---
layout: default
title: Examples
---

### Preparing

We assume that you have read both [quick start](quickstart.html) and [tutorial](tutorial.htm).

### Schema of examples

We use the bank example in [Learning SQL](http://shop.oreilly.com/product/9780596007270.do). Its support page provides a script to create the tables of the bank examples for MySQL. We modified [it for SQLite](https://github.com/khibino/haskell-relational-record/blob/master/relational-record-examples/sql/add.sql) and created a DB file called "examples.db" in the top directory of "relational-record-examples". We deeply thank Alan Beaulieu, the author of "Learning SQL".

Here is a list of tables copied from page 34 of "Learning SQL":

- Account -- a particular product opened for a particular customer
- Business -- a corporate customer (subtype of the Customer table)
- Customer -- a person or corporation known to the bank
- Department -- a group of bank employees implementing a particular banking function
- Employee -- a person working for the bank
- Individual -- a noncorporate customer (subtype of the Customer table)
- Officer -- a person allowed to transact business for a corporate customer
- Product -- a banking function offered to customers
- Product_type -- a group of products having similar function
- Transaction -- a change made to an account balance

The most of the following examples come from "Learning SQL", too.
HRR code examples are found in "src/examples.hs".

### Select

#### Descending sort order

SQL:

    SELECT account_id, product_cd, open_date, avail_balance
    FROM account
    ORDER BY avail_balance DESC;

HRR: TBD

#### Sorting via numeric placeholders

SQL:

    SELECT emp_id, title, start_date, fname, lname
    FROM employee
    ORDER BY 2,5;

HRR: TBD


#### The order by clause

SQL:

    SELECT open_emp_id, product_cd
    FROM account
    ORDER BY open_emp_id, product_cd;

HRR: TBD

#### Using the not operator

SQL:

    SELECT *
    FROM employee
    WHERE end_date IS NULL AND (title = 'Teller' OR start_date < '2003-01-01');

HRR: TBD

#### Range condition with the between operator

SLQ:

    SELECT emp_id, fname, lname, start_date FROM employee
    WHERE start_date
    BETWEEN date('2001-01-01') AND date('2002-12-31');

HRR: TBD

#### Membership conditions

SQL:

    SELECT account_id, product_cd, cust_id, avail_balance
    FROM account
    WHERE product_cd IN ('CHK', 'SAV', 'CD', 'MM');

HRR: returning raw rows.

    account1 :: Relation () Account
    account1 = relation $ do
      a  <- query account
      wheres $ a ! Account.productCd' `in'` values ["CHK", "SAV", "CD", "MM"]
      return a

HRR: constructing new records in Applicative-like style.

    data Account1 = Account1
      { a1AccountId :: Int64
      , a1ProductCd :: String
      , a1CustId :: Int64
      , a1AvailBalance :: Maybe Double
      } deriving (Show)

    $(makeRecordPersistableDefault ''Account1)

    account1R :: Relation () Account1
    account1R = relation $ do
      a  <- query account
      wheres $ a ! Account.productCd' `in'` values ["CHK", "SAV", "CD", "MM"]
      return $ Account1 |$| a ! Account.accountId'
                        |*| a ! Account.productCd'
                        |*| a ! Account.custId'
                        |*| a ! Account.availBalance'

#### Membership conditions using subqueries

SQL:

    SELECT account_id, product_cd, cust_id, avail_balance
    FROM account
    WHERE product_cd IN (SELECT product_cd FROM product
    WHERE product_type_cd = 'ACCOUNT');

HRR:

    product1 = relation' $ do
      p <- query product
      (phProductCd,()) <- placeholder (\ph -> wheres $ p ! Product.productTypeCd' .=. ph)
      let productCd = p ! Product.productCd'
      return (phProductCd, productCd)
    
    account3 :: Relation String Account
    account3 = relation' $ do
      a <- query account
      (phProductCd,p) <- queryList' product1
      wheres $ a ! Account.productCd' `in'` p
      return (phProductCd, a)

    account3R :: Relation String Account1
    account3R = relation' $ do
      a <- query account
      (phProductCd,p) <- queryList' product1
      wheres $ a ! Account.productCd' `in'` p
      let ar = Account1 |$| a ! Account.accountId'
                        |*| a ! Account.productCd'
                        |*| a ! Account.custId'
                        |*| a ! Account.availBalance'
      return (phProductCd, ar)

Using type holders:

    run conn "ACCOUNT" account3R

#### Membership conditions using not in

SQL:

    SELECT account_id, product_cd, cust_id, avail_balance
    FROM account
    WHERE product_cd NOT IN ('CHK', 'SAV', 'CD', 'MM');

HRR:

    account4 :: Relation () Account
    account4 = relation $ do
      a  <- query account
      wheres $ not' (a ! Account.productCd' `in'` values ["CHK", "SAV", "CD", "MM"])
      return a

#### Inner join

SQL:

    SELECT e.fname, e.lname, d.name
    FROM employee e INNER JOIN department d
    USING (dept_id);

HRR:

    join1' :: Relation () ((String, String), String)
    join1' = relation $ do
      e  <- query employee
      d  <- query department
      on $ e ! Employee.deptId' .=. just (d ! Department.deptId')
      return $ e ! Employee.fname' >< e ! Employee.lname' >< d ! Department.name'

#### Complex join

SQL:

    SELECT a.account_id, a.cust_id, a.open_date, a.product_cd
    FROM account a INNER JOIN employee e ON a.open_emp_id = e.emp_id
    INNER JOIN branch b ON e.assigned_branch_id = b.branch_id
    WHERE e.start_date <= date('2004-01-01') AND
         (e.title = 'Teller' OR e.title = 'Head Teller') AND
         b.name = 'Woburn Branch';

HRR: TBD

#### Self-join

SQL:

    sqlite3 exmaples.db "
    SELECT e.fname, e.lname, e_mgr.fname mgr_fname, e_mgr.lname mgr_lname
    FROM employee e INNER JOIN employee e_mgr
    ON e.superior_emp_id = e_mgr.emp_id;

HRR:

    selfJoin1' :: Relation () ((String, String), (String, String))
    selfJoin1' = relation $ do
      e  <- query employee
      m  <- query employee
      on $ e ! Employee.superiorEmpId' .=. just (m ! Employee.empId')
      let emp = e ! Employee.fname' >< e ! Employee.lname'
      let mgr = m ! Employee.fname' >< m ! Employee.lname'
      return $ emp >< mgr

####Sorting compound query results

SQL:

    SELECT emp_id, assigned_branch_id
    FROM employee
    WHERE title = 'Teller'
    UNION
    SELECT open_emp_id, open_branch_id
    FROM account
    WHERE product_cd = 'SAV'
    ORDER BY emp_id;

HRR:

    employee1 :: Relation () (Maybe Int64, Maybe Int64)
    employee1 = relation $ do
      e  <- query employee
      wheres $ e ! Employee.title' .=. just (value "Teller")
      return $ just (e ! Employee.empId') >< e ! Employee.assignedBranchId'
    
    account2 :: Relation () (Maybe Int64, Maybe Int64)
    account2 = relation $ do
      a  <- query account
      wheres $ a ! Account.productCd' .=. value "SAV"
      return $ a ! Account.openEmpId' >< a ! Account.openBranchId'
    
    union1 :: Relation () (Maybe Int64, Maybe Int64)
    union1 = relation $ do
      ea <- query $ employee1 `union` account2
      asc $ ea ! fst'
      return ea

HRR:

    union1' :: Relation () (Maybe Int64, Maybe Int64)
    union1' = relation (do
        e  <- query employee
        wheres $ e ! Employee.title' .=. just (value "Teller")
        return $ just (e ! Employee.empId') >< e ! Employee.assignedBranchId'
      ) `union` relation (do
        a  <- query account
        wheres $ a ! Account.productCd' .=. value "SAV"
        return $ a ! Account.openEmpId' >< a ! Account.openBranchId'
      )


#### Grouping

SQL:

    SELECT open_emp_id, COUNT(*) how_many
    FROM account
    GROUP BY open_emp_id
    ORDER BY open_emp_id;

HRR:

    group1 :: Relation () (Maybe Int64, Int64)
    group1 = aggregateRelation $ do
      a  <- query account
      g  <- groupBy $ a ! Account.openEmpId'
      asc $ g ! id'
      return $ g >< count (a ! Account.accountId')

### insert

TBD

### update

TBD

### delete

TBD