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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="requirements.html">System Requirements</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="quickstart.html" class="active">Quickstart</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="howtos/INDEX.html">How to Guide</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="howtos/no-os.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Installing on a machine with no operating system</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="howtos/custom-kexec.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Using your own kexec image</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="howtos/secrets.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Secrets and full disk encryption</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="howtos/use-without-flakes.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Use without flakes</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="howtos/terraform.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Terraform</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="howtos/nix-path.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Nix-channels / NIX_PATH</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="howtos/ipv6.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> IPv6-only targets</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="reference.html">Reference</a></li></ol>
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<main>
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<h1 id="quickstart-guide-nixos-anywhere"><a class="header" href="#quickstart-guide-nixos-anywhere">Quickstart Guide: nixos-anywhere</a></h1>
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<p><strong><em>Install NixOS everywhere via ssh</em></strong></p>
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<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nix-community/nixos-anywhere/main/docs/logo.png" width="150" height="150">
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<p><a href="./INDEX.html">Documentation Index</a></p>
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<h2 id="introduction"><a class="header" href="#introduction">Introduction</a></h2>
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<p>This guide documents a simple installation of NixOS using <strong>nixos-anywhere</strong> on
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a target machine running x86_64 Linux with
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<a href="https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/kexec.8.html">kexec</a> support. The example
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used in this guide installs NixOS on a Hetzner cloud machine. The configuration
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may be different for some other instances. We will be including further examples
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in the <a href="./howtos/INDEX.html">How To Guide</a> as and when they are available.</p>
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<p>You will need:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>A <a href="https://wiki.nixos.org/wiki/Flakes">flake</a> that controls the actions to be
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performed</li>
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<li>A disk configuration containing details of the file system that will be
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created on the new server.</li>
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<li>A target machine, reachable via SSH, with your SSH public key deployed and the
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privilege to either login directly as root or to use password-less sudo.</li>
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</ul>
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<p><strong>nixos-anywhere</strong> doesn’t need to be installed. You can run it directly from
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<a href="https://github.com/nix-community/nixos-anywhere">the Github repository.</a></p>
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<p>Details of the flake, the disk configuration and the CLI command are discussed
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below.</p>
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<h2 id="steps-required-to-run-nixos-anywhere"><a class="header" href="#steps-required-to-run-nixos-anywhere">Steps required to run nixos-anywhere</a></h2>
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<ol>
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<li>
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<p><strong>Enable Flakes</strong>:</p>
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<p>Ensure that flakes are enabled on your system. To enable flakes, refer to the
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<a href="https://wiki.nixos.org/wiki/Flakes#enable-flakes">NixOS Wiki</a>.</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p><strong>Initialize a Flake</strong>:</p>
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<p>The easiest way to start is to copy our
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<a href="https://github.com/nix-community/nixos-anywhere-examples/blob/main/flake.nix">example flake.nix</a>
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into a new directory. This example is tailored for a virtual machine setup
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similar to one on <a href="https://www.hetzner.com/cloud">Hetzner Cloud</a>, so you
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might need to adapt it for your setup.</p>
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<p><strong>Hardware-Specific Configuration</strong>: If you're not using a virtual machine,
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you'll need to generate a custom hardware configuration with
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<code>nixos-generate-config</code>.</p>
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</li>
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</ol>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p><strong>Get <code>nixos-generate-config</code> onto the Target Machine</strong>:</p>
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<ol>
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<li><strong>Option 1</strong>: If NixOS is not installed, boot into an installer without
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first installing NixOS.</li>
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<li><strong>Option 2</strong>: Use the kexec tarball method, as described
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<a href="https://github.com/nix-community/nixos-images#kexec-tarballs">here</a>.</li>
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</ol>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p><strong>Generate Configuration</strong>: Run the following command on the target machine:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-bash">nixos-generate-config --no-filesystems --dir /mnt
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</code></pre>
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<p>This creates the necessary configuration files under <code>/mnt/etc/nixos/</code>, which
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you can then customize as needed and copy them to your local machine in order
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to include them in your flake.</p>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<ol start="3">
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<li>
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<p><strong>Find SSH Key Line</strong>:<br />
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if you cloned
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<a href="https://github.com/nix-community/nixos-anywhere-examples/blob/main/configuration.nix">our nixos-anywhere-example</a>
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you will also replace the SSH key like this: In your configuration, locate
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the line that reads:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-bash"># change this to your ssh key
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"CHANGE"
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</code></pre>
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<p>Replace the text <code>CHANGE</code> with your own SSH key. This is crucial, as you will
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not be able to log into the target machine post-installation without it.</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>In the same directory, create a file named <code>disk-config.nix</code>. This will be
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used to specify the disk layout to the <strong>disko</strong> tool, which nixos-anywhere
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uses to partition, format and mount the disks. Again, for a simple
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installation you can paste the contents from the example
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<a href="https://github.com/nix-community/nixos-anywhere-examples/blob/main/disk-config.nix">here</a>.
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This configures a standard GPT (GUID Partition Table) partition compatible
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with both EFI and BIOS systems, and mounts the disk as <code>/dev/sda</code>. If this
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doesn’t meet your requirements, choose an example that suits your disk layout
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from the
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<a href="https://github.com/nix-community/disko/tree/master/example">disko examples</a>.
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For more information about this configuration, refer to the
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<a href="https://github.com/nix-community/disko">disko documentation.</a></p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>Run the following command to create the <code>flake.lock</code> file:</p>
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<pre><code>nix flake lock
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</code></pre>
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<p>Optionally, you can commit these files to a repo such as Github, or you can
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simply reference your local directory when you run <strong>nixos-anywhere</strong>. This
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example uses a local directory on the source machine.</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>On the target machine, make sure you have access as root via ssh by adding
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your SSH key to the file <code>authorized_keys</code> in the directory <code>/root/.ssh</code></p>
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<p>Optionally, bootstrapping can also be performed through password login. For
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example through the <code>image-installer-*</code> provided by
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<code>nix-community/nixos-images</code>. Assign your password to the <code>SSH_PASS</code>
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environment variable and specify <code>--env-password</code> as an additional command
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line option. This will provide <code>ssh-copy-id</code> with the required password.</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>(Optional) Test your nixos and disko configuration:</p>
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<p>The following command will automatically test your nixos configuration and
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run disko inside a virtual machine, where</p>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p><code><path to configuration></code> is the path to the directory or repository
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containing <code>flake.nix</code> and <code>disk-config.nix</code></p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p><code><configuration name></code> must match the name that immediately follows the
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text <code>nixosConfigurations.</code> in the flake, as indicated by the comment in
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the
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<a href="https://github.com/nix-community/nixos-anywhere-examples/blob/main/flake.nix">example</a>).</p>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<pre><code>nix run github:nix-community/nixos-anywhere -- --flake <path to configuration>#<configuration name> --vm-test
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</code></pre>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>You can now run <strong>nixos-anywhere</strong> from the command line as shown below,
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where:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p><code><path to configuration></code> is the path to the directory or repository
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containing <code>flake.nix</code> and <code>disk-config.nix</code></p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p><code><configuration name></code> must match the name that immediately follows the
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text <code>nixosConfigurations.</code> in the flake, as indicated by the comment in
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the
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<a href="https://github.com/nix-community/nixos-anywhere-examples/blob/main/flake.nix">example</a>).</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p><code><ip address></code> is the IP address of the target machine.</p>
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<pre><code>nix run github:nix-community/nixos-anywhere -- --flake <path to configuration>#<configuration name> root@<ip address>
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</code></pre>
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<p>The command would look like this if you had created your files in a
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directory named <code>/home/mydir/test</code> and the IP address of your target
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machine is <code>37.27.18.135</code>:</p>
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<pre><code>nix run github:nix-community/nixos-anywhere -- --flake /home/mydir/test#hetzner-cloud root@37.27.18.135
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</code></pre>
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<p><strong>nixos-anywhere</strong> will then run, showing various output messages at each
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stage. It may take some time to complete, depending on Internet speeds. It
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should finish by showing the messages below before returning to the command
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prompt.</p>
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<pre><code>Installation finished. No error reported.
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Warning: Permanently added '<ip-address>' (ED25519) to the list of known hosts
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</code></pre>
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<p>When this happens, the target server will have been overwritten with a new
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installation of NixOS. Note that the server's public SSH key will have
|
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changed.</p>
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<p>If you have previously accessed this server using SSH, you may see the
|
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following message the next time you try to log in to the target.</p>
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<pre><code>@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
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@ WARNING: REMOTE HOST IDENTIFICATION HAS CHANGED! @
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@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
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IT IS POSSIBLE THAT SOMEONE IS DOING SOMETHING NASTY!
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Someone could be eavesdropping on you right now (man-in-the-middle attack)!
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It is also possible that a host key has just been changed.
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The fingerprint for the ED25519 key sent by the remote host is
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XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.
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Please contact your system administrator.
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Add correct host key in ~/.ssh/known_hosts to get rid of this message.
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Offending ECDSA key in ~/.ssh/known_hosts:6
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remove with:
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ssh-keygen -f ~/.ssh/known_hosts" -R "<ip address>"
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Host key for <ip_address> has changed and you have requested strict checking.
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Host key verification failed.
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</code></pre>
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<p>This is because the <code>known_hosts</code> file in the <code>.ssh</code> directory now contains
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a mismatch, since the server has been overwritten. To solve this, use a
|
||
text editor to remove the old entry from the <code>known_hosts</code> file (or use the
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command <code>ssh-keygen -R <ip_address></code>). The next connection attempt will
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then treat this as a new server.</p>
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<p>The error message line <code>Offending ECDSA key in ~/.ssh/known_hosts:</code> gives
|
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the line number that needs to be removed from the <code>known_hosts</code> file.</p>
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<p>The new server's configurations are defined in the flake. <code>nixos-anywhere</code>
|
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does not create <code>etc/nixos/configuration.nix</code>, since it expects the server
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to be administered remotely. Any future changes to the configuration should
|
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be made to the flake, and you would reference this flake when doing the
|
||
nixos-rebuild command or a deployment tool of your choice i.e.
|
||
<a href="https://github.com/zhaofengli/colmena">colmena</a>,
|
||
<a href="https://github.com/MatthewCroughan/nixinate">nixinate</a>.</p>
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<p>This example can be run from the machine itself for updating (replace
|
||
<code><URL to your flake></code> with your flake i.e. <code>.#</code> if your flake is in the
|
||
current directory):</p>
|
||
<pre><code>nixos-rebuild switch --flake <URL to your flake>
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>You can also run <code>nixos-rebuild</code> to update a machine remotely, if you have
|
||
set up an openssh server and your ssh key for the root user:</p>
|
||
<pre><code>nixos-rebuild switch --flake <URL to your flake> --target-host "root@<ip address>"
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>For more information on different use cases of <strong>nixos-anywhere</strong> please
|
||
refer to the <a href="./howtos/INDEX.html">How to Guide</a>, and for more technical
|
||
information and explanation of known error messages, refer to the
|
||
<a href="./reference.html">Reference Manual</a>.</p>
|
||
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