Virtual desktops for Hyprland

virtual-desktops is a plugin for the Hyprland compositor. virtual-desktops manages multiple screens workspaces as if they were a single virtual desktop.

Table of contents

• Virtual desktops for Hyprland
  • Table of contents
  • What is this exactly?
  • How does this work?
    • It's just workspaces, really
    • Hyprctl dispatchers
      • Mix with Hyprland native workspaces
    • Hyprctl commands
    • Hyprland keywords
      • Syntax
      • Examples
    • Configuration values
      • Example config
  • Layouts
    • Example
    • Layouts are cached and restored if you disconnect/reconnect monitors
      • Example
    • Choosing how to remember, or choosing to forget
      • Example
  • Install
    • Installing on NixOS with home—manager
  • Help, Hyprland is being weird!
    • It's actually the plugin 😱
  • Thanks to

What is this exactly?

In Hyprland, each screen has its own set of workspaces. For instance, say you have two monitors, with workspace 1 on screen 1 and workspace 2 on screen 2:

• When you switch from workspace 1 to 2, Hyprland will simply focus your second screen;
• If you switch to workspace 3, your active screen will go to workspace 3, whereas the other screen will stay on whichever workspace it is currently on.

You may think of a virtual desktop, instead, as a "single" workspace which extends across your screens (even though, internally, you will still have n different workspaces on your n monitors). If you've ever used KDE Plasma (or Gnome, I think) with multiple screens, this plugin basically replicates that functionality.
Taking the previous example:

• You will be on virtual desktop 1. Let's say you open your web browser on your first screen and an IDE on your second screen;
• When you switch to virtual desktop 2, both screens will switch to empty workspaces. Let's say here you open your email client and your favourite chat application;
• If you switch back to virtual desktop 1, you will get back your web browser and the IDE on screen 1 and 2; and viceversa when you go back to virtual desktop 2.

How does this work?

It's just workspaces, really

Internally, this simply ties n workspaces to your n screens, for each virtual desktop. That is, on virtual desktop 1 you will have workspace 1 on screen 1 and workspace 2 on screen 2; on virtual desktop 2, you will have workspace 3 on screen 1 and workspace 4 on screen 2, and so on.

However, if you focus another workspace on a given virtual desktop, the plugin will remember this and you will keep this layout (see Layouts).

Notice: screen 1 and screen 2 are not necessarily what you expect your first and second screen to be, e.g., screen 1 is not necessarily your left screen, and screen 2 is not necessarily your right screen.

Hyprctl dispatchers

This plugin exposes a few hyprctl dispatchers:

Dispatcher	description	type	example
vdesk [vdesk]	Changes to virtual desktop vdesk	see below	vdesk 3 or vdesk coding
lastdesk	Changes to last visited virtual desktop	none	lastdesk
movetodesk vdesk(, window)	Moves the active/selected window to the specified vdesk	vdesk, optional window, see below	movetodesk 2 or movetodesk 2,title:kitty
movetodesksilent vdesk(, window)	same as movetodesk, but doesn't switch to desk	same as above	same as above
movetolastdesk (window)	Moves the active/selected window to the last visited vdesk	optional window	movetolastdesk or movetolastdesk title:kitty
movetolastdesksilent (window)	same as movetolastdesk, but doesn't switch to desk	same as above	same as above
movetoprevdesk (cycleback)(,window)	Moves the active/selected window to the previous vdesk. If cycleback == 1 and vdesk == 1, moves to vdesk with max id	optional 1 for true, optional window	movetoprevdesk 1 or movetodesk ,title:kitty
movetoprevdesksilent (cycleback)(,window)	same as movetoprevdesk, but doesn't switch to desk	same as above	same as above
movetonextdesk (cycle)(, window)	Moves the active/selected window to the next vdesk. If cycle == 1 and vdesk == max, moves to vdesk 1	optional 1 for true, optional window	movetonextdesk 1 or movetonextdesk ,title:kitty
movetonextdesksilent (cycle)(, window)	same as movetonextdesk, but doesn't switch to desk	same as above	same as above
vdeskreset (vdesk)	reset layouts on vdesk or on all vdesks if no argument is given (see Layouts)	optional vdesk, see below	vdeskreset or vdeskreset 2 or vdeskreset coding
prevdesk	go to previous vdesk. If less than 1, will simply execute vdesk 1	none	prevdesk
nextdesk	go to next vdesk. Creates it if it doesn't exist	none	nextdesk
backcyclevdesks	backward cycle between currently existing vdesks. Goes back to vdesk with max id when at vdesk 1	none	backcyclevdesks
cyclevdesks	cycle between currently existing vdesks. Goes back to vdesk 1 if next vdesk does not exist	none	cyclevdesks

BREAKING v2.1.0: prevdesk dispatcher was renamed to lastdesk. prevdesk has a new functionality: it goes to the previous desk. If you were using prevdesk, please update your config.

For vdesk names, you can use:

• ID: e.g., 1, 2 etc;
• Name: e.g., coding, internet, mail and chats

If a vdesk with a given ID or name does not exist, it'll be created on the fly. If you give a (non configured, see below) name, it will be assigned to the next available vdesk id: the virtual-desktops plugin will remember this association even if Hyprland kills the related workspaces.

The movetodesk and movetodesksilent dispatchers work similarly to Hyprland's movetoworkspace and movetoworkspacesilent dispatchers. See Hyprland's wiki. Of course, make sure to use the vdesk syntax above instead of Hyprland's.

Mix with Hyprland native workspaces

You can use hyprctl dispatch vdesk n, even if you have no secondary screen connected at the moment (the behaviour would be identical to native workspaces). Also, I would REMOVE any workspace related configuration, such as wsbind. If you want to leverage workspace-specific rules, you can: workspaces are always assigned to the same vdesk given the same number of monitors, unless you focus (e.g. with hyprctl) another workspace (see Layouts). For instance:

• Given two monitors:
  • vdesk 1 has workspaces 1 and 2;
  • vdesk 2 has workspaces 3 and 4, and so on;
• Given three monitors:
  • vdesk 1 has workspaces 1, 2 and 3;
  • vdesk 2 has workspaces 4, 5 and 6, and so on.
• Given four monitors...

The vdesk a workspace will end up to is easily computed by doing ceil(workspace_id / n_monitors). You know where I'm going with this one...you can easily script it.

Hyprctl commands

Since version 2.2, this plugin exposes a couple of hyprctl commands. That is, you can use them by calling hyprctl {command} {args}.
NOTICE: some of these used to be dispatchers.

Command	description	args	example
printdesk (vdesk)	Prints to Hyprland log the specified vdesk or the currently active vdesk* (if no argument is given)	optional vdesk, see above	hyprctl printdesk or hyprctl printdesk 2 or hyprctl printdesk coding
printlayout	print to Hyprland logs the current layout	none	hyprctl printlayout

Hyprland keywords

Since version 2.2, this plugin exposes one keyword: stickyrule.
A sticky rule is composed of a window identifier and a vdesk identifier.
A window matched by a sticky rule will be moved to the matched vdesk:

1. When the window is created (similar to Hyprland's workspace windowrule, but with virtual desks);
2. Every time a monitor is connected/disconnected.

BE CAREFUL:

1. NOT to mix this with Hyprland's workspace windowrule (it wouldn't make sense right?);
2. This is not a plugin config, but an Hyprland keyword. Place it in the top level of Hyprland's config (i.e., where you'd put windowrules too).

Syntax

stickyrule = window,vdesk

• window identifier has the same syntax as Hyprland's windowrule window identifier;
• vdesk identifier has the same syntax specified above.

Examples

stickyrule = class:^(kittysticky)$,3
stickyrule = title:thunderbird,mail

Configuration values

This plugin exposes a few configuration options, under the plugin:virtual-desktops: category, namely:

Name	description	type	example
names	map a vdesk id with a name	map[int:string], see below	names = 1:coding, 2:internet, 3:mail and chats
cycleworkspaces	if set to 1 and switching to the currently active vdesk, workspaces will be swapped between your monitors (see swapactiveworkspaces)	0 or 1	cycleworkspaces = 1
rememberlayout	chooses how layouts should be remembered (see Layouts), defaults to size	none, size or monitors	remember = size
notifyinit	chooses whether to display the startup notification, defaults to 1	0 or 1	notifyinit = 0
verbose_logging	whether to log more stuff, defaults to 0	0 or 1	verbose_logging = 0

• The names config option maps virtual desktop IDs to a name (you can then use this with the hyprctl dispatchers);
• cycleworkspaces: THIS CURRENTLY DOES NOT WORK WITH MORE THAN 2 MONITORS. If you need this feature, please feel welcome to submit a PR ^^.

Example config

stickyrule = class:^(kittysticky)$,3
stickyrule = title:thunderbird,mail

plugin {
    virtual-desktops {
        names = 1:coding, 2:internet, 3:mail and chats 
        cycleworkspaces = 1
        rememberlayout = size
        notifyinit = 0
        verbose_logging = 0
    }
}

Layouts

Version 2.0 of this plugin introduced the concept of a layout, with the meaning of "a specific combination of workspaces on a (more or less) specific combination of monitors".
In other words, virtual-desktops remembers if you focused another workspace on your vdesk, even if you switch to another vdesk and then come back to this one

Example

Say you have 2 monitors A and B, and you're on vdesk 1:

• On monitor A you have workspace 1, and on monitor B you have workspace 2;
• Now, say you focus workspace 4 with hyprctl dispatch workspace 4 on monitor B.
• If you switch to vdesk 2 and back to vdesk 1, you will see workspace 4 on monitor B instead of workspace 2.

Notice that, in this case, workspace 4 would also be shown on vdesk 2.

Layouts are cached and restored if you disconnect/reconnect monitors

Internally, every vdesk will cache all the previous layouts. Once a monitor is connected/disconnected, the plugin will try to look for a previously existing layout for this configuration and it will apply it.

Example

Continuing from the previous example, say you now disconnect monitor B and then you reconnect it, while being on vdesk 1:

• the previous layout will be matched and you will get back workspace 1 on monitor A and workspace 4 on monitor B.

This would work also if instead of disconnecting and reconnecting monitor B, you connected a third monitor C and then disconnect it.

Choosing how to remember, or choosing to forget

Version 2.0 also introduced the rememberlayout config option: with this option, we can choose if we want to match a layout by number of monitors (size) or by unique monitor descriptions (monitors). There is also the third and final option to not remember layouts at all (none).

Example

Continuing from the previous example. Say we now disconnect monitor B and connect monitor C: our connected monitors are A and C.

• if rememberlayout = size (the default), the existing layout will still be matched, we will have workspace 1 on monitor A, workspace 4 on monitor C;
• if rememberlayout = monitors, a new layout will be created with defaults: workspace 1 on monitor A, workspace 2 on monitor C;
• if rememberlayout = none, same as above.

If we now disconnect monitor C and reconnect monitor B: our connected monitors are A and B.

• if rememberlayout = size (the default), the existing layout will be matched, we will have workspace 1 on monitor A, workspace 4 on monitor B;
• if rememberlayout = monitors, the existing layout will be matched, we will have workspace 1 on monitor A, workspace 4 on monitor B;
• if rememberlayout = none, a new layout will be created with defaults: workspace 1 on monitor A, workspace 2 on monitor C.

Install

In order to use plugins, you should compile Hyprland yourself. See Hyprland Wiki#Using Plugins.

You can use:

HYPRLAND_HEADERS=path/to/hyprlandrepo make all

this will compile and copy the compiled .so plugin in the $HOME/.local/share/hyprload/plugins/bin path (useful if you use hyprload).
You can also use make virtual-desktops.so to output the compiled plugin in the repo directory.

Once compiled, you can tell Hyprland to load the plugin as described in the Hyprland wiki.

Installing on NixOS with home—manager

Here is an example flake that you can modify to add hyprland-virtual-desktops to your configuration

# flake.nix

{
  inputs = {
    nixpkgs.url = "github:NixOS/nixpkgs/nixos-unstable";

    home-manager = {
      url = "github:nix-community/home-manager";
      inputs.nixpkgs.follows = "nixpkgs";
    };
   
    hyprland = {
      url = "git+https://github.com/hyprwm/Hyprland?submodules=1";
      follows = "hyprland-virtual-desktops/hyprland"; # To make sure we run the same version of hyprland that the plugin was built against
    };
    hyprland-virtual-desktops.url = "github:levnikmyskin/hyprland-virtual-desktops";
    
  };

  outputs = { nixpkgs, home-manager, hyprland, hyprland-virtual-desktops, ... }:
    let
      system = "x86_64-linux";
      pkgs = nixpkgs.legacyPackages.${system};
    in
    {
      homeConfigurations."user@hostname" = home-manager.lib.homeManagerConfiguration {
        pkgs = nixpkgs.legacyPackages.x86_64-linux;

        # You can optionally move this module to its own .nix file and source it
        # here if you want to modularise your configuration
        modules = [
          hyprland.homeManagerModules.default
          {
            wayland.windowManager.hyprland = {
              enable = true;
              package = hyprland.packages.${pkgs.system}.hyprland;
              plugins = [
                hyprland-virtual-desktops.packages.${pkgs.system}.virtual-desktops
              ];
              # extraConfig is a string that becomes hyprland.conf
              extraConfig = ''
                stickyrule = class:^(kittysticky)$,3
                stickyrule = title:thunderbird,mail

                plugin {
                    virtual-desktops {
                        names = 1:coding, 2:internet, 3:mail and chats 
                        cycleworkspaces = 1
                        rememberlayout = size
                        notifyinit = 0
                        verbose_logging = 0
                    }
                }
              '' + ''
                # your other configuration for hyprland
              '';
            };
          }
          # ...
          # NOTE:
          # You will want to enable the Hyprland module in your NixOS configuration
          # too, since that also enables critical components like xdg-desktop-portal,
          # xwayland, polkit, etc
          # 
          # # Have this somewhere in your NixOS configuration
          # programs.hyprland = {
          #   enabled = true;
          #   package = inputs.hyprland.packages.${pkgs.system}.hyprland;
          # };
        ];
      };
    };
}

Help, Hyprland is being weird!

I've noticed that, sometimes, when disconnecting or reconnecting monitors, there might be weird artifacts or similar. Try running:
hyprctl reload

It's actually the plugin 😱

If instead you're seeing weird behaviour with the plugin itself, remember you can always run:
hyprtl dispatch vdeskreset

Thanks to

split-workspaces, from which I borrowed the Makefile, and the general idea of how to write Hyprland plugins.