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Port the current asciidoc documentation to sphinx
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= kitty - A terminal emulator
:toc:
:toc-placement!:
// START_SHORTCUT_BLOCK
:sc_change_font_size_all_0: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+backspace`]
:sc_change_font_size_all_2_0: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+minus`]
:sc_change_font_size_all_plus2_0: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+equal`]
:sc_close_tab: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+q`]
:sc_close_window: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+w`]
:sc_copy_to_clipboard: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+c`]
:sc_edit_config_file: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+f2`]
:sc_eighth_window: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+8`]
:sc_fifth_window: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+5`]
:sc_first_window: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+1`]
:sc_fourth_window: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+4`]
:sc_input_unicode_character: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+u`]
:sc_kitten_hints: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+e`]
:sc_kitten_hints_type_line_program: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+p → l`]
:sc_kitten_hints_type_path: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+p → shift+f`]
:sc_kitten_hints_type_path_program: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+p → f`]
:sc_kitten_hints_type_word_program: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+p → w`]
:sc_kitty_shell_window: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+escape`]
:sc_move_tab_backward: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+,`]
:sc_move_tab_forward: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+.`]
:sc_move_window_backward: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+b`]
:sc_move_window_forward: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+f`]
:sc_move_window_to_top: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+``]
:sc_new_os_window: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+n`]
:sc_new_tab: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+t`]
:sc_new_window: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+enter`]
:sc_next_layout: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+l`]
:sc_next_tab: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+right`]
:sc_next_window: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+]`]
:sc_ninth_window: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+9`]
:sc_pass_selection_to_program: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+o`]
:sc_paste_from_clipboard: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+v`]
:sc_paste_from_selection: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+s` or `shift+insert`]
:sc_previous_tab: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+left`]
:sc_previous_window: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+[`]
:sc_scroll_end: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+end`]
:sc_scroll_home: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+home`]
:sc_scroll_line_down: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+down` or `ctrl+shift+j`]
:sc_scroll_line_up: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+up` or `ctrl+shift+k`]
:sc_scroll_page_down: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+page_down`]
:sc_scroll_page_up: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+page_up`]
:sc_second_window: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+2`]
:sc_set_background_opacity_0_1: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+a → l`]
:sc_set_background_opacity_1: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+a → 1`]
:sc_set_background_opacity_default: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+a → d`]
:sc_set_background_opacity_plus0_1: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+a → m`]
:sc_set_tab_title: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+alt+t`]
:sc_seventh_window: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+7`]
:sc_show_scrollback: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+h`]
:sc_sixth_window: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+6`]
:sc_start_resizing_window: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+r`]
:sc_tenth_window: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+0`]
:sc_third_window: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+3`]
:sc_toggle_fullscreen: pass:quotes[`ctrl+shift+f11`]
// END_SHORTCUT_BLOCK
++++
<img align="left" role="left" src="logo/kitty.png?raw=true"/>
++++
image::https://travis-ci.org/kovidgoyal/kitty.svg?branch=master[Build status, link=https://travis-ci.org/kovidgoyal/kitty]
== Major Features
* Uses OpenGL for rendering, offloads rendering to the GPU for link:#performance[lower system
load] and buttery smooth scrolling. Uses threaded rendering to minimize input
latency.
* Supports all modern terminal features: link:graphics-protocol.asciidoc[graphics (images)], unicode,
true-color, OpenType ligatures, mouse protocol, focus tracking, bracketed paste and so on.
* Supports tiling multiple terminal windows side by side in different
link:#layouts[layouts] without needing to use an extra program like tmux
* Can be link:remote-control.asciidoc[controlled from scripts or the shell prompt], even over SSH.
* Has a framework for _kittens_, small terminal programs that can be used to extend kitty's functionality.
For example, they are used for link:#unicode-input[Unicode input], link:#hints[Hints] and link:https://github.com/kovidgoyal/kitty/blob/master/kittens/diff/README.asciidoc[Side-by-side diff].
* Supports link:#startup-sessions[startup sessions] which allow you to specify the window/tab layout,
working directories and programs to run on startup.
* Cross-platform support: kitty currently works on Linux and macOS, but because
it uses only OpenGL for rendering, it should be trivial to port to other
platforms.
* Allows you to open link:#the-scrollback-buffer[the scrollback buffer] in a separate
window using arbitrary programs of your choice. This is useful for browsing
the history comfortably in a pager or editor.
image::screenshots/screenshot.png?raw=true[Screenshot, showing three programs in the "Tall" layout]
toc::[]
== Installation
kitty is designed to run from source, for easy hackability. Make sure
the following dependencies are installed first.
=== Dependencies
* python >= 3.5
* harfbuzz >= 1.5.0
* zlib
* libpng
* freetype (not needed on macOS)
* fontconfig (not needed on macOS)
* ImageMagick (optional, needed to use the `kitty icat` tool to display images in the terminal)
* pygments (optional, need for syntax highlighting in `kitty +kitten diff`)
* gcc or clang (required only for building)
* pkg-config (required only for building)
* For building on Linux in addition to the above dependencies you might also need to install the `-dev` packages for `xcursor`, `xrandr`, `libxi`, `xinerama`, `libgl1-mesa` and `xkbcommon-x11`, if they are not already installed by your distro.
=== Install and run from source
....
git clone https://github.com/kovidgoyal/kitty && cd kitty
....
Now build the native code parts of kitty with the following command:
....
make
....
You can run kitty, as:
....
python3 .
....
If that works, you can create a script to launch kitty:
....
#!/usr/bin/env python3
import runpy
runpy.run_path('/path/to/kitty/dir', run_name='__main__')
....
And place it in `~/bin` or `/usr/bin` so that you can run kitty using
just `kitty`.
=== Linux packages
* Arch Linux: https://www.archlinux.org/packages/community/x86_64/kitty/
* Arch Linux: AUR git package https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/kitty-git/
* NixOS / nixpkgs: https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/pkgs/applications/misc/kitty/default.nix
* Gentoo: https://packages.gentoo.org/packages/x11-terms/kitty
* openSUSE: https://build.opensuse.org/package/show/X11:terminals/kitty
* Debian: https://packages.debian.org/buster/kitty
=== macOS packages
kitty is available as a macOS `dmg` file for easy installation from the
link:../../releases[releases page]. You can also run kitty directly from
source using the above install from source instructions, after installing its
dependencies using http://brew.sh/[brew] or a similar package manager.
== Design philosophy
kitty is designed for power keyboard users. To that end all its controls
work with the keyboard (although it fully supports mouse interactions as
well). Its configuration is a simple, human editable, single file for
easy reproducibility (I like to store config files in source control).
The code in kitty is designed to be simple, modular and hackable. It is
written in a mix of C (for performance sensitive parts) and Python (for
easy hackability of the UI). It does not depend on any large and complex
UI toolkit, using only OpenGL for rendering everything.
Finally, kitty is designed from the ground up to support all modern
terminal features, such as unicode, true color, bold/italic fonts, text
formatting, etc. It even extends existing text formatting escape codes,
to add support for features not available elsewhere, such as colored and
styled (curly) underlines. One of the design goals of kitty is to be
easily extensible so that new features can be added in the future with
relatively less effort.
== Tabs and Windows
kitty is capable of running multiple programs organized into tabs and
windows. The top level of organization is the _Tab_. Each tab consists
of one or more _windows_. The windows can be arranged in multiple
different layouts, like windows are organized in a tiling window
manager. The keyboard controls (which are all customizable) for tabs and
windows are:
[[scrolling-shortcuts]]
[options="header"]
=== Scrolling
|===
|Action |Shortcut
|Scroll line up | {sc_scroll_line_up}
|Scroll line down | {sc_scroll_line_down}
|Scroll page up | {sc_scroll_page_up}
|Scroll page down | {sc_scroll_page_down}
|Scroll to top | {sc_scroll_home}
|Scroll to bottom | {sc_scroll_end}
|===
[options="header"]
=== Tabs
|===
|Action |Shortcut
|New tab | {sc_new_tab}
|Close tab | {sc_close_tab}
|Next tab | {sc_next_tab}
|Previous tab | {sc_previous_tab}
|Next layout | {sc_next_layout}
|Move tab forward | {sc_move_tab_forward}
|Move tab backward | {sc_move_tab_backward}
|Set tab title | {sc_set_tab_title}
|===
[options="header"]
=== Windows
|===
|Action |Shortcut
|New window | {sc_new_window}
|New OS window| {sc_new_os_window}
|Close window | {sc_close_window}
|Next window | {sc_next_window}
|Previous window | {sc_previous_window}
|Move window forward | {sc_move_window_forward}
|Move window backward | {sc_move_window_backward}
|Move window to top | {sc_move_window_to_top}
|Focus specific window (windows are counted clockwise from the top left corner) | {sc_first_window}, {sc_second_window} ... {sc_tenth_window}
|===
== Other keyboard shortcuts
|===
|Action |Shortcut
|Copy to clipboard | {sc_copy_to_clipboard}
|Paste from clipboard | {sc_paste_from_clipboard}
|Paste from selection | {sc_paste_from_selection}
|Increase font size | {sc_change_font_size_all_plus2_0}
|Decrease font size | {sc_change_font_size_all_2_0}
|Restore font size | {sc_change_font_size_all_0}
|Toggle fullscreen | {sc_toggle_fullscreen}
|Input unicode character | {sc_input_unicode_character}
|Click URL using the keyboard | {sc_kitten_hints}
|Pass current selection to program | {sc_pass_selection_to_program}
|Edit kitty config file | {sc_edit_config_file}
|Open a kitty shell | {sc_kitty_shell_window}
|Increase background opacity | {sc_set_background_opacity_plus0_1}
|Decrease background opacity | {sc_set_background_opacity_0_1}
|Full background opacity | {sc_set_background_opacity_1}
|Reset background opacity | {sc_set_background_opacity_default}
|===
== Controlling kitty from scripts
You can control kitty from the command line/scripts by sending it messages.
You can tell kitty to open/close/rename tabs and windows. You can even send
arbitrary input/text to any specified window. Messages can be sent using `kitty
@`. Note that you must set `allow_remote_control yes` in your
link:kitty/kitty.conf[kitty.conf] to use this feature. It even works over SSH
connections. This feature is best illustrated with a
link:remote-control.asciidoc[tutorial].
== The scrollback buffer
kitty supports scrolling back to view history, just like most terminals. You
can use either the <<scrolling-shortcuts,keyboard shortcuts>> or the mouse
scroll wheel to do so. However, kitty has an extra, neat feature. Sometimes
you need to explore the scrollback buffer in more detail, maybe search for some
text or refer to it side-by-side while typing in a follow-up command. kitty
allows you to do this by pressing the {sc_show_scrollback} key-combination,
which will open the scrollback buffer in your favorite pager program (which is
`less` by default). Colors and text formatting are preserved. You can explore
the scrollback pager comfortably within the pager.
== Unicode input
You can input unicode characters by name, hex code, recently used and even an editable favorites list.
Press {sc_input_unicode_character} to start the unicode input widget, shown below.
image::screenshots/unicode.png?raw=true[Unicode input widget, showing selection of unicode characters by name]
In Code mode, you enter a unicode character by typing in the hex code for the
character and pressing enter, for example, type in 2716 and press enter to get
✖. You can also choose a character from the list of recently used characters by
typing a leading period and then the two character index and pressing Enter.
In Name mode you instead type words from the character name and use the arrow
keys/tab to select the character from the displayed matches. You can also type
a leading period and the index for the match if you dont like to use arrow
keys.
== Hints
kitty has a _hints mode_ to select and act on arbitrary text snippets currently
visible on the screen. For example, you can press {sc_kitten_hints}
to choose any URL visible on the screen and then open it using your system
browser.
image::screenshots/hints_mode.png?raw=true[URL hints mode]
Similarly, you can press {sc_kitten_hints_type_path_program} to
select anything that looks like a path or filename and then insert it into the
terminal, very useful for picking files from the output of a git or ls command and
adding them to the command line for the next command.
The hints kitten is very powerful to see more detailed help on its various
options and modes of operation, use: `kitty +kitten hints --help`.
== Miscellaneous features
* You can also hold down `ctrl+shift` and click on a URL to open it in a browser.
* You can double click to select a word and triple click to select a line.
* You can right click to extend a previous selection
== Layouts
Currently, there are five layouts available,
* Stack -- Only a single maximized window is shown at a time
* Tall -- One window is shown full height on the left, the rest of the windows are shown one below the other on the right
* Fat -- One window is shown full width on the top, the rest of the windows are shown side-by-side on the bottom
* Grid -- All windows are shown in a grid
* Horizontal -- All windows are shown side-by-side
* Vertical -- All windows are shown one below the other
You can switch between layouts using the {sc_next_layout} key combination. You can
also create shortcuts to select particular layouts, and choose which layouts
you want to enable/disable, see link:kitty/kitty.conf[kitty.conf] for examples.
You can resize windows inside layouts. Press {sc_start_resizing_window} to
enter resizing mode and follow the on-screen instructions. In a given window
layout only some operations may be possible for a particular window. For
example, in the Tall layout you can make the first window wider/narrower, but
not taller/shorter. Note that what you are resizing is actually not a window,
but a row/column in the layout, all windows in that row/column will be resized.
Some layouts take options to control their behavior. For example, the `fat` and `tall`
layouts accept the `bias` option to control how the available space is split up. To specify the
option, in kitty.conf use:
```
enabled_layouts tall:bias=70
```
This will make the tall window occupy `70%` of available width. `bias` can be
any number between 10 and 90.
Writing a new layout only requires about a hundred lines of code, so if there is
some layout you want, take a look at link:kitty/layout.py[layout.py] and submit
a pull request!
== Configuration
kitty is highly customizable, everything from keyboard shortcuts, to painting
frames-per-second. See the heavily commented link:kitty/kitty.conf[default
config file] for an overview of all customization possibilities.
By default kitty looks for a config file in the OS config directories (usually
`~/.config/kitty/kitty.conf` and additionally
`~/Library/Preferences/kitty/kitty.conf` on macOS) but you can pass a specific
path via the `--config` option or use the `KITTY_CONFIG_DIRECTORY` environment
variable. See the help for the `--config` option in `kitty --help` for full
details. You can also dump the current configuration using the `--debug-config`
option.
== Startup Sessions
You can control the tabs, window layout, working directory, startup
programs, etc. by creating a "session" file and using the `--session`
command line flag. For example:
....
# Set the window layout for the current tab
layout tall
# Set the working directory for windows in the current tab
cd ~
# Create a window and run the specified command in it
launch zsh
# Create a window with some environment variables set and run vim in it
launch env FOO=BAR vim
# Set the title for the next window
title Chat with x
launch irssi --profile x
# Create a new tab (the part after new_tab is the optional tab name which will
# be displayed in the tab bar, if omitted, the title of the active window will
# be used instead)
new_tab my tab
cd ~/somewhere
# Set the layouts allowed in this tab
enabled_layouts tall, stack
# Set the current layout
layout stack
launch zsh
# Make the current window the active (focused) window
focus
launch emacs
....
== Protocol Extensions
kitty has a few extensions to the xterm protocol, to enable advanced features,
see link:protocol-extensions.asciidoc[Protocol Extensions].
== Font control
kitty has extremely flexible and powerful font selection features. You can
specify individual families for the regular, bold, italic and bold+italic
fonts. You can even specify specific font families for specific ranges of
unicode characters. This allows precise control over text rendering. It can
come in handy for applications like powerline, without the need to use patched
fonts. See the various font related configuration directives in the
link:kitty/kitty.conf[config file].
== Performance
The main goals for kitty performance are user perceived latency while typing
and "smoothness" while scrolling as well as CPU usage. kitty tries hard to find
an optimum balance for these. To that end it keeps a cache of each rendered
glyph in video RAM so that font rendering is not a bottleneck. Interaction
with child programs takes place in a separate thread from rendering, to improve
smoothness.
There are two parameters you can tune to adjust the performance. ``repaint_delay``
and ``input_delay``. These control the artificial delays introduced into the
render loop to reduce CPU usage. See the link:kitty/kitty.conf[config file] for details.
See also the ``sync_to_monitor`` option to further decrease latency at the cost
of some link:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_tearing[tearing] while scrolling.
You can generate detailed per-function performance data using
link:https://github.com/gperftools/gperftools[gperftools]. Build kitty with
`make profile` which will create an executable called `kitty-profile`. Run
that and perform the task you want to analyse, for example, scrolling a large
file with `less`. After you quit, function call statistics will be printed to
`stdout` and you can use tools like *kcachegrind* for more detailed analysis.
Here are some CPU usage numbers for the task of scrolling a file continuously in less.
The CPU usage is for the terminal process and X together and is measured using htop.
The measurements are taken at the same font and window size for all terminals on a
`Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-4820K CPU @ 3.70GHz` CPU with a
`Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD/ATI] Cape Verde XT [Radeon HD 7770/8760 / R7 250X]` GPU.
|===
| Terminal | CPU usage (X + terminal)
| kitty | 6 - 8%
| xterm | 5 - 7% (but scrolling was extremely janky)
| termite | 10 - 13%
| urxvt | 12 - 14%
| gnome-terminal | 15 - 17%
| konsole | 29 - 31%
|===
As you can see, kitty uses much less CPU than all terminals, except xterm, but
its scrolling "smoothness" is much better than that of xterm (at least to my,
admittedly biased, eyes).
== Note for Linux/macOS packagers
While kitty does use python, it is not a traditional python package, so please do not install it in site-packages.
Instead run,
```
python3 setup.py linux-package
```
This will install kitty into the directory `linux-package`. You can run kitty
with `linux-package/bin/kitty`. All the files needed to run kitty will be in
`linux-package/lib/kitty`. The terminfo file will be installed into
`linux-package/share/terminfo`. Simply copy these files into `/usr` to install
kitty. In other words, `linux-package` is the staging area into which kitty is
installed. You can choose a different staging area, by passing the `--prefix`
argument to `setup.py`.
You should probably split kitty into two packages, `kitty-terminfo` that
installs the terminfo file and `kitty` that installs the main program.
This allows users to install the terminfo file on servers into which they ssh,
without needing to install all of kitty.
You also need `tic` to compile the terminfo files, it is usually found in the development package of `ncurses`
This applies to creating packages for kitty for macOS package managers such as
brew or MacPorts as well.
== Frequently Asked Questions

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# Minimal makefile for Sphinx documentation
#
# You can set these variables from the command line.
SPHINXOPTS =
SPHINXBUILD = kitty +launch /usr/bin/sphinx-build
SPHINXPROJ = kitty
SOURCEDIR = .
BUILDDIR = _build
# Put it first so that "make" without argument is like "make help".
help:
@$(SPHINXBUILD) -M help "$(SOURCEDIR)" "$(BUILDDIR)" $(SPHINXOPTS) $(O)
.PHONY: help Makefile
# Catch-all target: route all unknown targets to Sphinx using the new
# "make mode" option. $(O) is meant as a shortcut for $(SPHINXOPTS).
%: Makefile
@$(SPHINXBUILD) -M $@ "$(SOURCEDIR)" "$(BUILDDIR)" $(SPHINXOPTS) $(O)

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/*
* custom.css
* Copyright (C) 2018 Kovid Goyal
*
* Distributed under terms of the MIT license.
*/
.float-left-img {
float: left;
margin-right: 1em;
margin-bottom: 1em;
}
a {
text-decoration: none !important;
border-bottom: none !important;
}
#searchbox h3 {
display: none;
}
.major-features li {
margin-top: 0.75ex;
margin-bottom: 0.75ex;
}

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{#
basic/searchbox.html
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Sphinx sidebar template: quick search box.
:copyright: Copyright 2007-2018 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
:license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
#}
{%- if pagename != "search" and builder != "singlehtml" %}
<div id="searchbox" style="display: none" role="search">
<div class="searchformwrapper">
<form class="search" action="{{ pathto('search') }}" method="get">
<input type="text" name="q" placeholder="{{ _('Search') }}" />
<input type="submit" value="🔍" style="cursor: pointer" />
<input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
<input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
</form>
</div>
</div>
<script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script>
{%- endif %}

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Building kitty from source
==============================
|kitty| is designed to run from source, for easy hackability. Make sure
the following dependencies are installed first.
Dependencies
----------------
* python >= 3.5
* harfbuzz >= 1.5.0
* zlib
* libpng
* freetype (not needed on macOS)
* fontconfig (not needed on macOS)
* ImageMagick (optional, needed to use the ``kitty icat`` tool to display images in the terminal)
* pygments (optional, need for syntax highlighting in ``kitty +kitten diff``)
* gcc or clang (required only for building)
* pkg-config (required only for building)
* For building on Linux in addition to the above dependencies you might also need to install the ``-dev`` packages for ``xcursor``, ``xrandr``, ``libxi``, ``xinerama``, ``libgl1-mesa`` and ``xkbcommon-x11``, if they are not already installed by your distro.
Install and run from source
------------------------------
.. code-block:: sh
git clone https://github.com/kovidgoyal/kitty && cd kitty
Now build the native code parts of |kitty| with the following command::
make
You can run |kitty|, as::
python3 .
If that works, you can create a script to launch |kitty|:
.. code-block:: sh
#!/usr/bin/env python3
import runpy
runpy.run_path('/path/to/kitty/dir', run_name='__main__')
And place it in :file:`~/bin` or :file:`/usr/bin` so that you can run |kitty| using
just ``kitty``.
Note for Linux/macOS packagers
----------------------------------
While kitty does use python, it is not a traditional python package, so please
do not install it in site-packages.
Instead run::
python3 setup.py linux-package
This will install kitty into the directory :file:`linux-package`. You can run kitty
with :file:`linux-package/bin/kitty`. All the files needed to run kitty will be in
:file:`linux-package/lib/kitty`. The terminfo file will be installed into
:file:`linux-package/share/terminfo`. Simply copy these files into :file:`/usr` to install
kitty. In other words, :file:`linux-package` is the staging area into which kitty is
installed. You can choose a different staging area, by passing the ``--prefix``
argument to :file:`setup.py`.
You should probably split kitty into two packages, :file:`kitty-terminfo` that
installs the terminfo file and :file:`kitty` that installs the main program.
This allows users to install the terminfo file on servers into which they ssh,
without needing to install all of kitty.
You also need :file:`tic` to compile the terminfo files, it is usually found in
the development package of :file:`ncurses`.
This applies to creating packages for kitty for macOS package managers such as
brew or MacPorts as well.

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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
#
# Configuration file for the Sphinx documentation builder.
#
# This file does only contain a selection of the most common options. For a
# full list see the documentation:
# http://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/config
from collections import defaultdict
def create_shortcut_defs():
defns = defaultdict(list)
for line in open('../kitty/kitty.conf'):
if line.startswith('map '):
_, sc, name = line.split(maxsplit=2)
sc = sc.replace('kitty_mod', 'ctrl+shift')
name = name.rstrip().replace(' ', '_').replace('-', '_').replace('+', 'plus').replace('.', '_').replace('___', '_').replace('__', '_').strip('_')
defns[name].append(':kbd:`' + sc.replace('>', ' → ') + '`')
defns = [
'.. |sc_{}| replace:: {}'.format(name, ' or '.join(defns[name]))
for name in sorted(defns)
]
return '\n'.join(defns)
# -- Project information -----------------------------------------------------
project = 'kitty'
copyright = '2018, Kovid Goyal'
author = 'Kovid Goyal'
# The short X.Y version
version = ''
# The full version, including alpha/beta/rc tags
release = ''
# -- General configuration ---------------------------------------------------
# If your documentation needs a minimal Sphinx version, state it here.
#
needs_sphinx = '1.7'
# Add any Sphinx extension module names here, as strings. They can be
# extensions coming with Sphinx (named 'sphinx.ext.*') or your custom
# ones.
extensions = [
'sphinx.ext.ifconfig',
'sphinx.ext.viewcode',
'sphinx.ext.githubpages',
]
# Add any paths that contain templates here, relative to this directory.
templates_path = ['_templates']
# The suffix(es) of source filenames.
# You can specify multiple suffix as a list of string:
#
# source_suffix = ['.rst', '.md']
source_suffix = '.rst'
# The master toctree document.
master_doc = 'index'
# The language for content autogenerated by Sphinx. Refer to documentation
# for a list of supported languages.
#
# This is also used if you do content translation via gettext catalogs.
# Usually you set "language" from the command line for these cases.
language = None
# List of patterns, relative to source directory, that match files and
# directories to ignore when looking for source files.
# This pattern also affects html_static_path and html_extra_path .
exclude_patterns = ['_build', 'Thumbs.db', '.DS_Store']
# The name of the Pygments (syntax highlighting) style to use.
pygments_style = 'sphinx'
rst_prolog = '''
.. |kitty.conf| replace:: :doc:`kitty.conf </conf>`
.. |kitty| replace:: *kitty*
''' + create_shortcut_defs()
# -- Options for HTML output -------------------------------------------------
# The theme to use for HTML and HTML Help pages. See the documentation for
# a list of builtin themes.
#
html_theme = 'alabaster'
# Theme options are theme-specific and customize the look and feel of a theme
# further. For a list of options available for each theme, see the
# documentation.
#
html_theme_options = {
'logo': 'kitty.png',
'show_powered_by': False,
'fixed_sidebar': True,
'sidebar_collapse': True,
'analytics_id': 'UA-20736318-1',
'github_button': True,
}
# Add any paths that contain custom static files (such as style sheets) here,
# relative to this directory. They are copied after the builtin static files,
# so a file named "default.css" will overwrite the builtin "default.css".
html_static_path = ['_static', '../logo/kitty.png']
html_context = {
'css_files': ['_static/custom.css']
}
# Custom sidebar templates, must be a dictionary that maps document names
# to template names.
#
# The default sidebars (for documents that don't match any pattern) are
# defined by theme itself. Builtin themes are using these templates by
# default: ``['localtoc.html', 'relations.html', 'sourcelink.html',
# 'searchbox.html']``.
#
html_sidebars = {
'**': [
'about.html',
'searchbox.html',
'localtoc.html',
'relations.html',
]
}
html_show_sourcelink = False
# -- Options for HTMLHelp output ---------------------------------------------
# Output file base name for HTML help builder.
htmlhelp_basename = 'kittydoc'
# -- Options for LaTeX output ------------------------------------------------
latex_elements = {
# The paper size ('letterpaper' or 'a4paper').
#
# 'papersize': 'letterpaper',
# The font size ('10pt', '11pt' or '12pt').
#
# 'pointsize': '10pt',
# Additional stuff for the LaTeX preamble.
#
# 'preamble': '',
# Latex figure (float) alignment
#
# 'figure_align': 'htbp',
}
# Grouping the document tree into LaTeX files. List of tuples
# (source start file, target name, title,
# author, documentclass [howto, manual, or own class]).
latex_documents = [
(master_doc, 'kitty.tex', 'kitty Documentation',
'Kovid Goyal', 'manual'),
]
# -- Options for manual page output ------------------------------------------
# One entry per manual page. List of tuples
# (source start file, name, description, authors, manual section).
man_pages = [
(master_doc, 'kitty', 'kitty Documentation',
[author], 1)
]
# -- Options for Texinfo output ----------------------------------------------
# Grouping the document tree into Texinfo files. List of tuples
# (source start file, target name, title, author,
# dir menu entry, description, category)
texinfo_documents = [
(master_doc, 'kitty', 'kitty Documentation',
author, 'kitty', 'One line description of project.',
'Miscellaneous'),
]
def setup(app):
pass

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Configuring kitty
===============================
|kitty| is highly customizable, everything from keyboard shortcuts, to painting
frames-per-second. See the heavily commented default config file below for an
overview of all customization possibilities.
You can open the config file within kitty by pressing |sc_edit_config_file|.
You can also display the current configuration by running ``kitty
--debug-config``.
.. literalinclude:: ../kitty/kitty.conf
:language: ini
|kitty| looks for a config file in the OS config directories (usually
:file:`~/.config/kitty/kitty.conf` and additionally
:file:`~/Library/Preferences/kitty/kitty.conf` on macOS) but you can pass a
specific path via the ``--config`` option or use the ``KITTY_CONFIG_DIRECTORY``
environment variable. See the help for the :option:`--config` option in ``kitty
--help`` for full details.

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Frequently Asked Questions
==============================
.. highlight:: sh
.. contents::
Some special symbols are rendered small/truncated in kitty?
-----------------------------------------------------------------
The number of cells a unicode character takes up are controlled by the unicode
standard. All characters are rendered in a single cell unless the unicode
standard says they should be rendered in two cells. When a symbol does not fit,
it will either be rescaled to be smaller or truncated (depending on how much
extra space it needs). This is often different from other terminals which just
let the character overflow into neighboring cells, which is fine if the
neighboring cell is empty, but looks terrible if it is not.
Some programs, like powerline, vim with fancy gutter symbols/status-bar, etc.
misuse unicode characters from the private use area to represent symbols. Often
these symbols are square and should be rendered in two cells. However, since
private use area symbols all have their width set to one in the unicode
standard, |kitty| renders them either smaller or truncated. The exception is if
these characters are followed by a space or empty cell in which case kitty
makes use of the extra cell to render them in two cells.
How do I build kitty.app on macOS?
----------------------------------------
Install `imagemagick`, `optipng` and `librsvg` using `brew` or similar (needed
for the logo generation step). And run::
make app
This :file:`kitty.app` unlike the released one does not include its own copy of
python and the other dependencies. So if you ever un-install/upgrade those dependencies
you might have to rebuild the app.
Note that the released :file:`kitty.dmg` includes all dependencies, unlike the
:file:`kitty.app` built above and is built automatically by using the :file:`kitty` branch of
`build-calibre <https://github.com/kovidgoyal/build-calibre>`_ however, that
is designed to run on Linux and is not for the faint of heart.
Using a color theme with a background color does not work well in vim?
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
First make sure you have not changed the TERM environment variable, it should
be ``xterm-kitty``. vim uses *background color erase* even if the terminfo file
does not contain the ``bce`` capability. This is a bug in vim. You can work around
it by adding the following to your vimrc::
let &t_ut=''
See `here <https://github.com/kovidgoyal/kitty/blob/master/protocol-extensions.asciidoc#setting-text-styles-colors-in-arbitrary-regions-of-the-screen>`_ for why |kitty| does not support background color erase.
I get errors about the terminal being unknown or opening the terminal failing when SSHing into a different computer?
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This happens because the |kitty| terminfo files are not available on the server.
You can ssh in using the following command which will automatically copy the
terminfo files to the server::
kitty +kitten ssh myserver
If for some reason that does not work (typically because the server is using a
very limited shell), you can use the following one-liner instead (it is slower
as it needs to ssh into the server twice, but will work with most servers)::
infocmp xterm-kitty | ssh myserver tic -x -o \~/.terminfo /dev/stdin
Really, the correct solution for this is to convince the OpenSSH maintainers to
have ssh do this automatically when connecting to a server, so that all
terminals work transparently.
How do I change the colors in a running kitty instance?
------------------------------------------------------------
You can either use the
`OSC terminal escape codes <http://invisible-island.net/xterm/ctlseqs/ctlseqs.html#h2-Operating-System-Commands>`_
to set colors or you can enable :doc:`remote control <remote-control>`
for |kitty| and use ``kitty @ set-colors --help``.
How do I specify command line options for kitty on macOS?
---------------------------------------------------------------
Apple does not want you to use command line options with GUI applications. To
workaround that limitation, |kitty| will read command line options from the file
:file:`<kitty config dir>/macos-launch-services-cmdline` when it is launched
from the GUI, i.e. by clicking the |kitty| application icon or using ``open -a kitty``.
Note that this file is *only read* when running via the GUI.
You can, of course, also run |kitty| from a terminal with command line options, using:
:file:`/Applications/kitty.app/Contents/MacOS/kitty`.
And within |kitty| itself, you can always run |kitty| using just `kitty` as it
cleverly adds itself to the ``PATH``.
kitty is not able to use my favorite font?
---------------------------------------------
|kitty| achieves its stellar performance by caching alpha masks of each rendered
character on the GPU, so that every character needs to be rendered only once.
This means it is a strictly character cell based display. As such it can use
only monospace fonts, since every cell in the grid has to be the same size. If
your font is not listed in ``kitty list-fonts`` it means that it is not
monospace. On Linux you can list all monospace fonts with::
fc-list : family spacing | grep spacing=100

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The terminal graphics protocol
==================================
The goal of this specification is to create a flexible and performant protocol
that allows the program running in the terminal, hereafter called the *client*,
to render arbitrary pixel (raster) graphics to the screen of the terminal
emulator. The major design goals are
* Should not require terminal emulators to understand image formats.
* Should allow specifying graphics to be drawn at individual pixel positions.
* The graphics should integrate with the text, in particular it should be possible to draw graphics
below as well as above the text, with alpha blending. The graphics should also scroll with the text, automatically.
* Should use optimizations when the client is running on the same computer as the terminal emulator.
For some discussion regarding the design choices, see `#33
<https://github.com/kovidgoyal/kitty/issues/33>`_.
To see a quick demo, inside a |kitty| terminal run::
kitty icat path/to/some/image.png
You can also see a screenshot with more sophisticated features such as
alpha-blending and text over graphics.
.. image:: https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/1308621/31647475-1188ab66-b326-11e7-8d26-24b937f1c3e8.png
:alt: Demo of graphics rendering in kitty
:align: center
Some programs that use the kitty graphics protocol:
* `termpdf <https://github.com/dsanson/termpdf>`_ - a terminal PDF/DJVU/CBR viewer
* `ranger <https://github.com/ranger/ranger>`_ - a terminal file manager, with
image previews, see this `PR <https://github.com/ranger/ranger/pull/1077>`_
* :doc:`kitty-diff <kittens/diff>` - a side-by-side terminal diff program with support for images
* `neofetch <https://github.com/dylanaraps/neofetch>`_ - A command line system
information tool
.. contents::
Getting the window size
-------------------------
In order to know what size of images to display and how to position them, the
client must be able to get the window size in pixels and the number of cells
per row and column. This can be done by using the ``TIOCGWINSZ`` ioctl. Some
code to demonstrate its use
In C:
.. code-block:: c
struct ttysize ts;
ioctl(0, TIOCGWINSZ, &ts);
printf("number of columns: %i, number of rows: %i, screen width: %i, screen height: %i\n", sz.ws_col, sz.ws_row, sz.ws_xpixel, sz.ws_ypixel);
In Python:
.. code-block:: python
import array, fcntl, termios
buf = array.array('H', [0, 0, 0, 0])
fcntl.ioctl(sys.stdout, termios.TIOCGWINSZ, buf)
print('number of columns: {}, number of rows: {}, screen width: {}, screen height: {}'.format(*buf))
Note that some terminals return ``0`` for the width and height values. Such
terminals should be modified to return the correct values. Examples of
terminals that return correct values: ``kitty, xterm``
You can also use the *CSI t* escape code to get the screen size. Send
``<ESC>[14t`` to *stdout* and kitty will reply on *stdin* with
``<ESC>[4;<height>;<width>t`` where *height* and *width* are the window size in
pixels. This escape code is supported in many terminals, not just kitty.
The graphics escape code
---------------------------
All graphics escape codes are of the form::
<ESC>_G<control data>;<payload><ESC>\
This is a so-called *Application Programming Command (APC)*. Most terminal
emulators ignore APC codes, making it safe to use.
The control data is a comma-separated list of ``key=value`` pairs. The payload
is arbitrary binary data, base64-encoded to prevent interoperation problems
with legacy terminals that get confused by control codes within an APC code.
The meaning of the payload is interpreted based on the control data.
The first step is to transmit the actual image data.
Transferring pixel data
--------------------------
The first consideration when transferring data between the client and the
terminal emulator is the format in which to do so. Since there is a vast and
growing number of image formats in existence, it does not make sense to have
every terminal emulator implement support for them. Instead, the client should
send simple pixel data to the terminal emulator. The obvious downside to this
is performance, especially when the client is running on a remote machine.
Techniques for remedying this limitation are discussed later. The terminal
emulator must understand pixel data in three formats, 24-bit RGB, 32-bit RGBA and
PNG. This is specified using the ``f`` key in the control data. ``f=32`` (which is the
default) indicates 32-bit RGBA data and ``f=24`` indicates 24-bit RGB data and ``f=100``
indicates PNG data. The PNG format is supported for convenience and a compact way
of transmitting paletted images.
RGB and RGBA data
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
In these formats the pixel data is stored directly as 3 or 4 bytes per pixel, respectively.
When specifying images in this format, the image dimensions **must** be sent in the control data.
For example::
<ESC>_Gf=24,s=10,v=20;<payload><ESC>\
Here the width and height are specified using the ``s`` and ``v`` keys respectively. Since
``f=24`` there are three bytes per pixel and therefore the pixel data must be ``3 * 10 * 20 = 600``
bytes.
PNG data
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
In this format any PNG image can be transmitted directly. For example::
<ESC>_Gf=100;<payload><ESC>\
The PNG format is specified using the ``f=100`` key. The width and height of
the image will be read from the PNG data itself. Note that if you use both PNG and
compression, then you must provide the ``S`` key with the size of the PNG data.
Compression
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The client can send compressed image data to the terminal emulator, by specifying the
``o`` key. Currently, only zlib based deflate compression is supported, which is specified using
``o=z``. For example::
<ESC>_Gf=24,s=10,v=20,o=z;<payload><ESC>\
This is the same as the example from the RGB data section, except that the
payload is now compressed using deflate. The terminal emulator will decompress
it before rendering. You can specify compression for any format. The terminal
emulator will decompress before interpreting the pixel data.
The transmission medium
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The transmission medium is specified using the ``t`` key. The ``t`` key defaults to ``d``
and can take the values:
================== ============
Value of `t` Meaning
================== ============
``d`` Direct (the data is transmitted within the escape code itself)
``f`` A simple file
``t`` A temporary file, the terminal emulator will delete the file after reading the pixel data
``s`` A `POSIX shared memory object <http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/shm_overview.7.html>`_.
The terminal emulator will delete it after reading the pixel data
================== ============
Local client
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
First let us consider the local client techniques (files and shared memory). Some examples::
<ESC>_Gf=100,t=f;<encoded /path/to/file.png><ESC>\
Here we tell the terminal emulator to read PNG data from the specified file of
the specified size::
<ESC>_Gs=10,v=2,t=s,o=z;<encoded /some-shared-memory-name><ESC>\
Here we tell the terminal emulator to read compressed image data from
the specified shared memory object.
The client can also specify a size and offset to tell the terminal emulator
to only read a part of the specified file. The is done using the ``S`` and ``O``
keys respectively. For example::
<ESC>_Gs=10,v=2,t=s,S=80,O=10;<encoded /some-shared-memory-name><ESC>\
This tells the terminal emulator to read ``80`` bytes starting from the offset ``10``
inside the specified shared memory buffer.
Remote client
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Remote clients, those that are unable to use the filesystem/shared memory to
transmit data, must send the pixel data directly using escape codes. Since
escape codes are of limited maximum length, the data will need to be chunked up
for transfer. This is done using the ``m`` key. The pixel data must first be
base64 encoded then chunked up into chunks no larger than ``4096`` bytes. The client
then sends the graphics escape code as usual, with the addition of an ``m`` key that
must have the value ``1`` for all but the last chunk, where it must be ``0``. For example,
if the data is split into three chunks, the client would send the following
sequence of escape codes to the terminal emulator::
<ESC>_Gs=100,v=30,m=1;<encoded pixel data first chunk><ESC>\
<ESC>_Gm=1;<encoded pixel data second chunk><ESC>\
<ESC>_Gm=0;<encoded pixel data last chunk><ESC>\
Note that only the first escape code needs to have the full set of control
codes such as width, height, format etc. Subsequent chunks must have
only the ``m`` key. The client **must** finish sending all chunks for a single image
before sending any other graphics related escape codes.
Detecting available transmission mediums
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Since a client has no a-priori knowledge of whether it shares a filesystem/shared memory
with the terminal emulator, it can send an id with the control data, using the ``i`` key
(which can be an arbitrary positive integer up to 4294967295, it must not be zero).
If it does so, the terminal emulator will reply after trying to load the image, saying
whether loading was successful or not. For example::
<ESC>_Gi=31,s=10,v=2,t=s;<encoded /some-shared-memory-name><ESC>\
to which the terminal emulator will reply (after trying to load the data)::
<ESC>_Gi=31;error message or OK<ESC>\
Here the ``i`` value will be the same as was sent by the client in the original
request. The message data will be a ASCII encoded string containing only
printable characters and spaces. The string will be ``OK`` if reading the pixel
data succeeded or an error message.
Sometimes, using an id is not appropriate, for example, if you do not want to
replace a previously sent image with the same id, or if you are sending a dummy
image and do not want it stored by the terminal emulator. In that case, you can
use the *query action*, set ``a=q``. Then the terminal emulator will try to load
the image and respond with either OK or an error, as above, but it will not
replace an existing image with the same id, nor will it store the image.
Display images on screen
-----------------------------
Every transmitted image can be displayed an arbitrary number of times on the
screen, in different locations, using different parts of the source image, as
needed. You can either simultaneously transmit and display an image using the
action ``a=T``, or first transmit the image with a id, such as ``i=10`` and then display
it with ``a=p,i=10`` which will display the previously transmitted image at the current
cursor position. When specifying an image id, the terminal emulator will reply with an
acknowledgement code, which will be either::
<ESC>_Gi=<id>;OK<ESC>\
when the image referred to by id was found, or::
<ESC>_Gi=<id>;ENOENT:<some detailed error msg><ESC>\
when the image with the specified id was not found. This is similar to the
scheme described above for querying available transmission media, except that
here we are querying if the image with the specified id is available or needs to
be re-transmitted.
Controlling displayed image layout
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The image is rendered at the current cursor position, from the upper left corner of
the current cell. You can also specify extra ``X=3`` and ``Y=4`` pixel offsets to display from
a different origin within the cell. Note that the offsets must be smaller that the size of the cell.
By default, the entire image will be displayed (images wider than the available
width will be truncated on the right edge). You can choose a source rectangle (in pixels)
as the part of the image to display. This is done with the keys: ``x, y, w, h`` which specify
the top-left corner, width and height of the source rectangle.
You can also ask the terminal emulator to display the image in a specified rectangle
(num of columns / num of lines), using the control codes ``c,r``. ``c`` is the number of columns
and `r` the number of rows. The image will be scaled (enlarged/shrunk) as needed to fit
the specified area. Note that if you specify a start cell offset via the ``X,Y`` keys, it is not
added to the number of rows/columns.
Finally, you can specify the image *z-index*, i.e. the vertical stacking order. Images
placed in the same location with different z-index values will be blended if
they are semi-transparent. You can specify z-index values using the ``z`` key.
Negative z-index values mean that the images will be drawn under the text. This
allows rendering of text on top of images.
Deleting images
---------------------
Images can be deleted by using the delete action ``a=d``. If specified without any
other keys, it will delete all images visible on screen. To delete specific images,
use the `d` key as described in the table below. Note that each value of d has
both a lowercase and an uppercase variant. The lowercase variant only deletes the
images without necessarily freeing up the stored image data, so that the images can be
re-displayed without needing to resend the data. The uppercase variants will delete
the image data as well, provided that the image is not referenced elsewhere, such as in the
scrollback buffer. The values of the ``x`` and ``y`` keys are the same as cursor positions (i.e.
``x=1, y=1`` is the top left cell).
================= ============
Value of ``d`` Meaning
================= ============
``a`` or ``A`` Delete all images visible on screen
``i`` or ``I`` Delete all images with the specified id, specified using the ``i`` key.
``c`` or ``C`` Delete all images that intersect with the current cursor position.
``p`` or ``P`` Delete all images that intersect a specific cell, the cell is specified using the ``x`` and ``y`` keys
``q`` or ``Q`` Delete all images that intersect a specific cell having a specific z-index. The cell and z-index is specified using the ``x``, ``y`` and ``z`` keys.
``x`` or ``X`` Delete all images that intersect the specified column, specified using the ``x`` key.
``y`` or ``Y`` Delete all images that intersect the specified row, specified using the ``y`` key.
``z`` or ``Z`` Delete all images that have the specified z-index, specified using the ``z`` key.
================= ============
Some examples::
<ESC>_Ga=d<ESC>\ # delete all visible images
<ESC>_Ga=d,i=10<ESC>\ # delete the image with id=10
<ESC>_Ga=Z,z=-1<ESC>\ # delete the images with z-index -1, also freeing up image data
<ESC>_Ga=P,x=3,y=4<ESC>\ # delete all images that intersect the cell at (3, 4)
Image persistence and storage quotas
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
In order to avoid *Denial-of-Service* attacks, terminal emulators should have a
maximum storage quota for image data. It should allow at least a few full
screen images. For example the quota in kitty is 320MB per buffer. When adding
a new image, if the total size exceeds the quota, the terminal emulator should
delete older images to make space for the new one.
Control data reference
---------------------------
The table below shows all the control data keys as well as what values they can
take, and the default value they take when missing. All integers are 32-bit.
======= ==================== ========= =================
Key Value Default Description
======= ==================== ========= =================
``a`` Single character. ``t`` The overall action this graphics command is performing.
``(t, T, q, p, d)``
**Keys for image transmission**
-----------------------------------------------------------
``f`` Positive integer. ``32`` The format in which the image data is sent.
``(24, 32, 100)``.
``t`` Single character. ``d`` The transmission medium used.
``(d, f, t, s)``.
``s`` Positive integer. ``0`` The width of the image being sent.
``v`` Positive integer. ``0`` The height of the image being sent.
``S`` Positive integer. ``0`` The size of data to read from a file.
``O`` Positive integer. ``0`` The offset from which to read data from a file.
``i`` Positive integer.
``(0 - 4294967295)`` ``0`` The image id
``o`` Single character. ``null`` The type of data compression.
``only z``
``m`` zero or one ``0`` Whether there is more chunked data available.
**Keys for image display**
-----------------------------------------------------------
``x`` Positive integer ``0`` The left edge (in pixels) of the image area to display
``y`` Positive integer ``0`` The top edge (in pixels) of the image area to display
``w`` Positive integer ``0`` The width (in pixels) of the image area to display. By default, the entire width is used.
``h`` Positive integer ``0`` The height (in pixels) of the image area to display. By default, the entire height is used
``X`` Positive integer ``0`` The x-offset within the first cell at which to start displaying the image
``Y`` Positive integer ``0`` The y-offset within the first cell at which to start displaying the image
``c`` Positive integer ``0`` The number of columns to display the image over
``r`` Positive integer ``0`` The number of rows to display the image over
``z`` Integer ``0`` The *z-index* vertical stacking order of the image
**Keys for deleting images**
-----------------------------------------------------------
``d`` Single character. ``a`` What to delete.
``(a, A, c, C, p,
P, q, Q, x, X, y,
Y, z, Z)``.
======= ==================== ========= =================
Interaction with other terminal actions
--------------------------------------------
When resetting the terminal, all images that are visible on the screen must be
cleared. When switching from the main screen to the alternate screen buffer
(1049 private mode) all images in the alternate screen must be cleared, just as
all text is cleared. The clear screen escape code (usually ``<ESC>[2J``) should
also clear all images. This is so that the clear command works.
The other commands to erase text must have no effect on graphics.
The dedicated delete graphics commands must be used for those.
When scrolling the screen (such as when using index cursor movement commands,
or scrolling through the history buffer), images must be scrolled along with
text. When page margins are defined and the index commands are used, only
images that are entirely within the page area (between the margins) must be
scrolled. When scrolling them would cause them to extend outside the page area,
they must be clipped.

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==========================================================
kitty - the fast, featureful, GPU based, terminal emulator
==========================================================
.. container:: major-features
* Offloads rendering to the GPU for :doc:`lower system load <performance>` and
buttery smooth scrolling. Uses threaded rendering to minimize input latency.
* Supports all modern terminal features: :doc:`graphics (images)
<graphics-protocol>`, unicode, true-color, OpenType ligatures, mouse
protocol, focus tracking, bracketed paste and so on.
* Supports tiling multiple terminal windows side by side in different
:ref:`layouts <layouts>` without needing to use an extra program like tmux
* Can be :doc:`controlled from scripts or the shell prompt <remote-control>`,
even over SSH.
* Has a framework for *kittens*, small terminal programs that can be used to
extend |kitty|'s functionality. For example, they are used for
:doc:`Unicode input <kittens/unicode-input>`, :doc:`Hints <kittens/hints>` and
:doc:`Side-by-side diff <kittens/diff>`.
* Supports :ref:`startup sessions <sessions>` which allow you to specify
the window/tab layout, working directories and programs to run on startup.
* Cross-platform: |kitty| works on Linux and macOS, but because it uses only
OpenGL for rendering, it should be trivial to port to other platforms.
* Allows you to open :ref:`the scrollback buffer <scrollback>` in a
separate window using arbitrary programs of your choice. This is useful for
browsing the history comfortably in a pager or editor.
.. figure:: screenshots/screenshot.png
:alt: Screenshot, showing three programs in the 'Tall' layout
:align: center
Screenshot, showing vim, tig and git running in |kitty| with the 'Tall' layout
Quickstart
--------------
If you are on macOS, simply download and install the ``.dmg`` from the `releases
page <https://github.com/kovidgoyal/kitty/releases>`_.
If you are on Linux, install the |kitty| package if your distro provides it,
otherwise follow the :doc:`Build from source instructions <build>`. |kitty|
packages are available for:
`Debian <https://packages.debian.org/buster/kitty>`_,
`openSUSE <https://build.opensuse.org/package/show/X11:terminals/kitty>`_,
`Arch Linux <https://www.archlinux.org/packages/community/x86_64/kitty/>`_,
`NixOS <https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/pkgs/applications/misc/kitty/default.nix>`_,
`Gentoo <https://packages.gentoo.org/packages/x11-terms/kitty>`_,
`Fedora <https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/coprs/oleastre/kitty-terminal/>`_.
.. contents::
Design philosophy
-------------------
|kitty| is designed for power keyboard users. To that end all its controls
work with the keyboard (although it fully supports mouse interactions as
well). Its configuration is a simple, human editable, single file for
easy reproducibility (I like to store configuration in source control).
The code in |kitty| is designed to be simple, modular and hackable. It is
written in a mix of C (for performance sensitive parts) and Python (for
easy hackability of the UI). It does not depend on any large and complex
UI toolkit, using only OpenGL for rendering everything.
Finally, |kitty| is designed from the ground up to support all modern
terminal features, such as unicode, true color, bold/italic fonts, text
formatting, etc. It even extends existing text formatting escape codes,
to add support for features not available elsewhere, such as colored and
styled (curly) underlines. One of the design goals of |kitty| is to be
easily extensible so that new features can be added in the future with
relatively less effort.
Tabs and Windows
-------------------
|kitty| is capable of running multiple programs organized into tabs and
windows. The top level of organization is the *Tab*. Each tab consists
of one or more *windows*. The windows can be arranged in multiple
different layouts, like windows are organized in a tiling window
manager. The keyboard controls (which are all customizable) for tabs and
windows are:
Scrolling
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
======================== =======================
Action Shortcut
======================== =======================
Scroll line up |sc_scroll_line_up|
Scroll line down |sc_scroll_line_down|
Scroll page up |sc_scroll_page_up|
Scroll page down |sc_scroll_page_down|
Scroll to top |sc_scroll_home|
Scroll to bottom |sc_scroll_end|
======================== =======================
Tabs
~~~~~~~~~~~
======================== =======================
Action Shortcut
======================== =======================
New tab |sc_new_tab|
Close tab |sc_close_tab|
Next tab |sc_next_tab|
Previous tab |sc_previous_tab|
Next layout |sc_next_layout|
Move tab forward |sc_move_tab_forward|
Move tab backward |sc_move_tab_backward|
Set tab title |sc_set_tab_title|
======================== =======================
Windows
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
======================== =======================
Action Shortcut
======================== =======================
New window |sc_new_window|
New OS window |sc_new_os_window|
Close window |sc_close_window|
Next window |sc_next_window|
Previous window |sc_previous_window|
Move window forward |sc_move_window_forward|
Move window backward |sc_move_window_backward|
Move window to top |sc_move_window_to_top|
Focus specific window |sc_first_window|, |sc_second_window| ... |sc_tenth_window|
(clockwise from the top-left)
======================== =======================
Other keyboard shortcuts
----------------------------------
================================== =======================
Action Shortcut
================================== =======================
Copy to clipboard |sc_copy_to_clipboard|
Paste from clipboard |sc_paste_from_clipboard|
Paste from selection |sc_paste_from_selection|
Increase font size |sc_change_font_size_all_plus2_0|
Decrease font size |sc_change_font_size_all_2_0|
Restore font size |sc_change_font_size_all_0|
Toggle fullscreen |sc_toggle_fullscreen|
Input unicode character |sc_input_unicode_character|
Click URL using the keyboard |sc_kitten_hints|
Pass current selection to program |sc_pass_selection_to_program|
Edit |kitty| config file |sc_edit_config_file|
Open a |kitty| shell |sc_kitty_shell_window|
Increase background opacity |sc_set_background_opacity_plus0_1|
Decrease background opacity |sc_set_background_opacity_0_1|
Full background opacity |sc_set_background_opacity_1|
Reset background opacity |sc_set_background_opacity_default|
================================== =======================
.. _layouts:
Layouts
----------
Currently, there are five layouts available,
* **Stack** -- Only a single maximized window is shown at a time
* **Tall** -- One window is shown full height on the left, the rest of the windows are shown one below the other on the right
* **Fat** -- One window is shown full width on the top, the rest of the windows are shown side-by-side on the bottom
* **Grid** -- All windows are shown in a grid
* **Horizontal** -- All windows are shown side-by-side
* **Vertical** -- All windows are shown one below the other
You can switch between layouts using the |sc_next_layout| key combination. You can
also create shortcuts to select particular layouts, and choose which layouts
you want to enable/disable, see |kitty.conf| for examples.
You can resize windows inside layouts. Press |sc_start_resizing_window| to
enter resizing mode and follow the on-screen instructions. In a given window
layout only some operations may be possible for a particular window. For
example, in the Tall layout you can make the first window wider/narrower, but
not taller/shorter. Note that what you are resizing is actually not a window,
but a row/column in the layout, all windows in that row/column will be resized.
Some layouts take options to control their behavior. For example, the ``fat``
and ``tall`` layouts accept the ``bias`` option to control how the available
space is split up. To specify the option, in |kitty.conf| use::
enabled_layouts tall:bias=70
This will make the tall window occupy ``70%`` of available width. ``bias`` can be
any number between 10 and 90.
Writing a new layout only requires about a hundred lines of code, so if there
is some layout you want, take a look at `layout.py
<https://github.com/kovidgoyal/kitty/blob/master/kitty/layout.py>`_ and submit
a pull request!
.. _sessions:
Startup Sessions
------------------
You can control the tabs, window layout, working directory, startup
programs, etc. by creating a "session" file and using the :option:`--session`
command line flag. For example:
.. code-block:: ini
# Set the window layout for the current tab
layout tall
# Set the working directory for windows in the current tab
cd ~
# Create a window and run the specified command in it
launch zsh
# Create a window with some environment variables set and run vim in it
launch env FOO=BAR vim
# Set the title for the next window
title Chat with x
launch irssi --profile x
# Create a new tab (the part after new_tab is the optional tab name which will
# be displayed in the tab bar, if omitted, the title of the active window will
# be used instead)
new_tab my tab
cd ~/somewhere
# Set the layouts allowed in this tab
enabled_layouts tall, stack
# Set the current layout
layout stack
launch zsh
# Make the current window the active (focused) window
focus
launch emacs
Mouse features
-------------------
* You can also hold down :kbd:`ctrl+shift` and click on a URL to open it in a browser.
* You can double click to select a word and triple click to select a line.
* You can right click to extend a previous selection
Font control
-----------------
|kitty| has extremely flexible and powerful font selection features. You can
specify individual families for the regular, bold, italic and bold+italic
fonts. You can even specify specific font families for specific ranges of
unicode characters. This allows precise control over text rendering. It can
come in handy for applications like powerline, without the need to use patched
fonts. See the various font related configuration directives in |kitty.conf|.
.. _scrollback:
The scrollback buffer
-----------------------
|kitty| supports scrolling back to view history, just like most terminals. You
can use either keyboard shortcuts or the mouse scroll wheel to do so. However,
|kitty| has an extra, neat feature. Sometimes you need to explore the
scrollback buffer in more detail, maybe search for some text or refer to it
side-by-side while typing in a follow-up command. |kitty| allows you to do this
by pressing the |sc_show_scrollback| key-combination, which will open the
scrollback buffer in your favorite pager program (which is ``less`` by default).
Colors and text formatting are preserved. You can explore the scrollback buffer
comfortably within the pager.
Frequently Asked Questions
---------------------------------
The list of Frequently Asked Questions (*FAQ*) is :doc:`available here <faq>`.
.. toctree::
:hidden:
:glob:
*
kittens/*

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Key encoding for extended keyboard protocol
===============================================
See :ref:`extended-key-protocol` for more information and `this table in JSON
format <https://github.com/kovidgoyal/kitty/blob/master/key_encoding.json>`_.
===================== ======================
Name Encoded representation (base64)
0 ``G``
1 ``H``
2 ``I``
3 ``J``
4 ``K``
5 ``L``
6 ``M``
7 ``N``
8 ``O``
9 ``P``
A ``S``
APOSTROPHE ``B``
B ``T``
BACKSLASH ``t``
BACKSPACE ``1``
C ``U``
CAPS LOCK ``:``
COMMA ``C``
D ``V``
DELETE ``3``
DOWN ``6``
E ``W``
END ``-``
ENTER ``z``
EQUAL ``R``
ESCAPE ``y``
F ``X``
F1 ``/``
F10 ``]``
F11 ``{``
F12 ``}``
F13 ``@``
F14 ``%``
F15 ``$``
F16 ``#``
F17 ``BA``
F18 ``BB``
F19 ``BC``
F2 ``*``
F20 ``BD``
F21 ``BE``
F22 ``BF``
F23 ``BG``
F24 ``BH``
F25 ``BI``
F3 ``?``
F4 ``&``
F5 ``<``
F6 ``>``
F7 ``(``
F8 ``)``
F9 ``[``
G ``Y``
GRAVE ACCENT ``v``
H ``Z``
HOME ``.``
I ``a``
INSERT ``2``
J ``b``
K ``c``
KP 0 ``BJ``
KP 1 ``BK``
KP 2 ``BL``
KP 3 ``BM``
KP 4 ``BN``
KP 5 ``BO``
KP 6 ``BP``
KP 7 ``BQ``
KP 8 ``BR``
KP 9 ``BS``
KP ADD ``BX``
KP DECIMAL ``BT``
KP DIVIDE ``BU``
KP ENTER ``BY``
KP EQUAL ``BZ``
KP MULTIPLY ``BV``
KP SUBTRACT ``BW``
L ``d``
LEFT ``5``
LEFT ALT ``Bc``
LEFT BRACKET ``s``
LEFT CONTROL ``Bb``
LEFT SHIFT ``Ba``
LEFT SUPER ``Bd``
M ``e``
MINUS ``D``
N ``f``
NUM LOCK ``=``
O ``g``
P ``h``
PAGE DOWN ``9``
PAGE UP ``8``
PAUSE ``!``
PERIOD ``E``
PRINT SCREEN ``^``
Q ``i``
R ``j``
RIGHT ``4``
RIGHT ALT ``Bg``
RIGHT BRACKET ``u``
RIGHT CONTROL ``Bf``
RIGHT SHIFT ``Be``
RIGHT SUPER ``Bh``
S ``k``
SCROLL LOCK ``+``
SEMICOLON ``Q``
SLASH ``F``
SPACE ``A``
T ``l``
TAB ``0``
U ``m``
UP ``7``
V ``n``
W ``o``
WORLD 1 ``w``
WORLD 2 ``x``
X ``p``
Y ``q``
Z ``r``
===================== ======================

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kitty-diff - A side-by-side diff tool with syntax highlighting and images
=============================================================================
Major Features
-----------------
* Displays diffs side-by-side in the kitty terminal.
* Does syntax highlighting of displayed diffs
* Displays images as well as text diffs, even over SSH
* Does recursive directory diffing
.. image:: ../screenshots/diff.png
:alt: Screenshot, showing a sample diff
.. contents::
Installation
---------------
Simply install `kitty <https://github.com/kovidgoyal/kitty>`_. You also need
to have either the `git <https://git-scm.com/>`_ program or the ``diff`` program
installed. Additionally, for syntax highlighting to work,
`pygments <http://pygments.org/>`_ must be installed (note that pygments is
included in the macOS kitty app).
Usage
--------
In the kitty terminal, run::
kitty +kitten diff file1 file2
to see the diff between file1 and file2.
Create an alias in your shell's startup file to shorten the command, for example:
.. code-block:: sh
alias d="kitty +kitten diff"
Now all you need to do to diff two files is::
d file1 file2
You can also pass directories instead of files to see the recursive diff of the
directory contents.
Keyboard controls
----------------------
========================= ===========================
Action Shortcut
========================= ===========================
Quit ``q, Ctrl+c``
Scroll line up ``k, up``
Scroll line down ``j, down``
Scroll page up ``PgUp``
Scroll page down ``PgDn``
Scroll to top ``Home``
Scroll to bottom ``End``
Scroll to next page ``Space, PgDn``
Scroll to previous page ``PgUp``
Scroll to next change ``n``
Scroll to previous change ``p``
Increase lines of context ``+``
Decrease lines of context ``-``
All lines of context ``a``
Restore default context ``=``
========================= ===========================
Configuring kitty-diff
------------------------
You can configure the colors used, keyboard shortcut, the diff implementation,
the default lines of context, etc. by creating a diff.conf in your kitty
config folder. The default diff.conf is below.
.. literalinclude:: ../../kittens/diff/diff.conf
:language: ini
Integrating with git
-----------------------
Add the following to `~/.gitconfig`:
.. code-block:: ini
[diff]
tool = kitty
guitool = kitty.gui
[difftool]
prompt = false
trustExitCode = true
[difftool "kitty"]
cmd = kitty +kitten diff $LOCAL $REMOTE
[difftool "kitty.gui"]
cmd = kitty kitty +kitten diff $LOCAL $REMOTE
Now to use kitty-diff to view git diffs, you can simply do::
git difftool --no-symlinks --dir-diff
Once again, creating an alias for this command is useful.
Why does this work only in kitty?
----------------------------------------
The diff kitten makes use of various features that are
:doc:`kitty only </protocol-extensions>`, such as the
:doc:`kitty graphics protocol </graphics-protocol>`,
the extended keyboard protocol, etc. It also leverages
terminal program infrastructure I created for all of kitty's other kittens to
reduce the amount of code needed (the entire implementation is under 2000 lines
of code).
And fundamentally, it's kitty only because I wrote it for myself, and I am
highly unlikely to use any other terminals :)

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Hints
==========
|kitty| has a *hints mode* to select and act on arbitrary text snippets currently
visible on the screen. For example, you can press |sc_kitten_hints|
to choose any URL visible on the screen and then open it using your system
browser.
.. image:: ../screenshots/hints_mode.png
:alt: URL hints mode
Similarly, you can press |sc_kitten_hints_type_path_program| to
select anything that looks like a path or filename and then insert it into the
terminal, very useful for picking files from the output of a ``git`` or ``ls`` command and
adding them to the command line for the next command.
The hints kitten is very powerful to see more detailed help on its various
options and modes of operation, use::
kitty +kitten hints --help

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Unicode input
================
You can input unicode characters by name, hex code, recently used and even an editable favorites list.
Press |sc_input_unicode_character| to start the unicode input widget, shown below.
.. image:: ../screenshots/unicode.png
:alt: A screenshot of the unicode input widget
In *Code* mode, you enter a unicode character by typing in the hex code for the
character and pressing enter, for example, type in ``2716`` and press enter to get
✖. You can also choose a character from the list of recently used characters by
typing a leading period and then the two character index and pressing Enter.
In *Name* mode you instead type words from the character name and use the arrow
keys/tab to select the character from the displayed matches. You can also type
a leading period and the index for the match if you dont like to use arrow
keys.

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|kitty| Performance
===================
The main goals for |kitty| performance are user perceived latency while typing
and "smoothness" while scrolling as well as CPU usage. |kitty| tries hard to find
an optimum balance for these. To that end it keeps a cache of each rendered
glyph in video RAM so that font rendering is not a bottleneck. Interaction
with child programs takes place in a separate thread from rendering, to improve
smoothness.
There are two parameters you can tune to adjust the performance. ``repaint_delay``
and ``input_delay``. These control the artificial delays introduced into the
render loop to reduce CPU usage. See |kitty.conf| for details.
See also the ``sync_to_monitor`` option to further decrease latency at the cost
of some `tearing <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_tearing>`_ while scrolling.
You can generate detailed per-function performance data using
`gperftools <https://github.com/gperftools/gperftools>`_. Build |kitty| with
`make profile` which will create an executable called `kitty-profile`. Run
that and perform the task you want to analyse, for example, scrolling a large
file with `less`. After you quit, function call statistics will be printed to
`stdout` and you can use tools like *kcachegrind* for more detailed analysis.
Here are some CPU usage numbers for the task of scrolling a file continuously
in less. The CPU usage is for the terminal process and X together and is
measured using htop. The measurements are taken at the same font and window
size for all terminals on a ``Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-4820K CPU @ 3.70GHz`` CPU
with a ``Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD/ATI] Cape Verde XT [Radeon HD
7770/8760 / R7 250X]`` GPU.
============== =========================
Terminal CPU usage (X + terminal)
============== =========================
|kitty| 6 - 8%
xterm 5 - 7% (but scrolling was extremely janky)
termite 10 - 13%
urxvt 12 - 14%
gnome-terminal 15 - 17%
konsole 29 - 31%
============== =========================
As you can see, |kitty| uses much less CPU than all terminals, except xterm, but
its scrolling "smoothness" is much better than that of xterm (at least to my,
admittedly biased, eyes).

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Extensions to the xterm protocol
===================================
|kitty| has a few extensions to the xterm protocol, to enable advanced features.
These are typically in the form of new or re-purposed escape codes. While these
extensions are currently |kitty| specific, it would be nice to get some of them
adopted more broadly, to push the state of terminal emulators forward.
The goal of these extensions is to be as small an unobtrusive as possible,
while filling in some gaps in the existing xterm protocol. In particular, one
of the goals of this specification is explicitly not to "re-imagine" the tty.
The tty should remain what it is -- a device for efficiently processing text
received as a simple byte stream. Another objective is to only move the minimum
possible amount of extra functionality into the terminal program itself. This
is to make it as easy to implement these protocol extensions as possible,
thereby hopefully encouraging their widespread adoption.
If you wish to discuss these extensions, propose additions/changes to them
please do so by opening issues in the github bug tracker.
.. contents::
Colored and styled underlines
-------------------------------
|kitty| supports colored and styled (wavy) underlines. This is of particular
use in terminal editors such as vim and emacs to display red, wavy underlines
under mis-spelled words and/or syntax errors. This is done by re-purposing some
SGR escape codes that are not used in modern terminals (`CSI codes
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code#CSI_codes>`_)
To set the underline style::
<ESC>[4:0m # this is no underline
<ESC>[4:1m # this is a straight underline
<ESC>[4:2m # this is a double underline
<ESC>[4:3m # this is a curly underline
<ESC>[4:4m # this is a dotted underline (not implemented in kitty)
<ESC>[4:5m # this is a dashed underline (not implemented in kitty)
<ESC>[4m # this is a straight underline (for backwards compat)
<ESC>[24m # this is no underline (for backwards compat)
To set the underline color (this is reserved and as far as I can tell not actually used for anything)::
<ESC>[58...m
This works exactly like the codes ``38, 48`` that are used to set foreground and
background color respectively.
To reset the underline color (also previously reserved and unused)::
<ESC>[59m
To detect support for this feature in a terminal emulator, query the terminfo database
for the ``Su`` boolean capability.
Graphics rendering
---------------------
See :doc:`/graphics-protocol` for a description
of this protocol to enable drawing of arbitrary raster images in the terminal.
.. _extended-key-protocol:
Keyboard handling
-------------------
There are various problems with the current state of keyboard handling. They
include:
* No way to use modifiers other than ``Ctrl`` and ``Alt``
* No way to use multiple modifier keys, other than, ``Shift+Alt``.
* No way to handle different types of keyboard events, such as press, release or repeat
* No reliable way to distinguish single ``Esc`` keypresses from the start of a
escape sequence. Currently, client programs use fragile timing related hacks
for this, leading to bugs, for example:
`neovim #2035 <https://github.com/neovim/neovim/issues/2035>`_.
There are already two distinct keyboard handling modes, *normal mode* and
*application mode*. These modes generate different escape sequences for the
various special keys (arrow keys, function keys, home/end etc.) Most terminals
start out in normal mode, however, most shell programs like ``bash`` switch them to
application mode. We propose adding a third mode, named *full mode* that addresses
the shortcomings listed above.
Switching to the new *full mode* is accomplished using the standard private
mode DECSET escape sequence::
<ESC>[?2017h
and to leave *full mode*, use DECRST::
<ESC>[?2017l
The number ``2017`` above is not used for any existing modes, as far as I know.
Client programs can query if the terminal emulator is in *full mode* by using
the standard `DECRQM <http://vt100.net/docs/vt510-rm/DECRQM>`_ escape sequence.
The new mode works as follows:
* All printable key presses without modifier keys are sent just as in the
*normal mode*. This means all printable ASCII characters and in addition,
``Enter``, ``Space`` and ``Backspace``. Also any unicode characters generated by
platform specific extended input modes, such as using the ``AltGr`` key. This
is done so that client programs that are not aware of this mode can still
handle basic text entry, so if a *full mode* using program crashes and does
not reset, the user can still issue a ``reset`` command in the shell to restore
normal key handling. Note that this includes pressing the ``Shift`` modifier
and printable keys. Note that this means there are no repeat and release
events for these keys and also for the left and right shift keys.
* For non printable keys and key combinations including one or more modifiers,
an escape sequence encoding the key event is sent. For details on the
escape sequence, see below.
The escape sequence encodes the following properties:
* Type of event: ``press,repeat,release``
* Modifiers pressed at the time of the event
* The actual key being pressed
Schematically::
<ESC>_K<type><modifiers><key><ESC>\
Where ``<type>`` is one of ``p`` -- press, ``r`` -- release and ``t`` -- repeat.
Modifiers is a bitmask represented as a single base64 digit. Shift -- ``0x1``,
Alt -- ``0x2``, Control -- ``0x4`` and Super -- ``0x8``. ``<key>`` is a number
(encoded in base85) corresponding to the key pressed. The key name to number
mapping is defined in :doc:`this table <key-encoding>`.
For example::
<ESC>_KpGp<ESC>\ is <Ctrl>+<Alt>+x (press)
<ESC>_KrP8<ESC>\ is <Ctrl>+<Alt>+<Shift>+<Super>+PageUp (release)
This encoding means each key event is represented by 8 or 9 printable ascii
only bytes, for maximum robustness.
Setting text styles/colors in arbitrary regions of the screen
------------------------------------------------------------------
There already exists an escape code to set *some* text attributes in arbitrary
regions of the screen, `DECCARA
<https://vt100.net/docs/vt510-rm/DECCARA.html>`_. However, it is limited to
only a few attributes. |kitty| extends this to work with *all* SGR attributes.
So, for example, this can be used to set the background color in an arbitrary
region of the screen.
The motivation for this extension is the various problems with the existing
solution for erasing to background color, namely the *background color erase
(bce)* capability. See
`this discussion <https://github.com/kovidgoyal/kitty/issues/160#issuecomment-346470545>`_
and `this FAQ <http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/ncurses.faq.html#bce_mismatches>`_
for a summary of problems with *bce*.
For example, to set the background color to blue in a
rectangular region of the screen from (3, 4) to (10, 11), you use::
<ESC>[2*x<ESC>[4;3;11;10;44$r<ESC>[*x

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Controlling kitty from scripts or the shell
==============================================
.. highlight:: sh
|kitty| can be controlled from scripts or the shell prompt. You can open new
windows, send arbitrary text input to any window, name windows and tabs, etc.
Let's walk through a few examples of controlling |kitty|.
Start by running |kitty| as::
kitty -o allow_remote_control=yes --window-layout tall
In order for control to work, ``allow_remote_control`` must be enabled in
|kitty.conf|. Here we turn it on explicitly at the command line.
Now, in the new |kitty| window, enter the command::
kitty @ new-window --title Output --keep-focus cat
This will open a new window, running the ``cat`` program that will appear next
to the current window.
Let's send some text to this new window::
kitty @ send-text --match cmdline:cat Hello, World
This will make ``Hello, World`` show up in the window running the ``cat`` program.
The :option:`--match` option is very powerful, it allows selecting windows by their
titles, the command line of the program running in the window, the working
directory of the program running in the window, etc. See ``kitty @ send-text
--help`` for details.
More usefully, you can pipe the output of a command running in one window to
another window, for example::
ls | kitty @ send-text --match title:Output --stdin
This will show the output of ls in the output window instead of the current
window. You can use this technique to, for example, show the output of running
``make`` in your editor in a different window. The possibilities are endless.
You can even have things you type show up in a different window. Run::
kitty @ send-text --match title:Output --stdin
And type some text, it will show up in the output window, instead of the current
window. Type ``Ctrl+D`` when you are ready to stop.
Now, let's open a new tab::
kitty @ new-window --new-tab --tab-title "My Tab" --keep-focus bash
This will open a new tab running the bash shell with the title "My Tab".
We can change the title of the tab with::
kitty @ set-tab-title --match title:My New Title
Let's change the title of the current tab::
kitty @ set-tab-title Master Tab
Now lets switch to the newly opened tab::
kitty @ focus-tab --match title:New
Similarly, to focus the previously opened output window (which will also switch
back to the old tab, automatically)::
kitty @ focus-window --match title:Output
You can get a listing of available tabs and windows, by running::
kitty @ ls
This outputs a tree of data in JSON format. The top level of the tree is all
operating system kitty windows. Each OS window has an id and a list of tabs.
Each tab has its own id, a title and a list of windows. Each window has an id,
title, current working directory, process id (PID) and command-line of the
process running in the window. You can use this information with :option:`--match`
to control individual windows.
As you can see, it is very easy to control |kitty| using the
``kitty @`` messaging system. This tutorial touches only the
surface of what is possible. See ``kitty @ --help`` for more details.
Note that in the example's above, ``kitty @`` messaging works only when run inside a |kitty| window,
not anywhere. But, within a |kitty| window it even works over SSH. If you want to control
|kitty| from programs/scripts not running inside a |kitty| window, you have to implement a couple of
extra steps. First start |kitty| as::
kitty -o allow_remote_control=yes --listen-on unix:/tmp/mykitty
The :option:`--listen-on` option tells |kitty| to listen for control messages at the
specified path. See ``kitty --help`` for details. Now you can control this
instance of |kitty| using the :option:`--to` command line argument to ``kitty @``. For example::
kitty @ --to unix:/tmp/mykitty ls
Note that is all you want to do is run a single |kitty| "daemon" and have subsequent
|kitty| invocations appear as new top-level windows, you can use the simpler :option:`--single-instance`
option, see ``kitty --help`` for that.
The builtin kitty shell
--------------------------
You can explore the |kitty| command language more easily using the builtin |kitty|
shell. Run ``kitty @`` with no arguments and you will be dropped into the |kitty|
shell with completion for |kitty| command names and options.
You can even open the |kitty| shell inside a running |kitty| using a simple
keyboard shortcut (|sc_kitty_shell_window| by default). This has the added
advantage that you dont need to use ``allow_remote_control`` to make it work.

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#!/usr/bin/env python3
# vim:fileencoding=utf-8
# License: GPL v3 Copyright: 2016, Kovid Goyal <kovid at kovidgoyal.net>
import json
import os
import re
import subprocess
from collections import defaultdict
base = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
os.chdir(base)
defns = defaultdict(list)
for line in open('kitty/kitty.conf'):
if line.startswith('map '):
_, sc, name = line.split(maxsplit=2)
sc = sc.replace('kitty_mod', 'ctrl+shift')
name = name.rstrip().replace(' ', '_').replace('-', '_').replace('+', 'plus').replace('.', '_').replace('___', '_').replace('__', '_').strip('_')
defns[name].append('`' + sc.replace('>', ' → ') + '`')
defns = [
':sc_{}: pass:quotes[{}]'.format(name, ' or '.join(defns[name]))
for name in sorted(defns)
]
defns = '\n'.join(defns)
raw = open('README.asciidoc').read()
pat = re.compile(
r'^// START_SHORTCUT_BLOCK$.+?^// END_SHORTCUT_BLOCK$', re.M | re.DOTALL
)
nraw = pat.sub(
'// START_SHORTCUT_BLOCK\n' + defns + '\n// END_SHORTCUT_BLOCK', raw
)
if raw != nraw:
print('Updating shortcuts block')
open('README.asciidoc', 'w').write(nraw)
raw = subprocess.check_output([
'kitty', '+runpy',
'from kitty.key_encoding import *; import json; print(json.dumps(ENCODING))'
]).decode('utf-8')
key_map = json.loads(raw)
lines = [
'See link:protocol-extensions.asciidoc#keyboard-handling[Keyboard Handling protocol extension]',
' for more information and link:key_encoding.json[for this table in JSON format].',
'', '|===', '| Name | Encoded representation (base64)', ''
]
for k in sorted(key_map):
lines.append('| {:15s} | `{}`'.format(k.replace('_', ' '), key_map[k].replace('`', '\\`')))
lines += ['', '|===']
with open('key_encoding.asciidoc', 'w') as f:
print('= Key encoding for extended keyboard protocol\n', file=f)
print('\n'.join(lines), file=f)
with open('key_encoding.json', 'w') as f:
f.write(json.dumps(key_map, indent=2))