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@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ you need to understand to read mold code.
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A .so file. Short for Dynamic Shared Object. Often called as a
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shared library, a dynamic libray or a shared object as well.
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An DSO contains common functions and data that are used by multiple
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A DSO contains common functions and data that are used by multiple
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executables and/or other DSOs. At runtime, a DSO is loaded to a
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contiguous region in the virtual address.
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@ -24,25 +24,25 @@ cannot be executed because it's not self-contained. For example,
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if you compile a C source file containing a call of `printf`,
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the actual function code of `printf` is not included in the resulting
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object file. You include `stdio.h`, but that teaches the compiler
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only about `printf`'s type, and the compiler still don't know what
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only about `printf`'s type, and the compiler still doesn't know what
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`printf` actually does. Therefore, it cannot emit code for `printf`.
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You need to link an object file with other object file or a shared
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library to make it exectuable.
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library to make it executable.
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## Virtual address space
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A pointer has a value like 0x803020 which is an address of the
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pointee. But it doesn't mean that the pointee resides at the
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physical memory address 0x803020 on the computer. Modern CPUs
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contains so-called Mmeory Management Unit (MMU), and all access to
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contains so-called Memory Management Unit (MMU), and all access to
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the memory are first translated by MMU to the physical address.
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The address before translation is called the "virtual address".
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Unless you are doing the kernel programming, all addresses you
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handle are virtual addresses.
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The OS kernel controls the MMU so that each process owns the entire
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virtual address space. So, even if two process uses the same virtual
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virtual address space. So, even if two processes use the same virtual
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address, they don't conflict. They are mapped to different physical
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addresses.
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@ -70,16 +70,16 @@ example, if you compile a function which calls a non-local function
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```
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The above `callq` is the instruction to call a function at the
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machine code level. It's opcode is `0xe8` in x86-64, so the
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machine code level. Its opcode is `0xe8` in x86-64, so the
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instruction begins with `0xe8`. The following four bytes are
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displacement; that is, the address of the branch target relative to
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the end of this `callq` instruction. Notice that the displacement is
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0. The compiler couldn't fill the displacement because it has no
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idea as to where `foo` will be at runtime. So, the compiler write 0
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as a placeholder and instead write a relocation `R_X86_64_PLT32`
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idea as to where `foo` will be at runtime. So, the compiler writes 0
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as a placeholder and instead writes a relocation `R_X86_64_PLT32`
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with `foo` as its associated symbol. The linker reads this
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relocation, computes the offsets between this call instruction and
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function `foo` and overwrite the placeholder value 0 with an actual
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function `foo` and overwrites the placeholder value 0 with an actual
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displacement.
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There are many different types of relocations. For example, if you
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@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ identify a function or a data in C++, because for example `foo` may
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be in a namespace or defined as a static member in some class. If
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`foo` is an overloaded function, we need to distinguish different
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`foo`s by its type. Therefore, C++ compiler mangles an identifier by
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appending nmaepsace names, type information and such so that
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appending namespace names, type information and such so that
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different things get different names.
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For example, a function `int foo(int)` in a namespace `bar` is
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