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mirror of https://github.com/rui314/mold.git synced 2024-12-26 18:02:30 +03:00
mold/mold.h
2020-12-20 10:12:10 +09:00

1003 lines
22 KiB
C++

#pragma once
#ifndef _GNU_SOURCE
#define _GNU_SOURCE
#endif
#include "elf.h"
#include "tbb/concurrent_hash_map.h"
#include "tbb/parallel_for_each.h"
#include "tbb/parallel_invoke.h"
#include "tbb/parallel_reduce.h"
#include "tbb/spin_mutex.h"
#include <algorithm>
#include <atomic>
#include <cassert>
#include <cstdint>
#include <iostream>
#include <mutex>
#include <span>
#include <string>
#include <string_view>
#define SECTOR_SIZE 512
#define PAGE_SIZE 4096
#define GOT_SIZE 8
#define PLT_SIZE 16
#define LIKELY(x) __builtin_expect((x), 1)
#define UNLIKELY(x) __builtin_expect((x), 0)
typedef uint8_t u8;
typedef uint16_t u16;
typedef uint32_t u32;
typedef uint64_t u64;
typedef int8_t i8;
typedef int16_t i16;
typedef int32_t i32;
typedef int64_t i64;
class InputChunk;
class InputFile;
class InputSection;
class MergeableSection;
class MergedSection;
class ObjectFile;
class OutputChunk;
class OutputSection;
class SharedFile;
class Symbol;
struct Config {
std::string dynamic_linker = "/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2";
std::string entry = "_start";
std::string output;
bool as_needed = false;
bool discard_locals = false;
bool export_dynamic = false;
bool fork = true;
bool is_static = false;
bool perf = false;
bool pie = false;
bool print_map = false;
bool trace = false;
bool z_now = false;
int filler = -1;
int thread_count = -1;
std::string sysroot;
std::vector<std::string> library_paths;
std::vector<std::string> rpaths;
std::vector<std::string> globals;
u64 image_base = 0x200000;
};
inline Config config;
[[noreturn]] inline void error(std::string msg) {
static std::mutex mu;
std::lock_guard lock(mu);
std::cerr << msg << "\n";
exit(1);
}
#define unreachable() \
error("internal error at " + std::string(__FILE__) + ":" + std::to_string(__LINE__))
std::string to_string(const InputFile *);
//
// Interned string
//
namespace tbb {
template<>
struct tbb_hash_compare<std::string_view> {
static size_t hash(const std::string_view& k) {
return std::hash<std::string_view>()(k);
}
static bool equal(const std::string_view& k1, const std::string_view& k2) {
return k1 == k2;
}
};
}
template<typename ValueT>
class ConcurrentMap {
public:
typedef tbb::concurrent_hash_map<std::string_view, ValueT> MapT;
ValueT *insert(std::string_view key, const ValueT &val) {
typename MapT::const_accessor acc;
map.insert(acc, std::make_pair(key, val));
return const_cast<ValueT *>(&acc->second);
}
void for_each_value(std::function<void(ValueT &)> fn) {
for (typename MapT::iterator it = map.begin(); it != map.end(); ++it)
fn(it->second);
}
size_t size() const { return map.size(); }
private:
MapT map;
};
//
// Symbol
//
struct StringPiece {
StringPiece(std::string_view view)
: data((const char *)view.data()), size(view.size()) {}
StringPiece(const StringPiece &other)
: isec(other.isec.load()), data(other.data), size(other.size),
output_offset(other.output_offset) {}
inline u64 get_addr() const;
std::atomic<MergeableSection *> isec = ATOMIC_VAR_INIT(nullptr);
const char *data;
u32 size;
u32 output_offset = -1;
};
struct StringPieceRef {
StringPiece *piece = nullptr;
u32 input_offset = 0;
i32 addend = 0;
};
enum {
NEEDS_GOT = 1 << 0,
NEEDS_PLT = 1 << 1,
NEEDS_GOTTPOFF = 1 << 2,
NEEDS_TLSGD = 1 << 3,
NEEDS_TLSLD = 1 << 4,
NEEDS_COPYREL = 1 << 5,
NEEDS_DYNSYM = 1 << 6,
};
class Symbol {
public:
Symbol(std::string_view name) : name(name) {}
Symbol(const Symbol &other) : Symbol(other.name) {}
static Symbol *intern(std::string_view name) {
static ConcurrentMap<Symbol> map;
return map.insert(name, Symbol(name));
}
inline u64 get_addr() const;
inline u64 get_got_addr() const;
inline u64 get_gotplt_addr() const;
inline u64 get_gottpoff_addr() const;
inline u64 get_tlsgd_addr() const;
inline u64 get_tlsld_addr() const;
inline u64 get_plt_addr() const;
bool needs_relative_rel() const {
return config.pie && !is_undef_weak;
}
std::string_view name;
InputFile *file = nullptr;
const ElfSym *esym = nullptr;
InputSection *input_section = nullptr;
StringPieceRef piece_ref;
u64 value = -1;
u32 got_idx = -1;
u32 gotplt_idx = -1;
u32 gottpoff_idx = -1;
u32 tlsgd_idx = -1;
u32 tlsld_idx = -1;
u32 plt_idx = -1;
u32 relplt_idx = -1;
u32 dynsym_idx = -1;
u32 dynstr_offset = -1;
u32 copyrel_offset = -1;
u16 shndx = 0;
u16 ver_idx = 0;
tbb::spin_mutex mu;
u8 is_placeholder : 1 = false;
u8 is_imported : 1 = false;
u8 is_weak : 1 = false;
u8 is_undef_weak : 1 = false;
u8 write_symtab : 1 = false;
u8 traced : 1 = false;
std::atomic_uint8_t flags = ATOMIC_VAR_INIT(0);
u8 type = STT_NOTYPE;
};
//
// input_sections.cc
//
class InputChunk {
public:
virtual void copy_buf() {}
inline u64 get_addr() const;
ObjectFile *file;
const ElfShdr &shdr;
OutputSection *output_section = nullptr;
std::string_view name;
u32 offset;
protected:
InputChunk(ObjectFile *file, const ElfShdr &shdr, std::string_view name);
};
enum RelType : u8 {
R_NONE,
R_ABS,
R_DYN,
R_PC,
R_GOT,
R_GOTPC,
R_GOTPCREL,
R_PLT,
R_TLSGD,
R_TLSGD_RELAX_LE,
R_TLSLD,
R_TLSLD_RELAX_LE,
R_TPOFF,
R_GOTTPOFF,
};
class InputSection : public InputChunk {
public:
InputSection(ObjectFile *file, const ElfShdr &shdr, std::string_view name)
: InputChunk(file, shdr, name) {}
void copy_buf() override;
void scan_relocations();
void report_undefined_symbols();
std::span<ElfRela> rels;
std::vector<bool> has_rel_piece;
std::vector<StringPieceRef> rel_pieces;
std::vector<RelType> rel_types;
u64 reldyn_offset = 0;
bool is_comdat_member = false;
bool is_alive = true;
};
class MergeableSection : public InputChunk {
public:
MergeableSection(InputSection *isec, std::string_view contents);
MergedSection &parent;
std::vector<StringPieceRef> pieces;
u32 size = 0;
};
std::string to_string(InputChunk *isec);
//
// output_chunks.cc
//
class OutputChunk {
public:
enum Kind : u8 { HEADER, REGULAR, SYNTHETIC };
OutputChunk(Kind kind) : kind(kind) { shdr.sh_addralign = 1; }
virtual void copy_buf() {}
virtual void update_shdr() {}
std::string_view name;
int shndx = 0;
Kind kind;
bool starts_new_ptload = false;
ElfShdr shdr = {};
};
// ELF header
class OutputEhdr : public OutputChunk {
public:
OutputEhdr() : OutputChunk(HEADER) {
shdr.sh_flags = SHF_ALLOC;
shdr.sh_size = sizeof(ElfEhdr);
}
void copy_buf() override;
};
// Section header
class OutputShdr : public OutputChunk {
public:
OutputShdr() : OutputChunk(HEADER) {
shdr.sh_flags = SHF_ALLOC;
}
void update_shdr() override;
void copy_buf() override;
};
// Program header
class OutputPhdr : public OutputChunk {
public:
OutputPhdr() : OutputChunk(HEADER) {
shdr.sh_flags = SHF_ALLOC;
}
void update_shdr() override;
void copy_buf() override;
};
class InterpSection : public OutputChunk {
public:
InterpSection() : OutputChunk(SYNTHETIC) {
name = ".interp";
shdr.sh_type = SHT_PROGBITS;
shdr.sh_flags = SHF_ALLOC;
shdr.sh_size = config.dynamic_linker.size() + 1;
}
void copy_buf() override;
};
// Sections
class OutputSection : public OutputChunk {
public:
static OutputSection *get_instance(std::string_view name, u32 type, u64 flags);
OutputSection(std::string_view name, u32 type, u64 flags)
: OutputChunk(REGULAR) {
this->name = name;
shdr.sh_type = type;
shdr.sh_flags = flags;
idx = instances.size();
instances.push_back(this);
}
void copy_buf() override;
static inline std::vector<OutputSection *> instances;
std::vector<InputChunk *> members;
u32 idx;
};
class GotSection : public OutputChunk {
public:
GotSection() : OutputChunk(SYNTHETIC) {
name = ".got";
shdr.sh_type = SHT_PROGBITS;
shdr.sh_flags = SHF_ALLOC | SHF_WRITE;
shdr.sh_addralign = GOT_SIZE;
}
void add_got_symbol(Symbol *sym);
void add_gottpoff_symbol(Symbol *sym);
void add_tlsgd_symbol(Symbol *sym);
void add_tlsld_symbol(Symbol *sym);
void copy_buf() override;
std::vector<Symbol *> got_syms;
std::vector<Symbol *> gottpoff_syms;
std::vector<Symbol *> tlsgd_syms;
std::vector<Symbol *> tlsld_syms;
};
class GotPltSection : public OutputChunk {
public:
GotPltSection() : OutputChunk(SYNTHETIC) {
name = ".got.plt";
shdr.sh_type = SHT_PROGBITS;
shdr.sh_flags = SHF_ALLOC | SHF_WRITE;
shdr.sh_addralign = GOT_SIZE;
shdr.sh_size = GOT_SIZE * 3;
}
void copy_buf() override;
};
class PltSection : public OutputChunk {
public:
PltSection() : OutputChunk(SYNTHETIC) {
name = ".plt";
shdr.sh_type = SHT_PROGBITS;
shdr.sh_flags = SHF_ALLOC | SHF_EXECINSTR;
shdr.sh_addralign = 8;
shdr.sh_size = PLT_SIZE;
}
void add_symbol(Symbol *sym);
void copy_buf() override;
std::vector<Symbol *> symbols;
};
class RelPltSection : public OutputChunk {
public:
RelPltSection() : OutputChunk(SYNTHETIC) {
name = ".rela.plt";
shdr.sh_type = SHT_RELA;
shdr.sh_flags = SHF_ALLOC;
shdr.sh_entsize = sizeof(ElfRela);
shdr.sh_addralign = 8;
}
void update_shdr() override;
void copy_buf() override;
};
class RelDynSection : public OutputChunk {
public:
RelDynSection() : OutputChunk(SYNTHETIC) {
name = ".rela.dyn";
shdr.sh_type = SHT_RELA;
shdr.sh_flags = SHF_ALLOC;
shdr.sh_entsize = sizeof(ElfRela);
shdr.sh_addralign = 8;
}
void update_shdr() override;
void copy_buf() override;
};
class StrtabSection : public OutputChunk {
public:
StrtabSection() : OutputChunk(SYNTHETIC) {
name = ".strtab";
shdr.sh_type = SHT_STRTAB;
shdr.sh_addralign = 1;
shdr.sh_size = 1;
}
void update_shdr() override;
};
class ShstrtabSection : public OutputChunk {
public:
ShstrtabSection() : OutputChunk(SYNTHETIC) {
name = ".shstrtab";
shdr.sh_type = SHT_STRTAB;
shdr.sh_addralign = 1;
}
void update_shdr() override;
void copy_buf() override;
};
class DynstrSection : public OutputChunk {
public:
DynstrSection() : OutputChunk(SYNTHETIC) {
name = ".dynstr";
shdr.sh_type = SHT_STRTAB;
shdr.sh_flags = SHF_ALLOC;
shdr.sh_size = 1;
shdr.sh_addralign = 1;
}
u32 add_string(std::string_view str);
u32 find_string(std::string_view str);
void copy_buf() override;
private:
std::vector<std::string_view> contents;
};
class DynamicSection : public OutputChunk {
public:
DynamicSection() : OutputChunk(SYNTHETIC) {
name = ".dynamic";
shdr.sh_type = SHT_DYNAMIC;
shdr.sh_flags = SHF_ALLOC | SHF_WRITE;
shdr.sh_addralign = 8;
shdr.sh_entsize = sizeof(ElfDyn);
}
void update_shdr() override;
void copy_buf() override;
};
class SymtabSection : public OutputChunk {
public:
SymtabSection() : OutputChunk(SYNTHETIC) {
name = ".symtab";
shdr.sh_type = SHT_SYMTAB;
shdr.sh_entsize = sizeof(ElfSym);
shdr.sh_addralign = 8;
shdr.sh_size = sizeof(ElfSym);
}
void update_shdr() override;
void copy_buf() override;
};
class DynsymSection : public OutputChunk {
public:
DynsymSection() : OutputChunk(SYNTHETIC) {
name = ".dynsym";
shdr.sh_type = SHT_DYNSYM;
shdr.sh_flags = SHF_ALLOC;
shdr.sh_entsize = sizeof(ElfSym);
shdr.sh_addralign = 8;
shdr.sh_size = sizeof(ElfSym);
shdr.sh_info = 1;
}
void add_symbol(Symbol *sym);
void update_shdr() override;
void copy_buf() override;
std::vector<Symbol *> symbols;
};
class HashSection : public OutputChunk {
public:
HashSection() : OutputChunk(SYNTHETIC) {
name = ".hash";
shdr.sh_type = SHT_HASH;
shdr.sh_flags = SHF_ALLOC;
shdr.sh_entsize = 4;
shdr.sh_addralign = 4;
}
void update_shdr() override;
void copy_buf() override;
private:
static u32 hash(std::string_view name);
};
class MergedSection : public OutputChunk {
public:
static MergedSection *get_instance(std::string_view name, u32 type, u64 flags);
static inline std::vector<MergedSection *> instances;
ConcurrentMap<StringPiece> map;
void copy_buf() override;
private:
MergedSection(std::string_view name, u64 flags, u32 type)
: OutputChunk(SYNTHETIC) {
this->name = name;
shdr.sh_flags = flags;
shdr.sh_type = type;
shdr.sh_addralign = 1;
}
};
class CopyrelSection : public OutputChunk {
public:
CopyrelSection() : OutputChunk(SYNTHETIC) {
name = ".bss";
shdr.sh_type = SHT_NOBITS;
shdr.sh_flags = SHF_ALLOC | SHF_WRITE;
shdr.sh_addralign = 32;
}
void add_symbol(Symbol *sym);
std::vector<Symbol *> symbols;
};
class VersymSection : public OutputChunk {
public:
VersymSection() : OutputChunk(SYNTHETIC) {
name = ".gnu.version";
shdr.sh_type = SHT_GNU_VERSYM;
shdr.sh_flags = SHF_ALLOC;
shdr.sh_entsize = 2;
shdr.sh_addralign = 2;
}
void update_shdr() override;
void copy_buf() override;
std::vector<u16> contents;
};
class VerneedSection : public OutputChunk {
public:
VerneedSection() : OutputChunk(SYNTHETIC) {
name = ".gnu.version_r";
shdr.sh_type = SHT_GNU_VERNEED;
shdr.sh_flags = SHF_ALLOC;
shdr.sh_addralign = 8;
}
void update_shdr() override;
void copy_buf() override;
std::vector<u8> contents;
};
bool is_c_identifier(std::string_view name);
std::vector<ElfPhdr> create_phdr();
//
// object_file.cc
//
struct ComdatGroup {
ComdatGroup(ObjectFile *file, u32 i)
: file(file), section_idx(i) {}
ComdatGroup(const ComdatGroup &other)
: file(other.file.load()), section_idx(other.section_idx) {}
std::atomic<ObjectFile *> file;
u32 section_idx;
};
struct MemoryMappedFile {
MemoryMappedFile(std::string name, u8 *data, u64 size)
: name(name), data(data), size(size) {}
std::string name;
u8 *data;
u64 size;
};
class InputFile {
public:
InputFile(MemoryMappedFile mb);
MemoryMappedFile mb;
ElfEhdr &ehdr;
std::span<ElfShdr> elf_sections;
std::vector<Symbol *> symbols;
std::string name;
bool is_dso;
u32 priority;
std::atomic_bool is_alive = ATOMIC_VAR_INIT(false);
std::string_view get_string(const ElfShdr &shdr) const;
std::string_view get_string(u32 idx) const;
protected:
template<typename T> std::span<T> get_data(const ElfShdr &shdr) const;
template<typename T> std::span<T> get_data(u32 idx) const;
ElfShdr *find_section(u32 type);
};
class ObjectFile : public InputFile {
public:
ObjectFile(MemoryMappedFile mb, std::string archive_name);
void parse();
void initialize_mergeable_sections();
void resolve_symbols();
void mark_live_objects(tbb::parallel_do_feeder<ObjectFile *> &feeder);
void handle_undefined_weak_symbols();
void resolve_comdat_groups();
void eliminate_duplicate_comdat_groups();
void assign_mergeable_string_offsets();
void convert_common_symbols();
void compute_symtab();
void write_symtab();
static ObjectFile *create_internal_file();
std::string archive_name;
std::vector<InputSection *> sections;
std::span<ElfSym> elf_syms;
int first_global = 0;
const bool is_in_archive;
std::atomic_bool has_error = ATOMIC_VAR_INIT(false);
u64 num_dynrel = 0;
u64 reldyn_offset = 0;
u64 local_symtab_offset = 0;
u64 local_symtab_size = 0;
u64 global_symtab_offset = 0;
u64 global_symtab_size = 0;
u64 strtab_offset = 0;
u64 strtab_size = 0;
std::vector<MergeableSection *> mergeable_sections;
private:
void initialize_sections();
void initialize_symbols();
std::vector<StringPieceRef> read_string_pieces(InputSection *isec);
void maybe_override_symbol(Symbol &sym, int symidx);
std::vector<std::pair<ComdatGroup *, std::span<u32>>> comdat_groups;
std::vector<Symbol> local_symbols;
std::vector<StringPieceRef> sym_pieces;
bool has_common_symbol;
std::string_view symbol_strtab;
const ElfShdr *symtab_sec;
};
class SharedFile : public InputFile {
public:
SharedFile(MemoryMappedFile mb, bool as_needed) : InputFile(mb) {
is_alive = !as_needed;
}
void parse();
void resolve_symbols();
std::span<Symbol *> find_aliases(Symbol *sym);
std::string_view soname;
std::vector<std::string_view> version_strings;
private:
std::string_view get_soname();
void maybe_override_symbol(Symbol &sym, const ElfSym &esym);
std::vector<std::string_view> read_verdef();
std::vector<const ElfSym *> elf_syms;
std::vector<u16> versyms;
std::string_view symbol_strtab;
const ElfShdr *symtab_sec;
};
//
// archive_file.cc
//
std::vector<MemoryMappedFile> read_archive_members(MemoryMappedFile mb);
//
// linker_script.cc
//
void parse_linker_script(MemoryMappedFile mb);
void parse_version_script(std::string path);
//
// perf.cc
//
class Counter {
public:
Counter(std::string_view name, u32 value = 0) : name(name), value(value) {
static std::mutex mu;
std::lock_guard lock(mu);
instances.push_back(this);
}
void inc(u32 delta = 1) {
if (enabled)
value += delta;
}
void set(u32 value) {
this->value = value;
}
static void print();
static bool enabled;
private:
std::string_view name;
std::atomic_uint32_t value;
static std::vector<Counter *> instances;
};
class Timer {
public:
Timer(std::string name);
void stop();
static void print();
private:
static std::vector<Timer *> instances;
std::string name;
u64 start;
u64 end;
u64 user;
u64 sys;
bool stopped = false;
};
class ScopedTimer {
public:
ScopedTimer(std::string name) {
timer = new Timer(name);
}
~ScopedTimer() {
timer->stop();
}
private:
Timer *timer;
};
//
// mapfile.cc
//
void print_map();
//
// main.cc
//
MemoryMappedFile find_library(std::string path);
MemoryMappedFile *open_input_file(std::string path);
MemoryMappedFile must_open_input_file(std::string path);
void read_file(MemoryMappedFile mb);
//
// Inline objects and functions
//
namespace out {
inline std::vector<ObjectFile *> objs;
inline std::vector<SharedFile *> dsos;
inline std::vector<OutputChunk *> chunks;
inline u8 *buf;
inline OutputEhdr *ehdr;
inline OutputShdr *shdr;
inline OutputPhdr *phdr;
inline InterpSection *interp;
inline GotSection *got;
inline GotPltSection *gotplt;
inline RelPltSection *relplt;
inline RelDynSection *reldyn;
inline DynamicSection *dynamic;
inline StrtabSection *strtab;
inline DynstrSection *dynstr;
inline HashSection *hash;
inline ShstrtabSection *shstrtab;
inline PltSection *plt;
inline SymtabSection *symtab;
inline DynsymSection *dynsym;
inline CopyrelSection *copyrel;
inline VersymSection *versym;
inline VerneedSection *verneed;
inline u64 tls_end;
inline Symbol *__bss_start;
inline Symbol *__ehdr_start;
inline Symbol *__rela_iplt_start;
inline Symbol *__rela_iplt_end;
inline Symbol *__init_array_start;
inline Symbol *__init_array_end;
inline Symbol *__fini_array_start;
inline Symbol *__fini_array_end;
inline Symbol *__preinit_array_start;
inline Symbol *__preinit_array_end;
inline Symbol *_DYNAMIC;
inline Symbol *_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_;
inline Symbol *_end;
inline Symbol *_etext;
inline Symbol *_edata;
}
inline void message(std::string msg) {
static std::mutex mu;
std::lock_guard lock(mu);
std::cout << msg << "\n";
}
inline std::string to_string(Symbol sym) {
return std::string(sym.name) + "(" + to_string(sym.file) + ")";
}
inline u64 align_to(u64 val, u64 align) {
assert(__builtin_popcount(align) == 1);
return (val + align - 1) & ~(align - 1);
}
inline u64 Symbol::get_addr() const {
if (piece_ref.piece)
return piece_ref.piece->get_addr() + piece_ref.addend;
if (copyrel_offset != -1)
return out::copyrel->shdr.sh_addr + copyrel_offset;
if (input_section) {
if (!input_section->is_alive) {
// The control can reach here if there's a relocation that refers
// a local symbol belonging to a comdat group section. This is a
// violation of the spec, as all relocations should use only global
// symbols of comdat members. However, .eh_frame tends to have such
// relocations.
return 0;
}
return input_section->get_addr() + value;
}
if (file && file->is_dso && copyrel_offset == -1)
return get_plt_addr();
return value;
}
inline u64 Symbol::get_got_addr() const {
assert(got_idx != -1);
return out::got->shdr.sh_addr + got_idx * GOT_SIZE;
}
inline u64 Symbol::get_gotplt_addr() const {
assert(gotplt_idx != -1);
return out::gotplt->shdr.sh_addr + gotplt_idx * GOT_SIZE;
}
inline u64 Symbol::get_gottpoff_addr() const {
assert(gottpoff_idx != -1);
return out::got->shdr.sh_addr + gottpoff_idx * GOT_SIZE;
}
inline u64 Symbol::get_tlsgd_addr() const {
assert(tlsgd_idx != -1);
return out::got->shdr.sh_addr + tlsgd_idx * GOT_SIZE;
}
inline u64 Symbol::get_tlsld_addr() const {
assert(tlsld_idx != -1);
return out::got->shdr.sh_addr + tlsld_idx * GOT_SIZE;
}
inline u64 Symbol::get_plt_addr() const {
assert(plt_idx != -1);
return out::plt->shdr.sh_addr + plt_idx * PLT_SIZE;
}
inline u64 StringPiece::get_addr() const {
MergeableSection *is = isec.load();
return is->parent.shdr.sh_addr + is->offset + output_offset;
}
inline u64 InputChunk::get_addr() const {
return output_section->shdr.sh_addr + offset;
}
inline u32 elf_hash(std::string_view name) {
u32 h = 0;
for (u8 c : name) {
h = (h << 4) + c;
u32 g = h & 0xf0000000;
if (g != 0)
h ^= g >> 24;
h &= ~g;
}
return h;
}
inline void write_string(u8 *buf, std::string_view str) {
memcpy(buf, str.data(), str.size());
buf[str.size()] = '\0';
}
template <typename T>
inline void write_vector(u8 *buf, const std::vector<T> &vec) {
memcpy(buf, vec.data(), vec.size() * sizeof(T));
}
template <typename T>
inline std::vector<T> flatten(std::vector<std::vector<T>> &vec) {
std::vector<T> ret;
for (std::vector<T> &v : vec)
ret.insert(ret.end(), v.begin(), v.end());
return ret;
}
template <typename T, typename U>
inline void erase(std::vector<T> &vec, U pred) {
vec.erase(std::remove_if(vec.begin(), vec.end(), pred), vec.end());
}