---
title: hledger manual
---
# hledger manual
This is the official hledger manual, for version 0.12.1. You may also
want to visit the rest of [hledger.org](http://hledger.org), and for
background,
[c++ ledger's manual](http://joyful.com/repos/ledger/doc/ledger.html).
## User Guide
### Introduction
hledger is a program for tracking money, time, or any other commodity,
using a plain text file format and the simple but powerful principles of
double-entry accounting.
It is modelled closely on
[John Wiegley's ledger](http://wiki.github.com/jwiegley/ledger) (aka "c++
ledger"), with some features removed and some new ones added. I wrote
hledger because I wanted to build financial tools in the Haskell
programming language rather than in C++.
hledger's basic function is to generate register and balance reports from
a plain text general journal file, at the command line or via the web or
curses interface. You can use it to, eg,
- track spending and income
- see time reports by day/week/month/project
- get accurate numbers for client billing and tax filing
- track invoices
hledger aims to help both computer experts and every-day users gain
clarity in their finances and time management. For now though, it is most
useful to technically-minded folks who are comfortable with command-line
tools.
hledger is copyright (c) 2007-2009 Simon Michael
<[simon@joyful.com](mailto:simon@joyful.com)\> and contributors and
released as Free Software under GPL version 3 or later.
### Installing
hledger works on all major platforms. Here are the [release
notes](http://hledger.org/NEWS.html), and pre-built
[binaries](http://hledger.org/binaries/) you should be able to
download and run. If not, or if you prefer an up-to-date build,
open a shell/terminal/command window and:
1. **ensure you have GHC (6.10 or newer) and cabal-install**
$ ghc --version
$ cabal --version
If not, download and install the [Haskell
Platform](http://hackage.haskell.org/platform/). Or, you may be
able to use your platform's packaging system, eg on ubuntu lucid
do `apt-get install ghc6 cabal-install zlib1g-dev`. Also make
sure `~/.cabal/bin` is in your PATH.
2. **install hledger with cabal-install**
$ cabal update
$ cabal install hledger
#### Install options
You can add the following options to the basic `cabal install hledger`
command to build extra features. I recommend you get the basic install
working first, then try these one at a time:
- `-fweb` builds the [web](#web) command, enabling a web-based user
interface. This requires GHC 6.12. If you are stuck with GHC 6.10,
you can use `-fweb610` instead, to build an older version of the web
interface.
- `-fvty` builds the [vty](#vty) command, enabling a basic
curses-style user interface. This does not work on microsoft
windows, unless possibly with cygwin.
- `-fchart` builds the [chart](#chart) command, enabling rudimentary
pie chart generation. This requires additional GTK-related libraries
(on ubuntu: `apt-get install libghc6-gtk-dev`) and possibly [other
things](http://code.haskell.org/gtk2hs/INSTALL).
#### If you have trouble..
proceed to [Troubleshooting](#troubleshooting) for help!
### Basic usage
Basic usage is:
$ hledger [OPTIONS] [COMMAND [PATTERNS]]
[OPTIONS](#overview) may appear anywhere on the command line.
[COMMAND](#commands) is one of: add, balance, chart, convert, histogram,
print, register, stats, ui, web, test (defaulting to balance). The
optional [PATTERNS](#filter-patterns) are regular expressions which select
a subset of the journal data.
hledger looks for data in a journal file, usually `.journal` in your home
directory. You can specify a different file with the -f option (use - for
standard input) or `LEDGER` environment variable.
To get started, make yourself a journal file containing some
transactions. You can copy the sample file below (or
[sample.journal](http://joyful.com/repos/hledger/data/sample.journal)) and save
it as `.journal` in your home directory. Or, just run `hledger add` and
enter a few transactions. Now you can try some of these commands, or read
on:
$ hledger --help # show command-line help
$ hledger balance # all accounts with aggregated balances
$ hledger bal --depth 1 # only top-level accounts
$ hledger register # transaction register
$ hledger reg income # transactions to/from an income account
$ hledger reg checking # checking transactions
$ hledger reg desc:shop # transactions with shop in the description
$ hledger histogram # transactions per day, or other interval
$ hledger add # add some new transactions to the journal file
$ hledger vty # curses ui, if installed with -fvty
$ hledger web # web ui, if installed with -fweb or -fweb610
$ hledger chart # make a balance chart, if installed with -fchart
You'll find more examples below.
#### Journal file
hledger reads data from a plain text file, called a *journal* because
it represents a standard accounting [general
journal](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_journal). It contains a
number of transactions, each describing a transfer of money (or
any commodity) between two or more named accounts, in a simple
format readable by both hledger and humans.
You can use hledger without learning any more about this file; just
use the [add](#add) or [web](#web) commands.
Many users, though, edit the journal file directly with a text
editor. This is a distinguishing feature of hledger (and c++ ledger.)
You can even do this while the web interface is running, and see the
changes right away.
Here's an example:
; A sample journal file. This is a comment.
2008/01/01 income ; <- transaction's first line starts in column 0, contains date and description
assets:bank:checking $1 ; <- posting lines start with whitespace, each contains an account name
income:salary $-1 ; followed by at least two spaces and an amount
2008/06/01 gift
assets:bank:checking $1 ; <- at least two postings in a transaction
income:gifts $-1 ; <- their amounts must balance to 0
2008/06/02 save
assets:bank:saving $1
assets:bank:checking ; <- one amount may be omitted; here $-1 is inferred
2008/06/03 eat & shop ; <- description can be anything
expenses:food $1
expenses:supplies $1 ; <- this transaction debits two expense accounts
assets:cash ; <- $-2 inferred
2008/12/31 * pay off ; <- an optional * after the date means "cleared" (or anything you want)
liabilities:debts $1
assets:bank:checking
Each transaction has a date, optional description, and two or more
postings, of some amount to some account. The amounts within a transaction must balance,
ie add up to 0. Or, you can leave one amount blank and it will be inferred.
Note that account names may contain single spaces, while the amount must
be separated from the account name by at least two spaces.
An amount is a number, with an optional currency symbol or commodity name
on either the left or right. Commodity names which contain more than just
letters should be enclosed in double quotes. Negative amounts usually have
the minus sign next to the number (`$-1`), but it may also go before the
currency symbol/commodity name (`-$1`).
hledger's file format aims to be compatible with c++ ledger, so you
can use both tools on your journal. For more details, see [File format
compatibility](#file-format-compatibility).
## Reference
### Overview
This version of hledger mimics a subset of ledger 3.x, and adds some
features of its own. We currently support regular journal transactions, timelog
entries, multiple commodities, (fixed) price history, virtual postings,
filtering by account and description, the familiar print, register &
balance commands and several new commands. We handle (almost) the full
period expression syntax, and very limited display expressions consisting
of a simple date predicate.
Here is the command-line help:
Usage: hledger [OPTIONS] COMMAND [PATTERNS]
hledger [OPTIONS] convert CSVFILE
hledger [OPTIONS] stats
hledger reads your ~/.journal file, or another specified with $LEDGER or -f FILE
COMMAND is one of (may be abbreviated):
add - prompt for new transactions and add them to the journal
balance - show accounts, with balances
convert - read CSV bank data and display in journal format
histogram - show a barchart of transactions per day or other interval
print - show transactions in journal format
register - show transactions as a register with running balance
stats - show various statistics for a journal
vty - run a simple curses-style UI (if installed with -fvty)
web - run a simple web-based UI (if installed with -fweb or -fweb610)
chart - generate balances pie charts (if installed with -fchart)
test - run self-tests
PATTERNS are regular expressions which filter by account name.
Prefix with desc: to filter by transaction description instead.
Prefix with not: to negate a pattern. When using both, not: comes last.
DATES can be y/m/d or ledger-style smart dates like "last month".
Use --help-options to see OPTIONS, or --help-all/-H.
Options:
-f FILE --file=FILE use a different journal/timelog file; - means stdin
--no-new-accounts don't allow to create new accounts
-b DATE --begin=DATE report on transactions on or after this date
-e DATE --end=DATE report on transactions before this date
-p EXPR --period=EXPR report on transactions during the specified period
and/or with the specified reporting interval
-C --cleared report only on cleared transactions
-U --uncleared report only on uncleared transactions
-B --cost, --basis report cost of commodities
--depth=N hide sub-accounts deeper than this
-d EXPR --display=EXPR show only transactions matching EXPR (where
EXPR is 'dOP[DATE]' and OP is <, <=, =, >=, >)
--effective use transactions' effective dates, if any
-E --empty show empty/zero things which are normally elided
-R --real report only on real (non-virtual) transactions
--flat balance: show full account names, unindented
--drop=N balance: with --flat, elide first N account name components
--no-total balance: hide the final total
-D --daily register, stats: report by day
-W --weekly register, stats: report by week
-M --monthly register, stats: report by month
-Q --quarterly register, stats: report by quarter
-Y --yearly register, stats: report by year
-v --verbose show more verbose output
--debug show extra debug output; implies verbose
--binary-filename show the download filename for this hledger build
-V --version show version information
-h --help show basic command-line usage
--help-options show command-line options
-H --help-all show command-line usage and options
### Commands
#### Reporting commands
These commands are read-only, that is they never modify your data.
##### print
The print command displays full transactions from the journal file, tidily
formatted and showing all amounts explicitly. The output of print is
always a valid hledger journal.
hledger's print command also shows all unit prices in effect, or (with
-B/--cost) shows cost amounts.
Examples:
$ hledger print
$ hledger print employees:bob | hledger -f- register expenses
##### register
The register command displays postings, one per line, and their running total.
With no [filter patterns](#filter-patterns), this is not all that different from [print](#print):
$ hledger register
More typically, use it to see a specific account's activity:
$ hledger register assets:bank:checking
The `--depth` option limits the amount of sub-account detail displayed:
$ hledger register assets:bank:checking --depth 2
With a [reporting interval](#reporting-interval) it shows aggregated
summary postings within each interval:
$ hledger register --monthly rent
$ hledger register --monthly -E food --depth 4
##### balance
The balance command displays accounts and their balances, indented to show the account hierarchy.
Examples:
$ hledger balance
$ hledger balance food -p 'last month'
A final total is displayed, use `--no-total` to suppress this. Also, the
`--depth N` option shows accounts only to the specified depth, useful for
an overview:
$ for y in 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010; do echo; echo $y; hledger -f $y.journal balance ^expenses --depth 2; done
With `--flat`, a non-hierarchical list of full account names is displayed
instead. This mode shows just the accounts actually contributing to the
balance, making the arithmetic a little more obvious to non-hledger users.
In this mode you can also use `--drop N` to elide the first few account
name components. Note `--depth` doesn't work too well with `--flat` currently;
it hides deeper accounts rather than aggregating them.
##### chart
The chart command saves a pie chart of your top account balances to an
image file (usually "hledger.png", or use -o/--output FILE). You can
adjust the image resolution with --size=WIDTHxHEIGHT, and the number of
accounts with --items=N.
Note that positive and negative balances will not be displayed together in
the same chart; any balances not matching the sign of the first one will
be omitted.
To show only accounts above a certain depth, use the --depth
option. Otherwise, the chart can include accounts at any depth. If a
parent and child account are both displayed, the parent's balance excludes
the child's.
Examples:
$ hledger chart assets --depth 2
$ hledger chart liabilities --depth 2
$ hledger chart ^expenses -o balance.png --size 1000x600 --items 20
$ for m in 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12; do hledger -p 2009/$m chart ^expenses --depth 2 -o expenses-2009$m.png --size 400x300; done
This is an optional feature; see [installing](#installing).
##### histogram
The histogram command displays a quick bar chart showing transaction
counts, per day, week, month or other reporting interval. It is
experimental.
Examples:
$ hledger histogram -p weekly dining
##### stats
The stats command displays quick summary information for the whole journal,
or by period.
Examples:
$ hledger stats
$ hledger stats -p 'monthly in 2009'
##### vty
The vty command starts hledger's curses (full-screen, text) user interface,
which allows interactive navigation of the print/register/balance
reports. This lets you browse around your numbers and get quick insights
with less typing.
Examples:
$ hledger vty
$ hledger vty -BE food
This is an optional feature; see [installing](#installing).
#### Modifying commands
The following commands can alter your journal file.
##### add
The add command prompts interactively for new transactions, and adds them
to the journal. It is experimental.
Examples:
$ hledger add
$ hledger add accounts:personal:bob
##### web
The web command starts hledger's web interface, and tries to open a web
browser to view it. (If this fails, you'll have to manually visit the url
it displays.) The web interface combines the features of the print,
register, balance and add commands, and adds a general edit command.
This is an optional feature. Note there is also an older implementation of
the web command which does not provide edit. See [installing](#installing).
Examples:
$ hledger web
$ hledger web -E -B --depth 2
$ hledger web --port 5010 --base-url http://some.vhost.com --debug -f my.journal
Warning: unlike all other hledger features, the edit form can alter your
existing journal data. You can edit, or erase, the journal file through
the web ui. There is currently no access control. A numbered backup of the
file will be saved at each edit, in normal circumstances (eg if file
permissions allow, disk is not full, etc.)
There are some options specific to the web server:
--port=N web: serve on tcp port N (default 5000)
hledger will serve pages on port 5000 by default.
--base-url=URL web: use this base url (default http://localhost:PORT)
Hyperlinks in the web interface all point to "localhost" by default, so if
you want to visit the hledger web server from other machines, you'll need
to use this option. Just give your machine's host name or ip address
instead of localhost. This option may also be useful when running hledger
behind a reverse proxy, to conform to your url scheme. Note that the PORT
in the base url need not be the same as the `--port` argument.
#### Other commands
##### convert
The convert command reads a
[CSV](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma-separated_values) file you have
downloaded from your bank, and prints out the transactions in journal
format, suitable for adding to your journal. It does not alter your journal
directly.
This can be a lot quicker than entering every transaction by hand. (The
downside is that you are less likely to notice if your bank makes an
error!) Use it like this:
$ hledger convert FILE.csv >FILE.journal
where FILE.csv is your downloaded csv file. This will convert the csv data
using conversion rules defined in FILE.rules (auto-creating this file if
needed), and save the output into a temporary journal file. Then you should
review FILE.journal for problems; update the rules and convert again if
needed; and finally copy/paste transactions which are new into your main
journal.
###### .rules file
convert requires a \*.rules file containing data definitions and rules for
assigning destination accounts to transactions; it will be auto-created if
missing. Typically you will have one csv file and one rules file per bank
account. Here's an example rules file for converting csv data from a Wells
Fargo checking account:
base-account assets:bank:checking
date-field 0
description-field 4
amount-field 1
currency $
; account-assigning rules:
SPECTRUM
expenses:health:gym
ITUNES
BLKBSTR=BLOCKBUSTER
expenses:entertainment
(TO|FROM) SAVINGS
assets:bank:savings
This says:
- the account corresponding to this csv file is
assets:bank:checking
- the first csv field is the date, the second is the amount, the
fifth is the description
- prepend a dollar sign to the amount field
- if description contains SPECTRUM (case-insensitive), the
transaction is a gym expense
- if description contains ITUNES or BLKBSTR, the transaction is
an entertainment expense; also rewrite BLKBSTR as BLOCKBUSTER
- if description contains TO SAVINGS or FROM SAVINGS, the
transaction is a savings transfer
Notes:
- Lines beginning with ; or \# are ignored (but avoid using inside an
account rule)
- Definitions must come first, one per line, all in one
paragraph. Each is a name and a value separated by whitespace.
Supported names are: base-account, date-field, status-field,
code-field, description-field, amount-field, currency-field,
currency. All are optional and will use defaults if not specified.
- The remainder of the file is account-assigning rules. Each is a
paragraph consisting of one or more description-matching patterns
(case-insensitive regular expressions), one per line, followed by
the account name to use when the transaction's description matches
any of these patterns.
- A match pattern may be followed by a replacement pattern,
separated by `=`, which rewrites the matched part of the
description. Use this if you want to clean up messy bank data. To
rewrite the entire description, use a match pattern like
`.*PAT.*=REPL`. Within a replacement pattern, you can refer to the
matched text with `\0` and any regex groups with `\1`, `\2` in the
usual way.
##### test
This command runs hledger's internal self-tests and displays a quick
report. The -v option shows more detail, and a pattern can be provided to
filter tests by name. It's mainly used in development, but it's also nice
to be able to run a sanity check at any time..
Examples:
$ hledger test
$ hledger test -v balance
### Other features
#### Filter patterns
Most commands accept one or more filter pattern arguments after the
command name, to select a subset of transactions or postings. There are
two kinds of pattern:
- an account pattern, which is a regular expression. This is
matched against postings' accounts. Optionally, it may be prefixed
with `not:` in which case the match is negated.
- a description pattern, like the above but prefixed with
`desc:`. This is matched against transactions' descriptions. Note,
when negating a desc: pattern, not: goes last, eg:
`desc:not:someregexp`.
When you specify multiple filter patterns, hledger generally selects the
transactions or postings which match (or negatively match)
> *any of the account patterns* AND
> *any of the description patterns*
The [print](#print) command selects transactions which
> *match any of the description patterns* AND
> *have any postings matching any of the positive account patterns*
> AND
> *have no postings matching any of the negative account patterns*
#### Dates
##### Simple dates
Within a journal file, dates must follow a fairly simple year/month/day
format. Examples:
> `2010/01/31` or `2010/1/31` or `2010-1-31` or `2010.1.31`
The year is optional if you define a [default year](#default-year).
##### Smart dates
In [period expressions](#period-expressions), the `-b` and `-e` options,
the [add](#add) command and the [web](#web) add form, more flexible "smart
dates" are allowed. Here are some examples:
- `2009/1/1`, `2009/01/01`, `2009-1-1`, `2009.1.1`, `2009/1`,
`2009` (january 1, 2009)
- `1/1`, `january`, `jan`, `this year` (january 1, this year)
- `next year` (january 1, next year)
- `this month` (the 1st of the current month)
- `this week` (the most recent monday)
- `last week` (the monday of the week before this one)
- `today`, `yesterday`, `tomorrow`
Spaces are optional, so eg: `-b lastmonth` is valid.
##### Actual & effective dates
Real-life transactions sometimes have more than one date. For
example, you might buy a movie ticket on friday with a bank debit
card, and the transaction might appear in your bank account on monday.
hledger and ledger users call these the *effective date* and *actual
date* respectively. We say:
> *"The ticket purchase took EFFECT on friday, but ACTUALly appeared in my bank balance on monday."*
You can often think of effective date as "my date" and actual date as "bank's date".
When these dates differ, as in the example above, hledger's daily
balances will not exactly match your bank's. But exact daily
reconciling can be quite useful, to see precisely when disagreements
arise. There are several ways you can handle this:
1. don't bother with exact daily reconciling; accept temporary
disagreements between hledger and bank balances.
2. adjust manually recorded transactions to actual bank dates when necessary.
Your hledger balance will match your bank's exactly, but you no longer have
a record of when transactions *really* happened.
3. record both dates separated by an equals sign: the *actual date* on
the left and the *effective date* on the right. The year is
optional in the second date.
Here's an example of the last approach: on friday 19 you record:
2010/2/19 movie
expenses:cinema $10
assets:checking
hledger shows $10 less in your checking account through saturday and
sunday.. but your online bank statement does not. It shows the
transaction clearing a few days later, on monday 23. So you then
insert that actual date:
; ACTUAL=EFFECTIVE
2010/2/23=2010/2/19 movie
expenses:cinema $10
assets:checking
Now your hledger reports match your bank's daily balance exactly,
since they use the actual date by preference. To report based on
effective dates instead, use the `--effective` flag.
##### Default year
You can set a default year with a `Y` directive in the journal, then
subsequent dates may be written as month/day. Eg:
Y2009
12/15 ; <- equivalent to 2009/12/15
Y2010
1/31 ; <- equivalent to 2010/1/31
#### Period expressions
hledger supports flexible "period expressions" with the `-p/--period`
option to select transactions within a period of time (eg in 2009) and/or
with a reporting interval (eg weekly). hledger period expressions are
similar but not identical to c++ ledger's.
Here is a basic period expression specifying the first quarter of 2009
(start date is always included, end date is always excluded):
-p "from 2009/1/1 to 2009/4/1"
Keywords like "from" and "to" are optional, and so are the spaces. Just
don't run two dates together:
-p2009/1/1to2009/4/1
-p"2009/1/1 2009/4/1"
Dates are [smart dates](#smart-dates), so if the current year is 2009, the
above can also be written as:
-p "1/1 to 4/1"
-p "january to apr"
-p "this year to 4/1"
If you specify only one date, the missing start or end date will be the
earliest or latest transaction in your journal:
-p "from 2009/1/1" (everything after january 1, 2009)
-p "from 2009/1" (the same)
-p "from 2009" (the same)
-p "to 2009" (everything before january 1, 2009)
A single date with no "from" or "to" defines both the start and end date
like so:
-p "2009" (the year 2009; equivalent to "2009/1/1 to 2010/1/1")
-p "2009/1" (the month of jan; equivalent to "2009/1/1 to 2009/2/1")
-p "2009/1/1" (just that day; equivalent to "2009/1/1 to 2009/1/2")
The `-b/--begin` and `-e/--end` options may be used as a shorthand for
`-p 'from ...'` and `-p 'to ...'` respectively. But note [-p overrides other flags](#p-overrides-other-flags).
##### Reporting interval
You can also specify a reporting interval, which causes the "register"
command to summarise the transactions in each interval. It goes before
the dates, and can be: "daily", "weekly", "monthly", "quarterly", or
"yearly". An "in" keyword is optional, and so are the dates:
-p "weekly from 2009/1/1 to 2009/4/1"
-p "monthly in 2008"
-p "monthly from 2008"
-p "quarterly"
A reporting interval may also be specified with the `-D/--daily`,
`-W/--weekly`, `-M/--monthly`, `-Q/--quarterly`, and `-Y/--yearly`
options. But note...
##### -p overrides other flags
A `-p/--period` option on the command line will cause any
`-b`/`-e`/`-D`/`-W`/`-M`/`-Q`/`-Y` flags to be ignored.
#### Display expressions
A display expression with the `-d/--display` option selects which
transactions will be displayed (unlike a
[period expression](#period-expressions), which selects the transactions
to be used for calculation).
hledger currently supports a very small subset of c++ ledger's display
expressions, namely: transactions before or after a date. This is
useful for displaying a portion of your checking register with an
accurate running total. Eg, to show the balance since the first of the month:
$ hledger register -d "d>=[1]"
#### Depth limiting
With the `--depth N` option, reports will show only the uppermost accounts
in the account tree, down to level N. See the [balance](#balance),
[register](#register) and [chart](#chart) examples.
#### Prices
You can specify a commodity's unit price, or exchange rate, in terms of
another commodity. There are two ways.
First, you can set the price explicitly for a single posting by writing `@
PRICE` after the amount. PRICE is another amount in a different
commodity. Eg, here one hundred euros was purchased at $1.35 per euro:
2009/1/2 x
expenses:foreign currency €100 @ $1.35
assets
Secondly, you can set the price for a commodity as of a certain date, by
entering a historical price record. These are lines beginning with "P",
appearing anywhere in the journal between transactions. Eg, here we say the
exchange rate for 1 euro is $1.35 on 2009/1/1 (and thereafter, until a
newer price record is found):
P 2009/1/1 € $1.35 ; <- historical price: P, date, commodity symbol, price in 2nd commodity (space-separated)
2009/1/2 x
expenses:foreign currency €100
assets
The print command shows any unit prices in effect. Either example above
will show:
$ hledger print
2009/01/02 x
expenses:foreign currency €100 @ $1.35
assets €-100 @ $1.35
To see amounts converted to their total cost, use the `--cost/-B` flag
with any command:
$ hledger print --cost
2009/01/02 x
expenses:foreign currency $135.00
assets $-135.00
The `--cost/-B` flag does only one lookup step, ie it will not look up the
price of a price's commodity.
Note hledger handles prices differently from c++ ledger in one important
respect: we assume unit prices do not vary over time. This is good for
simple reporting of foreign currency transactions, but not for tracking
fluctuating-value investments or capital gains.
#### Including other files
You can pull in the content of additional journal files, by writing lines like this:
!include path/to/file.journal
The `!include` directive may only be used in journal files, and currently
it may only include other journal files (eg, not timelog files.)
##### Default commodity
You can set a default commodity with a `D` directive in the journal. This
will be used for any subsequent amounts with no commodity symbol,
including the commodity display settings (left or right symbol, spacing,
thousands separator, and precision.)
; default commodity: british pound, comma thousands separator, two decimal places
D £1,000.00
2010/1/1
a 2340.11 ; <- no commodity symbol, so will use the above
b
#### Default parent account
You can specify a default parent account within a section of the journal with
the `!account` directive:
!account home
2010/1/1
food $10
cash
!end
If `!end` is omitted, the effect lasts to the end of the file.
The above is equivalent to:
2010/01/01
home:food $10
home:cash $-10
Included files are also affected, eg:
!account business
!include biz.journal
!end
!account personal
!include personal.journal
!end
#### Timelog reporting
hledger will also read timelog files in timeclock.el format. As a
convenience, if you invoke hledger via an "hours" symlink or copy, it uses
your timelog file (`~/.timelog` or `$TIMELOG`) by default, rather than your
journal.
Timelog entries look like this:
i 2009/03/31 22:21:45 some:project
o 2009/04/01 02:00:34
The clockin description is treated as an account name. Here are some
queries to try (after downloading
[sample.timelog](http://joyful.com/repos/hledger/sample.timelog)):
ln -s `which hledger` ~/bin/hours # set up "hours" in your path
export TIMELOG=sample.timelog
hours # show all time balances
hours -p 'last week' # last week
hours -p thismonth # the space is optional
hours -p 'from 1/15' register project # project sessions since jan 15
hours -p 'weekly' reg --depth 1 -E # weekly time summary
This is a useful feature, if you can find a way to efficiently record
timelog entries. The "ti" and "to" scripts may be available from the c++
ledger 2.x repository. I use
[timeclock-x.el](http://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/timeclock-x.el) and
[ledgerutils.el](http://joyful.com/repos/ledgertools/ledgerutils.el) in
emacs.
### Compatibility with c++ ledger
#### Implementation
Unlike c++ ledger, hledger is written in the Haskell programming
language. Haskell enables a coding style known as pure lazy functional
programming, which holds the promise of more robust and maintainable
software built with fewer lines of code. Haskell also provides a more
abstracted, portable platform which can make deployment and installation
easier in some cases. Haskell also brings some new challenges such as
managing memory growth.
#### File format compatibility
hledger's file format is mostly identical with that of c++ ledger version
2, with some features (like modifier and periodic entries) being accepted,
but ignored. There are also some subtle differences in parser behaviour
(eg comments may be permissible in different places.) C++ ledger version 3
has introduced additional syntax, which current hledger probably fails to
parse.
Generally, it's easy to keep a journal file that works with both hledger
and c++ledger if you avoid the more esoteric syntax. Occasionally you'll
need to make small edits to restore compatibility for one or the other.
hledger does not allow separate dates for individual postings, unlike c++
ledger.
#### Features not supported
c++ ledger features not currently supported include: modifier and periodic
entries, and the following c++ ledger options and commands:
Basic options:
-o, --output FILE write output to FILE
-i, --init-file FILE initialize ledger using FILE (default: ~/.ledgerrc)
-a, --account NAME use NAME for the default account (useful with QIF)
Report filtering:
-c, --current show only current and past entries (not future)
--period-sort EXPR sort each report period's entries by EXPR
-L, --actual consider only actual (non-automated) transactions
-r, --related calculate report using related transactions
--budget generate budget entries based on periodic entries
--add-budget show all transactions plus the budget
--unbudgeted show only unbudgeted transactions
--forecast EXPR generate forecast entries while EXPR is true
-l, --limit EXPR calculate only transactions matching EXPR
-t, --amount EXPR use EXPR to calculate the displayed amount
-T, --total EXPR use EXPR to calculate the displayed total
Output customization:
-n, --collapse Only show totals in the top-most accounts.
-s, --subtotal other: show subtotals
-P, --by-payee show summarized totals by payee
-x, --comm-as-payee set commodity name as the payee, for reporting
--dow show a days-of-the-week report
-S, --sort EXPR sort report according to the value expression EXPR
-w, --wide for the default register report, use 132 columns
--head COUNT show only the first COUNT entries (negative inverts)
--tail COUNT show only the last COUNT entries (negative inverts)
--pager PAGER send all output through the given PAGER program
-A, --average report average transaction amount
-D, --deviation report deviation from the average
-%, --percentage report balance totals as a percentile of the parent
--totals in the "xml" report, include running total
-j, --amount-data print only raw amount data (useful for scripting)
-J, --total-data print only raw total data
-y, --date-format STR use STR as the date format (default: %Y/%m/%d)
-F, --format STR use STR as the format; for each report type, use:
--balance-format --register-format --print-format
--plot-amount-format --plot-total-format --equity-format
--prices-format --wide-register-format
Commodity reporting:
--price-db FILE sets the price database to FILE (def: ~/.pricedb)
-L, --price-exp MINS download quotes only if newer than MINS (def: 1440)
-Q, --download download price information when needed
-O, --quantity report commodity totals (this is the default)
-V, --market report last known market value
-g, --performance report gain/loss for each displayed transaction
-G, --gain report net gain/loss
Commands:
xml [REGEXP]... print matching entries in XML format
equity [REGEXP]... output equity entries for matching accounts
prices [REGEXP]... display price history for matching commodities
entry DATE PAYEE AMT output a derived entry, based on the arguments
#### Other differences
- hledger recognises description and negative patterns by "desc:"
and "not:" prefixes, unlike ledger 3's free-form parser
- hledger doesn't require a space before command-line option
values, eg either `-f-` or `-f -` is fine
- hledger's weekly reporting intervals always start on mondays
- hledger shows start and end dates of the intervals requested,
not just the span containing data
- hledger period expressions don't support "biweekly",
"bimonthly", or "every N days/weeks/..."
- hledger always shows timelog balances in hours
- hledger splits multi-day timelog sessions at midnight
- hledger doesn't track the value of commodities with varying
price; prices are fixed as of the transaction date
- hledger print shows amounts for all postings, and shows unit
prices for amounts which have them. (This currently means that
it does not print multi-commodity transactions in valid journal format.)
### More examples and recipes
- Here's a bash function that will run hledger chart and display
the image in your (graphical) emacs:
function chart () {
hledger chart $* && emacsclient -n hledger.png
}
Example:
$ chart food --depth 2 -p jan
### Troubleshooting
#### Installation issues
cabal builds a lot of fast-evolving software, and it's not always smooth
sailing. Here are some known issues and things to try:
- **Ask for help on [#hledger](irc://freenode.net/#hledger) or [#haskell](irc://freenode.net/#haskell).**
Eg: join the #hledger channel with your IRC client and type: "sm: I did ... and ... happened", then leave
that window open until you get helped.
- **Did you cabal update ?** If you didn't already, `cabal update` and try again.
- **Do you have a new enough version of GHC ?** hledger supports GHC 6.10
and 6.12. Building with the `-fweb` flag requires 6.12 or greater.
- **An error while building non-hledger packages.**
Resolve these problem packages one at a time. Eg, cabal install pkg1.
Look for the cause of the failure near the end of the output. If it's
not apparent, try again with `-v2` or `-v3` for more verbose output.
- **Could not run trhsx.**
You are installing with `-fweb610`, which needs to run the `trhsx` executable.
It is installed by the hsx package in `~/.cabal/bin`, which needs to be in
your path. Do something like:
$ echo 'export PATH=$PATH:~/.cabal/bin' >> ~/.bash_profile; source ~/.bash_profile
- **Could not run happy.**
A package (eg haskell-src-exts) needs to run the `happy` executable.
If not using the haskell platform, install the appropriate platform
package which provides it (eg apt-get install happy).
- **Undefined symbols: ... _iconv ...**
If cabal gives this error:
Linking dist/build/hledger/hledger ...
Undefined symbols:
"_iconv_close", referenced from:
_hs_iconv_close in libHSbase-4.2.0.2.a(iconv.o)
"_iconv", referenced from:
_hs_iconv in libHSbase-4.2.0.2.a(iconv.o)
"_iconv_open", referenced from:
_hs_iconv_open in libHSbase-4.2.0.2.a(iconv.o)
you are probably on a mac with macports libraries installed, causing
[this issue](http://hackage.haskell.org/trac/ghc/ticket/4068).
To work around temporarily, add this --extra-lib-dirs flag:
$ cabal install hledger --extra-lib-dirs=/usr/lib
or permanently, add this to ~/.cabal/config:
extra-lib-dirs: /usr/lib
- **A ghc: panic! (the 'impossible' happened)** might be
[this issue](http://hackage.haskell.org/trac/ghc/ticket/3862)
- **This package indirectly depends on multiple versions of the same package.**
You may have previously installed some of hledger's dependencies
depending on different versions of (eg) parsec. Then cabal install hledger gives
an error like this:
Warning: This package indirectly depends on multiple versions of the same
package. This is highly likely to cause a compile failure.
package yesod-0.5.0.3 requires parsec-2.1.0.1
package csv-0.1.1 requires parsec-3.1.0
...
The above example could be resolved by, eg:
$ cabal install yesod --reinstall --constraint 'parsec == 3.1.0"
- **Another error while building a hledger package.**
The current hledger release might have a coding error, or dependency
error. You could try installing the
[previous version](http://hackage.haskell.org/package/hledger):
$ cabal install hledger-0.x
or (preferably) the latest development version: install
[darcs](http://darcs.net) and then:
$ darcs get --lazy http://joyful.com/repos/hledger
$ cd hledger/hledger-lib
$ cabal install
$ cd ..
$ cabal install [-f...]
- **Do you have a new enough version of cabal-install ?**
Recent versions tend to be better at resolving dependencies. The error
`setup: failed to parse output of 'ghc-pkg dump'` is another symptom of
this. To update, do:
$ cabal update
$ cabal install cabal-install
$ cabal clean
then try installing hledger again.
- **cabal fails to resolve dependencies.**
It's possible for cabal to get confused, eg if you have
installed/updated many cabal package versions or GHC itself. You can
sometimes work around this by using cabal install's `--constraint`
option. Another (drastic) way is to purge all unnecessary package
versions by removing (or renaming) ~/.ghc, then trying cabal install
again.
#### Usage issues
Here are some issues you might encounter when you run hledger:
- **hledger: ... hGetContents: invalid argument (Illegal byte sequence)**
You may get this error when running hledger built with GHC 6.12 on a
machine using the default C locale, eg a mac:
$ locale
LANG=
LC_COLLATE="C"
LC_CTYPE="C"
LC_MESSAGES="C"
LC_MONETARY="C"
LC_NUMERIC="C"
LC_TIME="C"
LC_ALL=
if there is non-ascii text in your journal file:
$ file my.journal
.../.journal: UTF-8 Unicode C++ program text
In this case you need to set the `LANG` environment variable to a
locale suitable for the encoding shown (probably UTF-8). You
can set it temporarily when you run hledger:
$ LANG=en_US.UTF-8 hledger ...
or permanently:
$ echo "export LANG=en_US.UTF-8" >>~/.bash_profile
$ bash --login