--- title: hledger user manual --- # User manual Version: 0.20pre ## Introduction [hledger](http://hledger.org) is a program for tracking money, time, or any other commodity, using a simple, editable file format and the powerful principles of double-entry accounting. It was inspired by [ledger](http://ledger-cli.org). hledger is Free Software released under GPL version 3 or later. hledger's basic function is to read a plain text file describing (eg) financial transactions, and quickly generate useful reports via the command line. It can also help you record transactions, or (via add-ons) provide a local web interface for editing, or publish live financial data on the web. You can use it to, eg: - track spending and income - track unpaid or due invoices - track time and report by day/week/month/project - get accurate numbers for client billing and tax filing ## Installing hledger works on linux, mac and windows. You can fund ready-to-run binaries of the latest release - see the [download page](DOWNLOAD.html). Otherwise, build the latest release from Hackage using cabal-install. Ensure you have [GHC](http://hackage.haskell.org/ghc/) 7.0 or greater or the [Haskell Platform](http://hackage.haskell.org/platform/) installed, then: $ cabal update $ cabal install hledger To also install the web interface, do: $ cabal install hledger-web Then try it: $ hledger If you get "hledger not found" or similar, you should add cabal's bin directory to your PATH environment variable. Eg on unix-like systems, something like: $ echo 'export PATH=$PATH:~/cabal/bin' >> ~/.bash_profile $ source ~/.bash_profile To build the latest [development version](DEVELOPMENT.html) do: $ cabal update $ darcs get --lazy http://hub.darcs.net/simon/hledger $ cd hledger $ make install (or do cabal install inside hledger-lib/, hledger/ etc.) Some add-on packages are available on Hackage: [hledger-vty](http://hackage.haskell.org/package/hledger-vty), [hledger-chart](http://hackage.haskell.org/package/hledger-chart), [hledger-interest](http://hackage.haskell.org/package/hledger-interest). These are without an active maintainer, and/or platform-specific, so installing them may be harder. Note: to use non-ascii characters like £, you might need to [configure a suitable locale](#locale).
If you have trouble, see [Troubleshooting](#troubleshooting).
## Usage Basic usage is: $ hledger COMMAND [OPTIONS] [ARGS] Most [commands](#commands) query or operate on a [journal file](#the-journal-file), which by default is `.hledger.journal` in your home directory. You can specify a different file with the `-f` option or `LEDGER_FILE` environment variable, or standard input with `-f -`. Options are similar across most commands, with some variations; use `hledger COMMAND --help` for details. Most options must appear somewhere after COMMAND, not before it. The `-f` option can appear anywhere. Arguments are also command-specific, but usually they form a [query](#queries) which selects a subset of the journal, eg transactions in a certain account. To create an initial journal, run `hledger add` and follow the prompts to enter some transactions. Or, save this [sample file](http://hub.darcs.net/simon/hledger/data/sample.journal) as `.hledger.journal` in your home directory. Now try commands like these: $ hledger # show available commands $ hledger add # add more transactions to the journal file $ hledger balance # all accounts with aggregated balances $ hledger balance --help # show help for balance command $ hledger balance --depth 1 # only top-level accounts $ hledger register # show a register of postings from all transactions $ hledger reg income # show postings to/from income accounts $ hledger reg checking # show postings to/from checking account $ hledger reg desc:shop # show postings with shop in the description $ hledger activity # show transactions per day as a bar chart ## The journal file hledger normally reads data from a plain text file in hledger journal format. hledger can read some [other file formats](#other-file-formats) as well, but first we'll discuss hledger's journal format. Note this is compatible subset of [c++ ledger's journal format](http://ledger-cli.org/3.0/doc/ledger3.html#Journal-Format), so hledger can work with many c++ ledger journal files as well. The journal file is so called because it represents a standard accounting [general journal](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_journal). It contains a number of transaction entries, each describing a transfer of money (or any commodity) between two or more named accounts, in a simple format readable by both hledger and humans. You can use hledger without learning any more about this file; just use the [add](#add) or [web](#web) commands. Many users, though, also edit the journal file directly with a text editor, perhaps assisted by the helper modes for emacs or vi. Note the file uses unix line endings on all platforms. hledger's file format aims to be [compatible](#file-format-compatibility) with c++ ledger, so you can use both tools on your journal. Here's an example: ; A sample journal file. This is a comment. 2008/01/01 income ; <- transaction's first line starts in column 0, contains date and description assets:bank:checking $1 ; <- posting lines start with whitespace, each contains an account name income:salary $-1 ; followed by at least two spaces and an amount 2008/06/01 gift assets:bank:checking $1 ; <- at least two postings in a transaction income:gifts $-1 ; <- their amounts must balance to 0 2008/06/02 save assets:bank:saving $1 assets:bank:checking ; <- one amount may be omitted; here $-1 is inferred 2008/06/03 eat & shop ; <- description can be anything expenses:food $1 expenses:supplies $1 ; <- this transaction debits two expense accounts assets:cash ; <- $-2 inferred 2008/12/31 * pay off ; <- an optional * or ! after the date means "cleared" (or anything you want) liabilities:debts $1 assets:bank:checking ### Transactions Each transaction begins with a date in column 0, followed by an optional description, then two or more postings (of some amount to some account), each on their own line. The posting amounts within a transaction must always balance, ie add up to 0. You can leave one amount blank and it will be inferred. ### Account names Account names typically have several parts separated by a full colon, from which hledger derives a hierarchical chart of accounts. They can be anything you like, but in finance there are traditionally five top-level accounts: `assets`, `liabilities`, `income`, `expenses`, and `equity`. Account names may contain single spaces, eg: `assets:accounts receivable`. ### Amounts After the account name, separated by ***two or more*** spaces, there is usually an amount. This is a number, optionally with a currency symbol or commodity name on either the left or right. Commodity names which contain more than just letters should be enclosed in double quotes. Negative amounts usually have the minus sign next to the number: `$-1`. Or it may go before the symbol: `-$1`. hledger supports flexible decimal points and digit group separators so you can use your country's convention. Numbers can use either a period (`.`) or a comma (`,`) as decimal point. They can also have digit group separators at any position (eg thousands separators) which can be comma or period - whichever one you did not use as a decimal point. If you use digit group separators, you must also include a decimal point in at least one number in the same commodity, so that hledger knows which character is which. Eg, write `$1,000.00` or `$1.000,00`. ### Commodity display settings Based on how you format amounts, hledger will infer canonical display settings for each commodity, and use them consistently when displaying amounts in that commodity. Display settings include: - the position and spacing of the currency/commodity symbol - the digit group separator character and digit group sizes, if any - the decimal point character - the number of decimal places The canonical settings are those of the first amount seen in the commodity, with the decimal places adjusted upward to the highest precision seen in the commodity. [Default commodity](#default-commodity) directives also influence the commodity display settings (note: only if they have a commodity symbol). ### Simple dates Within a journal file, transaction dates always follow a year/month/day format, although several different separator characters are accepted. Some examples: > `2010/01/31`, `2010/1/31`, `2010-1-31`, `2010.1.31` Writing the year is optional if you set a default year with a Y directive. This is a line containing `Y` and the year; it affects subsequent transactions, like so: Y2009 12/15 ; equivalent to 2009/12/15 ... Y2010 1/31 ; equivalent to 2010/1/31 ... ### Actual & effective dates Most of the time, a simple transaction date is all you need. However real-life transactions sometimes involve more than one date. For example, you buy a movie ticket on friday with a debit card, and the transaction is charged to your bank account on monday. Or you write a cheque to someone and they deposit it weeks later. When you don't care about this, just pick one date for your journal transaction; either will do. But when you want to model reality more accurately (eg: to match your daily bank balance), write both dates, separated by an equals sign. Following ledger's convention, the *actual date* (or "bank date") goes on the left, and is used by default, the *effective date* (or "your date") goes on the right, and is used when the `--effective` flag is provided. Here are some mnemonics to prevent confusion: - ACTUAL=EFFECTIVE. The actual date is (by definition) the one on the left. A before E. - BANKDATE=MYDATE. You can usually think "actual is bank's, effective is mine". - LATER=EARLIER. The effective date is usually the chronologically earlier one. - "The cheque took EFFECT then, but ACTUALLY cleared weeks later." Example: ; ACTUAL=EFFECTIVE ; The effective date's year is optional, defaulting to the actual date's 2010/2/23=2/19 movie ticket expenses:cinema $10 assets:checking $ hledger register checking 2010/02/23 movie ticket assets:checking $-10 $-10 $ hledger register checking --effective 2010/02/19 movie ticket assets:checking $-10 $-10 ### Default commodity You can set a default commodity or currency with a D directive. This will be used for any subsequent amounts which have no commodity symbol. ; default commodity: british pound, comma thousands separator, two decimal places D £1,000.00 2010/1/1 a 2340 ; no commodity symbol, will use the above b If such an amount is the first seen in that commodity, the canonical [commodity display settings](#commodity-display-settings) will also be taken from the directive (note: only if it includes a commodity symbol). ### Prices #### Transaction prices When recording an amount, you can also record its price in another commodity. This documents an exchange rate that was applied within this transaction (or to be precise, within the posting). There are three ways to specify a transaction price: 1. Write the unit price (exchange rate) explicitly as `@ UNITPRICE` after the amount: 2009/1/1 assets:foreign currency €100 @ $1.35 ; one hundred euros at $1.35 each assets:cash 2. Or write the total price for this amount as `@@ TOTALPRICE`: 2009/1/1 assets:foreign currency €100 @@ $135 ; one hundred euros at $135 for the lot assets:cash 3. Or fully specify all posting amounts using exactly two commodities: 2009/1/1 assets:foreign currency €100 ; one hundred euros assets:cash $-135 ; exchanged for $135 You can use the `--cost/-B` flag with reporting commands to see such amounts converted to their price's commodity. Eg, using any of the above examples we get: $ hledger print --cost 2009/01/01 assets:foreign currency $135.00 assets $-135.00 #### Historical prices You can also record a series of historical prices for a commodity using P directives. Typically these are used to record daily market prices or exchange rates. ledger uses them to calculate market value with -V, but hledger currently ignores them. They look like this: ; Historical price directives look like: P DATE COMMODITYSYMBOL UNITPRICE ; These say the euro's exchange rate is $1.35 during 2009 and ; $1.40 from 2010/1/1 on. P 2009/1/1 € $1.35 P 2010/1/1 € $1.40 ### Balance Assertions ledger supports [balance assertions](http://ledger-cli.org/3.0/doc/ledger3.html#Balance-assertions): following a posting's amount, an equals sign and another amount which is the expected balance in this account at this point. hledger does not currently enforce these but will ignore them, so you can put them in your journal and test with ledger if needed. ### Fixed Lot Prices Similarly, we ignore ledger's [fixed lot prices](http://ledger-cli.org/3.0/doc/ledger3.html#Fixing-lot-prices). hledger's [prices](#transaction-prices) always work like ledger's fixed lot prices. ### Comments A semicolon in the journal file marks the start of a comment. You can write comments on their own line between transactions, like so: ; Also known as a "journal comment". Whitespace before the ; is allowed. You can also write transaction- or posting-specific comments following the transaction's first line or the posting, on the same line and/or indented on following lines. Some examples: ; a journal comment 2012/5/14 something ; and now a transaction comment ; another comment for this transaction posting1 1 ; a comment for posting 1 posting2 ; a comment for posting 2 ; another comment for posting 2 ; another journal comment (because not indented) Currently `print` preserves transaction and posting comments but not journal comments. A "tag comment" is a transaction or posting comment containing a tag, explained in the next section. ### Tags You can attach arbitrary extra data tags to transactions and postings, and then filter reports by tag (this is the same as Ledger's [metadata](http://ledger-cli.org/3.0/doc/ledger3.html#Metadata) feature, except our tag values are simple strings.) Here's how it works: each tag is a key-value pair within its own transaction or posting comment. The format is ; NAME: VALUE where NAME is a word with no spaces in it and VALUE is the rest of the line, with leading and trailing whitespace trimmed (or it can be empty). Here's an example: ; this transaction has a "purpose" tag with value "research", ; and its expenses:cinema posting has "fun" and "outing" tags 1/1 movie ticket ; purpose: research expenses:cinema $10 ; fun: ; outing: assets:checking Filtering reports by tag is work in progress. For the moment, you can match transactions' or postings' tag values by adding `tag NAME=EXACTVALUE` on the command line. ### Posting dates You can give individual postings a different date (or dates) from their parent transaction, by adding posting tags `date:ACTUALDATE` and/or `date2:EFFECTIVEDATE`. For compatibility, ledger's posting date syntax is also supported (`[ACTUALDATE]`, `[=EFFECTIVEDATE]` or `[ACTUALDATE=EFFECTIVEDATE]` in a posting comment), and treated as an alterate spelling of the date and date2 tags. ### Including other files You can pull in the content of additional journal files, by writing lines like this: !include path/to/file.journal The `!include` directive may only be used in journal files, and currently it may only include other journal files (eg, not timelog files.) ### Default parent account You can specify a parent account which will be prepended to all accounts within a section of the journal. Use the `!account` directive like so: !account home 2010/1/1 food $10 cash !end If `!end` is omitted, the effect lasts to the end of the file. The above is equivalent to: 2010/01/01 home:food $10 home:cash $-10 Included files are also affected, eg: !account business !include biz.journal !end !account personal !include personal.journal !end ### Account aliases You can define account aliases to rewrite certain account names (and their subaccounts). This tends to be a little more reliable than post-processing with sed or similar. The directive is `alias ORIG = ALIAS`, where ORIG and ALIAS are full account names. To forget all aliases defined to this point, use `end aliases`. Here's an example: say a sole proprietor has a personal.journal: 1/1 expenses:food $1 assets:cash and a business.journal: 1/1 expenses:office supplies $1 assets:business checking Here each entity has a simple journal with its own simple chart of accounts. But at tax reporting time, we need to view these as a single entity. So in unified.journal we adjust the personal account names to fit within the business chart of accounts: alias expenses = equity:draw:personal alias assets:cash = assets:personal cash include personal.journal end aliases include business.journal giving: $ hledger -f unified.journal print 2011/01/01 equity:draw:personal:food $1 assets:personal cash $-1 2011/01/01 expenses:office supplies $1 assets:business checking $-1 You can also specify aliases on the command line. This could be useful to rewrite account names when sharing a report with someone else, such as your accountant: $ hledger --alias 'my earning=income:business' Command-line alias options are applied after any alias directives in the journal. At most one alias directive and one alias option will be applied to each account name. ## Other file formats In addition to the usual [journal files](#the-journal-file), hledger can read [timelog files](#timelog-reporting). Since version 0.18, hledger can also read [CSV](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma-separated_values) files natively (previous versions provided a special `convert` command.) An arbitrary CSV file does not provide enough information to be parsed as a journal. So when reading CSV, hledger looks for an additional [rules file](#the-rules-file), which identifies the CSV fields and assigns accounts. For reading `FILE.csv`, hledger uses `FILE.csv.rules` in the same directory, auto-creating it if needed. You should configure the rules file to get the best data from your CSV file. You can specify a different rules file with `--rules-file` (useful when reading from standard input). An example - sample.csv: sample.csv: "Date","Note","Amount" "2012/3/22","TRANSFER TO SAVINGS","-10.00" "2012/3/23","SOMETHING ELSE","5.50" sample.rules: skip-lines 1 date-field 0 description-field 1 amount-field 2 currency $ base-account assets:bank:checking SAVINGS assets:bank:savings the resulting journal: $ hledger -f sample.csv print using conversion rules file sample.rules 2012/03/22 TRANSFER TO SAVINGS assets:bank:savings $10.00 assets:bank:checking $-10.00 2012/03/23 SOMETHING ELSE income:unknown $-5.50 assets:bank:checking $5.50 ### The rules file A rules file consists of the following optional directives, followed by account-assigning rules. (Tip: rules file parse errors are not the greatest, so check your rules file format if you're getting unexpected results.) `account-field` > If the CSV file contains data corresponding to several accounts (for > example - bulk export from other accounting software), the specified > field's value, if non-empty, will override the value of `base-account`. `account2-field` > If the CSV file contains fields for both accounts in the transaction, > you can use this in addition to `account-field`. If `account2-field` is > unspecified, the [account-assigning rules](#account-assigning-rules) are > used. `amount-field` > This directive specifies the CSV field containing the transaction > amount. The field may contain a simple number or an hledger-style > [amount](#amounts), perhaps with a [price](#prices). See also > `amount-in-field`, `amount-out-field`, `currency-field` and > `base-currency`. `amount-in-field` `amount-out-field` > If the CSV file uses two different columns for in and out movements, use > these directives instead of `amount-field`. Note these expect each > record to have a positive number in one of these fields and nothing in > the other. `base-account` > A default account to use in all transactions. May be overridden by > `account1-field` and `account2-field`. `base-currency` > A default currency symbol which will be prepended to all amounts. > See also `currency-field`. `code-field` > Which field contains the transaction code or check number (`(NNN)`). `currency-field` > The currency symbol in this field will be prepended to all amounts. This > overrides `base-currency`. `date-field` > Which field contains the transaction date. A number of common > four-digit-year date formats are understood by default; other formats > will require a `date-format` directive. `date-format` > This directive specifies one additional format to try when parsing the > date field, using the syntax of Haskell's > [formatTime](http://hackage.haskell.org/packages/archive/time/latest/doc/html/Data-Time-Format.html#v:formatTime). > Eg, if the CSV dates are non-padded D/M/YY, use: > > date-format %-d/%-m/%y > > Note custom date formats work best when hledger is built with version > 1.2.0.5 or greater of the [time](http://hackage.haskell.org/package/time) library. `description-field` > Which field contains the transaction's description. This can be a simple > field number, or a custom format combining multiple fields, eg: > > description-field %(1) - %(3) `effective-date-field` > Which field contains the transaction's [effective date](#actual-effective-dates). `status-field` > Which field contains the transaction cleared status (`*`). `skip-lines` > How many lines to skip in the beginning of the file, e.g. to skip a > line of column headings. Account-assigning rules select an account to transfer to based on the description field (unless `account2-field` is used.) Each account-assigning rule is a paragraph consisting of one or more case-insensitive regular expressions), one per line, followed by the account name to use when the transaction's description matches any of these patterns. Eg: WHOLE FOODS SUPERMARKET expenses:food:groceries If you want to clean up messy bank data, you can add `=` and a replacement pattern, which rewrites the matched part of the description. (To rewrite the entire description, use `.*PAT.*=REPL`). You can also refer to matched groups in the usual way with `\0` etc. Eg: BLKBSTR=BLOCKBUSTER expenses:entertainment Lines beginning with `;` or `#` are ignored - just don't use them in the middle of an account-assigning rule. ## Commands hledger provides a number of subcommands, in the style of git or darcs. Run `hledger` with no arguments to see a list. Most are built in to the core hledger package, while [add-on commands](#add-on-commands) will appear if you install additional hledger-* packages. You can also install your own subcommands by putting programs or scripts named `hledger-NAME` in your PATH. ### Misc commands Here are some miscellaneous commands you might use to get started: #### add The add command prompts interactively for new transactions, and appends them to the journal file. Each transaction is appended when you complete it by entering `.` (period) at the account prompt. Enter control-D or control-C when you are done. The add command tries to be helpful, providing: - Sensible defaults - History awareness: if there are existing transactions approximately matching the description you enter, they will be displayed and the best match will provide defaults for the other fields. If you specify a [query](#queries) on the command line, only matching transactions will be considered as history. - Readline-style input: during data entry, the usual editing keys should work. - Auto-completion for account names: while entering account names, the tab key will auto-complete as far as possible, or list the available options. - Default commodity awareness: if the journal has a [default commodity directive](#default-commodity), that will be applied to any bare numbers entered. Examples: $ hledger add $ hledger -f home.journal add equity:bob #### test This command runs hledger's built-in unit tests and displays a quick report. A pattern can be provided to filter tests by name. It's mainly used in development, but it's also nice to be able to check hledger for smoke at any time. Examples: $ hledger test $ hledger test -v balance ### Reporting commands These are the commands for querying your ledger. #### print The print command displays full transactions from the journal file, tidily formatted and showing all amounts explicitly. The output of print is always a valid hledger journal, but it might not preserve the original content absolutely intact (eg comments.) hledger's print command also shows all unit prices in effect, or (with -B/--cost) shows cost amounts. Examples: $ hledger print $ hledger print employees:bob | hledger -f- register expenses #### register The register command displays postings, one per line, and their running total. With no [query terms](#queries), this is not all that different from [print](#print): $ hledger register More typically, use it to see a specific account's activity: $ hledger register assets:bank:checking The `--depth` option limits the amount of sub-account detail displayed: $ hledger register assets:bank:checking --depth 2 With a [reporting interval](#reporting-interval) it shows aggregated summary postings within each interval: $ hledger register --monthly rent $ hledger register --monthly -E food --depth 4 #### balance The balance command displays accounts and their balances, indented to show the account hierarchy. Examples: $ hledger balance $ hledger balance food -p 'last month' A final total is displayed, use `--no-total` to suppress this. Also, the `--depth N` option shows accounts only to the specified depth, useful for an overview: $ for y in 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010; do echo; echo $y; hledger -f $y.journal balance ^expenses --depth 2; done With `--flat`, a non-hierarchical list of full account names is displayed instead. This mode shows just the accounts actually contributing to the balance, making the arithmetic a little more obvious to non-hledger users. In this mode you can also use `--drop N` to elide the first few account name components. Note `--depth` doesn't work too well with `--flat` currently; it hides deeper accounts rather than aggregating them. #### incomestatement This command displays a simple [income statement](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_statement). It currently assumes that you have top-level accounts named `income` (or `revenue`) and `expense` (plural forms also allowed.) #### balancesheet This command displays a simple [balance sheet](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_sheet). It currently assumes that you have top-level accounts named `asset`, `liability` and `equity` (plural forms also allowed.) #### cashflow This command displays a simplified [cashflow statement](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_flow_statement) (without the traditional segmentation into operating, investing, and financing cash flows.) It shows the change in all "cash" accounts for the period. It currently assumes that cash accounts are under a top-level account named `asset` and do not contain `receivable` or `A/R` (plural forms also allowed.) #### activity The activity command displays a simplistic textual bar chart showing transaction counts by day, week, month or other reporting interval. Examples: $ hledger activity -p weekly dining #### stats The stats command displays summary information for the whole journal, or a matched part of it. Examples: $ hledger stats $ hledger stats -p 'monthly in 2009' ### Add-on commands The following extra commands will be available if they have been [installed](#installing) (run `hledger` by itself to find out): #### web The web command (provided by the hledger-web package) runs a web server providing a web-based user interface ([release demo](http://demo.hledger.org), [latest demo](http://demo.hledger.org:5001)). The web UI provides reporting, including a more useful account register view, and also data entry and editing. web-specific options: --port=N serve on tcp port N (default 5000) --base-url=URL use this base url (default http://localhost:PORT) If you want to visit the web UI from other machines, you'll need to use this option to fix the hyperlinks. Just give your machine's host name or ip address instead of localhost. This option is also lets you conform to a custom url scheme when running hledger-web behind a reverse proxy as part of a larger site. Note that the PORT in the base url need not be the same as the `--port` argument. Warning: unlike other hledger commands, `web` can alter existing journal data, via the edit form. A numbered backup of the file will be saved on each edit, normally (ie if file permissions allow, disk is not full, etc.) Also, there is no built-in access control. So unless you run it behind an authenticating proxy, any visitor to your server will be able to see and overwrite the journal file (and included files.) hledger-web disallows edits which would leave the journal file not in valid [journal format](#the-journal-file). If the file becomes unparseable by other means, hledger-web will show an error until the file has been fixed. Examples: $ hledger-web $ hledger-web -E -B --depth 2 -f some.journal $ hledger-web --port 5010 --base-url http://some.vhost.com --debug #### vty The vty command (provided by the hledger-vty package) starts a simple curses-style (full-screen, text) user interface, which allows interactive navigation of the print/register/balance reports. This lets you browse around and explore your numbers quickly with less typing. vty-specific options: --debug-vty run with no terminal output, showing console Examples: $ hledger vty $ hledger vty -BE food #### chart The chart command (provided by the hledger-chart package) saves an image file, by default "hledger.png", showing a basic pie chart of your top account balances. Note that positive and negative balances will not be displayed together in the same chart; any balances not matching the sign of the first one will be ignored. chart-specific options: -o/--chart-output=IMGFILE output filename (default: hledger.png) You can specify a different output file name with -o/--output. The data currently will always be in PNG format. --chart-items=N number of accounts to show (default: 10) The number of top accounts to show (default is 10). --chart-size=WIDTHxHEIGHT image size (default: 600x400) You can adjust the image resolution with --size=WIDTHxHEIGHT (in pixels). To show only accounts above a certain depth, use the --depth option; otherwise the chart can include accounts of any depth. When a parent and child account both appear in a chart, the parent's balance will be exclusive of the child's. Examples: $ hledger chart assets --depth 2 $ hledger chart liabilities --depth 2 $ hledger chart ^expenses -o balance.png --size 1000x600 --items 20 $ for m in 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12; do hledger chart -p 2009/$m ^expenses --depth 2 -o expenses-2009$m.png --size 400x300; done ## Reporting options The following additional features and options allow for fine-grained reporting. They are common to most commands, where applicable. ### Queries Most commands accept an optional query expression, written as arguments after the command name, to filter the data (or in some cases, to modify the output). The syntax is similar to a Google search expression: one or more space-separated search terms, optional prefixes to match specific fields, quotes to enclose whitespace etc. Each query term can be any of the following: - `REGEX` - match account names by this regular expression - `acct:REGEX` - same as above - `desc:REGEX` - match transaction descriptions by regular expression - `date:PERIODEXPR` - match dates within the specified [period](#period-expressions) - `edate:PERIODEXPR` - as above, but match effective dates - `status:1` or `status:0` - match cleared/uncleared transactions - `tag:NAME[=REGEX]` - match by exact [tag](#tags) name, and optionally match the tag value by regular expression - `depth:N` - match (or display, depending on command) accounts at or above this [depth](#depth-limiting) - `not:` before any of the above negates the match Multiple query terms will select transactions/postings/accounts which match (or negatively match) > *any of the description terms AND* > *any of the account terms AND* > *all the other terms* With the [print](#print) command, they select transactions which > *match any of the description terms AND* > *have any postings matching any of the positive account terms AND* > *have no postings matching any of the negative account terms AND* > *match all the other terms* Note many of the above query terms can also be expressed as command-line flags; you can use either, or both at once. ### Smart dates Unlike the journal file, hledger's user interface accepts more flexible "smart dates", for example in the `-b` and `-e` options, period expressions, display expressions, the add command and the web add form. Smart dates allow some natural english words, will assume 1 where less-significant date parts are unspecified, and can be relative to today's date. Examples: - `2009/1/1`, `2009/01/01`, `2009-1-1`, `2009.1.1` (simple dates) - `2009/1`, `2009` (these also mean january 1, 2009) - `1/1`, `january`, `jan`, `this year` (relative dates, meaning january 1 of this year) - `next year` (january 1, next year) - `this month` (the 1st of the current month) - `this week` (the most recent monday) - `last week` (the monday of the week before this one) - `today`, `yesterday`, `tomorrow` Spaces in smart dates are optional, so eg: `-b lastmonth` is valid. ### Period expressions hledger supports flexible "period expressions" with the `-p/--period` option to select transactions within a period of time (eg in 2009) and/or with a reporting interval (eg weekly). hledger period expressions are similar but not identical to c++ ledger's. Here is a basic period expression specifying the first quarter of 2009. Note the start date is always included and the end date is always excluded: -p "from 2009/1/1 to 2009/4/1" Keywords like "from" and "to" are optional, and so are the spaces. Just don't run two dates together: -p2009/1/1to2009/4/1 -p"2009/1/1 2009/4/1" Dates are [smart dates](#smart-dates), so if the current year is 2009, the above can also be written as: -p "1/1 to 4/1" -p "january to apr" -p "this year to 4/1" If you specify only one date, the missing start or end date will be the earliest or latest transaction in your journal: -p "from 2009/1/1" (everything after january 1, 2009) -p "from 2009/1" (the same) -p "from 2009" (the same) -p "to 2009" (everything before january 1, 2009) A single date with no "from" or "to" defines both the start and end date like so: -p "2009" (the year 2009; equivalent to "2009/1/1 to 2010/1/1") -p "2009/1" (the month of jan; equivalent to "2009/1/1 to 2009/2/1") -p "2009/1/1" (just that day; equivalent to "2009/1/1 to 2009/1/2") The `-b/--begin` and `-e/--end` options may be used as a shorthand for `-p 'from ...'` and `-p 'to ...'` respectively. Note, however: a `-p/--period` option in the command line will cause any `-b`/`-e`/`-D`/`-W`/`-M`/`-Q`/`-Y` flags to be ignored. ### Reporting interval Period expressions can also begin with (or be) a reporting interval, which affects commands like [register](#register) and [activity](#activity). The reporting interval can be `daily`, `weekly`, `monthly`, `quarterly`, `yearly`, or one of the `every ...` expressions below, optionally followed by `in`. Examples: -p "weekly from 2009/1/1 to 2009/4/1" -p "monthly in 2008" -p "bimonthly from 2008" -p "quarterly" -p "every 2 weeks" -p "every 5 days from 1/3" -p "every 15th day of month" -p "every 4th day of week" A reporting interval may also be specified with the `-D/--daily`, `-W/--weekly`, `-M/--monthly`, `-Q/--quarterly`, and `-Y/--yearly` options. But as noted above, a --period option will override these. ### Display expressions Unlike a [period expression](#period-expressions), which selects the transactions to be used for calculation, a display expression (specified with `-d/--display`) selects which transactions will be displayed. This useful, say, if you want to see your checking register just for this month, but with an accurate running balance based on all transactions. Eg: $ hledger register checking --display "d>=[1]" meaning "make a register report of all checking transactions, but display only the ones with date on or after the 1st of this month." This the only kind of display expression we currently support, ie transactions before or after a given (smart) date. ### Depth limiting With the `--depth N` option, reports will show only the uppermost accounts in the account tree, down to level N. See the [balance](#balance), [register](#register) and [chart](#chart) examples. ### Timelog reporting hledger can also read time log files in (a subset of) timeclock.el's format, containing clock-in and clock-out entries like so: i 2009/03/31 22:21:45 projects:A o 2009/04/01 02:00:34 hledger treats the clock-in description ("projects:A") as an account name, and creates a virtual transaction (or several - one per day) with the appropriate amount of hours. From the time log above, hledger print gives: 2009/03/31 * 22:21-23:59 (projects:A) 1.6h 2009/04/01 * 00:00-02:00 (projects:A) 2.0h Here is a [sample.timelog](http://hub.darcs.net/simon/hledger/data/sample.timelog) to download and some queries to try: hledger -f sample.timelog balance # current time balances hledger -f sample.timelog register -p 2009/3 # sessions in march 2009 hledger -f sample.timelog register -p weekly --depth 1 --empty # time summary by week To generate time logs, ie to clock in and clock out, you could: - use emacs and the built-in timeclock.el, or the extended [timeclock-x.el](http://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/timeclock-x.el) and perhaps the extras in [ledgerutils.el](http://hub.darcs.net/simon/ledgertools/ledgerutils.el) - at the command line, use these bash aliases: alias ti="echo i `date '+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'` \$* >>$TIMELOG" alias to="echo o `date '+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'` >>$TIMELOG" - or use the old `ti` and `to` scripts in the [c++ ledger 2.x repository](https://github.com/jwiegley/ledger/tree/maint/scripts). These rely on a "timeclock" executable which I think is just the ledger 2 executable renamed. ### Custom output formats The `--format FMT` option will customize the line format of the balance command's output (only, for now). `FMT` is a C printf/strftime-style format string, with the exception that field names are enclosed in parentheses: %[-][MIN][.MAX]([FIELD]) If the minus sign is given, the text is left justified. The `MIN` field specified a minimum number of characters in width. After the value is injected into the string, spaces is added to make sure the string is at least as long as `MIN`. Similary, the `MAX` field specifies the maximum number of characters. The string will be cut if the injected string is too long. - `%-(total) ` the total of an account, left justified - `%20(total) ` The same, right justified, at least 20 chars wide - `%.20(total) ` The same, no more than 20 chars wide - `%-.20(total)` Left justified, maximum twenty chars wide The following `FIELD` types are currently supported: - `account` inserts the account name - `depth_spacer` inserts a space for each level of an account's depth. That is, if an account has two parents, this construct will insert two spaces. If a minimum width is specified, that much space is inserted for each level of depth. Thus `%5_`, for an account with four parents, will insert twenty spaces. - `total` inserts the total for the account Examples: If you want the account before the total you can use this format: $ hledger balance --format "%20(account) %-(total)" assets $-1 bank:saving $1 cash $-2 expenses $2 food $1 supplies $1 income $-2 gifts $-1 salary $-1 liabilities:debts $1 -------------------- 0 Or, if you'd like to export the balance sheet: $ hledger balance --format "%(total);%(account)" --no-total $-1;assets $1;bank:saving $-2;cash $2;expenses $1;food $1;supplies $-2;income $-1;gifts $-1;salary $1;liabilities:debts The default output format is `%20(total) %2(depth_spacer)%-(account)` ## Appendices ### Compatibility with c++ ledger hledger mimics a subset of ledger 3.x, and adds some features of its own. We currently support: - regular journal transactions - journal format (we should be able to parse most ledger journals) - timelog format - multiple commodities - prices and price history (with non-changing prices) - virtual postings - filtering by account and description - print, register & balance commands - period expressions quite similar to ledger's - display expressions containing just a simple date predicate - basic support (read: incomplete) for display formatting We do not support: - periodic and modifier transactions - fluctuating prices - display formats (actually, a small subset is supported) - budget reports And we add these commands: - add - chart - vty - web #### Implementation Unlike c++ ledger, hledger is written in the Haskell programming language. Haskell enables a coding style known as pure lazy functional programming, which holds the promise of more robust and maintainable software built with fewer lines of code. Haskell also provides a more abstracted, portable platform which can make deployment and installation easier in some cases. Haskell also brings some new challenges such as managing memory growth. #### File format compatibility hledger's file format is mostly identical with that of c++ ledger, with some features being accepted but ignored (eg, modifier entries and periodic entries). There are subtle differences in parser behaviour, eg comments may be permissible in different places. hledger does not allow separate dates for individual postings, or AMT1=AMT2 or { } syntax. Generally, it's easy to keep a journal file that works with both hledger and c++ ledger if you avoid these. Occasionally you'll need to make small adjustments to restore compatibility for one or the other. See also: [other differences](#other-differences), [usage issues](#usage-issues). #### Features not supported c++ ledger features not currently supported include: modifier and periodic entries, and the following c++ ledger options and commands: Basic options: -o, --output FILE write output to FILE -i, --init-file FILE initialize ledger using FILE (default: ~/.ledgerrc) -a, --account NAME use NAME for the default account (useful with QIF) Report filtering: -c, --current show only current and past entries (not future) --period-sort EXPR sort each report period's entries by EXPR -L, --actual consider only actual (non-automated) transactions -r, --related calculate report using related transactions --budget generate budget entries based on periodic entries --add-budget show all transactions plus the budget --unbudgeted show only unbudgeted transactions --forecast EXPR generate forecast entries while EXPR is true -l, --limit EXPR calculate only transactions matching EXPR -t, --amount EXPR use EXPR to calculate the displayed amount -T, --total EXPR use EXPR to calculate the displayed total Output customization: -n, --collapse Only show totals in the top-most accounts. -s, --subtotal other: show subtotals -P, --by-payee show summarized totals by payee -x, --comm-as-payee set commodity name as the payee, for reporting --dow show a days-of-the-week report -S, --sort EXPR sort report according to the value expression EXPR -w, --wide for the default register report, use 132 columns --head COUNT show only the first COUNT entries (negative inverts) --tail COUNT show only the last COUNT entries (negative inverts) --pager PAGER send all output through the given PAGER program -A, --average report average transaction amount -D, --deviation report deviation from the average -%, --percentage report balance totals as a percentile of the parent --totals in the "xml" report, include running total -j, --amount-data print only raw amount data (useful for scripting) -J, --total-data print only raw total data -y, --date-format STR use STR as the date format (default: %Y/%m/%d) -F, --format STR use STR as the format; for each report type, use: --balance-format --register-format --print-format --plot-amount-format --plot-total-format --equity-format --prices-format --wide-register-format Commodity reporting: --price-db FILE sets the price database to FILE (def: ~/.pricedb) -L, --price-exp MINS download quotes only if newer than MINS (def: 1440) -Q, --download download price information when needed -O, --quantity report commodity totals (this is the default) -V, --market report last known market value -g, --performance report gain/loss for each displayed transaction -G, --gain report net gain/loss Commands: xml [REGEXP]... print matching entries in XML format equity [REGEXP]... output equity entries for matching accounts prices [REGEXP]... display price history for matching commodities entry DATE PAYEE AMT output a derived entry, based on the arguments #### Other differences - hledger recognises description and negative patterns by "desc:" and "not:" prefixes, unlike ledger 3's free-form parser - hledger doesn't require a space before command-line option values, eg `-fFILE` or `-f FILE` works - hledger's weekly reporting intervals always start on mondays - hledger shows start and end dates of the intervals requested, not just the span containing data - hledger always shows timelog balances in hours - hledger splits multi-day timelog sessions at midnight - hledger doesn't track the value of commodities with varying price; prices are fixed as of the transaction date - hledger's output follows the decimal point character, digit grouping, and digit group separator character used in the journal. - hledger print shows amounts for all postings, and shows unit prices for amounts which have them. (This means that it does not currently print multi-commodity transactions in valid journal format.) - hledger print ignores the --effective flag, always showing both dates. ledger print shows only the effective date with --effective, but not vice versa. - hledger's default commodity directive (D) sets the commodity for subsequent commodityless amounts, and sets that commodity's display settings if such an amount is the first seen. ledger uses D only for commodity display settings and for the entry command. - hledger generates a description for timelog sessions, instead of taking it from the clock-out entry ### Troubleshooting Sorry you're here! There are a lot of ways things can go wrong. Here are some known issues and things to try. Please also seek [support](DEVELOPMENT.html#support) from the [IRC channel](irc://irc.freenode.net/#ledger), [mail list](http://list.hledger.org) or [bug tracker](http://bugs.hledger.org). #### Installation issues Starting from the top, consider whether each of these might apply to you. Tip: blindly reinstalling/upgrading everything in sight probably won't work, it's better to go in small steps and understand the problem, or get help. #. **Running hledger says something like No command 'hledger' found** cabal installs binaries into a special directory, which should be added to your PATH environment variable. On unix-like systems, it is ~/.cabal/bin. #. **Did you cabal update ?** If not, `cabal update` and try again. #. **Do you have a new enough version of GHC ?** Run `ghc --version`. hledger requires GHC 7.0 or greater (on [some platforms](#5551), 7.2.1 can be helpful). #. **Do you have a new enough version of cabal ?** Avoid ancient versions. `cabal --version` should report at least 0.10 (and 0.14 is much better). You may be able to upgrade it with: $ cabal update $ cabal install cabal-install-0.14 #. **Are your installed GHC/cabal packages in good repair ?** Run `ghc-pkg check`. If it reports problems, some of your packages have become inconsistent, and you should fix these first. [ghc-pkg-clean](https://gist.github.com/1185421) is an easy way. #. **cabal can't satisfy the new dependencies due to old installed packages** Cabal dependency failures become more likely as you install more packages over time. If `cabal install hledger-web --dry` says it can't satisfy dependencies, you have this problem. You can: a. try to understand which packages to remove (with `ghc-pkg unregister`) or which constraints to add (with `--constraint 'PKG == ...'`) to help cabal find a solution b. install into a fresh environment created with [virthualenv](http://hackage.haskell.org/package/virthualenv) or [cabal-dev](http://hackage.haskell.org/package/cabal-dev) c. or (easiest) erase your installed packages with [ghc-pkg-reset](https://gist.github.com/1185421) and try again. #. **Dependency or compilation error in one of the new packages ?** If cabal starts downloading and building packages and then terminates with an error, look at the output carefully and identify the problem package(s). If necessary, add `-v2` or `-v3` for more verbose output. You can install the new packages one at a time to troubleshoot, but remember cabal is smarter when installing all packages at once. Often the problem is that you need to install a particular C library using your platform's package management system. Or the dependencies specified on a package may need updating. Or there may be a compilation error. If you find an error in a hledger package, check the [recent commits](http://hub.darcs.net/simon/hledger/changes) to see if the [latest development version](#installing) might have a fix. #. **ExitFailure 11** See [http://hackage.haskell.org/trac/hackage/ticket/777](http://hackage.haskell.org/trac/hackage/ticket/777). This means that a build process has been killed, usually because it grew too large. This is common on memory-limited VPS's and with GHC 7.4.1. Look for some memory-hogging processes you can kill, increase your RAM, or limit GHC's heap size by doing `cabal install ... --ghc-options='+RTS -M400m'` (400 megabytes works well on my 1G VPS, adjust up or down..) #. **Can't load .so/.DLL for: ncursesw (/usr/lib/libncursesw.so: file too short)** (or similar): cf [GHC bug #5551](http://hackage.haskell.org/trac/ghc/ticket/5551). Upgrade GHC to 7.2.1, or try your luck with [this workaround](http://eclipsefp.github.com/faq.html). #. **Undefined iconv symbols on OS X** This kind of error: Linking dist/build/hledger/hledger ... Undefined symbols: "_iconv_close", referenced from: _hs_iconv_close in libHSbase-4.2.0.2.a(iconv.o) "_iconv", referenced from: _hs_iconv in libHSbase-4.2.0.2.a(iconv.o) "_iconv_open", referenced from: _hs_iconv_open in libHSbase-4.2.0.2.a(iconv.o) probably means you are on a mac with macports libraries installed, cf [http://hackage.haskell.org/trac/ghc/ticket/4068](http://hackage.haskell.org/trac/ghc/ticket/4068). To work around temporarily, add this --extra-lib-dirs flag: $ cabal install hledger --extra-lib-dirs=/usr/lib or permanently, add this to ~/.cabal/config: extra-lib-dirs: /usr/lib #. **hledger-vty requires curses-related libraries** On Ubuntu, eg, you'll need the `libncurses5-dev` package. On Windows, these are not available (unless perhaps via Cygwin.) #. **hledger-chart requires GTK-related libraries** On Ubuntu, eg, install the `libghc6-gtk-dev` package. See also [Gtk2Hs installation notes](http://code.haskell.org/gtk2hs/INSTALL). #### Usage issues Here are some issues you might encounter when you run hledger: 12. **hledger fails to parse some valid ledger files** See [file format compatibility](#file-format-compatibility). #. **hledger gives "Illegal byte sequence" or "Invalid or incomplete multibyte or wide character" errors** In order to handle non-ascii letters and symbols (like £), hledger needs an appropriate locale. This is usually configured system-wide; you can also configure it temporarily. The locale may need to be one that supports UTF-8, if you built hledger with GHC < 7.2 (or possibly always, I'm not sure yet). Here's an example of setting the locale temporarily, on ubuntu gnu/linux: $ file my.journal my.journal: UTF-8 Unicode text # <- the file is UTF8-encoded $ locale -a C en_US.utf8 # <- a UTF8-aware locale is available POSIX $ LANG=en_US.utf8 hledger -f my.journal print # <- use it for this command Here's one way to set it permanently, there are probably better ways: $ echo "export LANG=en_US.UTF-8" >>~/.bash_profile $ bash --login If we preferred to use eg `fr_FR.utf8`, we might have to install that first: $ apt-get install language-pack-fr $ locale -a C en_US.utf8 fr_BE.utf8 fr_CA.utf8 fr_CH.utf8 fr_FR.utf8 fr_LU.utf8 POSIX $ LANG=fr_FR.utf8 hledger -f my.journal print Note some platforms allow variant locale spellings, but not all (ubuntu accepts `fr_FR.UTF8`, mac osx requires exactly `fr_FR.UTF-8`). ### Examples and recipes - Here's a bash function that will run hledger chart and display the image in your (graphical) emacs: function chart () { hledger chart $* && emacsclient -n hledger.png } Example: $ chart food --depth 2 -p jan See also the [extra](http://hub.darcs.net/simon//hledger/extra) directory. ### Other resources - The rest of the [hledger.org](http://hledger.org) site. - The [c++ ledger site](http://ledger-cli.org) and highly informative [manual](http://ledger-cli.org/3.0/doc/ledger3.html). - [Why you need accounting](http://podcastle.org/2009/10/09/pc-miniature-38-accounting-for-dragons)