diff --git a/crates/swc/Cargo.toml b/crates/swc/Cargo.toml
index 45e25b9e12e..d5d3020fefa 100644
--- a/crates/swc/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/swc/Cargo.toml
@@ -20,12 +20,6 @@ default = ["es3"]
 # You can disable this feature to reduce binary size.
 es3 = []
 
-concurrent = [
-  "swc_ecma_utils/concurrent",
-  "swc_ecma_transforms_base/concurrent",
-  "swc_ecma_transforms_compat/concurrent",
-  "swc_ecma_transforms_optimization/concurrent",
-]
 debug = ["swc_ecma_visit/debug"]
 node = ["napi", "napi-derive"]
 plugin = ["swc_plugin_runner", "swc_plugin_proxy/plugin-rt"]
diff --git a/crates/swc/src/config/mod.rs b/crates/swc/src/config/mod.rs
index 6ab8448c2ab..ed94f543a1f 100644
--- a/crates/swc/src/config/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/swc/src/config/mod.rs
@@ -414,7 +414,10 @@ impl Options {
             const_modules,
             optimization,
             Optional::new(export_default_from(), syntax.export_default_from()),
-            Optional::new(simplifier(Default::default()), enable_simplifier),
+            Optional::new(
+                simplifier(top_level_mark, Default::default()),
+                enable_simplifier
+            ),
             json_parse_pass
         );
 
diff --git a/crates/swc_ecma_minifier/src/compress/mod.rs b/crates/swc_ecma_minifier/src/compress/mod.rs
index 314c8486159..3fdc32ddaa5 100644
--- a/crates/swc_ecma_minifier/src/compress/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/swc_ecma_minifier/src/compress/mod.rs
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ where
         as_folder(compressor),
         Optional {
             enabled: options.evaluate || options.side_effects,
-            visitor: expr_simplifier(ExprSimplifierConfig {})
+            visitor: expr_simplifier(marks.top_level_mark, ExprSimplifierConfig {})
         }
     )
 }
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ where
 
             let start_time = now();
 
-            let mut visitor = expr_simplifier(ExprSimplifierConfig {});
+            let mut visitor = expr_simplifier(self.marks.top_level_mark, ExprSimplifierConfig {});
             n.apply(&mut visitor);
 
             self.changed |= visitor.changed();
@@ -370,7 +370,7 @@ where
 
             let start_time = now();
 
-            let mut v = dead_branch_remover();
+            let mut v = dead_branch_remover(self.marks.top_level_mark);
             n.apply(&mut v);
 
             if let Some(start_time) = start_time {
diff --git a/crates/swc_ecma_minifier/src/compress/optimize/evaluate.rs b/crates/swc_ecma_minifier/src/compress/optimize/evaluate.rs
index 6a3bf957504..060bb6081e6 100644
--- a/crates/swc_ecma_minifier/src/compress/optimize/evaluate.rs
+++ b/crates/swc_ecma_minifier/src/compress/optimize/evaluate.rs
@@ -410,7 +410,9 @@ where
                             // Sign does not matter for NaN
                             *e = Expr::Ident(Ident::new(
                                 js_word!("NaN"),
-                                bin.span.with_ctxt(SyntaxContext::empty()),
+                                bin.span.with_ctxt(
+                                    SyntaxContext::empty().apply_mark(self.marks.top_level_mark),
+                                ),
                             ));
                         }
                         (FpCategory::Normal, FpCategory::Zero) => {
diff --git a/crates/swc_ecma_minifier/src/eval.rs b/crates/swc_ecma_minifier/src/eval.rs
index 55f82afec91..05256d34eea 100644
--- a/crates/swc_ecma_minifier/src/eval.rs
+++ b/crates/swc_ecma_minifier/src/eval.rs
@@ -191,7 +191,10 @@ impl Evaluator {
                     prop: prop.clone(),
                 });
 
-                e.visit_mut_with(&mut expr_simplifier(ExprSimplifierConfig {}));
+                e.visit_mut_with(&mut expr_simplifier(
+                    self.marks.top_level_mark,
+                    ExprSimplifierConfig {},
+                ));
                 return Some(Box::new(e));
             }
             _ => {}
diff --git a/crates/swc_ecma_minifier/tests/terser_exec.rs b/crates/swc_ecma_minifier/tests/terser_exec.rs
index 663e1c299af..5d78813f68a 100644
--- a/crates/swc_ecma_minifier/tests/terser_exec.rs
+++ b/crates/swc_ecma_minifier/tests/terser_exec.rs
@@ -48,8 +48,6 @@ use testing::assert_eq;
         "drop_unused/issue_1830_2/",
         "drop_unused/var_catch_toplevel/",
         "evaluate/issue_1760_1/",
-        "evaluate/prop_function/",
-        "functions/hoist_funs_strict/",
         "functions/issue_2620_4/",
         "functions/issue_3016_3/",
         "functions/issue_3076/",
@@ -82,6 +80,11 @@ fn terser_exec(input: PathBuf) {
             eprintln!("This test is not executable test");
         })?;
 
+        // Formmating
+        if input_stdout.contains("function") {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+
         let expected_src = read_to_string(&dir.join("output.terser.js")).map_err(|_| {
             eprintln!("This test does not have `output.terser.js`");
         })?;
diff --git a/crates/swc_ecma_transforms_optimization/Cargo.toml b/crates/swc_ecma_transforms_optimization/Cargo.toml
index 0d39cd295c3..7bf9d617b3b 100644
--- a/crates/swc_ecma_transforms_optimization/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/swc_ecma_transforms_optimization/Cargo.toml
@@ -15,36 +15,29 @@ bench = false
 
 [features]
 debug = []
-# Process in parallel.
-concurrent = [
-  "swc_common/concurrent",
-  "swc_ecma_utils/concurrent",
-  "swc_ecma_transforms_base/concurrent",
-  "rayon",
-]
 
 [dependencies]
 ahash = "0.7.4"
 dashmap = "5.1.0"
 indexmap = "1.6.1"
 once_cell = "1.10.0"
-rayon = { version = "1.5.1", optional = true }
+rayon = {version = "1.5.1", optional = true}
 serde_json = "1.0.61"
-swc_atoms = { version = "0.2", path = "../swc_atoms" }
-swc_common = { version = "0.17.23", path = "../swc_common" }
-swc_ecma_ast = { version = "0.76.0", path = "../swc_ecma_ast" }
-swc_ecma_parser = { version = "0.102.0", path = "../swc_ecma_parser" }
-swc_ecma_transforms_base = { version = "0.79.0", path = "../swc_ecma_transforms_base" }
-swc_ecma_transforms_macros = { version = "0.3.0", path = "../swc_ecma_transforms_macros" }
-swc_ecma_utils = { version = "0.82.0", path = "../swc_ecma_utils" }
-swc_ecma_visit = { version = "0.62.0", path = "../swc_ecma_visit" }
+swc_atoms = {version = "0.2", path = "../swc_atoms"}
+swc_common = {version = "0.17.23", path = "../swc_common"}
+swc_ecma_ast = {version = "0.76.0", path = "../swc_ecma_ast"}
+swc_ecma_parser = {version = "0.102.0", path = "../swc_ecma_parser"}
+swc_ecma_transforms_base = {version = "0.79.0", path = "../swc_ecma_transforms_base"}
+swc_ecma_transforms_macros = {version = "0.3.0", path = "../swc_ecma_transforms_macros"}
+swc_ecma_utils = {version = "0.82.0", path = "../swc_ecma_utils"}
+swc_ecma_visit = {version = "0.62.0", path = "../swc_ecma_visit"}
 tracing = "0.1.32"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-swc_ecma_transforms_compat = { version = "0.93.0", path = "../swc_ecma_transforms_compat" }
-swc_ecma_transforms_module = { version = "0.106.0", path = "../swc_ecma_transforms_module" }
-swc_ecma_transforms_proposal = { version = "0.101.0", path = "../swc_ecma_transforms_proposal" }
-swc_ecma_transforms_react = { version = "0.108.0", path = "../swc_ecma_transforms_react" }
-swc_ecma_transforms_testing = { version = "0.81.0", path = "../swc_ecma_transforms_testing" }
-swc_ecma_transforms_typescript = { version = "0.111.0", path = "../swc_ecma_transforms_typescript" }
-testing = { version = "0.19.0", path = "../testing" }
+swc_ecma_transforms_compat = {version = "0.93.0", path = "../swc_ecma_transforms_compat"}
+swc_ecma_transforms_module = {version = "0.106.0", path = "../swc_ecma_transforms_module"}
+swc_ecma_transforms_proposal = {version = "0.101.0", path = "../swc_ecma_transforms_proposal"}
+swc_ecma_transforms_react = {version = "0.108.0", path = "../swc_ecma_transforms_react"}
+swc_ecma_transforms_testing = {version = "0.81.0", path = "../swc_ecma_transforms_testing"}
+swc_ecma_transforms_typescript = {version = "0.111.0", path = "../swc_ecma_transforms_typescript"}
+testing = {version = "0.19.0", path = "../testing"}
diff --git a/crates/swc_ecma_transforms_optimization/src/lib.rs b/crates/swc_ecma_transforms_optimization/src/lib.rs
index 060837e5da9..d6ae505e4ff 100644
--- a/crates/swc_ecma_transforms_optimization/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/swc_ecma_transforms_optimization/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #![deny(clippy::all)]
+#![deny(unused)]
 
 pub use self::{
     const_modules::const_modules,
@@ -11,4 +12,3 @@ mod const_modules;
 mod inline_globals;
 mod json_parse;
 pub mod simplify;
-mod util;
diff --git a/crates/swc_ecma_transforms_optimization/src/simplify/branch/mod.rs b/crates/swc_ecma_transforms_optimization/src/simplify/branch/mod.rs
index 0f3714a1de4..4ff16528bb8 100644
--- a/crates/swc_ecma_transforms_optimization/src/simplify/branch/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/swc_ecma_transforms_optimization/src/simplify/branch/mod.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use swc_atoms::js_word;
 use swc_common::{
     pass::{CompilerPass, Repeated},
     util::{move_map::MoveMap, take::Take},
-    Spanned, DUMMY_SP,
+    Mark, Spanned, DUMMY_SP,
 };
 use swc_ecma_ast::*;
 use swc_ecma_transforms_base::pass::RepeatedJsPass;
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ mod tests;
 /// Not intended for general use. Use [simplifier] instead.
 ///
 /// Ported from `PeepholeRemoveDeadCode` of google closure compiler.
-pub fn dead_branch_remover() -> impl RepeatedJsPass + VisitMut + 'static {
+pub fn dead_branch_remover(_top_level_mark: Mark) -> impl RepeatedJsPass + VisitMut + 'static {
     as_folder(Remover::default())
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/swc_ecma_transforms_optimization/src/simplify/branch/tests.rs b/crates/swc_ecma_transforms_optimization/src/simplify/branch/tests.rs
index 65cc93a196c..4ebba8945f1 100644
--- a/crates/swc_ecma_transforms_optimization/src/simplify/branch/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/swc_ecma_transforms_optimization/src/simplify/branch/tests.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-use swc_common::chain;
+use swc_common::{chain, Mark};
+use swc_ecma_transforms_base::resolver::resolver_with_mark;
 
 use super::{super::expr_simplifier, dead_branch_remover};
 
@@ -6,7 +7,15 @@ macro_rules! test_stmt {
     ($l:expr, $r:expr) => {
         swc_ecma_transforms_testing::test_transform(
             ::swc_ecma_parser::Syntax::default(),
-            |_| chain!(expr_simplifier(Default::default()), dead_branch_remover()),
+            |_| {
+                let top_level_mark = Mark::fresh(Mark::root());
+
+                chain!(
+                    resolver_with_mark(top_level_mark),
+                    expr_simplifier(top_level_mark, Default::default()),
+                    dead_branch_remover(top_level_mark)
+                )
+            },
             $l,
             $r,
             true,
diff --git a/crates/swc_ecma_transforms_optimization/src/simplify/dce/mod.rs b/crates/swc_ecma_transforms_optimization/src/simplify/dce/mod.rs
index 497a26863a0..207d7413b51 100644
--- a/crates/swc_ecma_transforms_optimization/src/simplify/dce/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/swc_ecma_transforms_optimization/src/simplify/dce/mod.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,5 @@
 use std::borrow::Cow;
-#[cfg(feature = "concurrent")]
-use std::sync::Arc;
 
-#[cfg(feature = "concurrent")]
-use rayon::prelude::*;
 use swc_common::{
     collections::{AHashMap, AHashSet},
     pass::{CompilerPass, Repeated},
@@ -19,8 +15,6 @@ use swc_ecma_visit::{
 };
 use tracing::{debug, span, trace, Level};
 
-use crate::util::Readonly;
-
 /// Note: This becomes parallel if `concurrent` feature is enabled.
 pub fn dce(config: Config) -> impl Fold + VisitMut + Repeated + CompilerPass {
     as_folder(TreeShaker {
@@ -28,7 +22,6 @@ pub fn dce(config: Config) -> impl Fold + VisitMut + Repeated + CompilerPass {
         changed: false,
         pass: 0,
         data: Default::default(),
-        par_depth: 0,
     })
 }
 
@@ -46,11 +39,7 @@ struct TreeShaker {
     config: Config,
     changed: bool,
     pass: u16,
-    data: Readonly<Data>,
-
-    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "concurrent"), allow(dead_code))]
-    /// Used to avoid cost of being overly parallel.
-    par_depth: u16,
+    data: Data,
 }
 
 impl CompilerPass for TreeShaker {
@@ -220,41 +209,12 @@ impl Repeated for TreeShaker {
 }
 
 impl TreeShaker {
-    fn visit_maybe_par_stmt_likes<T>(&mut self, stmts: &mut Vec<T>)
-    where
-        T: StmtLike + ModuleItemLike + VisitMutWith<Self> + Send + Sync,
-        Vec<T>: VisitMutWith<Self>,
-    {
-        #[cfg(feature = "concurrent")]
-        if self.par_depth < 2 {
-            let changed = stmts
-                .par_iter_mut()
-                .map(|s| {
-                    let mut v = TreeShaker {
-                        config: self.config,
-                        changed: false,
-                        pass: self.pass,
-                        data: Arc::clone(&self.data),
-                        par_depth: self.par_depth + 1,
-                    };
-                    s.visit_mut_with(&mut v);
-
-                    v.changed
-                })
-                .reduce(|| false, |a, b| a || b);
-            self.changed |= changed;
-            return;
-        }
-
-        stmts.visit_mut_children_with(self);
-    }
-
     fn visit_mut_stmt_likes<T>(&mut self, stmts: &mut Vec<T>)
     where
         T: StmtLike + ModuleItemLike + VisitMutWith<Self> + Send + Sync,
         Vec<T>: VisitMutWith<Self>,
     {
-        self.visit_maybe_par_stmt_likes(stmts);
+        stmts.visit_mut_children_with(self);
 
         stmts.retain(|s| match s.as_stmt() {
             Some(Stmt::Empty(..)) => false,
@@ -423,7 +383,7 @@ impl VisitMut for TreeShaker {
             };
             m.visit_with(&mut analyzer);
         }
-        self.data = data.into();
+        self.data = data;
         trace!("Used = {:?}", self.data.used_names);
 
         m.visit_mut_children_with(self);
diff --git a/crates/swc_ecma_transforms_optimization/src/simplify/expr/mod.rs b/crates/swc_ecma_transforms_optimization/src/simplify/expr/mod.rs
index 367f5a76b17..047f8efac72 100644
--- a/crates/swc_ecma_transforms_optimization/src/simplify/expr/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/swc_ecma_transforms_optimization/src/simplify/expr/mod.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use swc_atoms::{js_word, JsWord};
 use swc_common::{
     pass::{CompilerPass, Repeated},
     util::take::Take,
-    Span, Spanned, DUMMY_SP,
+    Mark, Span, Spanned, SyntaxContext, DUMMY_SP,
 };
 use swc_ecma_ast::{Ident, Lit, *};
 use swc_ecma_transforms_base::{ext::ExprRefExt, pass::RepeatedJsPass};
@@ -35,7 +35,10 @@ pub struct Config {}
 /// Not intended for general use. Use [simplifier] instead.
 ///
 /// Ported from `PeepholeFoldConstants` of google closure compiler.
-pub fn expr_simplifier(config: Config) -> impl RepeatedJsPass + VisitMut + 'static {
+pub fn expr_simplifier(
+    top_level_mark: Mark,
+    config: Config,
+) -> impl RepeatedJsPass + VisitMut + 'static {
     as_folder(SimplifyExpr {
         config,
         changed: false,
@@ -43,12 +46,15 @@ pub fn expr_simplifier(config: Config) -> impl RepeatedJsPass + VisitMut + 'stat
         is_arg_of_update: false,
         is_modifying: false,
         in_callee: false,
+        top_level_ctxt: SyntaxContext::empty().apply_mark(top_level_mark),
     })
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 struct SimplifyExpr {
+    top_level_ctxt: SyntaxContext,
     config: Config,
+
     changed: bool,
     /// Uninitialized variables.
     vars: Vec<VarDeclarator>,
@@ -1278,6 +1284,7 @@ impl VisitMut for SimplifyExpr {
 
     fn visit_mut_module_items(&mut self, n: &mut Vec<ModuleItem>) {
         let mut child = SimplifyExpr {
+            top_level_ctxt: self.top_level_ctxt,
             config: self.config,
             changed: Default::default(),
             vars: Default::default(),
@@ -1415,6 +1422,7 @@ impl VisitMut for SimplifyExpr {
 
     fn visit_mut_stmts(&mut self, n: &mut Vec<Stmt>) {
         let mut child = SimplifyExpr {
+            top_level_ctxt: self.top_level_ctxt,
             config: self.config,
             changed: Default::default(),
             vars: Default::default(),
diff --git a/crates/swc_ecma_transforms_optimization/src/simplify/expr/tests.rs b/crates/swc_ecma_transforms_optimization/src/simplify/expr/tests.rs
index 8856de9aeae..2dbb80fe276 100644
--- a/crates/swc_ecma_transforms_optimization/src/simplify/expr/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/swc_ecma_transforms_optimization/src/simplify/expr/tests.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+use swc_common::{chain, Mark};
+use swc_ecma_transforms_base::resolver::resolver_with_mark;
 use swc_ecma_transforms_testing::test_transform;
 
 use super::expr_simplifier;
@@ -5,7 +7,14 @@ use super::expr_simplifier;
 fn fold(src: &str, expected: &str) {
     test_transform(
         ::swc_ecma_parser::Syntax::default(),
-        |_| expr_simplifier(Default::default()),
+        |_| {
+            let top_level_mark = Mark::fresh(Mark::root());
+
+            chain!(
+                resolver_with_mark(top_level_mark),
+                expr_simplifier(top_level_mark, Default::default())
+            )
+        },
         src,
         expected,
         true,
diff --git a/crates/swc_ecma_transforms_optimization/src/simplify/mod.rs b/crates/swc_ecma_transforms_optimization/src/simplify/mod.rs
index f3054bb6cc1..f5f064cc813 100644
--- a/crates/swc_ecma_transforms_optimization/src/simplify/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/swc_ecma_transforms_optimization/src/simplify/mod.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 //! Ported from closure compiler.
-use swc_common::{chain, pass::Repeat};
+use swc_common::{chain, pass::Repeat, Mark};
 use swc_ecma_transforms_base::pass::RepeatedJsPass;
 
 pub use self::{
@@ -22,11 +22,11 @@ pub struct Config {
 
 /// Performs simplify-expr, inlining, remove-dead-branch and dce until nothing
 /// changes.
-pub fn simplifier(c: Config) -> impl RepeatedJsPass {
+pub fn simplifier(top_level_mark: Mark, c: Config) -> impl RepeatedJsPass {
     Repeat::new(chain!(
-        expr_simplifier(c.expr),
+        expr_simplifier(top_level_mark, c.expr),
         inlining::inlining(c.inlining),
-        dead_branch_remover(),
+        dead_branch_remover(top_level_mark),
         dce::dce(c.dce)
     ))
 }
diff --git a/crates/swc_ecma_transforms_optimization/src/util.rs b/crates/swc_ecma_transforms_optimization/src/util.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 21ee2b97878..00000000000
--- a/crates/swc_ecma_transforms_optimization/src/util.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-use std::ops::Deref;
-
-#[cfg(feature = "concurrent")]
-pub(crate) type Readonly<T> = std::sync::Arc<T>;
-
-#[cfg(not(feature = "concurrent"))]
-#[derive(Default)]
-pub(crate) struct Readonly<T>(T);
-
-#[cfg(not(feature = "concurrent"))]
-impl<T> Deref for Readonly<T> {
-    type Target = T;
-
-    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
-        &self.0
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(not(feature = "concurrent"))]
-impl<T> From<T> for Readonly<T> {
-    fn from(v: T) -> Self {
-        Self(v)
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/swc_ecma_transforms_optimization/tests/fixture.rs b/crates/swc_ecma_transforms_optimization/tests/fixture.rs
index 5754bd84c6f..0ee79720419 100644
--- a/crates/swc_ecma_transforms_optimization/tests/fixture.rs
+++ b/crates/swc_ecma_transforms_optimization/tests/fixture.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
-use swc_common::{chain, pass::Repeat};
+use swc_common::{chain, pass::Repeat, Mark};
 use swc_ecma_parser::{EsConfig, Syntax};
 use swc_ecma_transforms_base::fixer::paren_remover;
 use swc_ecma_transforms_optimization::simplify::{dce::dce, expr_simplifier};
@@ -67,7 +67,14 @@ fn expr(input: PathBuf) {
         Syntax::Es(EsConfig {
             ..Default::default()
         }),
-        &|t| chain!(remover(t), Repeat::new(expr_simplifier(Default::default()))),
+        &|t| {
+            let top_level_mark = Mark::fresh(Mark::root());
+
+            chain!(
+                remover(t),
+                Repeat::new(expr_simplifier(top_level_mark, Default::default()))
+            )
+        },
         &input,
         &output,
     );
diff --git a/crates/swc_ecma_transforms_optimization/tests/simplify.rs b/crates/swc_ecma_transforms_optimization/tests/simplify.rs
index ffa3f4394e7..4494623af21 100644
--- a/crates/swc_ecma_transforms_optimization/tests/simplify.rs
+++ b/crates/swc_ecma_transforms_optimization/tests/simplify.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
 //! Copied from PeepholeIntegrationTest from the google closure compiler.
 
+#![deny(warnings)]
+
 use std::{cell::RefCell, rc::Rc};
 
 use swc_common::{chain, pass::Repeat, Mark};
 use swc_ecma_parser::{EsConfig, Syntax, TsConfig};
-use swc_ecma_transforms_base::{
-    helpers::inject_helpers,
-    resolver::{resolver, resolver_with_mark},
-};
+use swc_ecma_transforms_base::{helpers::inject_helpers, resolver::resolver_with_mark};
 use swc_ecma_transforms_compat::{es2015, es2016, es2017, es2018, es2022::class_properties, es3};
 use swc_ecma_transforms_module::{
     common_js::common_js, import_analysis::import_analyzer, util::Scope,
@@ -22,7 +21,14 @@ use swc_ecma_transforms_typescript::strip;
 fn test(src: &str, expected: &str) {
     test_transform(
         ::swc_ecma_parser::Syntax::default(),
-        |_| chain!(resolver(), simplifier(Default::default())),
+        |_| {
+            let top_level_mark = Mark::fresh(Mark::root());
+
+            chain!(
+                resolver_with_mark(top_level_mark),
+                simplifier(top_level_mark, Default::default())
+            )
+        },
         src,
         expected,
         true,
@@ -37,7 +43,14 @@ macro_rules! to {
     ($name:ident, $src:expr, $expected:expr) => {
         test!(
             Default::default(),
-            |_| chain!(resolver(), simplifier(Default::default())),
+            |_| {
+                let top_level_mark = Mark::fresh(Mark::root());
+
+                chain!(
+                    resolver_with_mark(top_level_mark),
+                    simplifier(top_level_mark, Default::default())
+                )
+            },
             $name,
             $src,
             $expected
@@ -549,14 +562,14 @@ test!(
         ..Default::default()
     }),
     |t| {
-        let mark = Mark::fresh(Mark::root());
+        let top_level_mark = Mark::fresh(Mark::root());
         let scope = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Scope::default()));
         chain!(
             decorators(Default::default()),
-            resolver_with_mark(mark),
-            strip(mark),
+            resolver_with_mark(top_level_mark),
+            strip(top_level_mark),
             class_properties(Some(t.comments.clone()), Default::default()),
-            simplifier(Default::default()),
+            simplifier(top_level_mark, Default::default()),
             es2018(Default::default()),
             es2017(Default::default()),
             es2016(),
@@ -590,7 +603,11 @@ _foo.default.bar = true;
 
 test!(
     Syntax::default(),
-    |_| expr_simplifier(Default::default()),
+    |_| {
+        let top_level_mark = Mark::fresh(Mark::root());
+
+        expr_simplifier(top_level_mark, Default::default())
+    },
     issue_1619_1,
     r#"
     "use strict";
@@ -607,7 +624,11 @@ test!(
 
 test!(
     Syntax::default(),
-    |_| dead_branch_remover(),
+    |_| {
+        let top_level_mark = Mark::fresh(Mark::root());
+
+        dead_branch_remover(top_level_mark)
+    },
     issue_2466_1,
     "
     const X = {
@@ -633,7 +654,11 @@ test!(
 
 test!(
     Syntax::default(),
-    |_| dead_branch_remover(),
+    |_| {
+        let top_level_mark = Mark::fresh(Mark::root());
+
+        dead_branch_remover(top_level_mark)
+    },
     issue_4272,
     "
     function oe() {
@@ -651,10 +676,17 @@ test!(
 
 test!(
     Syntax::default(),
-    |_| chain!(
-        resolver(),
-        Repeat::new(chain!(inlining(Default::default()), dead_branch_remover()))
-    ),
+    |_| {
+        let top_level_mark = Mark::fresh(Mark::root());
+
+        chain!(
+            resolver_with_mark(top_level_mark),
+            Repeat::new(chain!(
+                inlining(Default::default()),
+                dead_branch_remover(top_level_mark)
+            ))
+        )
+    },
     issue_4173,
     "
 function emit(type) {
diff --git a/crates/swc_node_bundler/src/loaders/swc.rs b/crates/swc_node_bundler/src/loaders/swc.rs
index cb0fa1172e3..9a9cd5f0a8a 100644
--- a/crates/swc_node_bundler/src/loaders/swc.rs
+++ b/crates/swc_node_bundler/src/loaders/swc.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ use swc_common::{
     comments::SingleThreadedComments,
     errors::{Handler, HANDLER},
     sync::Lrc,
-    FileName, DUMMY_SP,
+    FileName, Mark, DUMMY_SP,
 };
 use swc_ecma_ast::{EsVersion, Expr, Lit, Module, Program, Str};
 use swc_ecma_parser::{parse_file_as_module, Syntax};
@@ -24,8 +24,9 @@ use swc_ecma_transforms::{
         simplify::{dead_branch_remover, expr_simplifier},
     },
     pass::noop,
+    resolver_with_mark,
 };
-use swc_ecma_visit::FoldWith;
+use swc_ecma_visit::{FoldWith, VisitMutWith};
 
 use crate::loaders::json::load_json_as_module;
 
@@ -164,14 +165,17 @@ impl SwcLoader {
 
             helpers::HELPERS.set(&helpers, || {
                 HANDLER.set(handler, || {
-                    let program = program.fold_with(&mut inline_globals(
+                    let mut program = program.fold_with(&mut inline_globals(
                         self.env_map(),
                         Default::default(),
                         Default::default(),
                     ));
-                    let program = program.fold_with(&mut expr_simplifier(Default::default()));
+                    let top_level_mark = Mark::fresh(Mark::root());
+                    program.visit_mut_with(&mut resolver_with_mark(top_level_mark));
+                    let program =
+                        program.fold_with(&mut expr_simplifier(top_level_mark, Default::default()));
 
-                    program.fold_with(&mut dead_branch_remover())
+                    program.fold_with(&mut dead_branch_remover(top_level_mark))
                 })
             })
         } else {
@@ -235,13 +239,16 @@ impl SwcLoader {
 
                 helpers::HELPERS.set(&helpers, || {
                     HANDLER.set(handler, || {
-                        let program = program.fold_with(&mut inline_globals(
+                        let mut program = program.fold_with(&mut inline_globals(
                             self.env_map(),
                             Default::default(),
                             Default::default(),
                         ));
-                        let program = program.fold_with(&mut expr_simplifier(Default::default()));
-                        let program = program.fold_with(&mut dead_branch_remover());
+                        let top_level_mark = Mark::fresh(Mark::root());
+                        program.visit_mut_with(&mut resolver_with_mark(top_level_mark));
+                        let program = program
+                            .fold_with(&mut expr_simplifier(top_level_mark, Default::default()));
+                        let program = program.fold_with(&mut dead_branch_remover(top_level_mark));
 
                         program.fold_with(&mut pass)
                     })