diff --git a/nock-d-inline.rkt b/nock-d-inline.rkt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..01838f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nock-d-inline.rkt
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+#lang racket
+
+(require rackunit)
+
+(define (nock-noun subject formula gates err-k trace)
+ (match formula
+  ([cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d)]
+   (cons (nock-noun subject (cons b c) gates err-k trace) (nock-noun subject d gates err-k trace)))
+  ([cons 0 (var b)]
+   (nock-tree-find subject b err-k trace))
+  ([cons 1 (var b)]
+   b)
+  ([cons 2 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun (nock-noun subject b gates err-k trace) (nock-noun subject c gates err-k trace) gates err-k trace))
+  ([cons 3 (var b)]
+   (if (pair? (nock-noun subject b gates err-k trace)) 0 1))
+  ([cons 4 (var b)]
+   (+ 1 (nock-noun subject b gates err-k trace)))
+  ([cons 5 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (if (eqv? (nock-noun subject b gates err-k trace) (nock-noun subject c gates err-k trace)) 0 1))
+  ([cons 6 (cons (var b) (cons (var c) (var d)))]
+   (let
+    [(test (nock-noun subject b gates err-k trace))]
+   (if (= 0 test)
+    (nock-noun subject c gates err-k trace)
+    (if (= 1 test)
+     (nock-noun subject d gates err-k trace)
+     (err-k (cons 2 trace))))))
+  ([cons 7 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun (nock-noun subject b gates err-k trace) c gates err-k trace))
+  ([cons 8 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun (cons (nock-noun subject b gates err-k trace) subject) c gates err-k trace))
+  ([cons 9 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (let
+    ([core (nock-noun subject c gates err-k trace)])
+    (nock-noun core (nock-tree-find core b err-k trace) gates err-k trace)))
+  ([cons 10 (cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d))]
+   (nock-tree-edit (nock-noun subject c gates err-k trace) b (nock-noun subject d gates err-k trace) err-k trace))
+  ([cons 11 (cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d))]
+   (let
+    [(clue (nock-noun subject c))]
+     (if (member b (list (tas "hunk") (tas "hand") (tas "lose") (tas "mean") (tas "spot")))
+      (nock-noun subject d gates err-k (cons (cons b clue) trace))
+      (nock-noun subject d gates err-k trace))))
+  ([cons 11 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun subject c gates err-k trace))
+  ([cons 12 (cons (var ref) (var path))]
+   (let*
+    [(ref (nock-noun subject ref gates err-k trace))
+     (path (nock-noun subject path gates err-k trace))
+     (gate (car (car gates)))
+     (outer-err-k err-k)
+     (err-k (car (cdr (car gates))))
+     (trace (cdr (cdr (car gates))))
+     (outer-trace trace)
+     (gates (cdr gates))
+     (core (cons (car gate) (cons (cons ref path) (cdr (cdr gate)))))
+     (result (nock-noun core (car core) gates err-k trace))]
+    (if (equal? 0 result)
+     ; ~
+     (outer-err-k (cons 1 (cdr path)))
+     (if (equal? 0 (car result))
+      (outer-err-k (cons 2 (cons (cons (tas "hunk") (cons ref path)) outer-trace))) 
+      (cdr (cdr result))))))))
+
+(define nock-tree-find
+  (lambda (tree address err-k trace)
+    (if (= address 0)
+     (err-k (cons 2 trace))
+     (if (= address 1) tree
+      (if (even? address)
+       (car (nock-tree-find tree (quotient address 2) err-k trace))
+       (cdr (nock-tree-find tree (quotient address 2) err-k trace)))))))
+
+; # operator in nock spec: tree editing
+(define nock-tree-edit
+  (lambda (subtree address tree err-k trace)
+    (if (= address 0)
+     (err-k (cons 2 trace))
+     (if (= address 1) subtree
+      (if (even? address)
+       (nock-tree-edit (cons subtree (nock-tree-find tree (+ address 1) err-k trace)) (quotient address 2) tree err-k trace)
+       (nock-tree-edit (cons (nock-tree-find tree (- address 1) err-k trace) subtree) (quotient address 2) tree err-k trace))))))
+
+;; macro for %tas literals:
+;; converts input string into a numeric literal of that string represented as a %tas, i.e. an
+;; atom with the ascii bytes of the string in sequence (first->LSB, last->MSB)
+(define-syntax (tas str)
+ (quasisyntax
+  (unsyntax
+   (foldr
+    (lambda (char atom) (bitwise-ior (bitwise-and #xFF (char->integer char)) (arithmetic-shift atom 8)))
+    0
+    (string->list (car (cdr (syntax->datum str))))))))
+
+(define nock-here 1)
+(define (nock-car address) (* address 2))
+(define (nock-cdr address) (+ 1 (* address 2)))
+(define (get-0 x) (cons 0 x))
+(define (literal-1 x) (cons 1 x))
+(define (eval-2 x y) (cons 2 (cons x y)))
+(define (cell?-3 x) (cons 3 x))
+(define (inc-4 x) (cons 4 x))
+(define (=-5 x y) (cons 5 (cons x y)))
+(define (if-6 x y z) (cons 6 (cons x (cons y z))))
+(define (compose-7 x y) (cons 7 (cons x y)))
+(define (declare-8 x y) (cons 8 (cons x y)))
+(define (call-9 x y) (cons 9 (cons x y)))
+(define (update-10 x y z) (cons 10 (cons (cons x y) z)))
+(define (hint-11 x y) (cons 11 (cons x y)))
+(define lootru 0)
+(define loofal 1)
+
+(define test-tree (cons (cons 4 5) 3))
+(define decrement-4-core
+  (cons
+   (if-6 (=-5 (get-0 (nock-car (nock-cdr nock-here))) (inc-4 (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))))
+    (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))
+    (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (update-10 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)) (inc-4 (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))) (get-0 nock-here))))
+   (cons 4 0)))
+
+(define (nock-test subject formula) (nock-noun subject formula '() test-err-k '()))
+
+(define (test-err-k err)
+ (printf "Error: ~v" err)
+ (error 'nock-err))
+
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 nock-here) ) test-tree "tree address 1")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-car nock-here))) (car test-tree) "tree address 2")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-cdr nock-here))) (cdr test-tree) "tree address 3")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-car (nock-car nock-here)))) (car (car test-tree)) "tree address 4")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-car nock-here)))) (cdr (car test-tree)) "tree address 5")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (literal-1 test-tree)) test-tree "literal")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (eval-2 (literal-1 test-tree) (literal-1 (get-0 2)))) (car test-tree) "eval")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (cell?-3 (get-0 1))) lootru "test cell true")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (cell?-3 (get-0 3))) loofal "test cell false")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (inc-4 (literal-1 0))) 1 "increment")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (=-5 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 1))) lootru "test equals true")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (=-5 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) loofal "test equals false")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (if-6 (literal-1 lootru) (literal-1 5) (get-0 100))) 5 "test if tru")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (if-6 (literal-1 loofal) (get-0 100) (literal-1 5))) 5 "test if false")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (compose-7 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) (car test-tree) "test compose")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (declare-8 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) test-tree "test declare")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (literal-1 decrement-4-core))) 3 "test call")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (update-10 (nock-cdr nock-here) (literal-1 (cons 6 7)) (literal-1 test-tree))) (cons (cons 4 5) (cons 6 7)) "test update")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (update-10 (nock-car (nock-cdr nock-here)) (literal-1 8) (literal-1 decrement-4-core)))) 7 "test slam i.e. update sample and call")
+; test 11 static and dynamic
diff --git a/nock-e-optimize-edit.rkt b/nock-e-optimize-edit.rkt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0c6a89f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nock-e-optimize-edit.rkt
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+#lang racket
+
+(require rackunit)
+
+(define (nock-noun subject formula gates err-k trace)
+ (match formula
+  ([cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d)]
+   (cons (nock-noun subject (cons b c) gates err-k trace) (nock-noun subject d gates err-k trace)))
+  ([cons 0 (var b)]
+   (nock-tree-find subject b err-k trace))
+  ([cons 1 (var b)]
+   b)
+  ([cons 2 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun (nock-noun subject b gates err-k trace) (nock-noun subject c gates err-k trace) gates err-k trace))
+  ([cons 3 (var b)]
+   (if (pair? (nock-noun subject b gates err-k trace)) 0 1))
+  ([cons 4 (var b)]
+   (+ 1 (nock-noun subject b gates err-k trace)))
+  ([cons 5 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (if (eqv? (nock-noun subject b gates err-k trace) (nock-noun subject c gates err-k trace)) 0 1))
+  ([cons 6 (cons (var b) (cons (var c) (var d)))]
+   (let
+    [(test (nock-noun subject b gates err-k trace))]
+   (if (= 0 test)
+    (nock-noun subject c gates err-k trace)
+    (if (= 1 test)
+     (nock-noun subject d gates err-k trace)
+     (err-k (cons 2 trace))))))
+  ([cons 7 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun (nock-noun subject b gates err-k trace) c gates err-k trace))
+  ([cons 8 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun (cons (nock-noun subject b gates err-k trace) subject) c gates err-k trace))
+  ([cons 9 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (let
+    ([core (nock-noun subject c gates err-k trace)])
+    (nock-noun core (nock-tree-find core b err-k trace) gates err-k trace)))
+  ([cons 10 (cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d))]
+   (nock-tree-edit (nock-noun subject c gates err-k trace) b (nock-noun subject d gates err-k trace) err-k trace))
+  ([cons 11 (cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d))]
+   (let
+    [(clue (nock-noun subject c))]
+     (if (member b (list (tas "hunk") (tas "hand") (tas "lose") (tas "mean") (tas "spot")))
+      (nock-noun subject d gates err-k (cons (cons b clue) trace))
+      (nock-noun subject d gates err-k trace))))
+  ([cons 11 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun subject c gates err-k trace))
+  ([cons 12 (cons (var ref) (var path))]
+   (let*
+    [(ref (nock-noun subject ref gates err-k trace))
+     (path (nock-noun subject path gates err-k trace))
+     (gate (car (car gates)))
+     (outer-err-k err-k)
+     (err-k (car (cdr (car gates))))
+     (outer-trace trace)
+     (trace (cdr (cdr (car gates))))
+     (gates (cdr gates))
+     (core (cons (car gate) (cons (cons ref path) (cdr (cdr gate)))))
+     (result (nock-noun core (car core) gates err-k trace))]
+    (if (equal? 0 result)
+     ; ~
+     (outer-err-k (cons 1 (cdr path)))
+     (if (equal? 0 (car result))
+      (outer-err-k (cons 2 (cons (cons (tas "hunk") (cons ref path)) outer-trace))) 
+      (cdr (cdr result))))))))
+
+(define (reverse-address address) (reverse-address-acc address 1))
+
+(define (reverse-address-acc address reversed)
+ (if (= address 1)
+  reversed
+  (reverse-address-acc (arithmetic-shift address -1) (bitwise-ior (arithmetic-shift reversed 1) (bitwise-and address 1)))))
+
+(define (nock-tree-find-reversed tree reversed)
+ (if (= reversed 1)
+  tree
+  (if (even? reversed)
+   (nock-tree-find-reversed (car tree) (arithmetic-shift reversed -1))
+   (nock-tree-find-reversed (cdr tree) (arithmetic-shift reversed -1)))))
+
+(define (nock-tree-find tree address err-k trace)
+ (if (= address 0)
+  (err-k (cons 2 trace))
+  (nock-tree-find-reversed tree (reverse-address address))))
+
+(define (nock-tree-edit-reversed subtree reversed tree)
+ (if (= reversed 1)
+  subtree
+  (if (even? reversed)
+   (cons (nock-tree-edit-reversed subtree (arithmetic-shift reversed -1) (car tree)) (cdr tree))
+   (cons (car tree) (nock-tree-edit-reversed subtree (arithmetic-shift reversed -1) (cdr tree))))))
+
+; # operator in nock spec: tree editing
+(define (nock-tree-edit subtree address tree err-k trace)
+ (if (= address 0)
+  (err-k (cons 2 trace))
+  (nock-tree-edit-reversed subtree (reverse-address address) tree)))
+
+;; macro for %tas literals:
+;; converts input string into a numeric literal of that string represented as a %tas, i.e. an
+;; atom with the ascii bytes of the string in sequence (first->LSB, last->MSB)
+(define-syntax (tas str)
+ (quasisyntax
+  (unsyntax
+   (foldr
+    (lambda (char atom) (bitwise-ior (bitwise-and #xFF (char->integer char)) (arithmetic-shift atom 8)))
+    0
+    (string->list (car (cdr (syntax->datum str))))))))
+
+(define nock-here 1)
+(define (nock-car address) (* address 2))
+(define (nock-cdr address) (+ 1 (* address 2)))
+(define (get-0 x) (cons 0 x))
+(define (literal-1 x) (cons 1 x))
+(define (eval-2 x y) (cons 2 (cons x y)))
+(define (cell?-3 x) (cons 3 x))
+(define (inc-4 x) (cons 4 x))
+(define (=-5 x y) (cons 5 (cons x y)))
+(define (if-6 x y z) (cons 6 (cons x (cons y z))))
+(define (compose-7 x y) (cons 7 (cons x y)))
+(define (declare-8 x y) (cons 8 (cons x y)))
+(define (call-9 x y) (cons 9 (cons x y)))
+(define (update-10 x y z) (cons 10 (cons (cons x y) z)))
+(define (hint-11 x y) (cons 11 (cons x y)))
+(define lootru 0)
+(define loofal 1)
+
+(define test-tree (cons (cons 4 5) 3))
+(define decrement-4-core
+  (cons
+   (if-6 (=-5 (get-0 (nock-car (nock-cdr nock-here))) (inc-4 (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))))
+    (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))
+    (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (update-10 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)) (inc-4 (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))) (get-0 nock-here))))
+   (cons 4 0)))
+
+(define (nock-test subject formula) (nock-noun subject formula '() test-err-k '()))
+
+(define (test-err-k err)
+ (printf "Error: ~v" err)
+ (error 'nock-err))
+
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 nock-here) ) test-tree "tree address 1")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-car nock-here))) (car test-tree) "tree address 2")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-cdr nock-here))) (cdr test-tree) "tree address 3")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-car (nock-car nock-here)))) (car (car test-tree)) "tree address 4")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-car nock-here)))) (cdr (car test-tree)) "tree address 5")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (literal-1 test-tree)) test-tree "literal")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (eval-2 (literal-1 test-tree) (literal-1 (get-0 2)))) (car test-tree) "eval")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (cell?-3 (get-0 1))) lootru "test cell true")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (cell?-3 (get-0 3))) loofal "test cell false")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (inc-4 (literal-1 0))) 1 "increment")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (=-5 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 1))) lootru "test equals true")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (=-5 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) loofal "test equals false")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (if-6 (literal-1 lootru) (literal-1 5) (get-0 100))) 5 "test if tru")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (if-6 (literal-1 loofal) (get-0 100) (literal-1 5))) 5 "test if false")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (compose-7 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) (car test-tree) "test compose")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (declare-8 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) test-tree "test declare")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (literal-1 decrement-4-core))) 3 "test call")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (update-10 (nock-cdr nock-here) (literal-1 (cons 6 7)) (literal-1 test-tree))) (cons (cons 4 5) (cons 6 7)) "test update")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (update-10 (nock-car (nock-cdr nock-here)) (literal-1 8) (literal-1 decrement-4-core)))) 7 "test slam i.e. update sample and call")
+; test 11 static and dynamic
diff --git a/nock-f-cps.rkt b/nock-f-cps.rkt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f1e9d69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nock-f-cps.rkt
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+#lang racket
+
+(require rackunit)
+
+(define (nock-noun subject formula gates err-k trace)
+ (nock-noun-cps subject formula gates err-k trace empty-k))
+
+(define (nock-noun-cps subject formula gates err-k trace k)
+ (match formula
+  ([cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d)]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject (cons b c) gates err-k trace
+    (lambda (u)
+     (nock-noun-cps subject d gates err-k trace
+      (lambda (v)
+       (k (cons u v)))))))
+  ([cons 0 (var b)]
+   (nock-tree-find subject b err-k trace k))
+  ([cons 1 (var b)]
+   (k b))
+  ([cons 2 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject b gates err-k trace
+    (lambda (u)
+     (nock-noun-cps subject c gates err-k trace
+      (lambda (v)
+       (nock-noun-cps u v gates err-k trace k))))))
+  ([cons 3 (var b)]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject b gates err-k trace
+    (lambda (u)
+     (if (pair? u)
+      (k 0)
+      (k 1)))))
+  ([cons 4 (var b)]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject b gates err-k trace
+    (lambda (u)
+     (k (+ 1 u)))))
+  ([cons 5 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject b gates err-k trace
+    (lambda (u)
+     (nock-noun-cps subject c gates err-k trace
+      (lambda (v)
+        (if (eqv? u v)
+         (k 0)
+         (k 1)))))))
+  ([cons 6 (cons (var b) (cons (var c) (var d)))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject b gates err-k trace
+    (lambda (u)
+     (if (= 0 u)
+      (nock-noun-cps subject c gates err-k trace k)
+      (if (= 1 u)
+       (nock-noun-cps subject d gates err-k trace k)
+       (err-k (cons 2 trace)))))))
+  ([cons 7 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject b gates err-k trace
+    (lambda (u)
+     (nock-noun-cps u c gates err-k trace k))))
+  ([cons 8 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject b gates err-k trace
+    (lambda (u)
+     (nock-noun-cps (cons u subject) c gates err-k trace k))))
+  ([cons 9 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject c gates err-k trace
+    (lambda (u)
+     (nock-tree-find u b err-k trace
+      (lambda (v)
+       (nock-noun-cps u v gates err-k trace k))))))
+  ([cons 10 (cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject c gates err-k trace
+    (lambda (u)
+     (nock-noun-cps subject d gates err-k trace
+      (lambda (v)
+       (nock-tree-edit u b v err-k trace k))))))
+  ([cons 11 (cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject c gates err-k trace
+    (lambda (u)
+     (if (member b (list (tas "hunk") (tas "hand") (tas "lose") (tas "mean") (tas "spot")))
+      (nock-noun-cps subject d gates err-k (cons (cons b u) trace) k)
+      (nock-noun-cps subject d gates err-k trace k)))))
+  ([cons 11 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject c gates err-k trace k))
+  ([cons 12 (cons (var ref) (var path))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject ref gates err-k trace
+    (lambda (u)
+     (nock-noun-cps subject path gates err-k trace
+      (lambda (v)
+       (let*
+        [(gate (car (car gates)))
+         (outer-err-k err-k)
+         (err-k (car (cdr (car gates))))
+         (outer-trace trace)
+         (trace (cdr (cdr (car gates))))
+         (gates (cdr gates))
+         (core (cons (car gate) (cons (cons u v) (cdr (cdr gate)))))]
+        (nock-noun-cps core (car core) gates err-k trace
+         (lambda (w)
+          (if (equal? 0 w)
+           ; ~
+           (outer-err-k (cons 1 (cdr v)))
+           (if (equal? 0 (car w))
+            (outer-err-k (cons 2 (cons (cons (tas "hunk") (cons u v)) (outer-trace trace)))) 
+            (k (cdr (cdr w)))))))))))))))
+
+(define (reverse-address address k) (reverse-address-acc address 1 k))
+
+(define (reverse-address-acc address reversed k)
+ (if (= address 1)
+  (k reversed)
+  (reverse-address-acc (arithmetic-shift address -1) (bitwise-ior (arithmetic-shift reversed 1) (bitwise-and address 1)) k)))
+
+(define (nock-tree-find-reversed tree reversed k)
+ (if (= reversed 1)
+  (k tree)
+  (if (even? reversed)
+   (nock-tree-find-reversed (car tree) (arithmetic-shift reversed -1) k)
+   (nock-tree-find-reversed (cdr tree) (arithmetic-shift reversed -1) k))))
+
+(define (nock-tree-find tree address err-k trace k)
+ (if (= address 0)
+  (err-k (cons 2 trace))
+  (reverse-address address (lambda (u)
+   (nock-tree-find-reversed tree u k)))))
+
+(define (nock-tree-edit-reversed subtree reversed tree k)
+ (if (= reversed 1)
+  (k subtree)
+  (if (even? reversed)
+   (nock-tree-edit-reversed subtree (arithmetic-shift reversed -1) (car tree) (lambda (u)
+    (k (cons u (cdr tree)))))
+   (nock-tree-edit-reversed subtree (arithmetic-shift reversed -1) (cdr tree) (lambda (u)
+    (k (cons (car tree) u)))))))
+
+; # operator in nock spec: tree editing
+(define (nock-tree-edit subtree address tree err-k trace k)
+ (if (= address 0)
+  (err-k (cons 2 trace))
+  (reverse-address address
+   (lambda (u)
+    (nock-tree-edit-reversed subtree u tree k)))))
+
+(define (empty-k v) v)
+
+;; macro for %tas literals:
+;; converts input string into a numeric literal of that string represented as a %tas, i.e. an
+;; atom with the ascii bytes of the string in sequence (first->LSB, last->MSB)
+(define-syntax (tas str)
+ (quasisyntax
+  (unsyntax
+   (foldr
+    (lambda (char atom) (bitwise-ior (bitwise-and #xFF (char->integer char)) (arithmetic-shift atom 8)))
+    0
+    (string->list (car (cdr (syntax->datum str))))))))
+
+(define nock-here 1)
+(define (nock-car address) (* address 2))
+(define (nock-cdr address) (+ 1 (* address 2)))
+(define (get-0 x) (cons 0 x))
+(define (literal-1 x) (cons 1 x))
+(define (eval-2 x y) (cons 2 (cons x y)))
+(define (cell?-3 x) (cons 3 x))
+(define (inc-4 x) (cons 4 x))
+(define (=-5 x y) (cons 5 (cons x y)))
+(define (if-6 x y z) (cons 6 (cons x (cons y z))))
+(define (compose-7 x y) (cons 7 (cons x y)))
+(define (declare-8 x y) (cons 8 (cons x y)))
+(define (call-9 x y) (cons 9 (cons x y)))
+(define (update-10 x y z) (cons 10 (cons (cons x y) z)))
+(define (hint-11 x y) (cons 11 (cons x y)))
+(define lootru 0)
+(define loofal 1)
+
+(define test-tree (cons (cons 4 5) 3))
+(define decrement-4-core
+  (cons
+   (if-6 (=-5 (get-0 (nock-car (nock-cdr nock-here))) (inc-4 (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))))
+    (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))
+    (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (update-10 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)) (inc-4 (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))) (get-0 nock-here))))
+   (cons 4 0)))
+
+(define (nock-test subject formula) (nock-noun subject formula '() test-err-k '()))
+
+(define (test-err-k err)
+ (printf "Error: ~v" err)
+ (error 'nock-err))
+
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 nock-here) ) test-tree "tree address 1")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-car nock-here))) (car test-tree) "tree address 2")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-cdr nock-here))) (cdr test-tree) "tree address 3")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-car (nock-car nock-here)))) (car (car test-tree)) "tree address 4")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-car nock-here)))) (cdr (car test-tree)) "tree address 5")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (literal-1 test-tree)) test-tree "literal")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (eval-2 (literal-1 test-tree) (literal-1 (get-0 2)))) (car test-tree) "eval")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (cell?-3 (get-0 1))) lootru "test cell true")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (cell?-3 (get-0 3))) loofal "test cell false")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (inc-4 (literal-1 0))) 1 "increment")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (=-5 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 1))) lootru "test equals true")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (=-5 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) loofal "test equals false")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (if-6 (literal-1 lootru) (literal-1 5) (get-0 100))) 5 "test if tru")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (if-6 (literal-1 loofal) (get-0 100) (literal-1 5))) 5 "test if false")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (compose-7 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) (car test-tree) "test compose")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (declare-8 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) test-tree "test declare")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (literal-1 decrement-4-core))) 3 "test call")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (update-10 (nock-cdr nock-here) (literal-1 (cons 6 7)) (literal-1 test-tree))) (cons (cons 4 5) (cons 6 7)) "test update")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (update-10 (nock-car (nock-cdr nock-here)) (literal-1 8) (literal-1 decrement-4-core)))) 7 "test slam i.e. update sample and call")
+; test 11 static and dynamic
diff --git a/nock-g-explicit-apply.rkt b/nock-g-explicit-apply.rkt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7dda9f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nock-g-explicit-apply.rkt
@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+#lang racket
+
+(require rackunit)
+
+(define (nock-noun subject formula gates err-k trace)
+ (nock-noun-cps subject formula gates err-k trace empty-k))
+
+(define (nock-noun-cps subject formula gates err-k trace k)
+ (match formula
+  ([cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d)]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject (cons b c) gates err-k trace
+    (lambda (u)
+     (nock-noun-cps subject d gates err-k trace
+      (lambda (v)
+       (apply-k k (cons u v)))))))
+  ([cons 0 (var b)]
+   (nock-tree-find subject b err-k trace k))
+  ([cons 1 (var b)]
+   (apply-k k b))
+  ([cons 2 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject b gates err-k trace
+    (lambda (u)
+     (nock-noun-cps subject c gates err-k trace
+      (lambda (v)
+       (nock-noun-cps u v gates err-k trace k))))))
+  ([cons 3 (var b)]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject b gates err-k trace
+    (lambda (u)
+     (if (pair? u)
+      (apply-k k 0)
+      (apply-k k 1)))))
+  ([cons 4 (var b)]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject b gates err-k trace
+    (lambda (u)
+     (apply-k k (+ 1 u)))))
+  ([cons 5 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject b gates err-k trace
+    (lambda (u)
+     (nock-noun-cps subject c gates err-k trace
+      (lambda (v)
+        (if (eqv? u v)
+         (apply-k k 0)
+         (apply-k k 1)))))))
+  ([cons 6 (cons (var b) (cons (var c) (var d)))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject b gates err-k trace
+    (lambda (u)
+     (if (= 0 u)
+      (nock-noun-cps subject c gates err-k trace k)
+      (if (= 1 u)
+       (nock-noun-cps subject d gates err-k trace k)
+       (apply-err-k err-k (cons 2 trace)))))))
+  ([cons 7 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject b gates err-k trace
+    (lambda (u)
+     (nock-noun-cps u c gates err-k trace k))))
+  ([cons 8 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject b gates err-k trace
+    (lambda (u)
+     (nock-noun-cps (cons u subject) c gates err-k trace k))))
+  ([cons 9 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject c gates err-k trace
+    (lambda (u)
+     (nock-tree-find u b err-k trace
+      (lambda (v)
+       (nock-noun-cps u v gates err-k trace k))))))
+  ([cons 10 (cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject c gates err-k trace
+    (lambda (u)
+     (nock-noun-cps subject d gates err-k trace
+      (lambda (v)
+       (nock-tree-edit u b v err-k trace k))))))
+  ([cons 11 (cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject c gates err-k trace
+    (lambda (u)
+     (if (member b (list (tas "hunk") (tas "hand") (tas "lose") (tas "mean") (tas "spot")))
+      (nock-noun-cps subject d gates err-k (cons (cons b u) trace) k)
+      (nock-noun-cps subject d gates err-k trace k)))))
+  ([cons 11 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject c gates err-k trace k))
+  ([cons 12 (cons (var ref) (var path))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject ref gates err-k trace
+    (lambda (u)
+     (nock-noun-cps subject path gates err-k trace
+      (lambda (v)
+       (let*
+        [(gate (car (car gates)))
+         (outer-err-k err-k)
+         (err-k (car (cdr (car gates))))
+         (outer-trace trace)
+         (trace (cdr (cdr (car gates))))
+         (gates (cdr gates))
+         (core (cons (car gate) (cons (cons u v) (cdr (cdr gate)))))]
+        (nock-noun-cps core (car core) gates err-k trace
+         (lambda (w)
+          (if (equal? 0 w)
+           ; ~
+           (outer-err-k (cons 1 (cdr v)))
+           (if (equal? 0 (car w))
+            (outer-err-k (cons 2 (cons (cons (tas "hunk") (cons u v)) outer-trace)))
+            (apply-k k (cdr (cdr w)))))))))))))))
+
+(define (reverse-address address k) (reverse-address-acc address 1 k))
+
+(define (reverse-address-acc address reversed k)
+ (if (= address 1)
+  (apply-k k reversed)
+  (reverse-address-acc (arithmetic-shift address -1) (bitwise-ior (arithmetic-shift reversed 1) (bitwise-and address 1)) k)))
+
+(define (nock-tree-find-reversed tree reversed k)
+ (if (= reversed 1)
+  (apply-k k tree)
+  (if (even? reversed)
+   (nock-tree-find-reversed (car tree) (arithmetic-shift reversed -1) k)
+   (nock-tree-find-reversed (cdr tree) (arithmetic-shift reversed -1) k))))
+
+(define (nock-tree-find tree address err-k trace k)
+ (if (= address 0)
+  (apply-err-k err-k (cons 2 trace))
+  (reverse-address address (lambda (u)
+   (nock-tree-find-reversed tree u k)))))
+
+(define (nock-tree-edit-reversed subtree reversed tree k)
+ (if (= reversed 1)
+  (apply-k k subtree)
+  (if (even? reversed)
+   (nock-tree-edit-reversed subtree (arithmetic-shift reversed -1) (car tree) (lambda (u)
+    (apply-k k (cons u (cdr tree)))))
+   (nock-tree-edit-reversed subtree (arithmetic-shift reversed -1) (cdr tree) (lambda (u)
+    (apply-k k (cons (car tree) u)))))))
+
+; # operator in nock spec: tree editing
+(define (nock-tree-edit subtree address tree err-k trace k)
+ (if (= address 0)
+  (apply-err-k err-k (cons 2 trace))
+  (reverse-address address
+   (lambda (u)
+    (nock-tree-edit-reversed subtree u tree k)))))
+
+(define (empty-k v) v)
+
+(define (apply-k k x) (k x))
+(define (apply-err-k err-k err) (err-k err))
+
+;; macro for %tas literals:
+;; converts input string into a numeric literal of that string represented as a %tas, i.e. an
+;; atom with the ascii bytes of the string in sequence (first->LSB, last->MSB)
+(define-syntax (tas str)
+ (quasisyntax
+  (unsyntax
+   (foldr
+    (lambda (char atom) (bitwise-ior (bitwise-and #xFF (char->integer char)) (arithmetic-shift atom 8)))
+    0
+    (string->list (car (cdr (syntax->datum str))))))))
+
+(define nock-here 1)
+(define (nock-car address) (* address 2))
+(define (nock-cdr address) (+ 1 (* address 2)))
+(define (get-0 x) (cons 0 x))
+(define (literal-1 x) (cons 1 x))
+(define (eval-2 x y) (cons 2 (cons x y)))
+(define (cell?-3 x) (cons 3 x))
+(define (inc-4 x) (cons 4 x))
+(define (=-5 x y) (cons 5 (cons x y)))
+(define (if-6 x y z) (cons 6 (cons x (cons y z))))
+(define (compose-7 x y) (cons 7 (cons x y)))
+(define (declare-8 x y) (cons 8 (cons x y)))
+(define (call-9 x y) (cons 9 (cons x y)))
+(define (update-10 x y z) (cons 10 (cons (cons x y) z)))
+(define (hint-11 x y) (cons 11 (cons x y)))
+(define lootru 0)
+(define loofal 1)
+
+(define test-tree (cons (cons 4 5) 3))
+(define decrement-4-core
+  (cons
+   (if-6 (=-5 (get-0 (nock-car (nock-cdr nock-here))) (inc-4 (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))))
+    (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))
+    (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (update-10 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)) (inc-4 (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))) (get-0 nock-here))))
+   (cons 4 0)))
+
+(define (nock-test subject formula) (nock-noun subject formula '() test-err-k '()))
+
+(define (test-err-k err)
+ (printf "Error: ~v" err)
+ (error 'nock-err))
+
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 nock-here) ) test-tree "tree address 1")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-car nock-here))) (car test-tree) "tree address 2")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-cdr nock-here))) (cdr test-tree) "tree address 3")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-car (nock-car nock-here)))) (car (car test-tree)) "tree address 4")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-car nock-here)))) (cdr (car test-tree)) "tree address 5")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (literal-1 test-tree)) test-tree "literal")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (eval-2 (literal-1 test-tree) (literal-1 (get-0 2)))) (car test-tree) "eval")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (cell?-3 (get-0 1))) lootru "test cell true")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (cell?-3 (get-0 3))) loofal "test cell false")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (inc-4 (literal-1 0))) 1 "increment")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (=-5 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 1))) lootru "test equals true")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (=-5 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) loofal "test equals false")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (if-6 (literal-1 lootru) (literal-1 5) (get-0 100))) 5 "test if tru")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (if-6 (literal-1 loofal) (get-0 100) (literal-1 5))) 5 "test if false")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (compose-7 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) (car test-tree) "test compose")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (declare-8 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) test-tree "test declare")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (literal-1 decrement-4-core))) 3 "test call")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (update-10 (nock-cdr nock-here) (literal-1 (cons 6 7)) (literal-1 test-tree))) (cons (cons 4 5) (cons 6 7)) "test update")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (update-10 (nock-car (nock-cdr nock-here)) (literal-1 8) (literal-1 decrement-4-core)))) 7 "test slam i.e. update sample and call")
+; test 11 static and dynamic