hledger/MANUAL.markdown

---
title: hledger manual
---

# hledger manual

## About

hledger is a program for tracking money, time, or any other commodity,
using a simple, editable file format and the powerful principles of
double-entry accounting. It was inspired by [ledger](#faq).

hledger's basic function is to read a plain text file describing (eg)
financial transactions, and quickly generate useful reports via the
command line. It can also help you record transactions, or (via add-ons)
provide a local web interface for editing, or publish live financial data
on the web.

You can use it to, eg:

- track spending and income
- track unpaid or due invoices
- track time and report by day/week/month/project
- get accurate numbers for client billing and tax filing

hledger aims to help both computer experts and regular folks gain clarity
in their finances. For the moment, it may be a little more suited to
techies.  Please give it a try and let me know how we're doing.

hledger is copyright (c) 2007-2010
[Simon&nbsp;Michael&nbsp;<simon@joyful.com>](mailto:simon@joyful.com) and
contributors, and released as Free Software under GPL version 3 or later.

This is the manual for hledger 0.13.0.

## Installing

hledger works on all major platforms *(except microsoft windows, as of 
version 0.13; to be fixed)*. You can download and run current release binaries from
the [download page](DOWNLOAD.html).

You can also build the current release from source using cabal-install.
Ensure you have a working
[haskell environment](http://hackage.haskell.org/platform/), then install
the hledger command-line tool:

    $ cabal update
    $ cabal install hledger

You can also build (or download) these optional [add-ons](#add-on-commands)
providing extra features:

    $ cabal install hledger-web
    $ cabal install hledger-vty
    $ cabal install hledger-chart

Or, you can build the latest [development version](DEVELOPMENT.html):

    $ cabal update
    $ darcs get --lazy http://joyful.com/repos/hledger
    $ cd hledger
    $ make install

If you have any trouble, please see [Troubleshooting](#troubleshooting)
and seek [Support](DEVELOPMENT.html#support).

## Usage

hledger looks for data in a [journal file](#journal-file) named `.journal`
in your home directory, creating it if it doesn't exist.  Or you can
specify a different file with the -f option or the `LEDGER` environment
variable. Basic usage is:

    $ hledger [OPTIONS] COMMAND [PATTERNS]

where the command is one of the [commands](#commands) described below.
[Filter patterns](#filter-patterns) may be used to select a subset of the
journal data, eg to report only food-related transactions.
[Options](#overview) may appear anywhere on the command line.

To try it out, just run `hledger add` and [enter some transactions](#add).
(Or, you could save the [sample file](#journal-file) as `.journal` in your
home directory.) Now try some of these commands:

    $ hledger --help                        # show command-line help
    $ hledger add                           # add some new transactions to the journal file
    $ hledger balance                       # all accounts with aggregated balances
    $ hledger bal --depth 1                 # only top-level accounts
    $ hledger register                      # transaction register
    $ hledger reg income                    # transactions to/from an income account
    $ hledger reg checking                  # checking transactions
    $ hledger reg desc:shop                 # transactions with shop in the description
    $ hledger histogram                     # transactions per day, or other interval

You'll find more examples below.

<a name="faq" />

## Frequently asked questions

- **How does hledger relate to John Wiegley's ledger project ?**

    hledger was inspired by and modelled closely on
    [ledger](http://wiki.github.com/jwiegley/ledger) (called "c++ ledger"
    in these docs.)  The two projects (indeed the whole family of
    ledger-inspired projects) collaborate freely, and we share ledger's
    IRC channel.
    
    After using and contributing to c++ ledger for a while, I wrote
    hledger because I wanted to develop financial tools in the Haskell
    programming language and ecosystem, whose advantages I believe are
    compelling.
    
    I have also tried to make hledger a little more simple, user-friendly,
    installable, and documented, and to offer additional user interfaces
    (add, vty, web) and other things that I find useful.
    
    C++ ledger has more command-line power-user features (periodic
    transactions, budgets, capital gains tracking, value expressions,
    custom output formats, ...)  and remains faster and more memory
    efficient on large data sets.
    
    We try to stay compatible with c++ ledger as far as possible; it's
    intended that you can use both tools on the same journal file.  Here
    is [more detail about compatibility](#compatibility-with-c-ledger).

## Reference

### Overview

This version of hledger mimics a subset of ledger 3.x, and adds some
features of its own. We currently support regular journal transactions, timelog
entries, multiple commodities, (fixed) price history, virtual postings,
filtering by account and description, the familiar print, register &
balance commands and several new commands. We handle (almost) the full
period expression syntax, and very limited display expressions consisting
of a simple date predicate.

Here is the command-line help:

    Usage: hledger [OPTIONS] COMMAND [PATTERNS]
           hledger [OPTIONS] convert CSVFILE
           hledger [OPTIONS] stats

    hledger reads your ~/.journal file, or another specified with $LEDGER or -f FILE

    COMMAND is one of (may be abbreviated):
      add       - prompt for new transactions and add them to the journal
      balance   - show accounts, with balances
      convert   - read CSV bank data and display in journal format
      histogram - show a barchart of transactions per day or other interval
      print     - show transactions in journal format
      register  - show transactions as a register with running balance
      stats     - show various statistics for a journal
      vty       - run a simple curses-style UI (if installed with -fvty)
      web       - run a simple web-based UI (if installed with -fweb
      chart     - generate balances pie charts (if installed with -fchart)
      test      - run self-tests

    PATTERNS are regular expressions which filter by account name.
    Prefix with desc: to filter by transaction description instead.
    Prefix with not: to negate a pattern. When using both, not: comes last.

    DATES can be y/m/d or ledger-style smart dates like "last month".

    Use --help-options to see OPTIONS, or --help-all/-H.

    Options:

      -f FILE  --file=FILE        use a different journal/timelog file; - means stdin
               --no-new-accounts  don't allow to create new accounts
      -b DATE  --begin=DATE       report on transactions on or after this date
      -e DATE  --end=DATE         report on transactions before this date
      -p EXPR  --period=EXPR      report on transactions during the specified period
                                  and/or with the specified reporting interval
      -C       --cleared          report only on cleared transactions
      -U       --uncleared        report only on uncleared transactions
      -B       --cost, --basis    report cost of commodities
               --depth=N          hide sub-accounts deeper than this
      -d EXPR  --display=EXPR     show only transactions matching EXPR (where
                                  EXPR is 'dOP[DATE]' and OP is <, <=, =, >=, >)
               --effective        use transactions' effective dates, if any
      -E       --empty            show empty/zero things which are normally elided
      -R       --real             report only on real (non-virtual) transactions
               --flat             balance: show full account names, unindented
               --drop=N           balance: with --flat, elide first N account name components
               --no-total         balance: hide the final total
      -D       --daily            register, stats: report by day
      -W       --weekly           register, stats: report by week
      -M       --monthly          register, stats: report by month
      -Q       --quarterly        register, stats: report by quarter
      -Y       --yearly           register, stats: report by year
      -v       --verbose          show more verbose output
               --debug            show extra debug output; implies verbose
               --binary-filename  show the download filename for this hledger build
      -V       --version          show version information
      -h       --help             show basic command-line usage
               --help-options     show command-line options
      -H       --help-all         show command-line usage and options

<a name="file-format" />

### Journal file

hledger reads data from a plain text file, called a *journal* because
it represents a standard accounting [general
journal](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_journal).  It contains a
number of transactions, each describing a transfer of money (or
any commodity) between two or more named accounts, in a simple
format readable by both hledger and humans.

You can use hledger without learning any more about this file; just
use the [add](#add) or [web](#web) commands.

Many users, though, edit the journal file directly with a text
editor. This is a distinguishing feature of hledger (and c++ ledger.)
You can even do this while the web interface is running, and see the
changes right away.

Here's an example:

    ; A sample journal file. This is a comment.
    
    2008/01/01 income               ; <- transaction's first line starts in column 0, contains date and description
        assets:bank:checking  $1    ; <- posting lines start with whitespace, each contains an account name
        income:salary        $-1    ;    followed by at least two spaces and an amount
    
    2008/06/01 gift
        assets:bank:checking  $1    ; <- at least two postings in a transaction
        income:gifts         $-1    ; <- their amounts must balance to 0
    
    2008/06/02 save
        assets:bank:saving    $1
        assets:bank:checking        ; <- one amount may be omitted; here $-1 is inferred
    
    2008/06/03 eat & shop           ; <- description can be anything
        expenses:food         $1
        expenses:supplies     $1    ; <- this transaction debits two expense accounts
        assets:cash                 ; <- $-2 inferred
    
    2008/12/31 * pay off            ; <- an optional * after the date means "cleared" (or anything you want)
        liabilities:debts     $1
        assets:bank:checking

Each transaction has a date, optional description, and two or more
postings, of some amount to some account. The amounts within a transaction must balance,
ie add up to 0. Or, you can leave one amount blank and it will be inferred.

Note that account names may contain single spaces, while the amount must
be separated from the account name by at least two spaces.

An amount is a number, with an optional currency symbol or commodity name
on either the left or right. Commodity names which contain more than just
letters should be enclosed in double quotes. Negative amounts usually have
the minus sign next to the number (`$-1`), but it may also go before the
currency symbol/commodity name (`-$1`).

hledger's file format aims to be compatible with c++ ledger, so you
can use both tools on your journal. For more details, see [File format
compatibility](#file-format-compatibility).

### Commands

Here are the commands hledger supports. Note,

- the most frequently used commands are [print](#print),
  [register](#register) and [balance](#balance).

- except where noted, all commands are read-only, that is they never
  modify your data. The exceptions are [add](#add) and [web](#web).

#### add

*This command can append to your journal file.*

The add command prompts interactively for new transactions, and appends
them to the journal file. Each transaction is appended when you complete
it by entering `.` (period) at the account prompt.  Enter control-D or
control-C when you are done.

The add command tries to be helpful, providing:

- Sensible defaults

- History awareness: if there are existing transactions approximately
  matching the description you enter, they will be displayed and the best
  match will provide defaults for the other fields. If you specify
  [filter pattern(s)](#filter-patterns) on the command line, only matching
  transactions will be considered as history.

- Readline-style input: during data entry, the usual editing keys should
  work.

- Auto-completion for account names: while entering account names, the tab
  key will auto-complete as far as possible, or list the available
  options.

- Default commodity awareness: if the journal specifies a
  [default commodity directive](#default-commodity), that will be applied
  to any bare numbers entered.

Examples:

    $ hledger add
    $ hledger -f home.journal add equity:bob

#### balance

The balance command displays accounts and their balances, indented to show the account hierarchy.
Examples:

    $ hledger balance
    $ hledger balance food -p 'last month'

A final total is displayed, use `--no-total` to suppress this. Also, the
`--depth N` option shows accounts only to the specified depth, useful for
an overview:

    $ for y in 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010; do echo; echo $y; hledger -f $y.journal balance ^expenses --depth 2; done

With `--flat`, a non-hierarchical list of full account names is displayed
instead. This mode shows just the accounts actually contributing to the
balance, making the arithmetic a little more obvious to non-hledger users.
In this mode you can also use `--drop N` to elide the first few account
name components. Note `--depth` doesn't work too well with `--flat` currently;
it hides deeper accounts rather than aggregating them.

#### convert

The convert command reads a
[CSV](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma-separated_values) file you have
downloaded from your bank, and prints out the transactions in journal
format, suitable for adding to your journal. It does not alter your journal
directly.

This can be a lot quicker than entering every transaction by hand.  (The
downside is that you are less likely to notice if your bank makes an
error!) Use it like this:

    $ hledger convert FILE.csv >FILE.journal

where FILE.csv is your downloaded csv file. This will convert the csv data
using conversion rules defined in FILE.rules (auto-creating this file if
needed), and save the output into a temporary journal file. Then you should
review FILE.journal for problems; update the rules and convert again if
needed; and finally copy/paste transactions which are new into your main
journal.

<!-- ###### .rules file -->

convert requires a \*.rules file containing data definitions and rules for
assigning destination accounts to transactions; it will be auto-created if
missing. Typically you will have one csv file and one rules file per bank
account. Here's an example rules file for converting csv data from a Wells
Fargo checking account:

    base-account assets:bank:checking
    date-field 0
    description-field 4
    amount-field 1
    currency $
    
    ; account-assigning rules:
    
    SPECTRUM
    expenses:health:gym
    
    ITUNES
    BLKBSTR=BLOCKBUSTER
    expenses:entertainment
    
    (TO|FROM) SAVINGS
    assets:bank:savings

This says:

-   the account corresponding to this csv file is
    assets:bank:checking
-   the first csv field is the date, the second is the amount, the
    fifth is the description
-   prepend a dollar sign to the amount field
-   if description contains SPECTRUM (case-insensitive), the
    transaction is a gym expense
-   if description contains ITUNES or BLKBSTR, the transaction is
    an entertainment expense; also rewrite BLKBSTR as BLOCKBUSTER
-   if description contains TO SAVINGS or FROM SAVINGS, the
    transaction is a savings transfer

Notes:

-   Lines beginning with ; or \# are ignored (but avoid using inside an
    account rule)

-   Definitions must come first, one per line, all in one
    paragraph. Each is a name and a value separated by whitespace.
    Supported names are: base-account, date-field, status-field,
    code-field, description-field, amount-field, currency-field,
    currency. All are optional and will use defaults if not specified.

-   The remainder of the file is account-assigning rules. Each is a
    paragraph consisting of one or more description-matching patterns
    (case-insensitive regular expressions), one per line, followed by
    the account name to use when the transaction's description matches
    any of these patterns.

-   A match pattern may be followed by a replacement pattern,
    separated by `=`, which rewrites the matched part of the
    description. Use this if you want to clean up messy bank data. To
    rewrite the entire description, use a match pattern like
    `.*PAT.*=REPL`. Within a replacement pattern, you can refer to the
    matched text with `\0` and any regex groups with `\1`, `\2` in the
    usual way.

#### histogram

The histogram command displays a quick bar chart showing transaction
counts by day, week, month or other reporting interval.

Examples:

    $ hledger histogram -p weekly dining

#### print

The print command displays full transactions from the journal file, tidily
formatted and showing all amounts explicitly. The output of print is
always a valid hledger journal.

hledger's print command also shows all unit prices in effect, or (with
-B/--cost) shows cost amounts.

Examples:

    $ hledger print
    $ hledger print employees:bob | hledger -f- register expenses

#### register

The register command displays postings, one per line, and their running total.
With no [filter patterns](#filter-patterns), this is not all that different from [print](#print):

    $ hledger register

More typically, use it to see a specific account's activity:

    $ hledger register assets:bank:checking

The `--depth` option limits the amount of sub-account detail displayed:

    $ hledger register assets:bank:checking --depth 2

With a [reporting interval](#reporting-interval) it shows aggregated
summary postings within each interval:

    $ hledger register --monthly rent
    $ hledger register --monthly -E food --depth 4

#### stats

The stats command displays quick summary information for the whole journal,
or by period.

Examples:

    $ hledger stats
    $ hledger stats -p 'monthly in 2009'

#### test

This command runs hledger's internal self-tests and displays a quick
report. The -v option shows more detail, and a pattern can be provided to
filter tests by name. It's mainly used in development, but it's also nice
to be able to test for smoke at any time.

Examples:

    $ hledger test
    $ hledger test -v balance

#### Add-on commands

The following extra commands will be available if they have been
[installed](#installing).  Add-ons may differ from hledger core in their
level of support and maturity and may not be available on all platforms;
if available, they are provided on the download page.  Note currently you
must invoke add-on commands like, eg: `$ hledger-web ...`, not `$ hledger
web ...`. The hledger-NAME executables support the usual hledger options,
and any specific options of their own.

##### chart

*Requires additional GTK-related libraries and possibly [other things](http://code.haskell.org/gtk2hs/INSTALL). On ubuntu: `apt-get install libghc6-gtk-dev`*

The chart command saves an image file showing a pie chart of your top
account balances. It is pretty rudimentary.  Note that positive and
negative balances will not be displayed together in the same chart; any
balances not matching the sign of the first one will be ignored.

The output file is "hledger.png", or you can specify another with
-o/--output. Use a different suffix (eg .gif or .jpg) to generate that
format.

You can adjust the image resolution with --size=WIDTHxHEIGHT.

Set the number of accounts to show with --items=N (default is 10).

To show only accounts above a certain depth, use the --depth option;
otherwise the chart can include accounts of any depth. When a parent and
child account both appear in a chart, the parent's balance will be
exclusive of the child's.

Examples:

    $ hledger-chart assets --depth 2
    $ hledger-chart liabilities --depth 2
    $ hledger-chart ^expenses -o balance.png --size 1000x600 --items 20
    $ for m in 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12; do hledger-chart -p 2009/$m ^expenses --depth 2 -o expenses-2009$m.png --size 400x300; done

##### vty

*Not available on microsoft windows, except possibly via cygwin.*

The vty command starts a simple curses-style (full-screen, text) user
interface, which allows interactive navigation of the
print/register/balance reports. This lets you browse around and explore
your numbers quickly with less typing.

Examples:

    $ hledger-vty
    $ hledger-vty -BE food

##### web

*Building from source requires GHC 6.12 or greater.*

The web command starts a web server providing a web-based user interface,
and if possible, opens a web browser to view it. The web UI combines the
features of the print, register, balance and add commands, and adds a
general edit command.

Examples:

    $ hledger-web
    $ hledger-web -E -B --depth 2
    $ hledger-web --port 5010 --base-url http://some.vhost.com --debug -f my.journal

Warning: unlike all other hledger features, the edit form can alter your
existing journal data.  You can edit, or erase, the journal file through
the web ui. There is currently no access control. A numbered backup of the
file will be saved at each edit, in normal circumstances (eg if file
permissions allow, disk is not full, etc.)

There are some hledger-web-specific options:

    --port=N           serve on tcp port N (default 5000)

The server listens on port 5000 by default; use --port to change that.

    --base-url=URL     use this base url (default http://localhost:PORT)

If you want to visit the web UI from other machines, you'll need to use
this option to fix the hyperlinks. Just give your machine's host name or
ip address instead of localhost. This option is also lets you conform to a
custom url scheme when running hledger-web behind a reverse proxy as part
of a larger site. Note that the PORT in the base url need not be the same
as the `--port` argument.

### Other features

Here are some additional hledger features and concepts that affect most
commands.

#### Filter patterns

Most commands accept one or more filter pattern arguments after the
command name, to select a subset of transactions or postings. There are
two kinds of pattern:

-   an account pattern, which is a regular expression. This is
    matched against postings' accounts. Optionally, it may be prefixed
    with `not:` in which case the match is negated.

-   a description pattern, like the above but prefixed with
    `desc:`. This is matched against transactions' descriptions. Note,
    when negating a desc: pattern, not: goes last, eg:
    `desc:not:someregexp`.


When you specify multiple filter patterns, hledger generally selects the
transactions or postings which match (or negatively match)

> *any of the account patterns* AND
> *any of the description patterns*

The [print](#print) command selects transactions which

> *match any of the description patterns* AND
> *have any postings matching any of the positive account patterns*
> AND
> *have no postings matching any of the negative account patterns*

#### Dates

##### Simple dates

Within a journal file, dates must follow a fairly simple year/month/day
format. Examples:

> `2010/01/31` or `2010/1/31` or `2010-1-31` or `2010.1.31`

The year is optional if you define a [default year](#default-year).

##### Smart dates

In [period expressions](#period-expressions), the `-b` and `-e` options,
the [add](#add) command and the [web](#web) add form, more flexible "smart
dates" are allowed. Here are some examples:

-   `2009/1/1`, `2009/01/01`, `2009-1-1`, `2009.1.1`, `2009/1`,
    `2009` (january 1, 2009)
-   `1/1`, `january`, `jan`, `this year` (january 1, this year)
-   `next year` (january 1, next year)
-   `this month` (the 1st of the current month)
-   `this week` (the most recent monday)
-   `last week` (the monday of the week before this one)
-   `today`, `yesterday`, `tomorrow`

Spaces are optional, so eg: `-b lastmonth` is valid.

##### Actual & effective dates

Real-life transactions sometimes have more than one date.  For
example, you might buy a movie ticket on friday with a bank debit
card, and the transaction might appear in your bank account on monday.
hledger and ledger users call these the *effective date* and *actual
date* respectively. We say:

> *"The ticket purchase took EFFECT on friday, but ACTUALly appeared in my bank balance on monday."*

You can often think of effective date as "my date" and actual date as "bank's date".

When these dates differ, as in the example above, hledger's daily
balances will not exactly match your bank's. But exact daily
reconciling can be quite useful, to see precisely when disagreements
arise. There are several ways you can handle this:

1. don't bother with exact daily reconciling; accept temporary
   disagreements between hledger and bank balances.

2. adjust manually recorded transactions to actual bank dates when necessary.
   Your hledger balance will match your bank's exactly, but you no longer have
   a record of when transactions *really* happened.

3. record both dates separated by an equals sign: the *actual date* on
   the left and the *effective date* on the right. The year is
   optional in the second date.

Here's an example of the last approach: on friday 19 you record:

        2010/2/19 movie
          expenses:cinema          $10
          assets:checking

hledger shows $10 less in your checking account through saturday and
sunday.. but your online bank statement does not. It shows the
transaction clearing a few days later, on monday 23. So you then
insert that actual date:

        ;  ACTUAL=EFFECTIVE
        2010/2/23=2010/2/19 movie
          expenses:cinema          $10
          assets:checking

Now your hledger reports match your bank's daily balance exactly,
since they use the actual date by preference. To report based on
effective dates instead, use the `--effective` flag.

##### Default year

You can set a default year with a `Y` directive in the journal, then
subsequent dates may be written as month/day. Eg:

    Y2009
    
    12/15  ; <- equivalent to 2009/12/15
    
    Y2010
    
    1/31  ; <- equivalent to 2010/1/31

#### Period expressions

hledger supports flexible "period expressions" with the `-p/--period`
option to select transactions within a period of time (eg in 2009) and/or
with a reporting interval (eg weekly). hledger period expressions are
similar but not identical to c++ ledger's.

Here is a basic period expression specifying the first quarter of 2009
(start date is always included, end date is always excluded):

    -p "from 2009/1/1 to 2009/4/1"

Keywords like "from" and "to" are optional, and so are the spaces.  Just
don't run two dates together:

    -p2009/1/1to2009/4/1
    -p"2009/1/1 2009/4/1"

Dates are [smart dates](#smart-dates), so if the current year is 2009, the
above can also be written as:

    -p "1/1 to 4/1"
    -p "january to apr"
    -p "this year to 4/1"

If you specify only one date, the missing start or end date will be the
earliest or latest transaction in your journal:

    -p "from 2009/1/1"  (everything after january 1, 2009)
    -p "from 2009/1"    (the same)
    -p "from 2009"      (the same)
    -p "to 2009"        (everything before january 1, 2009)

A single date with no "from" or "to" defines both the start and end date
like so:

    -p "2009"           (the year 2009;    equivalent to "2009/1/1 to 2010/1/1")
    -p "2009/1"         (the month of jan; equivalent to "2009/1/1 to 2009/2/1")
    -p "2009/1/1"       (just that day;    equivalent to "2009/1/1 to 2009/1/2")

The `-b/--begin` and `-e/--end` options may be used as a shorthand for
`-p 'from ...'` and `-p 'to ...'` respectively. But note [-p overrides other flags](#p-overrides-other-flags).

##### Reporting interval

You can also specify a reporting interval, which causes the "register"
command to summarise the transactions in each interval.  It goes before
the dates, and can be: "daily", "weekly", "monthly", "quarterly", or
"yearly". An "in" keyword is optional, and so are the dates:

    -p "weekly from 2009/1/1 to 2009/4/1"
    -p "monthly in 2008"
    -p "monthly from 2008"
    -p "quarterly"

A reporting interval may also be specified with the `-D/--daily`,
`-W/--weekly`, `-M/--monthly`, `-Q/--quarterly`, and `-Y/--yearly`
options. But note...

##### -p overrides other flags

A `-p/--period` option on the command line will cause any
`-b`/`-e`/`-D`/`-W`/`-M`/`-Q`/`-Y` flags to be ignored.

#### Display expressions

A display expression with the `-d/--display` option selects which
transactions will be displayed (unlike a
[period expression](#period-expressions), which selects the transactions
to be used for calculation).

hledger currently supports a very small subset of c++ ledger's display
expressions, namely: transactions before or after a date.  This is
useful for displaying a portion of your checking register with an
accurate running total. Eg, to show the balance since the first of the month:

    $ hledger register -d "d>=[1]"

#### Depth limiting

With the `--depth N` option, reports will show only the uppermost accounts
in the account tree, down to level N. See the [balance](#balance),
[register](#register) and [chart](#chart) examples.

#### Prices

You can specify a commodity's unit price, or exchange rate, in terms of
another commodity. There are two ways.

First, you can set the price explicitly for a single posting by writing `@
PRICE` after the amount. PRICE is another amount in a different
commodity. Eg, here one hundred euros was purchased at $1.35 per euro:

    2009/1/2 x
     expenses:foreign currency       €100 @ $1.35
     assets

Secondly, you can set the price for a commodity as of a certain date, by
entering a historical price record. These are lines beginning with "P",
appearing anywhere in the journal between transactions. Eg, here we say the
exchange rate for 1 euro is $1.35 on 2009/1/1 (and thereafter, until a
newer price record is found):

    P 2009/1/1 € $1.35  ; <- historical price: P, date, commodity symbol, price in 2nd commodity (space-separated)
    
    2009/1/2 x
     expenses:foreign currency       €100
     assets

The print command shows any unit prices in effect. Either example above
will show:

    $ hledger print
    2009/01/02 x
        expenses:foreign currency  €100 @ $1.35
        assets                     €-100 @ $1.35

To see amounts converted to their total cost, use the `--cost/-B` flag
with any command:

    $ hledger print --cost
    2009/01/02 x
        expenses:foreign currency       $135.00
        assets                         $-135.00

The `--cost/-B` flag does only one lookup step, ie it will not look up the
price of a price's commodity.

Note hledger handles prices differently from c++ ledger in one important
respect: we assume unit prices do not vary over time.  This is good for
simple reporting of foreign currency transactions, but not for tracking
fluctuating-value investments or capital gains.

#### Including other files

You can pull in the content of additional journal files, by writing lines like this:

    !include path/to/file.journal

The `!include` directive may only be used in journal files, and currently
it may only include other journal files (eg, not timelog files.)

##### Default commodity

You can set a default commodity with a `D` directive in the journal. This
will be used for any subsequent amounts with no commodity symbol,
including the commodity display settings (left or right symbol, spacing,
thousands separator, and precision.)

    ; default commodity: british pound, comma thousands separator, two decimal places
    D £1,000.00
    
    2010/1/1
      a  2340.11   ; <- no commodity symbol, so will use the above
      b

#### Default parent account

You can specify a default parent account within a section of the journal with
the `!account` directive:

    !account home
    
    2010/1/1
        food    $10
        cash
    
    !end

If `!end` is omitted, the effect lasts to the end of the file.
The above is equivalent to:

    2010/01/01
        home:food           $10
        home:cash          $-10

Included files are also affected, eg:

    !account business
    !include biz.journal
    !end
    !account personal
    !include personal.journal
    !end

#### Timelog reporting

hledger will also read timelog files in timeclock.el format. As a
convenience, if you invoke hledger via an "hours" symlink or copy, it uses
your timelog file (`~/.timelog` or `$TIMELOG`) by default, rather than your
journal.

Timelog entries look like this:

    i 2009/03/31 22:21:45 some:project
    o 2009/04/01 02:00:34

The clockin description is treated as an account name. Here are some
queries to try (after downloading
[sample.timelog](http://joyful.com/repos/hledger/sample.timelog)):

    ln -s `which hledger` ~/bin/hours            # set up "hours" in your path
    export TIMELOG=sample.timelog
    hours                                        # show all time balances
    hours -p 'last week'                         # last week
    hours -p thismonth                           # the space is optional
    hours -p 'from 1/15' register project        # project sessions since jan 15
    hours -p 'weekly' reg --depth 1 -E           # weekly time summary

This is a useful feature, if you can find a way to efficiently record
timelog entries. The "ti" and "to" scripts may be available from the c++
ledger 2.x repository. I use
[timeclock-x.el](http://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/timeclock-x.el) and
[ledgerutils.el](http://joyful.com/repos/ledgertools/ledgerutils.el) in
emacs.

### Compatibility with c++ ledger

#### Implementation

Unlike c++ ledger, hledger is written in the Haskell programming
language. Haskell enables a coding style known as pure lazy functional
programming, which holds the promise of more robust and maintainable
software built with fewer lines of code. Haskell also provides a more
abstracted, portable platform which can make deployment and installation
easier in some cases. Haskell also brings some new challenges such as
managing memory growth.

#### File format compatibility

hledger's file format is mostly identical with that of c++ ledger, with
some features being accepted but ignored. (Eg modifier entries, periodic
entries, metadata, per-posting cleared flags). There are also some subtle
differences in parser behaviour (eg comments may be permissible in
different places.)

Generally, it's easy to keep a journal file that works with both hledger
and c++ledger if you avoid the more esoteric syntax.  Occasionally you'll
need to make small edits to restore compatibility for one or the other.

hledger does not allow separate dates for individual postings, unlike c++
ledger.

#### Features not supported

c++ ledger features not currently supported include: modifier and periodic
entries, and the following c++ ledger options and commands:

    Basic options:
    -o, --output FILE      write output to FILE
    -i, --init-file FILE   initialize ledger using FILE (default: ~/.ledgerrc)
    -a, --account NAME     use NAME for the default account (useful with QIF)
    
    Report filtering:
    -c, --current          show only current and past entries (not future)
        --period-sort EXPR sort each report period's entries by EXPR
    -L, --actual           consider only actual (non-automated) transactions
    -r, --related          calculate report using related transactions
        --budget           generate budget entries based on periodic entries
        --add-budget       show all transactions plus the budget
        --unbudgeted       show only unbudgeted transactions
        --forecast EXPR    generate forecast entries while EXPR is true
    -l, --limit EXPR       calculate only transactions matching EXPR
    -t, --amount EXPR      use EXPR to calculate the displayed amount
    -T, --total EXPR       use EXPR to calculate the displayed total
    
    Output customization:
    -n, --collapse         Only show totals in the top-most accounts.
    -s, --subtotal         other: show subtotals
    -P, --by-payee         show summarized totals by payee
    -x, --comm-as-payee    set commodity name as the payee, for reporting
        --dow              show a days-of-the-week report
    -S, --sort EXPR        sort report according to the value expression EXPR
    -w, --wide             for the default register report, use 132 columns
        --head COUNT       show only the first COUNT entries (negative inverts)
        --tail COUNT       show only the last COUNT entries (negative inverts)
        --pager PAGER      send all output through the given PAGER program
    -A, --average          report average transaction amount
    -D, --deviation        report deviation from the average
    -%, --percentage       report balance totals as a percentile of the parent
        --totals           in the "xml" report, include running total
    -j, --amount-data      print only raw amount data (useful for scripting)
    -J, --total-data       print only raw total data
    -y, --date-format STR  use STR as the date format (default: %Y/%m/%d)
    -F, --format STR       use STR as the format; for each report type, use:
        --balance-format      --register-format       --print-format
        --plot-amount-format  --plot-total-format     --equity-format
        --prices-format       --wide-register-format
    
    Commodity reporting:
        --price-db FILE    sets the price database to FILE (def: ~/.pricedb)
    -L, --price-exp MINS   download quotes only if newer than MINS (def: 1440)
    -Q, --download         download price information when needed
    -O, --quantity         report commodity totals (this is the default)
    -V, --market           report last known market value
    -g, --performance      report gain/loss for each displayed transaction
    -G, --gain             report net gain/loss
    
    Commands:
    xml      [REGEXP]...   print matching entries in XML format
    equity   [REGEXP]...   output equity entries for matching accounts
    prices   [REGEXP]...   display price history for matching commodities
    entry DATE PAYEE AMT   output a derived entry, based on the arguments

#### Other differences

-   hledger recognises description and negative patterns by "desc:"
    and "not:" prefixes, unlike ledger 3's free-form parser

-   hledger doesn't require a space before command-line option
    values, eg either `-f-` or `-f -` is fine

-   hledger's weekly reporting intervals always start on mondays

-   hledger shows start and end dates of the intervals requested,
    not just the span containing data

-   hledger period expressions don't support "biweekly",
    "bimonthly", or "every N days/weeks/..."

-   hledger always shows timelog balances in hours

-   hledger splits multi-day timelog sessions at midnight

-   hledger doesn't track the value of commodities with varying
    price; prices are fixed as of the transaction date

-   hledger print shows amounts for all postings, and shows unit
    prices for amounts which have them. (This currently means that
    it does not print multi-commodity transactions in valid journal format.)

## Troubleshooting

### Installation issues

cabal builds a lot of fast-evolving software, and it's not always smooth
sailing.  Here are some known issues and things to try:

- **Ask for help on [#hledger](irc://freenode.net/#hledger) or [#haskell](irc://freenode.net/#haskell).**
  Eg: join the #hledger channel with your IRC client and type: "sm: I did ... and ... happened", then leave
  that window open until you get helped.

- **Did you cabal update ?** If you didn't already, `cabal update` and try again.

- **Do you have a new enough version of GHC ?** hledger supports GHC 6.10
  and 6.12. Building with the `-fweb` flag requires 6.12 or greater.

- **An error while building non-hledger packages.**
  Resolve these problem packages one at a time. Eg, cabal install pkg1.
  Look for the cause of the failure near the end of the output. If it's
  not apparent, try again with `-v2` or `-v3` for more verbose output.

- **Could not run happy.**
  A package (eg haskell-src-exts) needs to run the `happy` executable.
  If not using the haskell platform, install the appropriate platform
  package which provides it (eg apt-get install happy).

- <a name="iconv" />**Undefined symbols: ... _iconv ...**
  If cabal gives this error:

        Linking dist/build/hledger/hledger ...
        Undefined symbols:
          "_iconv_close", referenced from:
              _hs_iconv_close in libHSbase-4.2.0.2.a(iconv.o)
          "_iconv", referenced from:
              _hs_iconv in libHSbase-4.2.0.2.a(iconv.o)
          "_iconv_open", referenced from:
              _hs_iconv_open in libHSbase-4.2.0.2.a(iconv.o)

    you are probably on a mac with macports libraries installed, causing
    [this issue](http://hackage.haskell.org/trac/ghc/ticket/4068).
    To work around temporarily, add this --extra-lib-dirs flag:

        $ cabal install hledger --extra-lib-dirs=/usr/lib

    or permanently, add this to ~/.cabal/config:
    
        extra-lib-dirs: /usr/lib

- **A ghc: panic! (the 'impossible' happened)** might be
    [this issue](http://hackage.haskell.org/trac/ghc/ticket/3862)

- **This package indirectly depends on multiple versions of the same package.**
  You may have previously installed some of hledger's dependencies
  depending on different versions of (eg) parsec. Then cabal install hledger gives
  an error like this:

        Warning: This package indirectly depends on multiple versions of the same
        package. This is highly likely to cause a compile failure.
        package yesod-0.5.0.3 requires parsec-2.1.0.1
        package csv-0.1.1 requires parsec-3.1.0
        ...

    The above example could be resolved by, eg:

        $ cabal install yesod --reinstall --constraint 'parsec == 3.1.0"

- **Another error while building a hledger package.**
    The current hledger release might have an error in its code or package
    dependencies. You could try [installing](#installing) the latest
    development version.

- **Do you have a new enough version of cabal-install ?**
  Recent versions tend to be better at resolving dependencies.  The error
  `setup: failed to parse output of 'ghc-pkg dump'` is another symptom of
  this.  To update, do:
  
        $ cabal update
        $ cabal install cabal-install
        $ cabal clean
        
    then try installing hledger again.

- **cabal fails to resolve dependencies.**
  It's possible for cabal to get confused, eg if you have
  installed/updated many cabal package versions or GHC itself. You can
  sometimes work around this by using cabal install's `--constraint`
  option. Another (drastic) way is to purge all unnecessary package
  versions by removing (or renaming) ~/.ghc, then trying cabal install
  again.

### Usage issues

Here are some issues you might encounter when you run hledger:

- <a name="locale" />**hledger: ... hGetContents: invalid argument (Illegal byte sequence)**
    You may get this error when running hledger with a journal containing
    non-ascii text, on a machine using the default C locale. You can check
    this like so:
  
        $ locale
        LANG=
        LC_COLLATE="C"
        LC_CTYPE="C"
        LC_MESSAGES="C"
        LC_MONETARY="C"
        LC_NUMERIC="C"
        LC_TIME="C"
        LC_ALL=
        $ file my.journal
        .../.journal: UTF-8 Unicode C++ program text
  
    In this case you need to set the `LANG` environment variable to a
    locale suitable for the encoding shown (eg UTF-8). You
    can set it temporarily when you run hledger:
  
        $ LANG=en_US.UTF-8 hledger ...
      
    or permanently:
  
        $ echo "export LANG=en_US.UTF-8" >>~/.bash_profile
        $ bash --login

## Examples and recipes

-   Here's a bash function that will run hledger chart and display
    the image in your (graphical) emacs:

        function chart () {
          hledger chart $* && emacsclient -n hledger.png
        }

    Example:

        $ chart food --depth 2 -p jan

## Other resources

- The rest of the [hledger.org](http://hledger.org) site.

- The [c++ ledger site](https://github.com/jwiegley/ledger/wiki).
  Also the [c++ ledger 2.x manual](http://joyful.com/repos/ledger/doc/ledger.html)
  is slightly outdated but informative.

- [Why you need accounting](http://podcastle.org/2009/10/09/pc-miniature-38-accounting-for-dragons)