scorecard/checks/permissions.go

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// Copyright 2021 Security Scorecard Authors
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
package checks
import (
"fmt"
"strings"
"github.com/rhysd/actionlint"
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"github.com/ossf/scorecard/v4/checker"
"github.com/ossf/scorecard/v4/checks/fileparser"
sce "github.com/ossf/scorecard/v4/errors"
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"github.com/ossf/scorecard/v4/remediation"
)
// CheckTokenPermissions is the exported name for Token-Permissions check.
const (
CheckTokenPermissions = "Token-Permissions"
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jobLevelPermission = "job level"
topLevelPermission = "top level"
)
type permission string
const (
permissionAll = permission("all")
permissionStatuses = permission("statuses")
permissionChecks = permission("checks")
permissionSecurityEvents = permission("security-events")
permissionDeployments = permission("deployments")
permissionContents = permission("contents")
permissionPackages = permission("packages")
permissionActions = permission("actions")
)
var permissionsOfInterest = []permission{
permissionStatuses, permissionChecks,
permissionSecurityEvents, permissionDeployments,
permissionContents, permissionPackages, permissionActions,
}
//nolint:gochecknoinits
func init() {
supportedRequestTypes := []checker.RequestType{
checker.FileBased,
checker.CommitBased,
}
if err := registerCheck(CheckTokenPermissions, TokenPermissions, supportedRequestTypes); err != nil {
// This should never happen.
panic(err)
}
}
// Holds stateful data to pass thru callbacks.
// Each field correpsonds to a GitHub permission type, and
// will hold true if declared non-write, false otherwise.
type permissions struct {
topLevelWritePermissions map[permission]bool
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jobLevelWritePermissions map[permission]bool
}
type permissionCbData struct {
// map of filename to write permissions used.
workflows map[string]permissions
}
// TokenPermissions runs Token-Permissions check.
func TokenPermissions(c *checker.CheckRequest) checker.CheckResult {
// data is shared across all GitHub workflows.
data := permissionCbData{
workflows: make(map[string]permissions),
}
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if err := remediation.Setup(c); err != nil {
createResultForLeastPrivilegeTokens(data, err)
}
err := fileparser.OnMatchingFileContentDo(c.RepoClient, fileparser.PathMatcher{
Pattern: ".github/workflows/*",
CaseSensitive: false,
}, validateGitHubActionTokenPermissions, c.Dlogger, &data)
return createResultForLeastPrivilegeTokens(data, err)
}
// Check file content.
var validateGitHubActionTokenPermissions fileparser.DoWhileTrueOnFileContent = func(path string,
content []byte,
args ...interface{},
) (bool, error) {
if !fileparser.IsWorkflowFile(path) {
return true, nil
}
// Verify the type of the data.
if len(args) != 2 {
return false, fmt.Errorf(
"validateGitHubActionTokenPermissions requires exactly 2 arguments: %w", errInvalidArgLength)
}
pdata, ok := args[1].(*permissionCbData)
if !ok {
return false, fmt.Errorf(
"validateGitHubActionTokenPermissions requires arg[0] of type *permissionCbData: %w", errInvalidArgType)
}
dl, ok := args[0].(checker.DetailLogger)
if !ok {
return false, fmt.Errorf(
"validateGitHubActionTokenPermissions requires arg[1] of type checker.DetailLogger: %w", errInvalidArgType)
}
if !fileparser.CheckFileContainsCommands(content, "#") {
return true, nil
}
workflow, errs := actionlint.Parse(content)
if len(errs) > 0 && workflow == nil {
return false, fileparser.FormatActionlintError(errs)
}
// 1. Top-level permission definitions.
//nolint
// https://docs.github.com/en/actions/reference/authentication-in-a-workflow#example-1-passing-the-github_token-as-an-input,
// https://github.blog/changelog/2021-04-20-github-actions-control-permissions-for-github_token/,
// https://docs.github.com/en/actions/reference/authentication-in-a-workflow#modifying-the-permissions-for-the-github_token.
if err := validateTopLevelPermissions(workflow, path, dl, pdata); err != nil {
return false, err
}
// 2. Run-level permission definitions,
// see https://docs.github.com/en/actions/reference/workflow-syntax-for-github-actions#jobsjob_idpermissions.
ignoredPermissions := createIgnoredPermissions(workflow, path, dl)
if err := validatejobLevelPermissions(workflow, path, dl, pdata, ignoredPermissions); err != nil {
return false, err
}
// TODO(laurent): 2. Identify github actions that require write and add checks.
// TODO(laurent): 3. Read a few runs and ensures they have the same permissions.
return true, nil
}
func validatePermission(permissionKey permission, permissionValue *actionlint.PermissionScope,
permLevel, path string, dl checker.DetailLogger, pPermissions map[permission]bool,
ignoredPermissions map[permission]bool,
) error {
if permissionValue.Value == nil {
return sce.WithMessage(sce.ErrScorecardInternal, errInvalidGitHubWorkflow.Error())
}
val := permissionValue.Value.Value
lineNumber := fileparser.GetLineNumber(permissionValue.Value.Pos)
if strings.EqualFold(val, "write") {
if isPermissionOfInterest(permissionKey, ignoredPermissions) {
dl.Warn(&checker.LogMessage{
Path: path,
Type: checker.FileTypeSource,
Offset: lineNumber,
Text: fmt.Sprintf("%s '%v' permission set to '%v'", permLevel, permissionKey, val),
Snippet: val,
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Remediation: remediation.CreateWorkflowPermissionRemediation(path),
})
recordPermissionWrite(pPermissions, permissionKey)
} else {
// Only log for debugging, otherwise
// it may confuse users.
dl.Debug(&checker.LogMessage{
Path: path,
Type: checker.FileTypeSource,
Offset: lineNumber,
Text: fmt.Sprintf("%s '%v' permission set to '%v'", permLevel, permissionKey, val),
Snippet: val,
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Remediation: remediation.CreateWorkflowPermissionRemediation(path),
})
}
return nil
}
dl.Info(&checker.LogMessage{
Path: path,
Type: checker.FileTypeSource,
Offset: lineNumber,
Text: fmt.Sprintf("%s '%v' permission set to '%v'", permLevel, permissionKey, val),
// TODO: set Snippet.
})
return nil
}
func validateMapPermissions(scopes map[string]*actionlint.PermissionScope, permLevel, path string,
dl checker.DetailLogger, pPermissions map[permission]bool,
ignoredPermissions map[permission]bool,
) error {
for key, v := range scopes {
if err := validatePermission(permission(key), v, permLevel, path, dl, pPermissions, ignoredPermissions); err != nil {
return err
}
}
return nil
}
func recordPermissionWrite(pPermissions map[permission]bool, perm permission) {
pPermissions[perm] = true
}
func getWritePermissionsMap(p *permissionCbData, path, permLevel string) map[permission]bool {
if _, exists := p.workflows[path]; !exists {
p.workflows[path] = permissions{
topLevelWritePermissions: make(map[permission]bool),
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jobLevelWritePermissions: make(map[permission]bool),
}
}
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if permLevel == jobLevelPermission {
return p.workflows[path].jobLevelWritePermissions
}
return p.workflows[path].topLevelWritePermissions
}
func recordAllPermissionsWrite(p *permissionCbData, permLevel, path string) {
// Special case: `all` does not correspond
// to a GitHub permission.
m := getWritePermissionsMap(p, path, permLevel)
m[permissionAll] = true
}
func validatePermissions(permissions *actionlint.Permissions, permLevel, path string,
dl checker.DetailLogger, pdata *permissionCbData,
ignoredPermissions map[permission]bool,
) error {
allIsSet := permissions != nil && permissions.All != nil && permissions.All.Value != ""
scopeIsSet := permissions != nil && len(permissions.Scopes) > 0
if permissions == nil || (!allIsSet && !scopeIsSet) {
dl.Info(&checker.LogMessage{
Path: path,
Type: checker.FileTypeSource,
Offset: checker.OffsetDefault,
Text: fmt.Sprintf("%s permissions set to 'none'", permLevel),
})
}
if allIsSet {
val := permissions.All.Value
lineNumber := fileparser.GetLineNumber(permissions.All.Pos)
if !strings.EqualFold(val, "read-all") && val != "" {
dl.Warn(&checker.LogMessage{
Path: path,
Type: checker.FileTypeSource,
Offset: lineNumber,
Text: fmt.Sprintf("%s permissions set to '%v'", permLevel, val),
Snippet: val,
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Remediation: remediation.CreateWorkflowPermissionRemediation(path),
})
recordAllPermissionsWrite(pdata, permLevel, path)
return nil
}
dl.Info(&checker.LogMessage{
Path: path,
Type: checker.FileTypeSource,
Offset: lineNumber,
Text: fmt.Sprintf("%s permissions set to '%v'", permLevel, val),
Snippet: val,
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Remediation: remediation.CreateWorkflowPermissionRemediation(path),
})
} else /* scopeIsSet == true */ if err := validateMapPermissions(permissions.Scopes,
permLevel, path, dl, getWritePermissionsMap(pdata, path, permLevel), ignoredPermissions); err != nil {
return err
}
return nil
}
func validateTopLevelPermissions(workflow *actionlint.Workflow, path string,
dl checker.DetailLogger, pdata *permissionCbData,
) error {
// Check if permissions are set explicitly.
if workflow.Permissions == nil {
dl.Warn(&checker.LogMessage{
Path: path,
Type: checker.FileTypeSource,
Offset: checker.OffsetDefault,
Text: fmt.Sprintf("no %s permission defined", topLevelPermission),
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Remediation: remediation.CreateWorkflowPermissionRemediation(path),
})
recordAllPermissionsWrite(pdata, topLevelPermission, path)
return nil
}
return validatePermissions(workflow.Permissions, topLevelPermission, path, dl,
pdata, map[permission]bool{})
}
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func validatejobLevelPermissions(workflow *actionlint.Workflow, path string,
dl checker.DetailLogger, pdata *permissionCbData,
ignoredPermissions map[permission]bool,
) error {
for _, job := range workflow.Jobs {
// Run-level permissions may be left undefined.
// For most workflows, no write permissions are needed,
// so only top-level read-only permissions need to be declared.
if job.Permissions == nil {
dl.Debug(&checker.LogMessage{
Path: path,
Type: checker.FileTypeSource,
Offset: fileparser.GetLineNumber(job.Pos),
Text: fmt.Sprintf("no %s permission defined", jobLevelPermission),
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Remediation: remediation.CreateWorkflowPermissionRemediation(path),
})
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recordAllPermissionsWrite(pdata, jobLevelPermission, path)
continue
}
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err := validatePermissions(job.Permissions, jobLevelPermission,
path, dl, pdata, ignoredPermissions)
if err != nil {
return err
}
}
return nil
}
func isPermissionOfInterest(name permission, ignoredPermissions map[permission]bool) bool {
for _, p := range permissionsOfInterest {
_, present := ignoredPermissions[p]
if strings.EqualFold(string(name), string(p)) && !present {
return true
}
}
return false
}
func permissionIsPresent(perms permissions, name permission) bool {
return permissionIsPresentInTopLevel(perms, name) ||
permissionIsPresentInRunLevel(perms, name)
}
func permissionIsPresentInTopLevel(perms permissions, name permission) bool {
_, ok := perms.topLevelWritePermissions[name]
return ok
}
func permissionIsPresentInRunLevel(perms permissions, name permission) bool {
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_, ok := perms.jobLevelWritePermissions[name]
return ok
}
// Calculate the score.
func calculateScore(result permissionCbData) int {
// See list https://github.blog/changelog/2021-04-20-github-actions-control-permissions-for-github_token/.
// Note: there are legitimate reasons to use some of the permissions like checks, deployments, etc.
// in CI/CD systems https://docs.travis-ci.com/user/github-oauth-scopes/.
// Start with a perfect score.
score := float32(checker.MaxResultScore)
// Retrieve the overall results.
for _, perms := range result.workflows {
// If no top level permissions are defined, all the permissions
// are enabled by default, hence permissionAll. In this case,
if permissionIsPresentInTopLevel(perms, permissionAll) {
if permissionIsPresentInRunLevel(perms, permissionAll) {
// ... give lowest score if no run level permissions are defined either.
return checker.MinResultScore
}
// ... reduce score if run level permissions are defined.
score -= 0.5
}
// status: https://docs.github.com/en/rest/reference/repos#statuses.
// May allow an attacker to change the result of pre-submit and get a PR merged.
// Low risk: -0.5.
if permissionIsPresent(perms, permissionStatuses) {
score -= 0.5
}
// checks.
// May allow an attacker to edit checks to remove pre-submit and introduce a bug.
// Low risk: -0.5.
if permissionIsPresent(perms, permissionChecks) {
score -= 0.5
}
// secEvents.
// May allow attacker to read vuln reports before patch available.
// Low risk: -1
if permissionIsPresent(perms, permissionSecurityEvents) {
score--
}
// deployments: https://docs.github.com/en/rest/reference/repos#deployments.
// May allow attacker to charge repo owner by triggering VM runs,
// and tiny chance an attacker can trigger a remote
// service with code they own if server accepts code/location var unsanitized.
// Low risk: -1
if permissionIsPresent(perms, permissionDeployments) {
score--
}
// contents.
// Allows attacker to commit unreviewed code.
// High risk: -10
if permissionIsPresent(perms, permissionContents) {
score -= checker.MaxResultScore
}
// packages: https://docs.github.com/en/packages/learn-github-packages/about-permissions-for-github-packages.
// Allows attacker to publish packages.
// High risk: -10
if permissionIsPresent(perms, permissionPackages) {
score -= checker.MaxResultScore
}
// actions.
// May allow an attacker to steal GitHub secrets by approving to run an action that needs approval.
// High risk: -10
if permissionIsPresent(perms, permissionActions) {
score -= checker.MaxResultScore
}
if score < checker.MinResultScore {
break
}
}
// We're done, calculate the final score.
if score < checker.MinResultScore {
return checker.MinResultScore
}
return int(score)
}
// Create the result.
func createResultForLeastPrivilegeTokens(result permissionCbData, err error) checker.CheckResult {
if err != nil {
return checker.CreateRuntimeErrorResult(CheckTokenPermissions, err)
}
score := calculateScore(result)
if score != checker.MaxResultScore {
return checker.CreateResultWithScore(CheckTokenPermissions,
"non read-only tokens detected in GitHub workflows", score)
}
return checker.CreateMaxScoreResult(CheckTokenPermissions,
"tokens are read-only in GitHub workflows")
}
func createIgnoredPermissions(workflow *actionlint.Workflow, fp string, dl checker.DetailLogger) map[permission]bool {
ignoredPermissions := make(map[permission]bool)
if requiresPackagesPermissions(workflow, fp, dl) {
ignoredPermissions[permissionPackages] = true
}
if requiresContentsPermissions(workflow, fp, dl) {
ignoredPermissions[permissionContents] = true
}
if isSARIFUploadWorkflow(workflow, fp, dl) {
ignoredPermissions[permissionSecurityEvents] = true
}
return ignoredPermissions
}
// Scanning tool run externally and SARIF file uploaded.
func isSARIFUploadWorkflow(workflow *actionlint.Workflow, fp string, dl checker.DetailLogger) bool {
//nolint
// CodeQl analysis workflow automatically sends sarif file to GitHub.
// https://docs.github.com/en/code-security/secure-coding/integrating-with-code-scanning/uploading-a-sarif-file-to-github#about-sarif-file-uploads-for-code-scanning.
// `The CodeQL action uploads the SARIF file automatically when it completes analysis`.
if isCodeQlAnalysisWorkflow(workflow, fp, dl) {
return true
}
//nolint
// Third-party scanning tools use the SARIF-upload action from code-ql.
// https://docs.github.com/en/code-security/secure-coding/integrating-with-code-scanning/uploading-a-sarif-file-to-github#uploading-a-code-scanning-analysis-with-github-actions
// We only support CodeQl today.
if isSARIFUploadAction(workflow, fp, dl) {
return true
}
// TODO: some third party tools may upload directly thru their actions.
// Very unlikely.
// See https://github.com/marketplace for tools.
return false
}
// CodeQl run externally and SARIF file uploaded.
func isSARIFUploadAction(workflow *actionlint.Workflow, fp string, dl checker.DetailLogger) bool {
for _, job := range workflow.Jobs {
for _, step := range job.Steps {
uses := fileparser.GetUses(step)
if uses == nil {
continue
}
if strings.HasPrefix(uses.Value, "github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@") {
dl.Debug(&checker.LogMessage{
Path: fp,
Type: checker.FileTypeSource,
Offset: fileparser.GetLineNumber(uses.Pos),
Text: "codeql SARIF upload workflow detected",
// TODO: set Snippet.
})
return true
}
}
}
dl.Debug(&checker.LogMessage{
Path: fp,
Type: checker.FileTypeSource,
Offset: checker.OffsetDefault,
Text: "not a codeql upload SARIF workflow",
})
return false
}
//nolint
// CodeQl run within GitHub worklow automatically bubbled up to
// security events, see
// https://docs.github.com/en/code-security/secure-coding/automatically-scanning-your-code-for-vulnerabilities-and-errors/configuring-code-scanning.
func isCodeQlAnalysisWorkflow(workflow *actionlint.Workflow, fp string, dl checker.DetailLogger) bool {
for _, job := range workflow.Jobs {
for _, step := range job.Steps {
uses := fileparser.GetUses(step)
if uses == nil {
continue
}
if strings.HasPrefix(uses.Value, "github/codeql-action/analyze@") {
dl.Debug(&checker.LogMessage{
Path: fp,
Type: checker.FileTypeSource,
Offset: fileparser.GetLineNumber(uses.Pos),
Text: "codeql workflow detected",
// TODO: set Snippet.
})
return true
}
}
}
dl.Debug(&checker.LogMessage{
Path: fp,
Type: checker.FileTypeSource,
Offset: checker.OffsetDefault,
Text: "not a codeql workflow",
})
return false
}
// A packaging workflow using GitHub's supported packages:
// https://docs.github.com/en/packages.
func requiresPackagesPermissions(workflow *actionlint.Workflow, fp string, dl checker.DetailLogger) bool {
// TODO: add support for GitHub registries.
// Example: https://docs.github.com/en/packages/working-with-a-github-packages-registry/working-with-the-npm-registry.
// This feature requires parsing actions properly.
// For now, we just re-use the Packaging check to verify that the
// workflow is a packaging workflow.
return isPackagingWorkflow(workflow, fp, dl)
}
// requiresContentsPermissions returns true if the workflow requires the `contents: write` permission.
func requiresContentsPermissions(workflow *actionlint.Workflow, fp string, dl checker.DetailLogger) bool {
return isReleasingWorkflow(workflow, fp, dl) || isGitHubPagesDeploymentWorkflow(workflow, fp, dl)
}
// isGitHubPagesDeploymentWorkflow returns true if the workflow involves pushing static pages to GitHub pages.
func isGitHubPagesDeploymentWorkflow(workflow *actionlint.Workflow, fp string, dl checker.DetailLogger) bool {
jobMatchers := []fileparser.JobMatcher{
{
Steps: []*fileparser.JobMatcherStep{
{
Uses: "peaceiris/actions-gh-pages",
},
},
LogText: "candidate GitHub page deployment workflow using peaceiris/actions-gh-pages",
},
}
return fileparser.AnyJobsMatch(workflow, jobMatchers, fp, dl, "not a GitHub Pages deployment workflow")
}
// isReleasingWorkflow returns true if the workflow involves creating a release on GitHub.
func isReleasingWorkflow(workflow *actionlint.Workflow, fp string, dl checker.DetailLogger) bool {
jobMatchers := []fileparser.JobMatcher{
{
// Python packages.
// This is a custom Python packaging/releasing workflow based on semantic versioning.
Steps: []*fileparser.JobMatcherStep{
{
Uses: "relekang/python-semantic-release",
},
},
LogText: "candidate python publishing workflow using python-semantic-release",
},
{
// Go packages.
Steps: []*fileparser.JobMatcherStep{
{
Uses: "actions/setup-go",
},
{
Uses: "goreleaser/goreleaser-action",
},
},
LogText: "candidate golang publishing workflow",
},
}
return fileparser.AnyJobsMatch(workflow, jobMatchers, fp, dl, "not a releasing workflow")
}
// TODO: remove when migrated to raw results.
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// Should be using the definition in raw/packaging.go.
func isPackagingWorkflow(workflow *actionlint.Workflow, fp string, dl checker.DetailLogger) bool {
jobMatchers := []fileparser.JobMatcher{
{
Steps: []*fileparser.JobMatcherStep{
{
Uses: "actions/setup-node",
With: map[string]string{"registry-url": "https://registry.npmjs.org"},
},
{
Run: "npm.*publish",
},
},
LogText: "candidate node publishing workflow using npm",
},
{
// Java packages with maven.
Steps: []*fileparser.JobMatcherStep{
{
Uses: "actions/setup-java",
},
{
Run: "mvn.*deploy",
},
},
LogText: "candidate java publishing workflow using maven",
},
{
// Java packages with gradle.
Steps: []*fileparser.JobMatcherStep{
{
Uses: "actions/setup-java",
},
{
Run: "gradle.*publish",
},
},
LogText: "candidate java publishing workflow using gradle",
},
{
// Ruby packages.
Steps: []*fileparser.JobMatcherStep{
{
Run: "gem.*push",
},
},
LogText: "candidate ruby publishing workflow using gem",
},
{
// NuGet packages.
Steps: []*fileparser.JobMatcherStep{
{
Run: "nuget.*push",
},
},
LogText: "candidate nuget publishing workflow",
},
{
// Docker packages.
Steps: []*fileparser.JobMatcherStep{
{
Run: "docker.*push",
},
},
LogText: "candidate docker publishing workflow",
},
{
// Docker packages.
Steps: []*fileparser.JobMatcherStep{
{
Uses: "docker/build-push-action",
},
},
LogText: "candidate docker publishing workflow",
},
{
// Python packages.
Steps: []*fileparser.JobMatcherStep{
{
Uses: "actions/setup-python",
},
{
Uses: "pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish",
},
},
LogText: "candidate python publishing workflow using pypi",
},
{
// Python packages.
// This is a custom Python packaging workflow based on semantic versioning.
// TODO(#1642): accept custom workflows through a separate configuration.
Steps: []*fileparser.JobMatcherStep{
{
Uses: "relekang/python-semantic-release",
},
},
LogText: "candidate python publishing workflow using python-semantic-release",
},
{
// Go packages.
Steps: []*fileparser.JobMatcherStep{
{
Uses: "actions/setup-go",
},
{
Uses: "goreleaser/goreleaser-action",
},
},
LogText: "candidate golang publishing workflow",
},
{
// Rust packages. https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/publishing.html
Steps: []*fileparser.JobMatcherStep{
{
Run: "cargo.*publish",
},
},
LogText: "candidate rust publishing workflow using cargo",
},
}
return fileparser.AnyJobsMatch(workflow, jobMatchers, fp, dl, "not a publishing workflow")
}