diff --git a/examples/budget.journal b/examples/budget.journal new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f8d33d672 --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/budget.journal @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +~ monthly from 2013/01 + Expenses:Food 500 USD + Expenses:Health 200 USD + Expenses:Home 2545 USD + Expenses:Transport 120 USD + Expenses:Taxes 4300 USD ;; Taken from monthly average report + Income:US -10700 USD + Assets:US + +~ every Dec 20th from 2014 + Expenses:Food 500 USD ; Prize turkey, the biggest of the big + Assets:US + +~ 2014/11/17 + Assets:US + Expenses:Food 6000 USD ; Birthday, lots of guests diff --git a/site/budgeting-and-forecasting.md b/site/budgeting-and-forecasting.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f1d964abd --- /dev/null +++ b/site/budgeting-and-forecasting.md @@ -0,0 +1,323 @@ +# Budgeting and forecasting + +Budgeting and forecasting allows you to keep better track of your expenses and future financial situation. +If you write down your expectations of what your income/expenses/investment yields/etc should be, you can use them to: +- check how far off are your expectations from reality (budgeting) +- project your future account activity or balances (forecasting) + +(This section uses examples/bcexample.hledger from hledger source repository). + +## Periodic budget +To start budgeting, you need to know what your average yearly or weekly expenditures are. Hledger could help you with that. +Usually the interval for which you compute budget figures will be the same as the interval between +your paychecks -- monthly or weekly. + +Lets create monthly (-M) report for years 2013-2014 (-b 2013) of all +top-level expense categories (--depth 2 Expenses), looking for average +figures (-A) in the cost at the time of transaction (-B), limiting +ourselves to USD transactions only, to save screen space: + +```shell +$ hledger balance -f bcexample.hledger -MBA -b 2013 --depth 2 Expenses cur:USD +Balance changes in 2013/01/01-2014/10/31: + + || 2013/01 2013/02 2013/03 ... 2014/07 2014/08 2014/09 2014/10 Average +====================++========================================...================================================================== + Expenses:Financial || 4.00 USD 12.95 USD 39.80 USD ... 30.85 USD 21.90 USD 12.95 USD 4.00 USD 17.83 USD + Expenses:Food || 396.46 USD 481.48 USD 603.32 USD ... 871.20 USD 768.23 USD 466.72 USD 83.00 USD 562.10 USD + Expenses:Health || 290.70 USD 193.80 USD 193.80 USD ... 290.70 USD 193.80 USD 193.80 USD 96.90 USD 207.01 USD + Expenses:Home || 2544.98 USD 2545.02 USD 2544.97 USD ... 2545.12 USD 2545.01 USD 2545.10 USD 0 2429.33 USD + Expenses:Taxes || 5976.60 USD 3984.40 USD 4901.83 USD ... 5976.60 USD 3984.40 USD 3984.40 USD 1992.20 USD 4322.27 USD + Expenses:Transport || 120.00 USD 120.00 USD 120.00 USD ... 0 120.00 USD 120.00 USD 120.00 USD 109.09 USD +--------------------++----------------------------------------...------------------------------------------------------------------ + || 9332.74 USD 7337.65 USD 8403.72 USD ... 9714.47 USD 7633.34 USD 7322.97 USD 2296.10 USD 7647.64 USD +``` + +This report is rather wide and portion of it had been cut out for +brevity. Most interesting column is the last one, it shows average +monthly expenses for each category. Expenses in Food, Health, Home and +Transport categories seem to roughly similar month to month, so lets +create a budget for them. + +Budgets are described with periodic transactions. Periodic transaction +has `~` instead of date and period expression instead of description. In this case +we want to create a monthly budget that will come into effect starting from January 2013, +which will include income of 10000 USD that is partically spent on Food, Health, Home and Transport +and the rest becomes our Assets: + +```journal +~ monthly from 2013/01 + Expenses:Food 500 USD + Expenses:Health 200 USD + Expenses:Home 2545 USD + Expenses:Transport 120 USD + Income:US -10700 USD ;; Taken as monthy average of Income account group + Assets:US +``` + +This transaction could be put into separate file (budget.journal) or +could be kept in the main journal. Normally hledger will ignore it and +will not include it in any computations or reports. + +To put it into action, you need to add `--budget` switch to your balance invocation. If you do that, +you would be able to see how your past expenses aligned with the budget that you just created. This +time, lets not limit accounts in any way: +```shell +$ hledger balance -f bcexample.hledger -f budget.journal -MB -b 2013 --budget cur:USD +Balance changes in 2013/01/01-2014/10/31: + + || 2013/01 2013/02 2013/03 +==========================++=========================================================================================================== + :Expenses || 5980.60 USD 3997.35 USD 4941.63 USD + :Liabilities || 293.09 USD -147.51 USD -66.01 USD + Assets:US || 1893.32 USD [26% of 7335 USD] 2929.77 USD [40% of 7335 USD] -3898.89 USD [-53% of 7335 USD] + Expenses:Food || 396.46 USD [79% of 500 USD] 481.48 USD [96% of 500 USD] 603.32 USD [121% of 500 USD] + Expenses:Health || 290.70 USD [145% of 200 USD] 193.80 USD [97% of 200 USD] 193.80 USD [97% of 200 USD] + Expenses:Home || 2544.98 USD [100% of 2545 USD] 2545.02 USD [100% of 2545 USD] 2544.97 USD [100% of 2545 USD] + Expenses:Transport || 120.00 USD [100% of 120 USD] 120.00 USD [100% of 120 USD] 120.00 USD [100% of 120 USD] + Income:US || -15119.10 USD [141% of -10700 USD] -10331.21 USD [97% of -10700 USD] -11079.40 USD [104% of -10700 USD] +--------------------------++----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + || -3599.95 USD -211.30 USD -6640.58 USD + +``` + +Numbers in square brackets give you your budget estimate and percentage of it used by your real expenses. Numbers below 100% mean +that you have some of your budget left, numbers over 100% mean that you went over your budget. + +You can notice that actual numbers for Assets:US seem to be well below computed budget of 7335 USD. Why? Answer to this is in the first +row of the report: we have quite a lot of unbudgeted Expenses! + +Notice that even though we have not limited accounts in any way, report includes just those mentioned in the budget. This is on purpose, +assumption is that when you are checking your budgets you probably do not want unbudgeted accounts getting in your way. Another thing to +note is that budget numbers have been allocated to top-level expense subcategories (like Expenses:Food). Journal has subaccounts under +Food, but to compute budget report they have all been rolled up into a nearest parent with budget number associated with it. Accounts that +do not have such parent went into `` row. + +Allright, it seems that for Jan 2013 we have ~3000 USD of budgeted expenses and almost twice as much unbudgeted. Lets figure out what they are. +We can see more details if we add `--show-unbudgeted` switch: +```shell +$ hledger balance -f bcexample.hledger -f budget.journal -M -b 2013-01 -e 2013-02 --budget cur:USD --show-unbudgeted +Balance changes in 2013/01: + + || 2013/01 +==================================++==================================== + Assets:US || 1893.32 USD [26% of 7335 USD] + Expenses:Financial:Fees || 4.00 USD + Expenses:Food || 396.46 USD [79% of 500 USD] + Expenses:Health || 290.70 USD [145% of 200 USD] + Expenses:Home || 2544.98 USD [100% of 2545 USD] + Expenses:Taxes:Y2013:US:CityNYC || 524.76 USD + Expenses:Taxes:Y2013:US:Federal || 3188.76 USD + Expenses:Taxes:Y2013:US:Medicare || 319.86 USD + Expenses:Taxes:Y2013:US:SDI || 3.36 USD + Expenses:Taxes:Y2013:US:SocSec || 844.62 USD + Expenses:Taxes:Y2013:US:State || 1095.24 USD + Expenses:Transport || 120.00 USD [100% of 120 USD] + Income:US || -15119.10 USD [141% of -10700 USD] + Liabilities:US:Chase:Slate || 293.09 USD +----------------------------------++------------------------------------ + || -3599.95 USD + +``` + +All the accounts that were rolled up into `` category are now shown with their original name, but budgeted accounts are still rolled up. It +is easy to see now that we forgot taxes. Lets add them to our budget: +```journal +~ monthly from 2013/01 + Expenses:Food 500 USD + Expenses:Health 200 USD + Expenses:Home 2545 USD + Expenses:Transport 120 USD + Expenses:Taxes 4300 USD ;; Taken from monthly average report + Income:US -10700 USD + Assets:US +``` + +Lets try again for a couple of month with this updated budget: +```shell +$ hledger balance -f bcexample.hledger -f budget.journal -M -b 2013-01 -e 2013-04 --budget cur:USD +Balance changes in 2013q1: + + || 2013/01 2013/02 2013/03 +==========================++=========================================================================================================== + :Expenses || 4.00 USD 12.95 USD 39.80 USD + :Liabilities || 293.09 USD -147.51 USD -66.01 USD + Assets:US || 1893.32 USD [62% of 3035 USD] 2929.77 USD [97% of 3035 USD] -3898.89 USD [-128% of 3035 USD] + Expenses:Food || 396.46 USD [79% of 500 USD] 481.48 USD [96% of 500 USD] 603.32 USD [121% of 500 USD] + Expenses:Health || 290.70 USD [145% of 200 USD] 193.80 USD [97% of 200 USD] 193.80 USD [97% of 200 USD] + Expenses:Home || 2544.98 USD [100% of 2545 USD] 2545.02 USD [100% of 2545 USD] 2544.97 USD [100% of 2545 USD] + Expenses:Taxes || 5976.60 USD [139% of 4300 USD] 3984.40 USD [93% of 4300 USD] 4901.83 USD [114% of 4300 USD] + Expenses:Transport || 120.00 USD [100% of 120 USD] 120.00 USD [100% of 120 USD] 120.00 USD [100% of 120 USD] + Income:US || -15119.10 USD [141% of -10700 USD] -10331.21 USD [97% of -10700 USD] -11079.40 USD [104% of -10700 USD] +--------------------------++----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + || -3599.95 USD -211.30 USD -6640.58 USD + +``` + +Now unbudgeted amounts are much smaller and some of them could be dismissed as noise, and we can see that budget created is actually +close enough to the real numbers, meaning that they are usually close to average that we put in our budget. + +## Envelope budget + +Budget report that we have used so far assumes that any unused budget amount for a given (monthly) period will not contribute to the +budget of the next period. Alternative popular "envelope budget" strategy assumes that you put a certain amount of money into an envelope +each month, and any unused amount stays there for future expenses. This is easy to simulate by adding --cumulative switch. Lets redo +the last report with it: +```shell +$ hledger balance -f bcexample.hledger -f budget.journal -M -b 2013-01 -e 2013-04 --cumulative --budget cur:USD +Ending balances (cumulative) in 2013q1: + + || 2013/01/31 2013/02/28 2013/03/31 +==========================++============================================================================================================ + :Expenses || 4.00 USD 16.95 USD 56.75 USD + :Liabilities || 293.09 USD 145.58 USD 79.57 USD + Assets:US || 1893.32 USD [62% of 3035 USD] 4823.09 USD [79% of 6070 USD] 924.20 USD [10% of 9105 USD] + Expenses:Food || 396.46 USD [79% of 500 USD] 877.94 USD [88% of 1000 USD] 1481.26 USD [99% of 1500 USD] + Expenses:Health || 290.70 USD [145% of 200 USD] 484.50 USD [121% of 400 USD] 678.30 USD [113% of 600 USD] + Expenses:Home || 2544.98 USD [100% of 2545 USD] 5090.00 USD [100% of 5090 USD] 7634.97 USD [100% of 7635 USD] + Expenses:Taxes || 5976.60 USD [139% of 4300 USD] 9961.00 USD [116% of 8600 USD] 14862.83 USD [115% of 12900 USD] + Expenses:Transport || 120.00 USD [100% of 120 USD] 240.00 USD [100% of 240 USD] 360.00 USD [100% of 360 USD] + Income:US || -15119.10 USD [141% of -10700 USD] -25450.31 USD [119% of -21400 USD] -36529.71 USD [114% of -32100 USD] +--------------------------++------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + || -3599.95 USD -3811.25 USD -10451.83 USD + +``` + +If you look at Expenses:Food category, you will see that every month budget is increased by 500 USD, and by March total amount budgeted +is 1500 USD, of which 1481.26 USD is spent. If you look back at the previous non-cumulative monthly budget report, you will see that in March food expenses +were 121% of the budgeted amount, but cumulative report shows that taking into account budget carry-over from Jan and Feb we are well withing planned numbers. + +# Forecasting + +Budget transaction that was created could be used to predict what would be our financial situation in the future. If you add `--forecast` switch, you will +see how budgeted income and expense affects you past the last transaction in the journal. Since journal ends in Oct 2014, lets see next two month: + +```shell +$ hledger balance -f bcexample.hledger -f budget.journal -M -b 2014-10 -e 2015 --forecast cur:USD +Balance changes in 2014q4: + + || 2014/10 2014/11 2014/12 +====================================++====================================== + Assets:US || 0 3035 USD 3035 USD + Assets:US:BofA:Checking || -2453.40 USD 0 0 + Assets:US:ETrade:Cash || 5000.00 USD 0 0 + Expenses:Financial:Fees || 4.00 USD 0 0 + Expenses:Food || 0 500 USD 500 USD + Expenses:Food:Restaurant || 83.00 USD 0 0 + Expenses:Health || 0 200 USD 200 USD + Expenses:Health:Dental:Insurance || 2.90 USD 0 0 + Expenses:Health:Life:GroupTermLife || 24.32 USD 0 0 + Expenses:Health:Medical:Insurance || 27.38 USD 0 0 + Expenses:Health:Vision:Insurance || 42.30 USD 0 0 + Expenses:Home || 0 2545 USD 2545 USD + Expenses:Taxes || 0 4300 USD 4300 USD + Expenses:Taxes:Y2014:US:CityNYC || 174.92 USD 0 0 + Expenses:Taxes:Y2014:US:Federal || 1062.92 USD 0 0 + Expenses:Taxes:Y2014:US:Medicare || 106.62 USD 0 0 + Expenses:Taxes:Y2014:US:SDI || 1.12 USD 0 0 + Expenses:Taxes:Y2014:US:SocSec || 281.54 USD 0 0 + Expenses:Taxes:Y2014:US:State || 365.08 USD 0 0 + Expenses:Transport || 0 120 USD 120 USD + Expenses:Transport:Tram || 120.00 USD 0 0 + Income:US || 0 -10700 USD -10700 USD + Income:US:Hoogle:GroupTermLife || -24.32 USD 0 0 + Income:US:Hoogle:Salary || -4615.38 USD 0 0 + Liabilities:US:Chase:Slate || -203.00 USD 0 0 +------------------------------------++-------------------------------------- + || 0 0 0 +``` + +Note that this time there is no roll-up of accounts. Unlike `--budget`, which could be used with `balance` command only, `--forecast` +could be used with any report. Forecast transactions would be added to your real journal and would appear in the report you requested as +if you have entered them on the scheduled dates. + +Since quite a lot of accounts do not have any budgeted transactions, lets limit the depth of the report to avoid seeing lots of zeroes: +```shell +$ hledger balance -f bcexample.hledger -f budget.journal -M -b 2014-10 -e 2015 --forecast cur:USD --depth 2 +Balance changes in 2014q4: + + || 2014/10 2014/11 2014/12 +====================++====================================== + Assets:US || 2546.60 USD 3035 USD 3035 USD + Expenses:Financial || 4.00 USD 0 0 + Expenses:Food || 83.00 USD 500 USD 500 USD + Expenses:Health || 96.90 USD 200 USD 200 USD + Expenses:Home || 0 2545 USD 2545 USD + Expenses:Taxes || 1992.20 USD 4300 USD 4300 USD + Expenses:Transport || 120.00 USD 120 USD 120 USD + Income:US || -4639.70 USD -10700 USD -10700 USD + Liabilities:US || -203.00 USD 0 0 +--------------------++-------------------------------------- + || 0 0 0 +``` + +As you can see, we should expect 3035 USD to be added into Assets:US each month. It is quite easy to see how overal amount of Assets will change with time if you use +`--cumulative` switch: +```shell +$ hledger balance -f bcexample.hledger -f budget.journal -M -b 2014-10 -e 2015 --forecast cur:USD --depth 2 --cumulative +Ending balances (cumulative) in 2014q4: + + || 2014/10/31 2014/11/30 2014/12/31 +====================++============================================ + Assets:US || 2546.60 USD 5581.60 USD 8616.60 USD + Expenses:Financial || 4.00 USD 4.00 USD 4.00 USD + Expenses:Food || 83.00 USD 583.00 USD 1083.00 USD + Expenses:Health || 96.90 USD 296.90 USD 496.90 USD + Expenses:Home || 0 2545 USD 5090 USD + Expenses:Taxes || 1992.20 USD 6292.20 USD 10592.20 USD + Expenses:Transport || 120.00 USD 240.00 USD 360.00 USD + Income:US || -4639.70 USD -15339.70 USD -26039.70 USD + Liabilities:US || -203.00 USD -203.00 USD -203.00 USD +--------------------++-------------------------------------------- + || 0 0 0 +``` + +According to forecast, assets are expected to grow to 8600+ USD by the end of 2014. However, our forecast does not include a couple +of big one-off year end expenses. First, we plan to buy prize turkey for the Christmas table every year from 2014, spending up to 500 USD on it. +And on 17th Nov 2014 we would celebrate birthday of significant other, spending up to 6000 USD in a fancy restaurant: +```journal +~ every 20th Dec from 2014 + Expenses:Food 500 USD ; Prize turkey, the biggest of the big + Assets:US + +~ 2014/11/17 + Assets:US + Expenses:Food 6000 USD ; Birthday, lots of guests +``` + +Note that turkey transaction is not entered as "yearly from 2014/12/20", since yearly/quarterly/monthy/weekly periodic expressions always generate +entries at the first day of the calendar year/quarter/month/week. Thus "monthly from 2014/12" will occur on 2014/12/01, 2015/01/01, ..., whereas +"every 20th of month from 2014/12" will happen on 2014/12/20, 2015/12/20, etc. + +With latest additions forecast now looks like this: +```shell +hledger balance -f bcexample.hledger -f budget.journal -M -b 2014-10 -e 2015 --forecast cur:USD --depth 2 --cumulative +Ending balances (cumulative) in 2014q4: + + || 2014/10/31 2014/11/30 2014/12/31 +====================++============================================ + Assets:US || 2546.60 USD -418.40 USD 2116.60 USD + Expenses:Financial || 4.00 USD 4.00 USD 4.00 USD + Expenses:Food || 83.00 USD 6583.00 USD 7583.00 USD + Expenses:Health || 96.90 USD 296.90 USD 496.90 USD + Expenses:Home || 0 2545 USD 5090 USD + Expenses:Taxes || 1992.20 USD 6292.20 USD 10592.20 USD + Expenses:Transport || 120.00 USD 240.00 USD 360.00 USD + Income:US || -4639.70 USD -15339.70 USD -26039.70 USD + Liabilities:US || -203.00 USD -203.00 USD -203.00 USD +--------------------++-------------------------------------------- + || 0 0 0 +``` + +It is easy to see that in Nov 2014 we will run out of Assets. Using `register` we can figure out when or why it would happen: +```shell +$ hledger register -f bcexample.hledger -f budget.journal -b 2014-10 -e 2014-12 --forecast cur:USD Assets +2014/10/04 "BANK FEES" | "Monthly bank fee" Assets:US:BofA:Checking -4.00 USD -4.00 USD +2014/10/09 "Hoogle" | "Payroll" Assets:US:BofA:Checking 2550.60 USD 2546.60 USD +2014/10/10 "Transfering accumulated savings to o.. Assets:US:BofA:Checking -5000.00 USD -2453.40 USD + Assets:US:ETrade:Cash 5000.00 USD 2546.60 USD +2014/11/01 Forecast transaction Assets:US 3035 USD 5581.60 USD +2014/11/17 Forecast transaction Assets:US -6000 USD -418.40 USD +``` + +It is 6000 USD planned for birthday! Something will have to be done about the birthday plans.