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`<new-table>`'s row type will correspond to the row type of `<target-table>`.
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If `<new-table>` is specfied, it will be created as a new `<table>` and populated the same as when `<target-table>` is updated with `MERGE INTO`.
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`<new-table>`'s primary index will correspond to the primary index of `<target-table>`.
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The output `<table-set>`'s row type will correspond to the row type of `<target-table>`. And its primary index (in the case when `<new-table>` is produced) will correspond to the primary index of `<target-table>`.
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If the resulting virtual-table row type is a union type, then the output must be a virtual-table pass-thru, not an update to `<target-table>` or `<new-table>` as a base-table.
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If the resulting virtual-table row type is a union type, then the output must be a virtual-table pass-thru, not an update to `<target-table>` or creation of `<new-table>`.
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BREAKING CHANGE: The parser currently parses the syntax *MERGE... PRODUCING... WITH...*. This will eventually be refactored to *WITH... MERGE...*.
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```
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<merge> ::=
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MERGE [ { INTO | FROM } ] <target-table> [ [ AS ] <alias> ]
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@ -88,7 +86,7 @@ BREAKING CHANGE: The parser currently parses the syntax *MERGE... PRODUCING... W
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## Arguments
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**[ { INTO | FROM } ] \<target-table> [ [ AS ] \<alias> ]**
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**`[ { INTO | FROM } ] <target-table> [ [ AS ] \<alias> ]`**
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`<alias>` An alternative name to reference `<target-table>`.
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* If `{ INTO | FROM }` is not specified default to `INTO`.
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* If `<target-table>` is a virtual-table -- any `<table-set>` other than a base-table, i.e. qualified `<view>`, `<common-table-expression>`, `*`, or `( column-1 [,...column-n] )` -- then `FROM` is required.
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@ -100,17 +98,17 @@ BREAKING CHANGE: The parser currently parses the syntax *MERGE... PRODUCING... W
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* If `FROM` is specified then any insert, update, or delete operations specified by the `WHEN` clauses as well as matched but otherwise unaffected target table rows produce a new `<table-set>` as specified by the `PRODUCING NEW` clause.
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**[ PRODUCING NEW \<new-table> [ [ AS ] \<alias> ] ]**
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**`[ PRODUCING NEW <new-table> [ [ AS ] \<alias> ] ]`**
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`<alias>` An alternative name to reference `<target-table>`.
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* Required when `FROM` specified.
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* Prohibited when `INTO` implied or specified.
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* If `<target-table>` has a row type which is a union type, `<new-table>` cannot be a base-table.
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**[ WITH <\common-table-expression> [ ,...n ] ]**
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**`[ WITH <common-table-expression> [ ,...n ] ]`**
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Specifies the temporary named result set or view, also known as common table expression, that's defined within the scope of the MERGE statement. The result set derives from a simple query and is referenced by the MERGE statement.
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**USING \<source-table> [ [ AS ] \<alias> ]**
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**`USING <source-table> [ [ AS ] \<alias> ]`**
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`<alias>` An alternative name to reference `<target-table>`.
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Specifies the data source that's matched with the data rows in `<target-table>` joining on `<merge-predicate>`.
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@ -118,39 +116,39 @@ Specifies the data source that's matched with the data rows in `<target-table>`
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<`table-source>` can be a derived table that uses the Transact-SQL table value constructor to construct a table by specifying multiple rows.
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**[ [ SCALAR ] [ ,...n ] ]**
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**`[ [ SCALAR ] [ ,...n ] ]`**
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TBD
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**ON \<merge-predicate>**
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**`ON <merge-predicate>`**
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Specifies the conditions on which `<table-source>` joins with `<target-table>`, determining the matching.
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* Any valid `<predicate>` not resulting in cartesian join.
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* Resolves for any row sub-type between the target and source.
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* If not specified, source and target must share row type and matching implies rows equal by value.
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**[ WHEN MATCHED [ AND \<target-predicate> ] THEN \<merge-matched> ] [ ...n ]**
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**`[ WHEN MATCHED [ AND <target-predicate> ] THEN <merge-matched> ] [ ...n ]`**
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Specifies that all rows of *target-table, which join the rows returned by `<table-source>` ON `<merge-predicate>` or the implied join when `ON` predicate not present, and satisfy `<target-predicate>`, result in some action, possibly resulting in state change, according to the `<merge-matched>` clause.
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* If two or more `WHEN` clauses are specified only the last clause may be unaccompanied by `AND <target-predicate>`.
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* The first `<target-predicate>` evaluating to true determines the `<merge-matched>` action.
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* `WHEN THEN <merge-matched>` clause without `AND <target-predicate>` implies unconditionally apply the `<target-predicate>` action.
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**[ WHEN NOT MATCHED [ BY TARGET ] THEN \<merge-not-matched> ] [ ...n ]**
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**`[ WHEN NOT MATCHED [ BY TARGET ] [ AND <unmatched-target-predicate> ] THEN <merge-not-matched> ] [ ...n ]`**
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Specifies that a row is inserted into target-table for every row returned by `<table-source>` ON `<merge-predicate>` that doesn't match a row in target-table, but satisfies an additional search condition, if present. The values to insert are specified by the `<merge-not-matched>` clause. The MERGE statement can have only one WHEN NOT MATCHED [ BY TARGET ] clause.
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**WHEN NOT MATCHED BY SOURCE THEN \<merge-matched>**
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**`WHEN NOT MATCHED BY SOURCE [ AND <unmatched-source-predicate> ] THEN <merge-matched>`**
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Specifies that all rows of *target-table, which don't match the rows returned by `<table-source>` ON `<merge-predicate>`, and that satisfy any additional search condition, are updated or deleted according to the `<merge-matched>` clause.
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The MERGE statement can have at most two WHEN NOT MATCHED BY SOURCE clauses. If two clauses are specified, then the first clause must be accompanied by an AND `<predicate>` clause. For any given row, the second WHEN NOT MATCHED BY SOURCE clause is only applied if the first isn't. If there are two WHEN NOT MATCHED BY SOURCE clauses, then one must specify an UPDATE action and one must specify a DELETE action. Only columns from the target table can be referenced in `<predicate>`.
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When no rows are returned by `<table-source>`, columns in the source table can't be accessed. If the update or delete action specified in the `<merge-matched>` clause references columns in the source table, error 207 (Invalid column name) is returned. For example, the clause WHEN NOT MATCHED BY SOURCE THEN UPDATE SET TargetTable.Col1 = SourceTable.Col1 may cause the statement to fail because Col1 in the source table is inaccessible.
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AND <predicate>
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Any valid predicate on the matching source and target row or nonmatching source or target.
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<output-clause>
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Returns a row for every row in target-table that's updated, inserted, or deleted, in no particular order. $action can be specified in the output clause. $action is a column of type nvarchar(10) that returns one of three values for each row: 'INSERT', 'UPDATE', or 'DELETE', according to the action done on that row. The OUTPUT clause is the recommended way to query or count rows affected by a MERGE. For more information about the arguments and behavior of this clause, see OUTPUT Clause (Transact-SQL).
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<merge-matched>
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Specifies the update or delete action that's applied to all rows of target-table that don't match the rows returned by <table-source> ON <merge-predicate>, and which satisfy any additional search condition.
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@ -198,7 +196,7 @@ Any insert, update, or delete action specified on the target table by the MERGE
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## Produced Metadata
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@@ROWCOUNT returns the total number of rows [inserted=@ud updated=@ud deleted=@ud].
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`@@ROWCOUNT` returns the total number of rows [inserted=@ud updated=@ud deleted=@ud].
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## Exceptions
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`<target-table>` does not exist
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@ -212,47 +210,3 @@ unique key violation
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-- for otherwise base-table `<target-table>` producing pass-thru or new base-table output, `<target-table>` primary index determines unique key violations
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-- for pass-thru `<target-table>` the `<target-table>` columns validated in `<merge-predicate>`, or all target columns in the case of its absence, determine unique key violations
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## Syntax Rules
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13) Case:
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c) If for some n, some underlying column of the column referenced by the <column name> contained
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in the n-th ordinal position in <insert column list> is an identity column whose descriptor includes an
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indication that values are generated by default and <override clause> is specified, then <override
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clause> shall specify OVERRIDING USER VALUE.
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Data manipulation 961
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IWD 9075-2:201?(E)
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14.12 <merge statement>d) If for some n, some underlying column of the column referenced by the <column name> contained
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in the n-th ordinal position in <insert column list> is a system-time period start column or a systemtime period end column whose descriptor includes an indication that values are always generated and
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<override clause> is specified, then <override clause> shall specify OVERRIDING USER VALUE.
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e) Otherwise, <override clause> shall not be specified.
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14) The <search condition> immediately contained in a <merge statement>, the <search condition> immediately
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contained in a <merge when matched clause>, and the <search condition> immediately contained in a
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<merge when not matched clause> shall not generally contain a <routine invocation> whose subject routine
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is an SQL-invoked routine that possibly modifies SQL-data.
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15) Each column identified by an <object column> in a <set clause list> is an update object column. Each
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column identified by a <column name> in an implicit or explicit <insert column list> is an insert object
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column. Each update object column and each insert object column is an object column.
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16) If <merge when not matched clause> is specified and if T is not trigger insertable-into or if <merge when
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matched clause> is specified and if T is not trigger updatable, then every object column shall identify an
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updatable column of T.
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NOTE 476 — The notion of updatable columns of base tables is defined in Subclause 4.15, “Tables”. The notion of updatable
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columns of viewed tables is defined in Subclause 11.32, “<view definition>”.
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17) No <column name> of T shall be identified more than once in an <insert column list>.
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18) For each <merge when not matched clause>:
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a) Let NI be the number of <merge insert value element>s contained in <merge insert value list>. Let
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EXP1, EXP2, ... , EXPNI be those <merge insert value element>s.
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b) The number of <column name>s in the <insert column list> shall be equal to NI.
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c) The declared type of every <contextually typed value specification> CVS in a <merge insert value
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list> is the data type DT indicated in the column descriptor for the positionally corresponding column
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in the explicit or implicit <insert column list>. If CVS is an <empty specification> that specifies
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ARRAY, then DT shall be an array type. If CVS is an <empty specification> that specifies MULTISET,
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then DT shall be a multiset type.
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d) Every <merge insert value element> whose positionally corresponding <column name> in <insert
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column list> references a column of which some underlying column is a generated column shall be a
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<default specification>.
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e) For 1 (one) ≤ i ≤ NI, the Syntax Rules of Subclause 9.2, “Store assignment”, are applied with EXPi
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as VALUE and the column of table T identified by the i-th <column name> in the <insert column list>
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as TARGET.
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## Exceptions
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@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ API:
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## Arguments
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** **
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**``**
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## Remarks
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