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Add string concatenation
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README.md
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README.md
@ -975,6 +975,75 @@ TabError: inconsistent use of tabs and spaces in indentation
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> First, tabs are replaced (from left to right) by one to eight spaces such that the total number of characters up to and including the replacement is a multiple of eight <...>
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> First, tabs are replaced (from left to right) by one to eight spaces such that the total number of characters up to and including the replacement is a multiple of eight <...>
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* So the "tab" at the last line of `square` function is replace with 8 spaces and it gets into the loop.
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* So the "tab" at the last line of `square` function is replace with 8 spaces and it gets into the loop.
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## Class attributes and instance attributes
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1.
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```py
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class A:
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x = 1
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class B(A):
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pass
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class C(A):
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pass
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```
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**Ouptut:**
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```py
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>>> A.x, B.x, C.x
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(1, 1, 1)
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>>> B.x = [2]
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>>> A.x, B.x, C.x
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(1, 2, 1)
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>>> A.x = 3
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>>> A.x, B.x, C.x
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(3, 2, 3)
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>>> a = A()
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>>> a.x, A.x
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(3, 3)
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>>> a.x += 1
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>>> a.x, A.x
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(4, 3)
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```
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2.
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```py
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class SomeClass:
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some_var = 15
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some_list = [5]
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another_list = [5]
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def __init__(self, x):
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self.some_var = x + 1
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self.some_list = self.some_list + [x]
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self.another_list += [x]
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```
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**Output:**
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```py
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>>> some_obj = SomeClass(420)
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>>> some_obj.some_list
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[5, 420]
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>>> some_obj.another_list
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[5, 420]
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>>> another_obj = SomeClass(111)
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>>> another_obj.some_list
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[5, 111]
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>>> another_obj.another_list
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[5, 420, 111]
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>>> another_obj.another_list is SomeClass.another_list
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True
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>>> another_obj.another_list is some_obj.another_list
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True
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```
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### Explaination:
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* Class variables and variables in class instances are internally handled as dictionaries of a class object. If a variable name is not found in the dictionary of current class, the parent classes are searched for it.
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* The `+=` operator modifies the mutable object in-place without creating a new object.
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## Catching the Exceptions!
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## Catching the Exceptions!
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```py
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```py
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@ -1048,6 +1117,53 @@ SyntaxError: invalid syntax
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list.remove(x): x not in list
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list.remove(x): x not in list
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```
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```
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## String concatenation
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This is not a WTF, but just a nice thing to be aware of :)
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```py
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def add_string_with_plus(iters):
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s = ""
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for i in range(iters):
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s += "xyz"
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assert len(s) == 3*iters
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def add_string_with_format(iters):
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fs = "{}"*iters
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s = fs.format(*(["xyz"]*iters))
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assert len(s) == 3*iters
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def add_string_with_join(iters):
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l = []
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for i in range(iters):
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l.append("xyz")
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s = "".join(l)
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assert len(s) == 3*iters
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def convert_list_to_string(l, iters):
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s = "".join(l)
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assert len(s) == 3*iters
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```
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**Output:**
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```py
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>>> timeit(add_string_with_plus(10000))
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100 loops, best of 3: 9.73 ms per loop
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>>> timeit(add_string_with_format(10000))
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100 loops, best of 3: 5.47 ms per loop
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>>> timeit(add_string_with_join(10000))
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100 loops, best of 3: 10.1 ms per loop
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>>> l = ["xyz"]*10000
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>>> timeit(convert_list_to_string(l, 10000))
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10000 loops, best of 3: 75.3 µs per loop
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```
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### Explanination
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- You can read more about [timeit](https://docs.python.org/3/library/timeit.html) from here. It is generally used to measure the execution time of snippets.
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- Don't use `+` for generating long strings — In Python, `str` is immutable, so the left and right strings have to be copied into the new string for every pair of concatenations. If you concatenate four strings of length 10, you'll be copying (10+10) + ((10+10)+10) + (((10+10)+10)+10) = 90 characters instead of just 40 characters. Things get quadratically worse as the number and size of the string increases.
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- Therefore, it's advised to use .format or % syntax (however, they are slightly slower than + for short strings).
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- Or better, if already you've contents available in the form of an iterable object, then use ''.join(iterable_object) which is much faster.
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## Minor Ones
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## Minor Ones
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@ -1112,6 +1228,9 @@ tuple()
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* The correct statement for expected behavior is `t = ('one',)` or `t = 'one',` (missing comma) otherwise the interpreter considers `t` to be a `str` and iterates over it character by character.
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* The correct statement for expected behavior is `t = ('one',)` or `t = 'one',` (missing comma) otherwise the interpreter considers `t` to be a `str` and iterates over it character by character.
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* `()` is a special token and denotes empty `tuple`.
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* `()` is a special token and denotes empty `tuple`.
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# TODO: Hell of an example!
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Trying to comeup with an example that combines multiple examples discussed above, making it difficult for the reader to guess the output correctly :sweat_smile:.
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# Contributing
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# Contributing
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