simulacrum

Type classes rock. Alas, their encoding in Scala requires a lot of boilerplate, which doesn't rock. There is inconsistency between projects, where type classes are encoded differently. There is inconsistency within projects, where object-oriented forwarders (aka. ops, syntax) accidentally differ in exact parameter lists or forwarders are missing where they are expected to be. Even in disciplined teams, the bike-shedding opportunities alone are a source of lost productivity.

This project addresses these concerns by introducing first class support for type classes in Scala 2.11. For example:

import simulacrum._

@typeclass trait Semigroup[A] {
  @op("|+|") def append(x: A, y: A): A
}

Given this definition, something similar to the following is generated at compile time:

trait Semigroup[A] {
  def append(x: A, y: A): A
}

object Semigroup {
  def apply[A](implicit instance: Semigroup[A]): Semigroup[A] = instance

  trait Ops[A] {
    def typeClassInstance: Semigroup[A]
    def self: A
    def |+|(y: A): A = typeClassInstance.append(self, y)
  }

  trait ToSemigroupOps {
    implicit def toSemigroupOps[A](target: A)(implicit tc: Semigroup[A]): Ops[A] = new Ops[A] {
      val self = target
      val typeClassInstance = tc
    }
  }

  object nonInheritedOps extends ToSemigroupOps

  trait AllOps[A] extends Ops[A] {
    def typeClassInstance: Semigroup[A]
  }

  object ops {
    implicit def toAllSemigroupOps[A](target: A)(implicit tc: Semigroup[A]): AllOps[A] = new AllOps[A] {
      val self = target
      val typeClassInstance = tc
    }
  }
}

The Ops trait contains extension methods for a value of type A for which there's a Semigroup[A] instance available. The ToSemigroupOps trait contains an implicit conversion from an A to an Ops[A]. The ToSemigroupOps trait can be mixed in to a class in order to get access to the extension methods. It can also be mixed in to an object, along with other ToXyzOps traits, in order to provide a single mass import object.

The AllOps trait mixes in Ops along with the AllOps traits of all super types. In this example, there are no super types, but we'll look at such an example soon. Finally, the ops object provides an implicit conversion that can be directly imported in order to use the extension methods.

implicit val semigroupInt: Semigroup[Int] = new Semigroup[Int] {
  def append(x: Int, y: Int) = x + y
}

import Semigroup.ops._
1 |+| 2 // 3

Subtyping of type classes is supported. For example:

@typeclass trait Monoid[A] extends Semigroup[A] {
  def id: A
}

Generates:

trait Monoid[A] extends Semigroup[A] {
  def id: A
}

object Monoid {
  def apply[A](implicit instance: Monoid[A]): Monoid[A] = instance

  trait Ops[A] {
    def typeClassInstance: Monoid[A]
    def self: A
  }

  trait ToMonoidOps {
    implicit def toMonoidOps[A](target: A)(implicit tc: Monoid[A]): Ops[A] = new Ops[A] {
      val self = target
      val typeClassInstance = tc
    }
  }

  trait AllOps[A] extends Ops[A] with Semigroup.AllOps[A] {
    def typeClassInstance: Monoid[A]
  }

  object ops {
    implicit def toAllMonoidOps[A](target: A)(implicit tc: Monoid[A]): AllOps[A] = new AllOps[A] {
      val self = target
      val typeClassInstance = tc
    }
  }
}

In this example, the id method was not lifted to the Ops trait because it is not an extension method for an A value. Even though there were no such methods, an empty Ops trait was still generated. This is important for various subtyping scenarios as they relate to separate compilation.

Higher kinds are also supported -- specifically, type classes that are polymorphic over type constructors, like Functor. The current implementation only supports unary type constructors, but support for binary type constructors is planned.

This allows usage like:

See the examples for more.

Usage

The generated code supports two modes of method extension. Consider the case of the Monad typeclass: it is a subtype of Applicative which is, itself, a subtype of Functor. After extending our monad with the Monad trait, we need to bring our implicits into scope.

/**
 * We can simply import the contents of Monad's ops
 *  object to get it and all ancestor methods:
 */
import Monad.ops._

/**
 * Alternatively, we can use the ToMonadOps trait
 *  to mixin just the operations we want:
 */
object NoMapForMonad extends ToMonadOps with ToApplicativeOps {}
import NoMapForMonad._

Note that the second approach will not include the map operation of its grandparent type, Functor. The benefit of this second approach is that a collection of method extensions can be brought into scope all at once. Indeed, the typeclasses of operations imported in this second fashion need not be related.

Including Simulacrum

This project supports Scala 2.11, 2.12, and 2.13. The project is based on macro paradise. To use the project, add the following to your build.sbt:

libraryDependencies += "org.typelevel" %% "simulacrum" % "1.0.0"

// For Scala 2.11-2.12
addCompilerPlugin("org.scalamacros" % "paradise" % "2.1.0" cross CrossVersion.full)

// For Scala 2.13+
scalacOptions += "-Ymacro-annotations"

Macro paradise must exist in projects which use @typeclass, but code that depends on the generated type classes do not need macro paradise.

Feedback is much appreciated. The generated code is a result of working with project leads of a variety of open source projects that use type classes. However, there's certainly room for improvement, so please open issues or PRs containing feedback.

Known Limitations

• Only type classes that abstract over a proper type or a unary type constructor are currently supported. This will be extended to binary type constructors in the future, and perhaps n-ary type constructors.
• When defining a type class as a subtype of another type class, and defining an abstract member of the super type concretely in the sub type, the override keyword must be used. For example, defining map in terms of flatMap requires override def map[A, B](...).
• See the GitHub issues list for other known limitations and please open issues for any other limitations you encounter. If you suspect a problem, it may be helpful to run with the simulacrum.trace system property (e.g., sbt -Dsimulacrum.trace compile), which adds a significant amount of logging to the compiler output.

Code of Conduct

See the Code of Conduct.