diff --git a/fifth-pass/nock-a.rkt b/fifth-pass/nock-a.rkt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5498345
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fifth-pass/nock-a.rkt
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+#lang racket
+
+(require rackunit)
+
+;; This is a naive, direct, structurally recursive interpretation of Nock according
+;; to the nock specification, with cells represented as cons cells and atoms represented
+;; as Racket natural numbers.
+
+(define (nock-noun subject formula)
+ (match formula
+  ([cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d)]
+   (cons (nock-noun subject (cons b c)) (nock-noun subject d)))
+  ([cons 0 (var b)]
+   (nock-tree-find subject b))
+  ([cons 1 (var b)]
+   b)
+  ([cons 2 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun (nock-noun subject b) (nock-noun subject c)))
+  ([cons 3 (var b)]
+   (if (pair? (nock-noun subject b)) 0 1))
+  ([cons 4 (var b)]
+   (+ 1 (nock-noun subject b)))
+  ([cons 5 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (if (eqv? (nock-noun subject b) (nock-noun subject c)) 0 1))
+  ([cons 6 (cons (var b) (cons (var c) (var d)))]
+   (if (= 0 (nock-noun subject b))
+    (nock-noun subject c)
+    (nock-noun subject d)))
+  ([cons 7 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun (nock-noun subject b) c))
+  ([cons 8 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun (cons (nock-noun subject b) subject) c))
+  ([cons 9 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (let
+    ([core (nock-noun subject c)])
+    (nock-noun core (nock-tree-find core b))))
+  ([cons 10 (cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d))]
+   (nock-tree-edit (nock-noun subject c) b (nock-noun subject d)))
+  ([cons 11 (cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d))]
+   (let
+    ([_ (nock-noun subject c)])
+     (nock-noun subject d)))
+  ([cons 11 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun subject c))))
+
+(define nock-tree-find
+  (lambda (tree address)
+    (if (= address 1) tree
+     (if (even? address)
+      (car (nock-tree-find tree (quotient address 2)))
+      (cdr (nock-tree-find tree (quotient address 2)))))))
+
+; # operator in nock spec: tree editing
+(define nock-tree-edit
+  (lambda (subtree address tree)
+    (if (= address 1) subtree
+     (if (even? address)
+      (nock-tree-edit (cons subtree (nock-tree-find tree (+ address 1))) (quotient address 2) tree)
+      (nock-tree-edit (cons (nock-tree-find tree (- address 1)) subtree) (quotient address 2) tree)))))
+
+(define nock-here 1)
+(define (nock-car address) (* address 2))
+(define (nock-cdr address) (+ 1 (* address 2)))
+(define (get-0 x) (cons 0 x))
+(define (literal-1 x) (cons 1 x))
+(define (eval-2 x y) (cons 2 (cons x y)))
+(define (cell?-3 x) (cons 3 x))
+(define (inc-4 x) (cons 4 x))
+(define (=-5 x y) (cons 5 (cons x y)))
+(define (if-6 x y z) (cons 6 (cons x (cons y z))))
+(define (compose-7 x y) (cons 7 (cons x y)))
+(define (declare-8 x y) (cons 8 (cons x y)))
+(define (call-9 x y) (cons 9 (cons x y)))
+(define (update-10 x y z) (cons 10 (cons (cons x y) z)))
+(define (hint-11 x y) (cons 11 (cons x y)))
+(define lootru 0)
+(define loofal 1)
+
+(define test-tree (cons (cons 4 5) 3))
+(define decrement-4-core
+  (cons
+   (if-6 (=-5 (get-0 (nock-car (nock-cdr nock-here))) (inc-4 (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))))
+    (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))
+    (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (update-10 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)) (inc-4 (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))) (get-0 nock-here))))
+   (cons 4 0)))
+
+(check-equal? (nock-noun test-tree (get-0 nock-here)) test-tree "tree address 1")
+(check-equal? (nock-noun test-tree (get-0 (nock-car nock-here))) (car test-tree) "tree address 2")
+(check-equal? (nock-noun test-tree (get-0 (nock-cdr nock-here))) (cdr test-tree) "tree address 3")
+(check-equal? (nock-noun test-tree (get-0 (nock-car (nock-car nock-here)))) (car (car test-tree)) "tree address 4")
+(check-equal? (nock-noun test-tree (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-car nock-here)))) (cdr (car test-tree)) "tree address 5")
+(check-equal? (nock-noun 0 (literal-1 test-tree)) test-tree "literal")
+(check-equal? (nock-noun 0 (eval-2 (literal-1 test-tree) (literal-1 (get-0 2)))) (car test-tree) "eval")
+(check-equal? (nock-noun test-tree (cell?-3 (get-0 1))) lootru "test cell true")
+(check-equal? (nock-noun test-tree (cell?-3 (get-0 3))) loofal "test cell false")
+(check-equal? (nock-noun 0 (inc-4 (literal-1 0))) 1 "increment")
+(check-equal? (nock-noun test-tree (=-5 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 1))) lootru "test equals true")
+(check-equal? (nock-noun test-tree (=-5 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) loofal "test equals false")
+(check-equal? (nock-noun test-tree (if-6 (literal-1 lootru) (literal-1 5) (get-0 100))) 5 "test if tru")
+(check-equal? (nock-noun test-tree (if-6 (literal-1 loofal) (get-0 100) (literal-1 5))) 5 "test if false")
+(check-equal? (nock-noun 0 (compose-7 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) (car test-tree) "test compose")
+(check-equal? (nock-noun 0 (declare-8 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) test-tree "test declare")
+(check-equal? (nock-noun 0 (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (literal-1 decrement-4-core))) 3 "test call")
+(check-equal? (nock-noun 0 (update-10 (nock-cdr nock-here) (literal-1 (cons 6 7)) (literal-1 test-tree))) (cons (cons 4 5) (cons 6 7)) "test update")
+(check-equal? (nock-noun 0 (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (update-10 (nock-car (nock-cdr nock-here)) (literal-1 8) (literal-1 decrement-4-core)))) 7 "test slam i.e. update sample and call")
+; test 11 static and dynamic
diff --git a/fifth-pass/nock-b-scry.rkt b/fifth-pass/nock-b-scry.rkt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9ff73ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fifth-pass/nock-b-scry.rkt
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+#lang racket
+
+(require rackunit)
+
+;; This interpreter adds to (a) handling for a stack of scry gates
+;; 
+;; Thus, it implements "nock 12" from the ++mink metacircular Nock interpreter
+;; This is necessary so that the system nock interpreter can be used to jet
+;; ++mink, resulting in virtualized Nock computations.
+
+(define (nock-noun subject formula gates)
+ (let*
+  [(recur-on-noun (lambda (subject formula)
+    (nock-noun subject formula gates)))
+   (recur-on-scry-gate (lambda (ref path)
+    (let*
+     [(gate (car gates))
+      (gates (cdr gates))
+      (core (cons (car gate) (cons (cons ref path) (cdr (cdr gate)))))]
+     (nock-noun core (car core) gates))))]
+  (match formula
+   ([cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d)]
+    (cons (recur-on-noun subject (cons b c)) (recur-on-noun subject d)))
+   ([cons 0 (var b)]
+    (nock-tree-find subject b))
+   ([cons 1 (var b)]
+    b)
+   ([cons 2 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+    (recur-on-noun (recur-on-noun subject b) (recur-on-noun subject c)))
+   ([cons 3 (var b)]
+    (if (pair? (recur-on-noun subject b)) 0 1))
+   ([cons 4 (var b)]
+    (+ 1 (recur-on-noun subject b)))
+   ([cons 5 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+    (if (eqv? (recur-on-noun subject b) (recur-on-noun subject c)) 0 1))
+   ([cons 6 (cons (var b) (cons (var c) (var d)))]
+    (if (= 0 (recur-on-noun subject b))
+     (recur-on-noun subject c)
+     (recur-on-noun subject d)))
+   ([cons 7 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+    (recur-on-noun (recur-on-noun subject b) c))
+   ([cons 8 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+    (recur-on-noun (cons (recur-on-noun subject b) subject) c))
+   ([cons 9 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+    (let
+     ([core (recur-on-noun subject c)])
+     (recur-on-noun core (nock-tree-find core b))))
+   ([cons 10 (cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d))]
+    (nock-tree-edit (recur-on-noun subject c) b (recur-on-noun subject d)))
+   ([cons 11 (cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d))]
+    (let
+     ([_ (recur-on-noun subject c)])
+      (recur-on-noun subject d)))
+   ([cons 11 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+    (recur-on-noun subject c))
+   ([cons 12 (cons (var ref) (var path))]
+    (recur-on-scry-gate (recur-on-noun subject ref) (recur-on-noun subject path))))))
+
+(define nock-tree-find
+  (lambda (tree address)
+    (if (= address 1) tree
+     (if (even? address)
+      (car (nock-tree-find tree (quotient address 2)))
+      (cdr (nock-tree-find tree (quotient address 2)))))))
+
+; # operator in nock spec: tree editing
+(define nock-tree-edit
+  (lambda (subtree address tree)
+    (if (= address 1) subtree
+     (if (even? address)
+      (nock-tree-edit (cons subtree (nock-tree-find tree (+ address 1))) (quotient address 2) tree)
+      (nock-tree-edit (cons (nock-tree-find tree (- address 1)) subtree) (quotient address 2) tree)))))
+
+(define nock-here 1)
+(define (nock-car address) (* address 2))
+(define (nock-cdr address) (+ 1 (* address 2)))
+(define (get-0 x) (cons 0 x))
+(define (literal-1 x) (cons 1 x))
+(define (eval-2 x y) (cons 2 (cons x y)))
+(define (cell?-3 x) (cons 3 x))
+(define (inc-4 x) (cons 4 x))
+(define (=-5 x y) (cons 5 (cons x y)))
+(define (if-6 x y z) (cons 6 (cons x (cons y z))))
+(define (compose-7 x y) (cons 7 (cons x y)))
+(define (declare-8 x y) (cons 8 (cons x y)))
+(define (call-9 x y) (cons 9 (cons x y)))
+(define (update-10 x y z) (cons 10 (cons (cons x y) z)))
+(define (hint-11 x y) (cons 11 (cons x y)))
+(define lootru 0)
+(define loofal 1)
+
+(define test-tree (cons (cons 4 5) 3))
+(define decrement-4-core
+  (cons
+   (if-6 (=-5 (get-0 (nock-car (nock-cdr nock-here))) (inc-4 (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))))
+    (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))
+    (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (update-10 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)) (inc-4 (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))) (get-0 nock-here))))
+   (cons 4 0)))
+
+(define (nock-test subject formula) (nock-noun subject formula '()))
+
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 nock-here) ) test-tree "tree address 1")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-car nock-here))) (car test-tree) "tree address 2")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-cdr nock-here))) (cdr test-tree) "tree address 3")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-car (nock-car nock-here)))) (car (car test-tree)) "tree address 4")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-car nock-here)))) (cdr (car test-tree)) "tree address 5")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (literal-1 test-tree)) test-tree "literal")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (eval-2 (literal-1 test-tree) (literal-1 (get-0 2)))) (car test-tree) "eval")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (cell?-3 (get-0 1))) lootru "test cell true")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (cell?-3 (get-0 3))) loofal "test cell false")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (inc-4 (literal-1 0))) 1 "increment")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (=-5 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 1))) lootru "test equals true")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (=-5 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) loofal "test equals false")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (if-6 (literal-1 lootru) (literal-1 5) (get-0 100))) 5 "test if tru")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (if-6 (literal-1 loofal) (get-0 100) (literal-1 5))) 5 "test if false")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (compose-7 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) (car test-tree) "test compose")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (declare-8 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) test-tree "test declare")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (literal-1 decrement-4-core))) 3 "test call")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (update-10 (nock-cdr nock-here) (literal-1 (cons 6 7)) (literal-1 test-tree))) (cons (cons 4 5) (cons 6 7)) "test update")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (update-10 (nock-car (nock-cdr nock-here)) (literal-1 8) (literal-1 decrement-4-core)))) 7 "test slam i.e. update sample and call")
+; test 11 static and dynamic
diff --git a/fifth-pass/nock-c-exceptions.rkt b/fifth-pass/nock-c-exceptions.rkt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9ab14bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fifth-pass/nock-c-exceptions.rkt
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+#lang racket
+
+(require rackunit)
+
+;; This interpreter builds on (b) by adding an explicit exception-handling mechanism
+;; in the form of an error continuation and a trace.
+;;
+;; Traces are updated by specific static hints for nock 11 paired with specific dynamic hints.
+
+(define (nock-noun subject formula gates err-k trace)
+ (let*
+  [(recur-on-noun (lambda (subject formula)
+    (nock-noun subject formula gates err-k trace)))
+   (recur-on-noun-with-hint (lambda (subject formula hint)
+    (nock-noun subject formula gates err-k (cons hint trace))))
+   (recur-on-scry-gate (lambda (ref path)
+    (let*
+     [(gate (car (car gates)))
+      (err-k (car (cdr (car gates))))
+      (trace (cdr (cdr (car gates))))
+      (gates (cdr gates))
+      (core (cons (car gate) (cons (cons ref path) (cdr (cdr gate)))))]
+     (nock-noun core (car core) gates err-k trace))))]
+  (match formula
+   ([cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d)]
+    (cons (recur-on-noun subject (cons b c)) (recur-on-noun subject d)))
+   ([cons 0 (var b)]
+    (nock-tree-find subject b err-k trace))
+   ([cons 1 (var b)]
+    b)
+   ([cons 2 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+    (recur-on-noun (recur-on-noun subject b) (recur-on-noun subject c)))
+   ([cons 3 (var b)]
+    (if (pair? (recur-on-noun subject b)) 0 1))
+   ([cons 4 (var b)]
+    (+ 1 (recur-on-noun subject b)))
+   ([cons 5 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+    (if (eqv? (recur-on-noun subject b) (recur-on-noun subject c)) 0 1))
+   ([cons 6 (cons (var b) (cons (var c) (var d)))]
+    (let
+     [(test (recur-on-noun subject b))]
+    (if (= 0 test)
+     (recur-on-noun subject c)
+     (if (= 1 test)
+      (recur-on-noun subject d)
+      (err-k (cons 2 trace))))))
+   ([cons 7 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+    (recur-on-noun (recur-on-noun subject b) c))
+   ([cons 8 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+    (recur-on-noun (cons (recur-on-noun subject b) subject) c))
+   ([cons 9 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+    (let
+     ([core (recur-on-noun subject c)])
+     (recur-on-noun core (nock-tree-find core b err-k trace))))
+   ([cons 10 (cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d))]
+    (nock-tree-edit (recur-on-noun subject c) b (recur-on-noun subject d) err-k trace))
+   ([cons 11 (cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d))]
+    (let
+     [(clue (recur-on-noun subject c))]
+      (if (member b (list (tas "hunk") (tas "hand") (tas "lose") (tas "mean") (tas "spot")))
+       (recur-on-noun-with-hint subject d (cons b clue))
+       (recur-on-noun subject d))))
+   ([cons 11 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+    (recur-on-noun subject c))
+   ([cons 12 (cons (var ref) (var path))]
+    (let
+     [(result (recur-on-scry-gate (recur-on-noun subject ref) (recur-on-noun subject path)))]
+     (if (equal? 0 result)
+      ; ~
+      (err-k (cons 1 (cdr path)))
+      (if (equal? 0 (car result))
+       (err-k (cons 2 (cons (cons (tas "hunk") (cons ref path)) trace))) 
+       (cdr (cdr result)))))))))
+
+(define nock-tree-find
+  (lambda (tree address err-k trace)
+    (if (= address 0)
+     (err-k (cons 2 trace))
+     (if (= address 1) tree
+      (if (even? address)
+       (car (nock-tree-find tree (quotient address 2) err-k trace))
+       (cdr (nock-tree-find tree (quotient address 2) err-k trace)))))))
+
+; # operator in nock spec: tree editing
+(define nock-tree-edit
+  (lambda (subtree address tree err-k trace)
+    (if (= address 0)
+     (err-k (cons 2 trace))
+     (if (= address 1) subtree
+      (if (even? address)
+       (nock-tree-edit (cons subtree (nock-tree-find tree (+ address 1) err-k trace)) (quotient address 2) tree err-k trace)
+       (nock-tree-edit (cons (nock-tree-find tree (- address 1) err-k trace) subtree) (quotient address 2) tree err-k trace))))))
+
+;; macro for %tas literals:
+;; converts input string into a numeric literal of that string represented as a %tas, i.e. an
+;; atom with the ascii bytes of the string in sequence (first->LSB, last->MSB)
+(define-syntax (tas str)
+ (quasisyntax
+  (unsyntax
+   (foldr
+    (lambda (char atom) (bitwise-ior (bitwise-and #xFF (char->integer char)) (arithmetic-shift atom 8)))
+    0
+    (string->list (car (cdr (syntax->datum str))))))))
+
+(define nock-here 1)
+(define (nock-car address) (* address 2))
+(define (nock-cdr address) (+ 1 (* address 2)))
+(define (get-0 x) (cons 0 x))
+(define (literal-1 x) (cons 1 x))
+(define (eval-2 x y) (cons 2 (cons x y)))
+(define (cell?-3 x) (cons 3 x))
+(define (inc-4 x) (cons 4 x))
+(define (=-5 x y) (cons 5 (cons x y)))
+(define (if-6 x y z) (cons 6 (cons x (cons y z))))
+(define (compose-7 x y) (cons 7 (cons x y)))
+(define (declare-8 x y) (cons 8 (cons x y)))
+(define (call-9 x y) (cons 9 (cons x y)))
+(define (update-10 x y z) (cons 10 (cons (cons x y) z)))
+(define (hint-11 x y) (cons 11 (cons x y)))
+(define lootru 0)
+(define loofal 1)
+
+(define test-tree (cons (cons 4 5) 3))
+(define decrement-4-core
+  (cons
+   (if-6 (=-5 (get-0 (nock-car (nock-cdr nock-here))) (inc-4 (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))))
+    (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))
+    (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (update-10 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)) (inc-4 (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))) (get-0 nock-here))))
+   (cons 4 0)))
+
+(define (nock-test subject formula) (nock-noun subject formula '() test-err-k '()))
+
+(define (test-err-k err)
+ (printf "Error: ~v" err)
+ (error 'nock-err))
+
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 nock-here) ) test-tree "tree address 1")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-car nock-here))) (car test-tree) "tree address 2")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-cdr nock-here))) (cdr test-tree) "tree address 3")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-car (nock-car nock-here)))) (car (car test-tree)) "tree address 4")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-car nock-here)))) (cdr (car test-tree)) "tree address 5")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (literal-1 test-tree)) test-tree "literal")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (eval-2 (literal-1 test-tree) (literal-1 (get-0 2)))) (car test-tree) "eval")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (cell?-3 (get-0 1))) lootru "test cell true")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (cell?-3 (get-0 3))) loofal "test cell false")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (inc-4 (literal-1 0))) 1 "increment")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (=-5 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 1))) lootru "test equals true")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (=-5 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) loofal "test equals false")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (if-6 (literal-1 lootru) (literal-1 5) (get-0 100))) 5 "test if tru")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (if-6 (literal-1 loofal) (get-0 100) (literal-1 5))) 5 "test if false")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (compose-7 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) (car test-tree) "test compose")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (declare-8 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) test-tree "test declare")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (literal-1 decrement-4-core))) 3 "test call")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (update-10 (nock-cdr nock-here) (literal-1 (cons 6 7)) (literal-1 test-tree))) (cons (cons 4 5) (cons 6 7)) "test update")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (update-10 (nock-car (nock-cdr nock-here)) (literal-1 8) (literal-1 decrement-4-core)))) 7 "test slam i.e. update sample and call")
+; test 11 static and dynamic
diff --git a/fifth-pass/nock-d-inline.rkt b/fifth-pass/nock-d-inline.rkt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..73302a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fifth-pass/nock-d-inline.rkt
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+#lang racket
+
+(require rackunit)
+
+;; This pass inlines top-level recursion helpers resulting in direct calls to `nock-noun`
+
+(define (nock-noun subject formula gates err-k trace)
+ (match formula
+  ([cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d)]
+   (cons (nock-noun subject (cons b c) gates err-k trace) (nock-noun subject d gates err-k trace)))
+  ([cons 0 (var b)]
+   (nock-tree-find subject b err-k trace))
+  ([cons 1 (var b)]
+   b)
+  ([cons 2 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun (nock-noun subject b gates err-k trace) (nock-noun subject c gates err-k trace) gates err-k trace))
+  ([cons 3 (var b)]
+   (if (pair? (nock-noun subject b gates err-k trace)) 0 1))
+  ([cons 4 (var b)]
+   (+ 1 (nock-noun subject b gates err-k trace)))
+  ([cons 5 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (if (eqv? (nock-noun subject b gates err-k trace) (nock-noun subject c gates err-k trace)) 0 1))
+  ([cons 6 (cons (var b) (cons (var c) (var d)))]
+   (let
+    [(test (nock-noun subject b gates err-k trace))]
+   (if (= 0 test)
+    (nock-noun subject c gates err-k trace)
+    (if (= 1 test)
+     (nock-noun subject d gates err-k trace)
+     (err-k (cons 2 trace))))))
+  ([cons 7 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun (nock-noun subject b gates err-k trace) c gates err-k trace))
+  ([cons 8 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun (cons (nock-noun subject b gates err-k trace) subject) c gates err-k trace))
+  ([cons 9 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (let
+    ([core (nock-noun subject c gates err-k trace)])
+    (nock-noun core (nock-tree-find core b err-k trace) gates err-k trace)))
+  ([cons 10 (cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d))]
+   (nock-tree-edit (nock-noun subject c gates err-k trace) b (nock-noun subject d gates err-k trace) err-k trace))
+  ([cons 11 (cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d))]
+   (let
+    [(clue (nock-noun subject c))]
+     (if (member b (list (tas "hunk") (tas "hand") (tas "lose") (tas "mean") (tas "spot")))
+      (nock-noun subject d gates err-k (cons (cons b clue) trace))
+      (nock-noun subject d gates err-k trace))))
+  ([cons 11 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun subject c gates err-k trace))
+  ([cons 12 (cons (var ref) (var path))]
+   (let*
+    [(ref (nock-noun subject ref gates err-k trace))
+     (path (nock-noun subject path gates err-k trace))
+     (gate (car (car gates)))
+     (outer-err-k err-k)
+     (err-k (car (cdr (car gates))))
+     (trace (cdr (cdr (car gates))))
+     (outer-trace trace)
+     (gates (cdr gates))
+     (core (cons (car gate) (cons (cons ref path) (cdr (cdr gate)))))
+     (result (nock-noun core (car core) gates err-k trace))]
+    (if (equal? 0 result)
+     ; ~
+     (outer-err-k (cons 1 (cdr path)))
+     (if (equal? 0 (car result))
+      (outer-err-k (cons 2 (cons (cons (tas "hunk") (cons ref path)) outer-trace))) 
+      (cdr (cdr result))))))))
+
+(define nock-tree-find
+  (lambda (tree address err-k trace)
+    (if (= address 0)
+     (err-k (cons 2 trace))
+     (if (= address 1) tree
+      (if (even? address)
+       (car (nock-tree-find tree (quotient address 2) err-k trace))
+       (cdr (nock-tree-find tree (quotient address 2) err-k trace)))))))
+
+; # operator in nock spec: tree editing
+(define nock-tree-edit
+  (lambda (subtree address tree err-k trace)
+    (if (= address 0)
+     (err-k (cons 2 trace))
+     (if (= address 1) subtree
+      (if (even? address)
+       (nock-tree-edit (cons subtree (nock-tree-find tree (+ address 1) err-k trace)) (quotient address 2) tree err-k trace)
+       (nock-tree-edit (cons (nock-tree-find tree (- address 1) err-k trace) subtree) (quotient address 2) tree err-k trace))))))
+
+;; macro for %tas literals:
+;; converts input string into a numeric literal of that string represented as a %tas, i.e. an
+;; atom with the ascii bytes of the string in sequence (first->LSB, last->MSB)
+(define-syntax (tas str)
+ (quasisyntax
+  (unsyntax
+   (foldr
+    (lambda (char atom) (bitwise-ior (bitwise-and #xFF (char->integer char)) (arithmetic-shift atom 8)))
+    0
+    (string->list (car (cdr (syntax->datum str))))))))
+
+(define nock-here 1)
+(define (nock-car address) (* address 2))
+(define (nock-cdr address) (+ 1 (* address 2)))
+(define (get-0 x) (cons 0 x))
+(define (literal-1 x) (cons 1 x))
+(define (eval-2 x y) (cons 2 (cons x y)))
+(define (cell?-3 x) (cons 3 x))
+(define (inc-4 x) (cons 4 x))
+(define (=-5 x y) (cons 5 (cons x y)))
+(define (if-6 x y z) (cons 6 (cons x (cons y z))))
+(define (compose-7 x y) (cons 7 (cons x y)))
+(define (declare-8 x y) (cons 8 (cons x y)))
+(define (call-9 x y) (cons 9 (cons x y)))
+(define (update-10 x y z) (cons 10 (cons (cons x y) z)))
+(define (hint-11 x y) (cons 11 (cons x y)))
+(define lootru 0)
+(define loofal 1)
+
+(define test-tree (cons (cons 4 5) 3))
+(define decrement-4-core
+  (cons
+   (if-6 (=-5 (get-0 (nock-car (nock-cdr nock-here))) (inc-4 (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))))
+    (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))
+    (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (update-10 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)) (inc-4 (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))) (get-0 nock-here))))
+   (cons 4 0)))
+
+(define (nock-test subject formula) (nock-noun subject formula '() test-err-k '()))
+
+(define (test-err-k err)
+ (printf "Error: ~v" err)
+ (error 'nock-err))
+
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 nock-here) ) test-tree "tree address 1")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-car nock-here))) (car test-tree) "tree address 2")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-cdr nock-here))) (cdr test-tree) "tree address 3")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-car (nock-car nock-here)))) (car (car test-tree)) "tree address 4")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-car nock-here)))) (cdr (car test-tree)) "tree address 5")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (literal-1 test-tree)) test-tree "literal")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (eval-2 (literal-1 test-tree) (literal-1 (get-0 2)))) (car test-tree) "eval")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (cell?-3 (get-0 1))) lootru "test cell true")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (cell?-3 (get-0 3))) loofal "test cell false")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (inc-4 (literal-1 0))) 1 "increment")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (=-5 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 1))) lootru "test equals true")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (=-5 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) loofal "test equals false")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (if-6 (literal-1 lootru) (literal-1 5) (get-0 100))) 5 "test if tru")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (if-6 (literal-1 loofal) (get-0 100) (literal-1 5))) 5 "test if false")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (compose-7 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) (car test-tree) "test compose")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (declare-8 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) test-tree "test declare")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (literal-1 decrement-4-core))) 3 "test call")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (update-10 (nock-cdr nock-here) (literal-1 (cons 6 7)) (literal-1 test-tree))) (cons (cons 4 5) (cons 6 7)) "test update")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (update-10 (nock-car (nock-cdr nock-here)) (literal-1 8) (literal-1 decrement-4-core)))) 7 "test slam i.e. update sample and call")
+; test 11 static and dynamic
diff --git a/fifth-pass/nock-e-optimize-edit.rkt b/fifth-pass/nock-e-optimize-edit.rkt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..61ce6a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fifth-pass/nock-e-optimize-edit.rkt
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+#lang racket
+
+(require rackunit)
+
+;; This pass optimizes the nock-tree-edit (and nock-tree-find) functions by reversing the atom
+;; passed as an address
+
+(define (nock-noun subject formula gates err-k trace)
+ (match formula
+  ([cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d)]
+   (cons (nock-noun subject (cons b c) gates err-k trace) (nock-noun subject d gates err-k trace)))
+  ([cons 0 (var b)]
+   (nock-tree-find subject b err-k trace))
+  ([cons 1 (var b)]
+   b)
+  ([cons 2 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun (nock-noun subject b gates err-k trace) (nock-noun subject c gates err-k trace) gates err-k trace))
+  ([cons 3 (var b)]
+   (if (pair? (nock-noun subject b gates err-k trace)) 0 1))
+  ([cons 4 (var b)]
+   (+ 1 (nock-noun subject b gates err-k trace)))
+  ([cons 5 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (if (eqv? (nock-noun subject b gates err-k trace) (nock-noun subject c gates err-k trace)) 0 1))
+  ([cons 6 (cons (var b) (cons (var c) (var d)))]
+   (let
+    [(test (nock-noun subject b gates err-k trace))]
+   (if (= 0 test)
+    (nock-noun subject c gates err-k trace)
+    (if (= 1 test)
+     (nock-noun subject d gates err-k trace)
+     (err-k (cons 2 trace))))))
+  ([cons 7 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun (nock-noun subject b gates err-k trace) c gates err-k trace))
+  ([cons 8 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun (cons (nock-noun subject b gates err-k trace) subject) c gates err-k trace))
+  ([cons 9 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (let
+    ([core (nock-noun subject c gates err-k trace)])
+    (nock-noun core (nock-tree-find core b err-k trace) gates err-k trace)))
+  ([cons 10 (cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d))]
+   (nock-tree-edit (nock-noun subject c gates err-k trace) b (nock-noun subject d gates err-k trace) err-k trace))
+  ([cons 11 (cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d))]
+   (let
+    [(clue (nock-noun subject c))]
+     (if (member b (list (tas "hunk") (tas "hand") (tas "lose") (tas "mean") (tas "spot")))
+      (nock-noun subject d gates err-k (cons (cons b clue) trace))
+      (nock-noun subject d gates err-k trace))))
+  ([cons 11 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun subject c gates err-k trace))
+  ([cons 12 (cons (var ref) (var path))]
+   (let*
+    [(ref (nock-noun subject ref gates err-k trace))
+     (path (nock-noun subject path gates err-k trace))
+     (gate (car (car gates)))
+     (outer-err-k err-k)
+     (err-k (car (cdr (car gates))))
+     (outer-trace trace)
+     (trace (cdr (cdr (car gates))))
+     (gates (cdr gates))
+     (core (cons (car gate) (cons (cons ref path) (cdr (cdr gate)))))
+     (result (nock-noun core (car core) gates err-k trace))]
+    (if (equal? 0 result)
+     ; ~
+     (outer-err-k (cons 1 (cdr path)))
+     (if (equal? 0 (car result))
+      (outer-err-k (cons 2 (cons (cons (tas "hunk") (cons ref path)) outer-trace))) 
+      (cdr (cdr result))))))))
+
+(define (reverse-address address) (reverse-address-acc address 1))
+
+(define (reverse-address-acc address reversed)
+ (if (= address 1)
+  reversed
+  (reverse-address-acc (arithmetic-shift address -1) (bitwise-ior (arithmetic-shift reversed 1) (bitwise-and address 1)))))
+
+(define (nock-tree-find-reversed tree reversed)
+ (if (= reversed 1)
+  tree
+  (if (even? reversed)
+   (nock-tree-find-reversed (car tree) (arithmetic-shift reversed -1))
+   (nock-tree-find-reversed (cdr tree) (arithmetic-shift reversed -1)))))
+
+(define (nock-tree-find tree address err-k trace)
+ (if (= address 0)
+  (err-k (cons 2 trace))
+  (nock-tree-find-reversed tree (reverse-address address))))
+
+(define (nock-tree-edit-reversed subtree reversed tree)
+ (if (= reversed 1)
+  subtree
+  (if (even? reversed)
+   (cons (nock-tree-edit-reversed subtree (arithmetic-shift reversed -1) (car tree)) (cdr tree))
+   (cons (car tree) (nock-tree-edit-reversed subtree (arithmetic-shift reversed -1) (cdr tree))))))
+
+; # operator in nock spec: tree editing
+(define (nock-tree-edit subtree address tree err-k trace)
+ (if (= address 0)
+  (err-k (cons 2 trace))
+  (nock-tree-edit-reversed subtree (reverse-address address) tree)))
+
+;; macro for %tas literals:
+;; converts input string into a numeric literal of that string represented as a %tas, i.e. an
+;; atom with the ascii bytes of the string in sequence (first->LSB, last->MSB)
+(define-syntax (tas str)
+ (quasisyntax
+  (unsyntax
+   (foldr
+    (lambda (char atom) (bitwise-ior (bitwise-and #xFF (char->integer char)) (arithmetic-shift atom 8)))
+    0
+    (string->list (car (cdr (syntax->datum str))))))))
+
+(define nock-here 1)
+(define (nock-car address) (* address 2))
+(define (nock-cdr address) (+ 1 (* address 2)))
+(define (get-0 x) (cons 0 x))
+(define (literal-1 x) (cons 1 x))
+(define (eval-2 x y) (cons 2 (cons x y)))
+(define (cell?-3 x) (cons 3 x))
+(define (inc-4 x) (cons 4 x))
+(define (=-5 x y) (cons 5 (cons x y)))
+(define (if-6 x y z) (cons 6 (cons x (cons y z))))
+(define (compose-7 x y) (cons 7 (cons x y)))
+(define (declare-8 x y) (cons 8 (cons x y)))
+(define (call-9 x y) (cons 9 (cons x y)))
+(define (update-10 x y z) (cons 10 (cons (cons x y) z)))
+(define (hint-11 x y) (cons 11 (cons x y)))
+(define lootru 0)
+(define loofal 1)
+
+(define test-tree (cons (cons 4 5) 3))
+(define decrement-4-core
+  (cons
+   (if-6 (=-5 (get-0 (nock-car (nock-cdr nock-here))) (inc-4 (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))))
+    (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))
+    (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (update-10 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)) (inc-4 (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))) (get-0 nock-here))))
+   (cons 4 0)))
+
+(define (nock-test subject formula) (nock-noun subject formula '() test-err-k '()))
+
+(define (test-err-k err)
+ (printf "Error: ~v" err)
+ (error 'nock-err))
+
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 nock-here) ) test-tree "tree address 1")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-car nock-here))) (car test-tree) "tree address 2")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-cdr nock-here))) (cdr test-tree) "tree address 3")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-car (nock-car nock-here)))) (car (car test-tree)) "tree address 4")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-car nock-here)))) (cdr (car test-tree)) "tree address 5")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (literal-1 test-tree)) test-tree "literal")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (eval-2 (literal-1 test-tree) (literal-1 (get-0 2)))) (car test-tree) "eval")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (cell?-3 (get-0 1))) lootru "test cell true")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (cell?-3 (get-0 3))) loofal "test cell false")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (inc-4 (literal-1 0))) 1 "increment")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (=-5 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 1))) lootru "test equals true")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (=-5 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) loofal "test equals false")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (if-6 (literal-1 lootru) (literal-1 5) (get-0 100))) 5 "test if tru")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (if-6 (literal-1 loofal) (get-0 100) (literal-1 5))) 5 "test if false")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (compose-7 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) (car test-tree) "test compose")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (declare-8 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) test-tree "test declare")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (literal-1 decrement-4-core))) 3 "test call")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (update-10 (nock-cdr nock-here) (literal-1 (cons 6 7)) (literal-1 test-tree))) (cons (cons 4 5) (cons 6 7)) "test update")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (update-10 (nock-car (nock-cdr nock-here)) (literal-1 8) (literal-1 decrement-4-core)))) 7 "test slam i.e. update sample and call")
+; test 11 static and dynamic
diff --git a/fifth-pass/nock-f-cps.rkt b/fifth-pass/nock-f-cps.rkt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9699ab3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fifth-pass/nock-f-cps.rkt
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+#lang racket
+
+(require rackunit)
+
+;; This interpreter is a translation of the interpreter in (e) into continuation-passing style (CPS).
+;;
+;; Rather than return a result, functions take a function (called a continuation) to which to pass
+;; their result, and invoke it. This creates a linear sequence of invocations rather than nested expressions.
+
+(define (nock-noun subject formula gates err-k trace)
+ (nock-noun-cps subject formula gates err-k trace empty-k))
+
+(define (nock-noun-cps subject formula gates err-k trace k)
+ (match formula
+  ([cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d)]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject (cons b c) gates err-k trace
+    (lambda (u)
+     (nock-noun-cps subject d gates err-k trace
+      (lambda (v)
+       (k (cons u v)))))))
+  ([cons 0 (var b)]
+   (nock-tree-find subject b err-k trace k))
+  ([cons 1 (var b)]
+   (k b))
+  ([cons 2 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject b gates err-k trace
+    (lambda (u)
+     (nock-noun-cps subject c gates err-k trace
+      (lambda (v)
+       (nock-noun-cps u v gates err-k trace k))))))
+  ([cons 3 (var b)]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject b gates err-k trace
+    (lambda (u)
+     (if (pair? u)
+      (k 0)
+      (k 1)))))
+  ([cons 4 (var b)]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject b gates err-k trace
+    (lambda (u)
+     (k (+ 1 u)))))
+  ([cons 5 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject b gates err-k trace
+    (lambda (u)
+     (nock-noun-cps subject c gates err-k trace
+      (lambda (v)
+        (if (eqv? u v)
+         (k 0)
+         (k 1)))))))
+  ([cons 6 (cons (var b) (cons (var c) (var d)))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject b gates err-k trace
+    (lambda (u)
+     (if (= 0 u)
+      (nock-noun-cps subject c gates err-k trace k)
+      (if (= 1 u)
+       (nock-noun-cps subject d gates err-k trace k)
+       (err-k (cons 2 trace)))))))
+  ([cons 7 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject b gates err-k trace
+    (lambda (u)
+     (nock-noun-cps u c gates err-k trace k))))
+  ([cons 8 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject b gates err-k trace
+    (lambda (u)
+     (nock-noun-cps (cons u subject) c gates err-k trace k))))
+  ([cons 9 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject c gates err-k trace
+    (lambda (u)
+     (nock-tree-find u b err-k trace
+      (lambda (v)
+       (nock-noun-cps u v gates err-k trace k))))))
+  ([cons 10 (cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject c gates err-k trace
+    (lambda (u)
+     (nock-noun-cps subject d gates err-k trace
+      (lambda (v)
+       (nock-tree-edit u b v err-k trace k))))))
+  ([cons 11 (cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject c gates err-k trace
+    (lambda (u)
+     (if (member b (list (tas "hunk") (tas "hand") (tas "lose") (tas "mean") (tas "spot")))
+      (nock-noun-cps subject d gates err-k (cons (cons b u) trace) k)
+      (nock-noun-cps subject d gates err-k trace k)))))
+  ([cons 11 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject c gates err-k trace k))
+  ([cons 12 (cons (var ref) (var path))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject ref gates err-k trace
+    (lambda (u)
+     (nock-noun-cps subject path gates err-k trace
+      (lambda (v)
+       (let*
+        [(gate (car (car gates)))
+         (outer-err-k err-k)
+         (err-k (car (cdr (car gates))))
+         (outer-trace trace)
+         (trace (cdr (cdr (car gates))))
+         (gates (cdr gates))
+         (core (cons (car gate) (cons (cons u v) (cdr (cdr gate)))))]
+        (nock-noun-cps core (car core) gates err-k trace
+         (lambda (w)
+          (if (equal? 0 w)
+           ; ~
+           (outer-err-k (cons 1 (cdr v)))
+           (if (equal? 0 (car w))
+            (outer-err-k (cons 2 (cons (cons (tas "hunk") (cons u v)) (outer-trace trace)))) 
+            (k (cdr (cdr w)))))))))))))))
+
+(define (reverse-address address k) (reverse-address-acc address 1 k))
+
+(define (reverse-address-acc address reversed k)
+ (if (= address 1)
+  (k reversed)
+  (reverse-address-acc (arithmetic-shift address -1) (bitwise-ior (arithmetic-shift reversed 1) (bitwise-and address 1)) k)))
+
+(define (nock-tree-find-reversed tree reversed k)
+ (if (= reversed 1)
+  (k tree)
+  (if (even? reversed)
+   (nock-tree-find-reversed (car tree) (arithmetic-shift reversed -1) k)
+   (nock-tree-find-reversed (cdr tree) (arithmetic-shift reversed -1) k))))
+
+(define (nock-tree-find tree address err-k trace k)
+ (if (= address 0)
+  (err-k (cons 2 trace))
+  (reverse-address address (lambda (u)
+   (nock-tree-find-reversed tree u k)))))
+
+(define (nock-tree-edit-reversed subtree reversed tree k)
+ (if (= reversed 1)
+  (k subtree)
+  (if (even? reversed)
+   (nock-tree-edit-reversed subtree (arithmetic-shift reversed -1) (car tree) (lambda (u)
+    (k (cons u (cdr tree)))))
+   (nock-tree-edit-reversed subtree (arithmetic-shift reversed -1) (cdr tree) (lambda (u)
+    (k (cons (car tree) u)))))))
+
+; # operator in nock spec: tree editing
+(define (nock-tree-edit subtree address tree err-k trace k)
+ (if (= address 0)
+  (err-k (cons 2 trace))
+  (reverse-address address
+   (lambda (u)
+    (nock-tree-edit-reversed subtree u tree k)))))
+
+(define (empty-k v) v)
+
+;; macro for %tas literals:
+;; converts input string into a numeric literal of that string represented as a %tas, i.e. an
+;; atom with the ascii bytes of the string in sequence (first->LSB, last->MSB)
+(define-syntax (tas str)
+ (quasisyntax
+  (unsyntax
+   (foldr
+    (lambda (char atom) (bitwise-ior (bitwise-and #xFF (char->integer char)) (arithmetic-shift atom 8)))
+    0
+    (string->list (car (cdr (syntax->datum str))))))))
+
+(define nock-here 1)
+(define (nock-car address) (* address 2))
+(define (nock-cdr address) (+ 1 (* address 2)))
+(define (get-0 x) (cons 0 x))
+(define (literal-1 x) (cons 1 x))
+(define (eval-2 x y) (cons 2 (cons x y)))
+(define (cell?-3 x) (cons 3 x))
+(define (inc-4 x) (cons 4 x))
+(define (=-5 x y) (cons 5 (cons x y)))
+(define (if-6 x y z) (cons 6 (cons x (cons y z))))
+(define (compose-7 x y) (cons 7 (cons x y)))
+(define (declare-8 x y) (cons 8 (cons x y)))
+(define (call-9 x y) (cons 9 (cons x y)))
+(define (update-10 x y z) (cons 10 (cons (cons x y) z)))
+(define (hint-11 x y) (cons 11 (cons x y)))
+(define lootru 0)
+(define loofal 1)
+
+(define test-tree (cons (cons 4 5) 3))
+(define decrement-4-core
+  (cons
+   (if-6 (=-5 (get-0 (nock-car (nock-cdr nock-here))) (inc-4 (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))))
+    (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))
+    (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (update-10 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)) (inc-4 (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))) (get-0 nock-here))))
+   (cons 4 0)))
+
+(define (nock-test subject formula) (nock-noun subject formula '() test-err-k '()))
+
+(define (test-err-k err)
+ (printf "Error: ~v" err)
+ (error 'nock-err))
+
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 nock-here) ) test-tree "tree address 1")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-car nock-here))) (car test-tree) "tree address 2")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-cdr nock-here))) (cdr test-tree) "tree address 3")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-car (nock-car nock-here)))) (car (car test-tree)) "tree address 4")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-car nock-here)))) (cdr (car test-tree)) "tree address 5")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (literal-1 test-tree)) test-tree "literal")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (eval-2 (literal-1 test-tree) (literal-1 (get-0 2)))) (car test-tree) "eval")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (cell?-3 (get-0 1))) lootru "test cell true")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (cell?-3 (get-0 3))) loofal "test cell false")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (inc-4 (literal-1 0))) 1 "increment")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (=-5 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 1))) lootru "test equals true")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (=-5 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) loofal "test equals false")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (if-6 (literal-1 lootru) (literal-1 5) (get-0 100))) 5 "test if tru")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (if-6 (literal-1 loofal) (get-0 100) (literal-1 5))) 5 "test if false")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (compose-7 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) (car test-tree) "test compose")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (declare-8 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) test-tree "test declare")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (literal-1 decrement-4-core))) 3 "test call")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (update-10 (nock-cdr nock-here) (literal-1 (cons 6 7)) (literal-1 test-tree))) (cons (cons 4 5) (cons 6 7)) "test update")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (update-10 (nock-car (nock-cdr nock-here)) (literal-1 8) (literal-1 decrement-4-core)))) 7 "test slam i.e. update sample and call")
+; test 11 static and dynamic
diff --git a/fifth-pass/nock-g-explicit-apply.rkt b/fifth-pass/nock-g-explicit-apply.rkt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c183db7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fifth-pass/nock-g-explicit-apply.rkt
@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+#lang racket
+
+(require rackunit)
+
+;; This interpreter adds an explicit function for applying continuations,
+;; a necessary pre-requisite to closure conversion
+
+(define (nock-noun subject formula gates err-k trace)
+ (nock-noun-cps subject formula gates err-k trace empty-k))
+
+(define (nock-noun-cps subject formula gates err-k trace k)
+ (match formula
+  ([cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d)]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject (cons b c) gates err-k trace
+    (lambda (u)
+     (nock-noun-cps subject d gates err-k trace
+      (lambda (v)
+       (apply-k k (cons u v)))))))
+  ([cons 0 (var b)]
+   (nock-tree-find subject b err-k trace k))
+  ([cons 1 (var b)]
+   (apply-k k b))
+  ([cons 2 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject b gates err-k trace
+    (lambda (u)
+     (nock-noun-cps subject c gates err-k trace
+      (lambda (v)
+       (nock-noun-cps u v gates err-k trace k))))))
+  ([cons 3 (var b)]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject b gates err-k trace
+    (lambda (u)
+     (if (pair? u)
+      (apply-k k 0)
+      (apply-k k 1)))))
+  ([cons 4 (var b)]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject b gates err-k trace
+    (lambda (u)
+     (apply-k k (+ 1 u)))))
+  ([cons 5 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject b gates err-k trace
+    (lambda (u)
+     (nock-noun-cps subject c gates err-k trace
+      (lambda (v)
+        (if (eqv? u v)
+         (apply-k k 0)
+         (apply-k k 1)))))))
+  ([cons 6 (cons (var b) (cons (var c) (var d)))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject b gates err-k trace
+    (lambda (u)
+     (if (= 0 u)
+      (nock-noun-cps subject c gates err-k trace k)
+      (if (= 1 u)
+       (nock-noun-cps subject d gates err-k trace k)
+       (apply-err-k err-k (cons 2 trace)))))))
+  ([cons 7 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject b gates err-k trace
+    (lambda (u)
+     (nock-noun-cps u c gates err-k trace k))))
+  ([cons 8 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject b gates err-k trace
+    (lambda (u)
+     (nock-noun-cps (cons u subject) c gates err-k trace k))))
+  ([cons 9 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject c gates err-k trace
+    (lambda (u)
+     (nock-tree-find u b err-k trace
+      (lambda (v)
+       (nock-noun-cps u v gates err-k trace k))))))
+  ([cons 10 (cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject c gates err-k trace
+    (lambda (u)
+     (nock-noun-cps subject d gates err-k trace
+      (lambda (v)
+       (nock-tree-edit u b v err-k trace k))))))
+  ([cons 11 (cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject c gates err-k trace
+    (lambda (u)
+     (if (member b (list (tas "hunk") (tas "hand") (tas "lose") (tas "mean") (tas "spot")))
+      (nock-noun-cps subject d gates err-k (cons (cons b u) trace) k)
+      (nock-noun-cps subject d gates err-k trace k)))))
+  ([cons 11 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject c gates err-k trace k))
+  ([cons 12 (cons (var ref) (var path))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject ref gates err-k trace
+    (lambda (u)
+     (nock-noun-cps subject path gates err-k trace
+      (lambda (v)
+       (let*
+        [(gate (car (car gates)))
+         (outer-err-k err-k)
+         (err-k (car (cdr (car gates))))
+         (outer-trace trace)
+         (trace (cdr (cdr (car gates))))
+         (gates (cdr gates))
+         (core (cons (car gate) (cons (cons u v) (cdr (cdr gate)))))]
+        (nock-noun-cps core (car core) gates err-k trace
+         (lambda (w)
+          (if (equal? 0 w)
+           ; ~
+           (outer-err-k (cons 1 (cdr v)))
+           (if (equal? 0 (car w))
+            (outer-err-k (cons 2 (cons (cons (tas "hunk") (cons u v)) outer-trace)))
+            (apply-k k (cdr (cdr w)))))))))))))))
+
+(define (reverse-address address k) (reverse-address-acc address 1 k))
+
+(define (reverse-address-acc address reversed k)
+ (if (= address 1)
+  (apply-k k reversed)
+  (reverse-address-acc (arithmetic-shift address -1) (bitwise-ior (arithmetic-shift reversed 1) (bitwise-and address 1)) k)))
+
+(define (nock-tree-find-reversed tree reversed k)
+ (if (= reversed 1)
+  (apply-k k tree)
+  (if (even? reversed)
+   (nock-tree-find-reversed (car tree) (arithmetic-shift reversed -1) k)
+   (nock-tree-find-reversed (cdr tree) (arithmetic-shift reversed -1) k))))
+
+(define (nock-tree-find tree address err-k trace k)
+ (if (= address 0)
+  (apply-err-k err-k (cons 2 trace))
+  (reverse-address address (lambda (u)
+   (nock-tree-find-reversed tree u k)))))
+
+(define (nock-tree-edit-reversed subtree reversed tree k)
+ (if (= reversed 1)
+  (apply-k k subtree)
+  (if (even? reversed)
+   (nock-tree-edit-reversed subtree (arithmetic-shift reversed -1) (car tree) (lambda (u)
+    (apply-k k (cons u (cdr tree)))))
+   (nock-tree-edit-reversed subtree (arithmetic-shift reversed -1) (cdr tree) (lambda (u)
+    (apply-k k (cons (car tree) u)))))))
+
+; # operator in nock spec: tree editing
+(define (nock-tree-edit subtree address tree err-k trace k)
+ (if (= address 0)
+  (apply-err-k err-k (cons 2 trace))
+  (reverse-address address
+   (lambda (u)
+    (nock-tree-edit-reversed subtree u tree k)))))
+
+(define (empty-k v) v)
+
+(define (apply-k k x) (k x))
+(define (apply-err-k err-k err) (err-k err))
+
+;; macro for %tas literals:
+;; converts input string into a numeric literal of that string represented as a %tas, i.e. an
+;; atom with the ascii bytes of the string in sequence (first->LSB, last->MSB)
+(define-syntax (tas str)
+ (quasisyntax
+  (unsyntax
+   (foldr
+    (lambda (char atom) (bitwise-ior (bitwise-and #xFF (char->integer char)) (arithmetic-shift atom 8)))
+    0
+    (string->list (car (cdr (syntax->datum str))))))))
+
+(define nock-here 1)
+(define (nock-car address) (* address 2))
+(define (nock-cdr address) (+ 1 (* address 2)))
+(define (get-0 x) (cons 0 x))
+(define (literal-1 x) (cons 1 x))
+(define (eval-2 x y) (cons 2 (cons x y)))
+(define (cell?-3 x) (cons 3 x))
+(define (inc-4 x) (cons 4 x))
+(define (=-5 x y) (cons 5 (cons x y)))
+(define (if-6 x y z) (cons 6 (cons x (cons y z))))
+(define (compose-7 x y) (cons 7 (cons x y)))
+(define (declare-8 x y) (cons 8 (cons x y)))
+(define (call-9 x y) (cons 9 (cons x y)))
+(define (update-10 x y z) (cons 10 (cons (cons x y) z)))
+(define (hint-11 x y) (cons 11 (cons x y)))
+(define lootru 0)
+(define loofal 1)
+
+(define test-tree (cons (cons 4 5) 3))
+(define decrement-4-core
+  (cons
+   (if-6 (=-5 (get-0 (nock-car (nock-cdr nock-here))) (inc-4 (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))))
+    (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))
+    (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (update-10 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)) (inc-4 (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))) (get-0 nock-here))))
+   (cons 4 0)))
+
+(define (nock-test subject formula) (nock-noun subject formula '() test-err-k '()))
+
+(define (test-err-k err)
+ (printf "Error: ~v" err)
+ (error 'nock-err))
+
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 nock-here) ) test-tree "tree address 1")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-car nock-here))) (car test-tree) "tree address 2")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-cdr nock-here))) (cdr test-tree) "tree address 3")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-car (nock-car nock-here)))) (car (car test-tree)) "tree address 4")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-car nock-here)))) (cdr (car test-tree)) "tree address 5")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (literal-1 test-tree)) test-tree "literal")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (eval-2 (literal-1 test-tree) (literal-1 (get-0 2)))) (car test-tree) "eval")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (cell?-3 (get-0 1))) lootru "test cell true")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (cell?-3 (get-0 3))) loofal "test cell false")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (inc-4 (literal-1 0))) 1 "increment")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (=-5 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 1))) lootru "test equals true")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (=-5 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) loofal "test equals false")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (if-6 (literal-1 lootru) (literal-1 5) (get-0 100))) 5 "test if tru")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (if-6 (literal-1 loofal) (get-0 100) (literal-1 5))) 5 "test if false")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (compose-7 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) (car test-tree) "test compose")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (declare-8 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) test-tree "test declare")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (literal-1 decrement-4-core))) 3 "test call")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (update-10 (nock-cdr nock-here) (literal-1 (cons 6 7)) (literal-1 test-tree))) (cons (cons 4 5) (cons 6 7)) "test update")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (update-10 (nock-car (nock-cdr nock-here)) (literal-1 8) (literal-1 decrement-4-core)))) 7 "test slam i.e. update sample and call")
+; test 11 static and dynamic
diff --git a/fifth-pass/nock-h-closure-convert.rkt b/fifth-pass/nock-h-closure-convert.rkt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a3c6064
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fifth-pass/nock-h-closure-convert.rkt
@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+#lang racket
+
+(require rackunit)
+
+;; This interpreter removes all nested lambdas by converting them
+;; into a tagged union, which is matched by the continuation-application
+;; function to invoke the body of the lambda.
+
+(define (nock-noun subject formula gates err-k trace)
+ (nock-noun-cps subject formula gates err-k trace empty-k))
+
+(define (nock-noun-cps subject formula gates err-k trace k)
+ (match formula
+  ([cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d)]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject (cons b c) gates err-k trace
+    (nock-cons-k-1 subject d gates err-k trace k)))
+  ([cons 0 (var b)]
+   (nock-tree-find subject b err-k trace k))
+  ([cons 1 (var b)]
+   (apply-k k b))
+  ([cons 2 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject b gates err-k trace
+    (nock-2-k-1 subject c gates err-k trace k)))
+  ([cons 3 (var b)]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject b gates err-k trace
+    (nock-3-k k)))
+  ([cons 4 (var b)]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject b gates err-k trace
+    (nock-4-k k)))
+  ([cons 5 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject b gates err-k trace
+    (nock-5-k-1 subject c gates err-k trace k)))
+  ([cons 6 (cons (var b) (cons (var c) (var d)))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject b gates err-k trace
+    (nock-6-k subject c d gates err-k trace k)))
+  ([cons 7 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject b gates err-k trace
+    (nock-7-k c gates err-k trace k)))
+  ([cons 8 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject b gates err-k trace
+    (nock-8-k subject c gates err-k trace k)))
+  ([cons 9 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject c gates err-k trace
+    (nock-9-k-1 b gates err-k trace k)))
+  ([cons 10 (cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject c gates err-k trace
+    (nock-10-k-1 subject d b gates err-k trace k)))
+  ([cons 11 (cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject c gates err-k trace
+    (nock-11-k subject b d gates err-k trace k)))
+  ([cons 11 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject c gates err-k trace k))
+  ([cons 12 (cons (var ref) (var path))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject ref gates err-k trace
+    (nock-12-k-1 subject path gates err-k trace)))))
+
+(define (reverse-address address k) (reverse-address-acc address 1 k))
+
+(define (reverse-address-acc address reversed k)
+ (if (= address 1)
+  (apply-k k reversed)
+  (reverse-address-acc (arithmetic-shift address -1) (bitwise-ior (arithmetic-shift reversed 1) (bitwise-and address 1)) k)))
+
+(define (nock-tree-find-reversed tree reversed k)
+ (if (= reversed 1)
+  (apply-k k tree)
+  (if (even? reversed)
+   (nock-tree-find-reversed (car tree) (arithmetic-shift reversed -1) k)
+   (nock-tree-find-reversed (cdr tree) (arithmetic-shift reversed -1) k))))
+
+(define (nock-tree-find tree address err-k trace k)
+ (if (= address 0)
+  (apply-err-k err-k (cons 2 trace))
+  (reverse-address address (nock-tree-find-k tree k))))
+
+(define (nock-tree-edit-reversed subtree reversed tree k)
+ (if (= reversed 1)
+  (apply-k k subtree)
+  (if (even? reversed)
+   (nock-tree-edit-reversed subtree (arithmetic-shift reversed -1) (car tree)
+    (nock-tree-edit-car-k tree k))
+   (nock-tree-edit-reversed subtree (arithmetic-shift reversed -1) (cdr tree) 
+    (nock-tree-edit-cdr-k tree k)))))
+
+; # operator in nock spec: tree editing
+(define (nock-tree-edit subtree address tree err-k trace k)
+ (if (= address 0)
+  (apply-err-k err-k (cons 2 trace))
+  (reverse-address address
+   (nock-tree-edit-k subtree tree k))))
+
+(define empty-k (list 'empty-k))
+(define (nock-cons-k-1 subject d gates err-k trace k) (list 'nock-cons-k-2 subject d gates err-k trace k))
+(define (nock-cons-k-2 u k) (list 'nock-cons-k-2 u k))
+(define (nock-2-k-1 subject c gates err-k trace k) (list 'nock-2-k-1 subject c gates err-k trace k)) 
+(define (nock-2-k-2 u gates err-k trace k) (list 'nock-2-k-2 u gates err-k trace k))
+(define (nock-3-k k) (list 'nock-3-k k))
+(define (nock-4-k k) (list 'nock-4-k k))
+(define (nock-5-k-1 subject c gates err-k trace k) (list 'nock-5-k-1 subject c gates err-k trace k))
+(define (nock-5-k-2 u k) (list 'nock-5-k-2 u k))
+(define (nock-6-k subject c d gates err-k trace k) (list 'nock-6-k subject c d gates err-k trace k))
+(define (nock-7-k c gates err-k trace k) (list 'nock-7-k c gates err-k trace k))
+(define (nock-8-k subject c gates err-k trace k) (list 'nock-8-k subject c gates err-k trace k))
+(define (nock-9-k-1 b gates err-k trace k) (list 'nock-9-k-1 b gates err-k trace k))
+(define (nock-9-k-2 u gates err-k trace k) (list 'nock-9-k-2 u gates err-k trace k))
+(define (nock-10-k-1 subject d b gates err-k trace k) (list 'nock-10-k-1 subject d b gates err-k trace k))
+(define (nock-10-k-2 u b err-k trace k) (list 'nock-10-k-2 u b err-k trace k))
+(define (nock-11-k subject b d gates err-k trace k) (list 'nock-11-k subject b d gates err-k trace k))
+(define (nock-12-k-1 subject path gates err-k trace k) (list 'nock-12-k-1 subject path gates err-k trace k))
+(define (nock-12-k-2 gates err-k trace u k) (list 'nock-12-k-2 gates err-k trace u k))
+(define (nock-12-k-3 u v outer-err-k outer-trace k) (list 'nock-12-k u v outer-err-k outer-trace k))
+(define (nock-tree-find-k tree k) (list 'nock-tree-find-k tree k))
+(define (nock-tree-edit-car-k tree k) (list 'nock-tree-edit-car-k tree k))
+(define (nock-tree-edit-cdr-k tree k) (list 'nock-tree-edit-cdr-k tree k))
+(define (nock-tree-edit-k subtree tree k) (list 'nock-tree-edit-k subtree tree k))
+
+(define (apply-k k x)
+ (match k       
+  ([list 'empty-k] x)
+  ([list 'nock-cons-k-1 (var subject) (var d) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace) (var k)]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject d gates err-k trace (nock-cons-k-2 x k)))
+  ([list 'nock-cons-k-2 (var u) (var k^)] (apply-k k (cons u x)))
+  ([list 'nock-2-k-1 (var subject) (var c) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace) (var k)]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject c gates err-k trace (nock-2-k-2 x gates err-k trace k)))
+  ([list 'nock-2-k-2 (var u) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace) (var k)]
+   (nock-noun-cps u x gates err-k trace k))
+  ([list 'nock-3-k (var k)]
+   (if (pair? x) (apply-k k 0) (apply-k k 1)))
+  ([list 'nock-4-k (var k)]
+   (apply-k k (+ 1 x)))
+  ([list 'nock-5-k-1 (var subject) (var c) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace) (var k)]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject c gates err-k trace
+    (nock-5-k-2 x k)))
+  ([list 'nock-5-k-2 (var u) (var k)]
+   (if (eqv? u x) (apply-k k 0) (apply-k k 1)))
+  ([list 'nock-6-k (var subject) (var c) (var d) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace) (var k)]
+   (if (= 0 x)
+    (nock-noun-cps subject c gates err-k trace k)
+     (if (= 1 x)
+      (nock-noun-cps subject d gates err-k trace k)
+      (apply-err-k err-k (cons 2 trace)))))
+  ([list 'nock-7-k (var c) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace) (var k)]
+   (nock-noun-cps x c gates err-k trace k))
+  ([list 'nock-8-k (var subject) (var c) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace) (var k)]
+   (nock-noun-cps (cons x subject) c gates err-k trace k))
+  ([list 'nock-9-k-1 (var b) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace) (var k)]
+   (nock-tree-find x b err-k trace
+    (nock-9-k-2 x gates err-k trace k)))
+  ([list 'nock-9-k-2 (var u) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace) (var k)]
+   (nock-noun-cps u x gates err-k trace k))
+  ([list 'nock-10-k-1 (var subject) (var d) (var b) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace) (var k)]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject d gates err-k trace (nock-10-k-2 x b err-k trace k)))
+  ([list 'nock-10-k-2 (var u) (var b) (var err-k) (var trace) (var k)]
+   (nock-tree-edit u b x err-k trace k))
+  ([list 'nock-11-k (var subject) (var b) (var d) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace) (var k)]
+   (if (member b (list (tas "hunk") (tas "hand") (tas "lose") (tas "mean") (tas "spot")))
+    (nock-noun-cps subject d gates err-k (cons (cons b x) trace) k)
+    (nock-noun-cps subject d gates err-k trace k)))
+  ([list 'nock-12-k-1 (var subject) (var path) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject path gates err-k trace
+    (nock-12-k-2 gates err-k trace x k)))
+  ([list 'nock-12-k-2 (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace) (var u) (var k)]
+    (let*
+     [(gate (car (car gates)))
+      (outer-err-k err-k)
+      (err-k (car (cdr (car gates))))
+      (outer-trace trace)
+      (trace (cdr (cdr (car gates))))
+      (gates (cdr gates))
+      (core (cons (car gate) (cons (cons u x) (cdr (cdr gate)))))]
+     (nock-noun-cps core (car core) gates err-k trace
+      (nock-12-k-3 u x outer-err-k outer-trace k))))
+  ([list 'nock-12-k-3 (var u) (var v) (var outer-err-k) (var outer-trace) (var k)]
+   (if (equal? 0 x)
+    ; ~
+    (outer-err-k (cons 1 (cdr v)))
+    (if (equal? 0 (car x))
+     (outer-err-k (cons 2 (cons (cons (tas "hunk") (cons u v)) outer-trace)))
+     (apply-k k (cdr (cdr x))))))
+  ([list 'nock-tree-edit-car-k (var tree) (var k)]
+   (apply-k k (cons x (cdr tree))))
+  ([list 'nock-tree-edit-cdr-k (var tree) (var k)]
+   (apply-k k (cons (car tree) x)))
+  ([list 'nock-tree-edit-k (var subtree) (var tree) (var k)]
+   (nock-tree-edit-reversed subtree x tree k))
+  ([list 'nock-tree-find-k (var tree) (var k)]
+   (nock-tree-find-reversed tree x k))
+  ((var k^) #:when (procedure? k^) (k^ x))))
+
+(define (apply-err-k err-k err) (err-k err))
+
+;; macro for %tas literals:
+;; converts input string into a numeric literal of that string represented as a %tas, i.e. an
+;; atom with the ascii bytes of the string in sequence (first->LSB, last->MSB)
+(define-syntax (tas str)
+ (quasisyntax
+  (unsyntax
+   (foldr
+    (lambda (char atom) (bitwise-ior (bitwise-and #xFF (char->integer char)) (arithmetic-shift atom 8)))
+    0
+    (string->list (car (cdr (syntax->datum str))))))))
+
+(define nock-here 1)
+(define (nock-car address) (* address 2))
+(define (nock-cdr address) (+ 1 (* address 2)))
+(define (get-0 x) (cons 0 x))
+(define (literal-1 x) (cons 1 x))
+(define (eval-2 x y) (cons 2 (cons x y)))
+(define (cell?-3 x) (cons 3 x))
+(define (inc-4 x) (cons 4 x))
+(define (=-5 x y) (cons 5 (cons x y)))
+(define (if-6 x y z) (cons 6 (cons x (cons y z))))
+(define (compose-7 x y) (cons 7 (cons x y)))
+(define (declare-8 x y) (cons 8 (cons x y)))
+(define (call-9 x y) (cons 9 (cons x y)))
+(define (update-10 x y z) (cons 10 (cons (cons x y) z)))
+(define (hint-11 x y) (cons 11 (cons x y)))
+(define lootru 0)
+(define loofal 1)
+
+(define test-tree (cons (cons 4 5) 3))
+(define decrement-4-core
+  (cons
+   (if-6 (=-5 (get-0 (nock-car (nock-cdr nock-here))) (inc-4 (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))))
+    (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))
+    (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (update-10 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)) (inc-4 (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))) (get-0 nock-here))))
+   (cons 4 0)))
+
+(define (nock-test subject formula) (nock-noun subject formula '() test-err-k '()))
+
+(define (test-err-k err)
+ (printf "Error: ~v" err)
+ (error 'nock-err))
+
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 nock-here) ) test-tree "tree address 1")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-car nock-here))) (car test-tree) "tree address 2")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-cdr nock-here))) (cdr test-tree) "tree address 3")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-car (nock-car nock-here)))) (car (car test-tree)) "tree address 4")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-car nock-here)))) (cdr (car test-tree)) "tree address 5")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (literal-1 test-tree)) test-tree "literal")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (eval-2 (literal-1 test-tree) (literal-1 (get-0 2)))) (car test-tree) "eval")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (cell?-3 (get-0 1))) lootru "test cell true")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (cell?-3 (get-0 3))) loofal "test cell false")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (inc-4 (literal-1 0))) 1 "increment")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (=-5 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 1))) lootru "test equals true")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (=-5 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) loofal "test equals false")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (if-6 (literal-1 lootru) (literal-1 5) (get-0 100))) 5 "test if tru")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (if-6 (literal-1 loofal) (get-0 100) (literal-1 5))) 5 "test if false")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (compose-7 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) (car test-tree) "test compose")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (declare-8 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) test-tree "test declare")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (literal-1 decrement-4-core))) 3 "test call")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (update-10 (nock-cdr nock-here) (literal-1 (cons 6 7)) (literal-1 test-tree))) (cons (cons 4 5) (cons 6 7)) "test update")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (update-10 (nock-car (nock-cdr nock-here)) (literal-1 8) (literal-1 decrement-4-core)))) 7 "test slam i.e. update sample and call")
+; test 11 static and dynamic
diff --git a/fifth-pass/nock-i-k-stack.rkt b/fifth-pass/nock-i-k-stack.rkt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dd68ce2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fifth-pass/nock-i-k-stack.rkt
@@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
+#lang racket
+
+(require rackunit)
+
+;; This interpreter converts the implicit stack of continuations from (j)
+;; (represented by every continuation closure other than empty-k receiving
+;; the current continuation as its last argument) into an explicit stack.
+;;
+;; It removes the continuation variable from all continuation closures
+;; and adds a `push-k` operation to push a continuation closure onto the stack.
+;;
+;; The apply-k function now functions explicitly as a stack-popping operation.
+
+(define stack '())
+(define (push-k k)
+ (set! stack (cons k stack))) 
+
+(define (nock-noun subject formula gates err-k trace)
+ (begin
+  (push-k empty-k)
+  (nock-noun-cps subject formula gates err-k trace)))
+
+(define (nock-noun-cps subject formula gates err-k trace)
+ (match formula
+  ([cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d)]
+   (begin
+    (push-k (nock-cons-k-1 subject d gates err-k trace))
+    (nock-noun-cps subject (cons b c) gates err-k trace)))
+  ([cons 0 (var b)]
+   (nock-tree-find subject b err-k trace))
+  ([cons 1 (var b)]
+   (apply-k b))
+  ([cons 2 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (begin
+    (push-k (nock-2-k-1 subject c gates err-k trace))
+    (nock-noun-cps subject b gates err-k trace)))
+  ([cons 3 (var b)]
+   (begin
+    (push-k nock-3-k)
+    (nock-noun-cps subject b gates err-k trace)))
+  ([cons 4 (var b)]
+   (begin
+    (push-k nock-4-k)
+    (nock-noun-cps subject b gates err-k trace)))
+  ([cons 5 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (begin
+    (push-k (nock-5-k-1 subject c gates err-k trace))
+    (nock-noun-cps subject b gates err-k trace)))
+  ([cons 6 (cons (var b) (cons (var c) (var d)))]
+   (begin
+    (push-k (nock-6-k subject c d gates err-k trace))
+    (nock-noun-cps subject b gates err-k trace)))
+  ([cons 7 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (begin
+    (push-k (nock-7-k c gates err-k trace))
+    (nock-noun-cps subject b gates err-k trace)))
+  ([cons 8 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (begin
+    (push-k (nock-8-k subject c gates err-k trace))
+    (nock-noun-cps subject b gates err-k trace)))
+  ([cons 9 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (begin
+    (push-k (nock-9-k-1 b gates err-k trace))
+    (nock-noun-cps subject c gates err-k trace)))
+  ([cons 10 (cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d))]
+   (begin
+    (push-k (nock-10-k-1 subject d b gates err-k trace))
+    (nock-noun-cps subject c gates err-k trace)))
+  ([cons 11 (cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d))]
+   (begin
+    (push-k (nock-11-k subject b d gates err-k trace))
+    (nock-noun-cps subject c gates err-k trace)))
+  ([cons 11 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (nock-noun-cps subject c gates err-k trace))
+  ([cons 12 (cons (var ref) (var path))]
+   (begin
+    (push-k (nock-12-k-1 subject path gates err-k trace))
+    (nock-noun-cps subject ref gates err-k trace)))))
+
+(define (reverse-address address) (reverse-address-acc address 1))
+
+(define (reverse-address-acc address reversed)
+ (if (= address 1)
+  (apply-k reversed)
+  (reverse-address-acc (arithmetic-shift address -1) (bitwise-ior (arithmetic-shift reversed 1) (bitwise-and address 1)))))
+
+(define (nock-tree-find-reversed tree reversed)
+ (if (= reversed 1)
+  (apply-k tree)
+  (if (even? reversed)
+   (nock-tree-find-reversed (car tree) (arithmetic-shift reversed -1))
+   (nock-tree-find-reversed (cdr tree) (arithmetic-shift reversed -1)))))
+
+(define (nock-tree-find tree address err-k trace)
+ (if (= address 0)
+  (apply-err-k err-k (cons 2 trace))
+  (begin
+   (push-k (nock-tree-find-k tree))
+   (reverse-address address))))
+
+(define (nock-tree-edit-reversed subtree reversed tree)
+ (if (= reversed 1)
+  (apply-k subtree)
+  (if (even? reversed)
+   (begin
+    (push-k (nock-tree-edit-car-k tree))
+    (nock-tree-edit-reversed subtree (arithmetic-shift reversed -1) (car tree)))
+   (begin
+    (push-k (nock-tree-edit-cdr-k tree))
+    (nock-tree-edit-reversed subtree (arithmetic-shift reversed -1) (cdr tree))))))
+
+; # operator in nock spec: tree editing
+(define (nock-tree-edit subtree address tree err-k trace)
+ (if (= address 0)
+  (apply-err-k err-k (cons 2 trace))
+  (begin
+   (push-k (nock-tree-edit-k subtree tree))
+   (reverse-address address))))
+
+(define empty-k (list 'empty-k))
+(define (nock-cons-k-1 subject d gates err-k trace) (list 'nock-cons-k-2 subject d gates err-k trace))
+(define (nock-cons-k-2 u) (list 'nock-cons-k-2 u))
+(define (nock-2-k-1 subject c gates err-k trace) (list 'nock-2-k-1 subject c gates err-k trace)) 
+(define (nock-2-k-2 u gates err-k trace) (list 'nock-2-k-2 u gates err-k trace))
+(define nock-3-k (list 'nock-3-k))
+(define nock-4-k (list 'nock-4-k))
+(define (nock-5-k-1 subject c gates err-k trace) (list 'nock-5-k-1 subject c gates err-k trace))
+(define (nock-5-k-2 u) (list 'nock-5-k-2 u))
+(define (nock-6-k subject c d gates err-k trace) (list 'nock-6-k subject c d gates err-k trace))
+(define (nock-7-k c gates err-k trace) (list 'nock-7-k c gates err-k trace))
+(define (nock-8-k subject c gates err-k trace) (list 'nock-8-k subject c gates err-k trace))
+(define (nock-9-k-1 b gates err-k trace) (list 'nock-9-k-1 b gates err-k trace))
+(define (nock-9-k-2 u gates err-k trace) (list 'nock-9-k-2 u gates err-k trace))
+(define (nock-10-k-1 subject d b gates err-k trace) (list 'nock-10-k-1 subject d b gates err-k trace))
+(define (nock-10-k-2 u b err-k trace) (list 'nock-10-k-2 u b err-k trace))
+(define (nock-11-k subject b d gates err-k trace) (list 'nock-11-k subject b d gates err-k trace))
+(define (nock-12-k-1 subject path gates err-k trace) (list 'nock-12-k-1 subject path gates err-k trace))
+(define (nock-12-k-2 gates err-k trace u) (list 'nock-12-k-2 gates err-k trace u))
+(define (nock-12-k-3 u v outer-err-k outer-trace) (list 'nock-12-k u v outer-err-k outer-trace))
+(define (nock-tree-find-k tree) (list 'nock-tree-find-k tree))
+(define (nock-tree-edit-car-k tree) (list 'nock-tree-edit-car-k tree))
+(define (nock-tree-edit-cdr-k tree) (list 'nock-tree-edit-cdr-k tree))
+(define (nock-tree-edit-k subtree tree) (list 'nock-tree-edit-k subtree tree))
+
+(define (apply-k x)
+ (let
+  [(k (car stack))]
+  (begin
+   (set! stack (cdr stack))
+   (match k       
+    ([list 'empty-k] x)
+    ([list 'nock-cons-k-1 (var subject) (var d) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (begin
+      (push-k (nock-cons-k-2 x))
+      (nock-noun-cps subject d gates err-k trace)))
+    ([list 'nock-cons-k-2 (var u) (var k^)]
+     (apply-k (cons u x)))
+    ([list 'nock-2-k-1 (var subject) (var c) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (begin
+      (push-k (nock-2-k-2 x gates err-k trace))
+      (nock-noun-cps subject c gates err-k trace)))
+    ([list 'nock-2-k-2 (var u) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (nock-noun-cps u x gates err-k trace))
+    ([list 'nock-3-k]
+     (if (pair? x) (apply-k 0) (apply-k 1)))
+    ([list 'nock-4-k]
+     (apply-k (+ 1 x)))
+    ([list 'nock-5-k-1 (var subject) (var c) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (begin
+      (push-k (nock-5-k-2 x))
+      (nock-noun-cps subject c gates err-k trace)))
+    ([list 'nock-5-k-2 (var u)]
+     (if (eqv? u x) (apply-k 0) (apply-k 1)))
+    ([list 'nock-6-k (var subject) (var c) (var d) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (if (= 0 x)
+      (nock-noun-cps subject c gates err-k trace)
+       (if (= 1 x)
+        (nock-noun-cps subject d gates err-k trace)
+        (apply-err-k err-k (cons 2 trace)))))
+    ([list 'nock-7-k (var c) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (nock-noun-cps x c gates err-k trace))
+    ([list 'nock-8-k (var subject) (var c) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (nock-noun-cps (cons x subject) c gates err-k trace))
+    ([list 'nock-9-k-1 (var b) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (begin
+      (push-k (nock-9-k-2 x gates err-k trace))
+      (nock-tree-find x b err-k trace)))
+    ([list 'nock-9-k-2 (var u) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (nock-noun-cps u x gates err-k trace))
+    ([list 'nock-10-k-1 (var subject) (var d) (var b) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (begin
+      (push-k (nock-10-k-2 x b err-k trace))
+      (nock-noun-cps subject d gates err-k trace)))
+    ([list 'nock-10-k-2 (var u) (var b) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (nock-tree-edit u b x err-k trace))
+    ([list 'nock-11-k (var subject) (var b) (var d) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (if (member b (list (tas "hunk") (tas "hand") (tas "lose") (tas "mean") (tas "spot")))
+      (nock-noun-cps subject d gates err-k (cons (cons b x) trace))
+      (nock-noun-cps subject d gates err-k trace)))
+    ([list 'nock-12-k-1 (var subject) (var path) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (begin
+      (push-k (nock-12-k-2 gates err-k trace x))
+      (nock-noun-cps subject path gates err-k trace)))
+    ([list 'nock-12-k-2 (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace) (var u)]
+      (let*
+       [(gate (car (car gates)))
+        (outer-err-k err-k)
+        (err-k (car (cdr (car gates))))
+        (outer-trace trace)
+        (trace (cdr (cdr (car gates))))
+        (gates (cdr gates))
+        (core (cons (car gate) (cons (cons u x) (cdr (cdr gate)))))]
+       (begin
+        (push-k (nock-12-k-3 u x outer-err-k outer-trace))
+        (nock-noun-cps core (car core) gates err-k trace))))
+    ([list 'nock-12-k-3 (var u) (var v) (var outer-err-k) (var outer-trace)]
+     (if (equal? 0 x)
+      ; ~
+      (outer-err-k (cons 1 (cdr v)))
+      (if (equal? 0 (car x))
+       (outer-err-k (cons 2 (cons (cons (tas "hunk") (cons u v)) outer-trace)))
+       (apply-k (cdr (cdr x))))))
+    ([list 'nock-tree-edit-car-k (var tree)]
+     (apply-k (cons x (cdr tree))))
+    ([list 'nock-tree-edit-cdr-k (var tree)]
+     (apply-k (cons (car tree) x)))
+    ([list 'nock-tree-edit-k (var subtree) (var tree)]
+     (nock-tree-edit-reversed subtree x tree))
+    ([list 'nock-tree-find-k (var tree)]
+     (nock-tree-find-reversed tree x))
+    ((var k^) #:when (procedure? k^) (k^ x))))))
+
+(define (apply-err-k err-k err) (err-k err))
+
+;; macro for %tas literals:
+;; converts input string into a numeric literal of that string represented as a %tas, i.e. an
+;; atom with the ascii bytes of the string in sequence (first->LSB, last->MSB)
+(define-syntax (tas str)
+ (quasisyntax
+  (unsyntax
+   (foldr
+    (lambda (char atom) (bitwise-ior (bitwise-and #xFF (char->integer char)) (arithmetic-shift atom 8)))
+    0
+    (string->list (car (cdr (syntax->datum str))))))))
+
+(define nock-here 1)
+(define (nock-car address) (* address 2))
+(define (nock-cdr address) (+ 1 (* address 2)))
+(define (get-0 x) (cons 0 x))
+(define (literal-1 x) (cons 1 x))
+(define (eval-2 x y) (cons 2 (cons x y)))
+(define (cell?-3 x) (cons 3 x))
+(define (inc-4 x) (cons 4 x))
+(define (=-5 x y) (cons 5 (cons x y)))
+(define (if-6 x y z) (cons 6 (cons x (cons y z))))
+(define (compose-7 x y) (cons 7 (cons x y)))
+(define (declare-8 x y) (cons 8 (cons x y)))
+(define (call-9 x y) (cons 9 (cons x y)))
+(define (update-10 x y z) (cons 10 (cons (cons x y) z)))
+(define (hint-11 x y) (cons 11 (cons x y)))
+(define lootru 0)
+(define loofal 1)
+
+(define test-tree (cons (cons 4 5) 3))
+(define decrement-4-core
+  (cons
+   (if-6 (=-5 (get-0 (nock-car (nock-cdr nock-here))) (inc-4 (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))))
+    (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))
+    (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (update-10 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)) (inc-4 (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))) (get-0 nock-here))))
+   (cons 4 0)))
+
+(define (nock-test subject formula) (nock-noun subject formula '() test-err-k '()))
+
+(define (test-err-k err)
+ (printf "Error: ~v" err)
+ (error 'nock-err))
+
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 nock-here) ) test-tree "tree address 1")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-car nock-here))) (car test-tree) "tree address 2")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-cdr nock-here))) (cdr test-tree) "tree address 3")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-car (nock-car nock-here)))) (car (car test-tree)) "tree address 4")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-car nock-here)))) (cdr (car test-tree)) "tree address 5")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (literal-1 test-tree)) test-tree "literal")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (eval-2 (literal-1 test-tree) (literal-1 (get-0 2)))) (car test-tree) "eval")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (cell?-3 (get-0 1))) lootru "test cell true")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (cell?-3 (get-0 3))) loofal "test cell false")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (inc-4 (literal-1 0))) 1 "increment")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (=-5 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 1))) lootru "test equals true")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (=-5 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) loofal "test equals false")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (if-6 (literal-1 lootru) (literal-1 5) (get-0 100))) 5 "test if tru")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (if-6 (literal-1 loofal) (get-0 100) (literal-1 5))) 5 "test if false")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (compose-7 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) (car test-tree) "test compose")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (declare-8 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) test-tree "test declare")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (literal-1 decrement-4-core))) 3 "test call")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (update-10 (nock-cdr nock-here) (literal-1 (cons 6 7)) (literal-1 test-tree))) (cons (cons 4 5) (cons 6 7)) "test update")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (update-10 (nock-car (nock-cdr nock-here)) (literal-1 8) (literal-1 decrement-4-core)))) 7 "test slam i.e. update sample and call")
+; test 11 static and dynamic
diff --git a/fifth-pass/nock-j-registerize.rkt b/fifth-pass/nock-j-registerize.rkt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4e4486a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fifth-pass/nock-j-registerize.rkt
@@ -0,0 +1,571 @@
+#lang racket
+
+(require rackunit)
+
+;; This pass builds on the mutable state (the continuation stack) introduced in (i)
+;; and adds mutable registers, which are updated by the `set-register` function.
+;;
+;; Procedures no longer take language-native arguments, but have an explicit convention
+;; for the globally-defined registers in which they expect their arguments.
+
+(define stack '())
+(define (push-k k)
+ (set! stack (cons k stack))) 
+
+(define ra 0)
+(define rb 0)
+(define rc 0)
+(define rd 0)
+(define re 0)
+
+(define (set-register register x)
+ (match register
+  ('ra (set! ra x))
+  ('rb (set! rb x))
+  ('rc (set! rc x))
+  ('rd (set! rd x))
+  ('re (set! re x))))
+
+; interface with non-CPS, non-registerized calling convention
+(define (nock-noun subject formula gates err-k trace)
+ (begin
+  (push-k empty-k)
+  (set-register 'ra subject)
+  (set-register 'rb formula)
+  (set-register 'rc gates)
+  (set-register 'rd err-k)
+  (set-register 're trace)
+  (nock-noun-cps)))
+
+; ra - subject
+; rb - formula
+; rc - gate stack
+; rd - err continuation
+; re - err trace
+(define (nock-noun-cps)
+ (match rb
+  ([cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d)]
+   (begin
+    (push-k (nock-cons-k-1 ra d rc rd re))
+    ; ra already set
+    (set-register 'rb (cons b c))
+    ; rc already set
+    ; rd already set
+    ; re already set
+    (nock-noun-cps)))
+  ([cons 0 (var b)]
+   (begin
+    ; ra already set
+    (set-register 'rb b)
+    (set-register 'rc rd)
+    (set-register 'rd re)
+    (nock-tree-find)))
+  ([cons 1 (var b)]
+   (begin
+    (set-register 'ra b)
+    (apply-k)))
+  ([cons 2 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (begin
+    (push-k (nock-2-k-1 ra c rc rd re))
+    ; ra already set
+    (set-register 'rb b)
+    ; rc already set
+    ; rd already set
+    ; re already set
+    (nock-noun-cps)))
+  ([cons 3 (var b)]
+   (begin
+    (push-k nock-3-k)
+    ; ra already set
+    (set-register 'rb b)
+    ; rc already set
+    ; rd already set
+    ; re already set
+    (nock-noun-cps)))
+  ([cons 4 (var b)]
+   (begin
+    (push-k nock-4-k)
+    ; ra already set
+    (set-register 'rb b)
+    ; rc already set
+    ; rd already set
+    ; re already set
+    (nock-noun-cps)))
+  ([cons 5 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (begin
+    (push-k (nock-5-k-1 ra c rc rd re))
+    ; ra already set
+    (set-register 'rb b)
+    ; rc already set
+    ; rd already set
+    ; re already set
+    (nock-noun-cps)))
+  ([cons 6 (cons (var b) (cons (var c) (var d)))]
+   (begin
+    (push-k (nock-6-k ra c d rc rd re))
+    ; ra already set
+    (set-register 'rb b)
+    ; rc already set
+    ; rd already set
+    ; re already set
+    (nock-noun-cps)))
+  ([cons 7 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (begin
+    (push-k (nock-7-k c rc rd re))
+    ; ra already set
+    (set-register 'rb b)
+    ; rc already set
+    ; rd already set
+    ; re already set
+    (nock-noun-cps)))
+  ([cons 8 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (begin
+    (push-k (nock-8-k ra c rc rd re))
+    ; ra already set
+    (set-register 'rb b)
+    ; rc already set
+    ; rd already set
+    ; re already set
+    (nock-noun-cps)))
+  ([cons 9 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (begin
+    (push-k (nock-9-k-1 b rc rd re))
+    ; ra already set
+    (set-register 'rb c)
+    ; rc already set
+    ; rd already set
+    ; re already set
+    (nock-noun-cps)))
+  ([cons 10 (cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d))]
+   (begin
+    (push-k (nock-10-k-1 ra d b rc rd re))
+    ; ra already set
+    (set-register 'rb c)
+    ; rc already set
+    ; rd already set
+    ; re already set
+    (nock-noun-cps)))
+  ([cons 11 (cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d))]
+   (begin
+    (push-k (nock-11-k ra b d rc rd re))
+    ; ra already set
+    (set-register 'rb c)
+    ; rc already set
+    ; rd already set
+    ; re already set
+    (nock-noun-cps)))
+  ([cons 11 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (begin
+    ; ra already set
+    (set-register 'rb c)
+    ; rc already set
+    ; rd already set
+    ; re already set
+    (nock-noun-cps)))
+  ([cons 12 (cons (var ref) (var path))]
+   (begin
+    (push-k (nock-12-k-1 ra path rc rd re))
+    ; ra already set
+    (set-register 'rb ref)
+    ; rc already set
+    ; rd already set
+    ; re already set
+    (nock-noun-cps)))))
+
+; ra - address to reverse
+(define (reverse-address)
+ (begin
+  ; ra already set
+  (set-register 'rb 1)
+  (reverse-address-acc)))
+
+; ra - address to reverse
+; rb - accumulator for reversed address
+(define (reverse-address-acc)
+ (if (= ra 1)
+  (begin
+   (set-register 'ra rb)
+   (apply-k))
+  (begin
+   (set-register 'rb (bitwise-ior (arithmetic-shift rb 1) (bitwise-and ra 1)))
+   (set-register 'ra (arithmetic-shift ra -1))
+   (reverse-address-acc))))
+
+; ra - tree to find subtree of
+; rb - reversed address to find
+(define (nock-tree-find-reversed)
+ (if (= rb 1)
+  ; ra already set
+  (apply-k)
+  (if (even? rb)
+   (begin
+    (set-register 'ra (car ra))
+    (set-register 'rb (arithmetic-shift rb -1))
+    (nock-tree-find-reversed))
+   (begin
+    (set-register 'ra (cdr ra))
+    (set-register 'rb (arithmetic-shift rb -1))
+    (nock-tree-find-reversed)))))
+
+; ra - tree to find subtree of
+; rb - address of subtree
+; rc - err continuation
+; rd - err trace
+(define (nock-tree-find)
+ (if (= rb 0)
+  (begin
+   (set-register 'ra rc)
+   (set-register 'rb (cons 2 rd))
+   (apply-err-k))
+  (begin
+   (push-k (nock-tree-find-k ra))
+   (set-register 'ra rb)
+   (reverse-address))))
+
+; ra - subtree to place at address
+; rb - reversed address
+; rc - tree to edit
+(define (nock-tree-edit-reversed)
+ (if (= rb 1)
+  ; ra already set
+  (apply-k)
+  (if (even? rb)
+   (begin
+    (push-k (nock-tree-edit-car-k rc))
+    ; ra already set
+    (set-register 'rb (arithmetic-shift rb -1))
+    (set-register 'rc (car rc))
+    (nock-tree-edit-reversed))
+   (begin
+    (push-k (nock-tree-edit-cdr-k rc))
+    ; ra already set
+    (set-register 'rb (arithmetic-shift rb -1))
+    (set-register 'rc (cdr rc))
+    (nock-tree-edit-reversed)))))
+
+; # operator in nock spec: tree editing
+; ra - subtree to place at address
+; rb - address
+; rc - tree to edit
+; rd - err continuation
+; re - err trace
+(define (nock-tree-edit)
+ (if (= rb 0)
+  (begin
+   (set-register 'ra rd)
+   (set-register 'rb (cons 2 re))
+   (apply-err-k))
+  (begin
+   (push-k (nock-tree-edit-k ra rc))
+   (set-register 'ra rb)
+   (reverse-address))))
+
+(define empty-k (list 'empty-k))
+(define (nock-cons-k-1 subject d gates err-k trace) (list 'nock-cons-k-2 subject d gates err-k trace))
+(define (nock-cons-k-2 u) (list 'nock-cons-k-2 u))
+(define (nock-2-k-1 subject c gates err-k trace) (list 'nock-2-k-1 subject c gates err-k trace)) 
+(define (nock-2-k-2 u gates err-k trace) (list 'nock-2-k-2 u gates err-k trace))
+(define nock-3-k (list 'nock-3-k))
+(define nock-4-k (list 'nock-4-k))
+(define (nock-5-k-1 subject c gates err-k trace) (list 'nock-5-k-1 subject c gates err-k trace))
+(define (nock-5-k-2 u) (list 'nock-5-k-2 u))
+(define (nock-6-k subject c d gates err-k trace) (list 'nock-6-k subject c d gates err-k trace))
+(define (nock-7-k c gates err-k trace) (list 'nock-7-k c gates err-k trace))
+(define (nock-8-k subject c gates err-k trace) (list 'nock-8-k subject c gates err-k trace))
+(define (nock-9-k-1 b gates err-k trace) (list 'nock-9-k-1 b gates err-k trace))
+(define (nock-9-k-2 u gates err-k trace) (list 'nock-9-k-2 u gates err-k trace))
+(define (nock-10-k-1 subject d b gates err-k trace) (list 'nock-10-k-1 subject d b gates err-k trace))
+(define (nock-10-k-2 u b err-k trace) (list 'nock-10-k-2 u b err-k trace))
+(define (nock-11-k subject b d gates err-k trace) (list 'nock-11-k subject b d gates err-k trace))
+(define (nock-12-k-1 subject path gates err-k trace) (list 'nock-12-k-1 subject path gates err-k trace))
+(define (nock-12-k-2 gates err-k trace u) (list 'nock-12-k-2 gates err-k trace u))
+(define (nock-12-k-3 u v outer-err-k outer-trace) (list 'nock-12-k u v outer-err-k outer-trace))
+(define (nock-tree-find-k tree) (list 'nock-tree-find-k tree))
+(define (nock-tree-edit-car-k tree) (list 'nock-tree-edit-car-k tree))
+(define (nock-tree-edit-cdr-k tree) (list 'nock-tree-edit-cdr-k tree))
+(define (nock-tree-edit-k subtree tree) (list 'nock-tree-edit-k subtree tree))
+
+; apply the continuation from the top of the stack
+; ra - result
+(define (apply-k)
+ (let
+  [(k (car stack))]
+  (begin
+   (set! stack (cdr stack))
+   (match k       
+    ([list 'empty-k] ra)
+    ([list 'nock-cons-k-1 (var subject) (var d) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (begin
+      (push-k (nock-cons-k-2 ra))
+      (set-register 'ra subject)
+      (set-register 'rb d)
+      (set-register 'rc gates)
+      (set-register 'rd err-k)
+      (set-register 're trace)
+      (nock-noun-cps subject d gates err-k trace)))
+    ([list 'nock-cons-k-2 (var u) (var k^)]
+     (begin
+      (set-register 'ra (cons u ra))
+      (apply-k)))
+    ([list 'nock-2-k-1 (var subject) (var c) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (begin
+      (push-k (nock-2-k-2 ra gates err-k trace))
+      (set-register 'ra subject)
+      (set-register 'rb c)
+      (set-register 'rc gates)
+      (set-register 'rd err-k)
+      (set-register 're trace)
+      (nock-noun-cps)))
+    ([list 'nock-2-k-2 (var u) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (begin
+      (set-register 'rb ra)
+      (set-register 'ra u)
+      (set-register 'rc gates)
+      (set-register 'rd err-k)
+      (set-register 're trace)
+      (nock-noun-cps)))
+    ([list 'nock-3-k]
+     (if (pair? ra)
+      (begin
+       (set-register 'ra 0)
+       (apply-k))
+      (begin
+       (set-register 'ra 1)
+       (apply-k))))
+    ([list 'nock-4-k]
+     (begin
+      (set-register 'ra (+ 1 ra))
+      (apply-k)))
+    ([list 'nock-5-k-1 (var subject) (var c) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (begin
+      (push-k (nock-5-k-2 ra))
+      (set-register 'ra subject)
+      (set-register 'rb c)
+      (set-register 'rc gates)
+      (set-register 'rd err-k)
+      (set-register 're trace)
+      (nock-noun-cps)))
+    ([list 'nock-5-k-2 (var u)]
+     (if (eqv? u ra)
+      (begin
+       (set-register 'ra 0)
+       (apply-k))
+      (begin
+       (set-register 'ra 1)
+       (apply-k))))
+    ([list 'nock-6-k (var subject) (var c) (var d) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (if (= 0 ra)
+      (begin
+       (set-register 'ra subject)
+       (set-register 'rb c)
+       (set-register 'rc gates)
+       (set-register 'rd err-k)
+       (set-register 're trace)
+       (nock-noun-cps))
+       (if (= 1 ra)
+        (begin
+         (set-register 'ra subject)
+         (set-register 'rb d)
+         (set-register 'rc gates)
+         (set-register 'rd err-k)
+         (set-register 're trace)
+         (nock-noun-cps))
+        (begin
+         (set-register 'ra err-k)
+         (set-register 'rb (cons 2 trace))
+         (apply-err-k)))))
+    ([list 'nock-7-k (var c) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (begin
+      ; ra already set
+      (set-register 'rb c)
+      (set-register 'rc gates)
+      (set-register 'rd err-k)
+      (set-register 're trace)
+      (nock-noun-cps)))
+    ([list 'nock-8-k (var subject) (var c) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (begin
+      (set-register 'ra (cons ra subject))
+      (set-register 'rb c)
+      (set-register 'rc gates)
+      (set-register 'rd err-k)
+      (set-register 're trace)
+      (nock-noun-cps)))
+    ([list 'nock-9-k-1 (var b) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (begin
+      (push-k (nock-9-k-2 ra gates err-k trace))
+      ; ra already set
+      (set-register 'rb b)
+      (set-register 'rc err-k)
+      (set-register 'rd trace)
+      (nock-tree-find)))
+    ([list 'nock-9-k-2 (var u) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (begin
+      (set-register 'rb ra)
+      (set-register 'ra u)
+      (set-register 'rc gates)
+      (set-register 'rd err-k)
+      (set-register 're trace)
+      (nock-noun-cps)))
+    ([list 'nock-10-k-1 (var subject) (var d) (var b) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (begin
+      (push-k (nock-10-k-2 ra b err-k trace))
+      (set-register 'ra subject)
+      (set-register 'rb d)
+      (set-register 'rc gates)
+      (set-register 'rd err-k)
+      (set-register 're trace)
+      (nock-noun-cps)))
+    ([list 'nock-10-k-2 (var u) (var b) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (begin
+      (set-register 'rc ra)
+      (set-register 'ra u)
+      (set-register 'rb b)
+      (set-register 'rd err-k)
+      (set-register 're trace)
+      (nock-tree-edit)))
+    ([list 'nock-11-k (var subject) (var b) (var d) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (if (member b (list (tas "hunk") (tas "hand") (tas "lose") (tas "mean") (tas "spot")))
+      (begin
+       (set-register 're (cons (cons b ra) trace))
+       (set-register 'ra subject)
+       (set-register 'rb d)
+       (set-register 'rc gates)
+       (set-register 'rd err-k)
+       (nock-noun-cps))
+      (begin
+       (set-register 'ra subject)
+       (set-register 'rb d)
+       (set-register 'rc gates)
+       (set-register 'rd err-k)
+       (set-register 're trace)
+       (nock-noun-cps))))
+    ([list 'nock-12-k-1 (var subject) (var path) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (begin
+      (push-k (nock-12-k-2 gates err-k trace ra))
+      (set-register 'ra subject)
+      (set-register 'rb path)
+      (set-register 'rc gates)
+      (set-register 'rd err-k)
+      (set-register 're trace)
+      (nock-noun-cps)))
+    ([list 'nock-12-k-2 (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace) (var u)]
+      (let*
+       [(gate (car (car gates)))
+        (outer-err-k err-k)
+        (err-k (car (cdr (car gates))))
+        (outer-trace trace)
+        (trace (cdr (cdr (car gates))))
+        (gates (cdr gates))
+        (core (cons (car gate) (cons (cons u ra) (cdr (cdr gate)))))]
+       (begin
+        (push-k (nock-12-k-3 u ra outer-err-k outer-trace))
+        (set-register 'ra core)
+        (set-register 'rb (car core))
+        (set-register 'rc gates)
+        (set-register 'rd err-k)
+        (set-register 're trace)
+        (nock-noun-cps))))
+    ([list 'nock-12-k-3 (var u) (var v) (var outer-err-k) (var outer-trace)]
+     (if (equal? 0 ra)
+      ; ~
+      (begin
+       (set-register 'ra outer-err-k)
+       (set-register 'rb (cons 1 (cdr v)))
+       (apply-err-k))
+      (if (equal? 0 (car ra))
+       (begin
+        (set-register 'ra outer-err-k)
+        (set-register 'rb (cons 2 (cons (cons (tas "hunk") (cons u v)) outer-trace)))
+        (apply-err-k))
+       (begin
+        (set-register 'ra (cdr (cdr ra)))
+        (apply-k)))))
+    ([list 'nock-tree-edit-car-k (var tree)]
+     (begin
+      (set-register 'ra (cons ra (cdr tree)))
+      (apply-k)))
+    ([list 'nock-tree-edit-cdr-k (var tree)]
+     (begin
+      (set-register 'ra (cons (car tree) ra))
+      (apply-k)))
+    ([list 'nock-tree-edit-k (var subtree) (var tree)]
+     (begin
+      (set-register 'rb ra)
+      (set-register 'ra subtree)
+      (set-register 'rc tree)
+      (nock-tree-edit-reversed)))
+    ([list 'nock-tree-find-k (var tree)]
+     (begin
+      (set-register 'rb ra)
+      (set-register 'ra tree)
+      (nock-tree-find-reversed)))
+    ((var k^) #:when (procedure? k^) (k^ ra))))))
+
+; ra - err continuation
+; rb - err trace
+(define (apply-err-k) (ra))
+
+;; macro for %tas literals:
+;; converts input string into a numeric literal of that string represented as a %tas, i.e. an
+;; atom with the ascii bytes of the string in sequence (first->LSB, last->MSB)
+(define-syntax (tas str)
+ (quasisyntax
+  (unsyntax
+   (foldr
+    (lambda (char atom) (bitwise-ior (bitwise-and #xFF (char->integer char)) (arithmetic-shift atom 8)))
+    0
+    (string->list (car (cdr (syntax->datum str))))))))
+
+(define nock-here 1)
+(define (nock-car address) (* address 2))
+(define (nock-cdr address) (+ 1 (* address 2)))
+(define (get-0 x) (cons 0 x))
+(define (literal-1 x) (cons 1 x))
+(define (eval-2 x y) (cons 2 (cons x y)))
+(define (cell?-3 x) (cons 3 x))
+(define (inc-4 x) (cons 4 x))
+(define (=-5 x y) (cons 5 (cons x y)))
+(define (if-6 x y z) (cons 6 (cons x (cons y z))))
+(define (compose-7 x y) (cons 7 (cons x y)))
+(define (declare-8 x y) (cons 8 (cons x y)))
+(define (call-9 x y) (cons 9 (cons x y)))
+(define (update-10 x y z) (cons 10 (cons (cons x y) z)))
+(define (hint-11 x y) (cons 11 (cons x y)))
+(define lootru 0)
+(define loofal 1)
+
+(define test-tree (cons (cons 4 5) 3))
+(define decrement-4-core
+  (cons
+   (if-6 (=-5 (get-0 (nock-car (nock-cdr nock-here))) (inc-4 (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))))
+    (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))
+    (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (update-10 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)) (inc-4 (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))) (get-0 nock-here))))
+   (cons 4 0)))
+
+(define (nock-test subject formula) (nock-noun subject formula '() test-err-k '()))
+
+; rb - err trace
+(define (test-err-k)
+ (printf "Error: ~v" ra)
+ (error 'nock-err))
+
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 nock-here) ) test-tree "tree address 1")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-car nock-here))) (car test-tree) "tree address 2")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-cdr nock-here))) (cdr test-tree) "tree address 3")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-car (nock-car nock-here)))) (car (car test-tree)) "tree address 4")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-car nock-here)))) (cdr (car test-tree)) "tree address 5")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (literal-1 test-tree)) test-tree "literal")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (eval-2 (literal-1 test-tree) (literal-1 (get-0 2)))) (car test-tree) "eval")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (cell?-3 (get-0 1))) lootru "test cell true")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (cell?-3 (get-0 3))) loofal "test cell false")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (inc-4 (literal-1 0))) 1 "increment")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (=-5 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 1))) lootru "test equals true")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (=-5 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) loofal "test equals false")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (if-6 (literal-1 lootru) (literal-1 5) (get-0 100))) 5 "test if tru")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (if-6 (literal-1 loofal) (get-0 100) (literal-1 5))) 5 "test if false")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (compose-7 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) (car test-tree) "test compose")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (declare-8 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) test-tree "test declare")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (literal-1 decrement-4-core))) 3 "test call")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (update-10 (nock-cdr nock-here) (literal-1 (cons 6 7)) (literal-1 test-tree))) (cons (cons 4 5) (cons 6 7)) "test update")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (update-10 (nock-car (nock-cdr nock-here)) (literal-1 8) (literal-1 decrement-4-core)))) 7 "test slam i.e. update sample and call")
+; test 11 static and dynamic
diff --git a/fifth-pass/nock-k-separate-control-stack.rkt b/fifth-pass/nock-k-separate-control-stack.rkt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f6491c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fifth-pass/nock-k-separate-control-stack.rkt
@@ -0,0 +1,601 @@
+#lang racket
+
+(require rackunit)
+
+;; This pass builds on the mutable state (the continuation stack) introduced in (i)
+;; and adds mutable registers, which are updated by the `set-register` function.
+;;
+;; Procedures no longer take language-native arguments, but have an explicit convention
+;; for the globally-defined registers in which they expect their arguments.
+
+(define stack '())
+(define (push-k-data k)
+ (set! stack (cons k stack))) 
+
+(define control-stack '())
+(define (push-k-control k)
+ (set! control-stack (cons k control-stack)))
+
+(define ra 0)
+(define rb 0)
+(define rc 0)
+(define rd 0)
+(define re 0)
+
+(define (set-register register x)
+ (match register
+  ('ra (set! ra x))
+  ('rb (set! rb x))
+  ('rc (set! rc x))
+  ('rd (set! rd x))
+  ('re (set! re x))))
+
+; interface with non-CPS, non-registerized calling convention
+(define (nock-noun subject formula gates err-k trace)
+ (begin
+  (push-k-control 'empty-k)
+  (push-k-data empty-k)
+  (set-register 'ra subject)
+  (set-register 'rb formula)
+  (set-register 'rc gates)
+  (set-register 'rd err-k)
+  (set-register 're trace)
+  (nock-noun-cps)))
+
+; ra - subject
+; rb - formula
+; rc - gate stack
+; rd - err continuation
+; re - err trace
+(define (nock-noun-cps)
+ (match rb
+  ([cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d)]
+   (begin
+    (push-k-control 'nock-cons-k-1)
+    (push-k-data (nock-cons-k-1 ra d rc rd re))
+    ; ra already set
+    (set-register 'rb (cons b c))
+    ; rc already set
+    ; rd already set
+    ; re already set
+    (nock-noun-cps)))
+  ([cons 0 (var b)]
+   (begin
+    ; ra already set
+    (set-register 'rb b)
+    (set-register 'rc rd)
+    (set-register 'rd re)
+    (nock-tree-find)))
+  ([cons 1 (var b)]
+   (begin
+    (set-register 'ra b)
+    (apply-k)))
+  ([cons 2 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (begin
+    (push-k-control 'nock-2-k-1)
+    (push-k-data (nock-2-k-1 ra c rc rd re))
+    ; ra already set
+    (set-register 'rb b)
+    ; rc already set
+    ; rd already set
+    ; re already set
+    (nock-noun-cps)))
+  ([cons 3 (var b)]
+   (begin
+    (push-k-control 'nock-3-k)
+    (push-k-data nock-3-k)
+    ; ra already set
+    (set-register 'rb b)
+    ; rc already set
+    ; rd already set
+    ; re already set
+    (nock-noun-cps)))
+  ([cons 4 (var b)]
+   (begin
+    (push-k-control 'nock-4-k)
+    (push-k-data nock-4-k)
+    ; ra already set
+    (set-register 'rb b)
+    ; rc already set
+    ; rd already set
+    ; re already set
+    (nock-noun-cps)))
+  ([cons 5 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (begin
+    (push-k-control 'nock-5-k-1)
+    (push-k-data (nock-5-k-1 ra c rc rd re))
+    ; ra already set
+    (set-register 'rb b)
+    ; rc already set
+    ; rd already set
+    ; re already set
+    (nock-noun-cps)))
+  ([cons 6 (cons (var b) (cons (var c) (var d)))]
+   (begin
+    (push-k-control 'nock-6-k)
+    (push-k-data (nock-6-k ra c d rc rd re))
+    ; ra already set
+    (set-register 'rb b)
+    ; rc already set
+    ; rd already set
+    ; re already set
+    (nock-noun-cps)))
+  ([cons 7 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (begin
+    (push-k-control 'nock-7-k)
+    (push-k-data (nock-7-k c rc rd re))
+    ; ra already set
+    (set-register 'rb b)
+    ; rc already set
+    ; rd already set
+    ; re already set
+    (nock-noun-cps)))
+  ([cons 8 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (begin
+    (push-k-control 'nock-8-k)
+    (push-k-data (nock-8-k ra c rc rd re))
+    ; ra already set
+    (set-register 'rb b)
+    ; rc already set
+    ; rd already set
+    ; re already set
+    (nock-noun-cps)))
+  ([cons 9 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (begin
+    (push-k-control 'nock-9-k-1)
+    (push-k-data (nock-9-k-1 b rc rd re))
+    ; ra already set
+    (set-register 'rb c)
+    ; rc already set
+    ; rd already set
+    ; re already set
+    (nock-noun-cps)))
+  ([cons 10 (cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d))]
+   (begin
+    (push-k-control 'nock-10-k-1)
+    (push-k-data (nock-10-k-1 ra d b rc rd re))
+    ; ra already set
+    (set-register 'rb c)
+    ; rc already set
+    ; rd already set
+    ; re already set
+    (nock-noun-cps)))
+  ([cons 11 (cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d))]
+   (begin
+    (push-k-control 'nock-11-k)
+    (push-k-data (nock-11-k ra b d rc rd re))
+    ; ra already set
+    (set-register 'rb c)
+    ; rc already set
+    ; rd already set
+    ; re already set
+    (nock-noun-cps)))
+  ([cons 11 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (begin
+    ; ra already set
+    (set-register 'rb c)
+    ; rc already set
+    ; rd already set
+    ; re already set
+    (nock-noun-cps)))
+  ([cons 12 (cons (var ref) (var path))]
+   (begin
+    (push-k-control 'nock-12-k-1)
+    (push-k-data (nock-12-k-1 ra path rc rd re))
+    ; ra already set
+    (set-register 'rb ref)
+    ; rc already set
+    ; rd already set
+    ; re already set
+    (nock-noun-cps)))))
+
+; ra - address to reverse
+(define (reverse-address)
+ (begin
+  ; ra already set
+  (set-register 'rb 1)
+  (reverse-address-acc)))
+
+; ra - address to reverse
+; rb - accumulator for reversed address
+(define (reverse-address-acc)
+ (if (= ra 1)
+  (begin
+   (set-register 'ra rb)
+   (apply-k))
+  (begin
+   (set-register 'rb (bitwise-ior (arithmetic-shift rb 1) (bitwise-and ra 1)))
+   (set-register 'ra (arithmetic-shift ra -1))
+   (reverse-address-acc))))
+
+; ra - tree to find subtree of
+; rb - reversed address to find
+(define (nock-tree-find-reversed)
+ (if (= rb 1)
+  ; ra already set
+  (apply-k)
+  (if (even? rb)
+   (begin
+    (set-register 'ra (car ra))
+    (set-register 'rb (arithmetic-shift rb -1))
+    (nock-tree-find-reversed))
+   (begin
+    (set-register 'ra (cdr ra))
+    (set-register 'rb (arithmetic-shift rb -1))
+    (nock-tree-find-reversed)))))
+
+; ra - tree to find subtree of
+; rb - address of subtree
+; rc - err continuation
+; rd - err trace
+(define (nock-tree-find)
+ (if (= rb 0)
+  (begin
+   (set-register 'ra rc)
+   (set-register 'rb (cons 2 rd))
+   (apply-err-k))
+  (begin
+   (push-k-control 'nock-tree-find-k)
+   (push-k-data (nock-tree-find-k ra))
+   (set-register 'ra rb)
+   (reverse-address))))
+
+; ra - subtree to place at address
+; rb - reversed address
+; rc - tree to edit
+(define (nock-tree-edit-reversed)
+ (if (= rb 1)
+  ; ra already set
+  (apply-k)
+  (if (even? rb)
+   (begin
+    (push-k-control 'nock-tree-edit-car-k)
+    (push-k-data (nock-tree-edit-car-k rc))
+    ; ra already set
+    (set-register 'rb (arithmetic-shift rb -1))
+    (set-register 'rc (car rc))
+    (nock-tree-edit-reversed))
+   (begin
+    (push-k-control 'nock-tree-edit-cdr-k)
+    (push-k-data (nock-tree-edit-cdr-k rc))
+    ; ra already set
+    (set-register 'rb (arithmetic-shift rb -1))
+    (set-register 'rc (cdr rc))
+    (nock-tree-edit-reversed)))))
+
+; # operator in nock spec: tree editing
+; ra - subtree to place at address
+; rb - address
+; rc - tree to edit
+; rd - err continuation
+; re - err trace
+(define (nock-tree-edit)
+ (if (= rb 0)
+  (begin
+   (set-register 'ra rd)
+   (set-register 'rb (cons 2 re))
+   (apply-err-k))
+  (begin
+   (push-k-control 'nock-tree-edit-k)
+   (push-k-data (nock-tree-edit-k ra rc))
+   (set-register 'ra rb)
+   (reverse-address))))
+
+(define empty-k '())
+(define (nock-cons-k-1 subject d gates err-k trace) (list subject d gates err-k trace))
+(define (nock-cons-k-2 u) (list u))
+(define (nock-2-k-1 subject c gates err-k trace) (list subject c gates err-k trace)) 
+(define (nock-2-k-2 u gates err-k trace) (list u gates err-k trace))
+(define nock-3-k '())
+(define nock-4-k '())
+(define (nock-5-k-1 subject c gates err-k trace) (list subject c gates err-k trace))
+(define (nock-5-k-2 u) (list u))
+(define (nock-6-k subject c d gates err-k trace) (list subject c d gates err-k trace))
+(define (nock-7-k c gates err-k trace) (list c gates err-k trace))
+(define (nock-8-k subject c gates err-k trace) (list subject c gates err-k trace))
+(define (nock-9-k-1 b gates err-k trace) (list b gates err-k trace))
+(define (nock-9-k-2 u gates err-k trace) (list u gates err-k trace))
+(define (nock-10-k-1 subject d b gates err-k trace) (list subject d b gates err-k trace))
+(define (nock-10-k-2 u b err-k trace) (list u b err-k trace))
+(define (nock-11-k subject b d gates err-k trace) (list subject b d gates err-k trace))
+(define (nock-12-k-1 subject path gates err-k trace) (list subject path gates err-k trace))
+(define (nock-12-k-2 gates err-k trace u) (list gates err-k trace u))
+(define (nock-12-k-3 u v outer-err-k outer-trace) (list u v outer-err-k outer-trace))
+(define (nock-tree-find-k tree) (list tree))
+(define (nock-tree-edit-car-k tree) (list tree))
+(define (nock-tree-edit-cdr-k tree) (list tree))
+(define (nock-tree-edit-k subtree tree) (list subtree tree))
+
+; apply the continuation from the top of the stack
+; ra - result
+(define (apply-k)
+ (let
+  [(data (car stack))
+   (k (car control-stack))]
+  (begin
+   (set! stack (cdr stack))
+   (set! control-stack (cdr control-stack))
+   (match (cons k data)       
+    ([list 'empty-k] ra)
+    ([list 'nock-cons-k-1 (var subject) (var d) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (begin
+      (push-k-control 'nock-cons-k-2)
+      (push-k-data (nock-cons-k-2 ra))
+      (set-register 'ra subject)
+      (set-register 'rb d)
+      (set-register 'rc gates)
+      (set-register 'rd err-k)
+      (set-register 're trace)
+      (nock-noun-cps)))
+    ([list 'nock-cons-k-2 (var u) (var k^)]
+     (begin
+      (set-register 'ra (cons u ra))
+      (apply-k)))
+    ([list 'nock-2-k-1 (var subject) (var c) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (begin
+      (push-k-control 'nock-2-k-2)
+      (push-k-data (nock-2-k-2 ra gates err-k trace))
+      (set-register 'ra subject)
+      (set-register 'rb c)
+      (set-register 'rc gates)
+      (set-register 'rd err-k)
+      (set-register 're trace)
+      (nock-noun-cps)))
+    ([list 'nock-2-k-2 (var u) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (begin
+      (set-register 'rb ra)
+      (set-register 'ra u)
+      (set-register 'rc gates)
+      (set-register 'rd err-k)
+      (set-register 're trace)
+      (nock-noun-cps)))
+    ([list 'nock-3-k]
+     (if (pair? ra)
+      (begin
+       (set-register 'ra 0)
+       (apply-k))
+      (begin
+       (set-register 'ra 1)
+       (apply-k))))
+    ([list 'nock-4-k]
+     (begin
+      (set-register 'ra (+ 1 ra))
+      (apply-k)))
+    ([list 'nock-5-k-1 (var subject) (var c) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (begin
+      (push-k-control 'nock-5-k-2)
+      (push-k-data (nock-5-k-2 ra))
+      (set-register 'ra subject)
+      (set-register 'rb c)
+      (set-register 'rc gates)
+      (set-register 'rd err-k)
+      (set-register 're trace)
+      (nock-noun-cps)))
+    ([list 'nock-5-k-2 (var u)]
+     (if (eqv? u ra)
+      (begin
+       (set-register 'ra 0)
+       (apply-k))
+      (begin
+       (set-register 'ra 1)
+       (apply-k))))
+    ([list 'nock-6-k (var subject) (var c) (var d) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (if (= 0 ra)
+      (begin
+       (set-register 'ra subject)
+       (set-register 'rb c)
+       (set-register 'rc gates)
+       (set-register 'rd err-k)
+       (set-register 're trace)
+       (nock-noun-cps))
+       (if (= 1 ra)
+        (begin
+         (set-register 'ra subject)
+         (set-register 'rb d)
+         (set-register 'rc gates)
+         (set-register 'rd err-k)
+         (set-register 're trace)
+         (nock-noun-cps))
+        (begin
+         (set-register 'ra err-k)
+         (set-register 'rb (cons 2 trace))
+         (apply-err-k)))))
+    ([list 'nock-7-k (var c) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (begin
+      ; ra already set
+      (set-register 'rb c)
+      (set-register 'rc gates)
+      (set-register 'rd err-k)
+      (set-register 're trace)
+      (nock-noun-cps)))
+    ([list 'nock-8-k (var subject) (var c) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (begin
+      (set-register 'ra (cons ra subject))
+      (set-register 'rb c)
+      (set-register 'rc gates)
+      (set-register 'rd err-k)
+      (set-register 're trace)
+      (nock-noun-cps)))
+    ([list 'nock-9-k-1 (var b) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (begin
+      (push-k-control 'nock-9-k-2)
+      (push-k-data (nock-9-k-2 ra gates err-k trace))
+      ; ra already set
+      (set-register 'rb b)
+      (set-register 'rc err-k)
+      (set-register 'rd trace)
+      (nock-tree-find)))
+    ([list 'nock-9-k-2 (var u) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (begin
+      (set-register 'rb ra)
+      (set-register 'ra u)
+      (set-register 'rc gates)
+      (set-register 'rd err-k)
+      (set-register 're trace)
+      (nock-noun-cps)))
+    ([list 'nock-10-k-1 (var subject) (var d) (var b) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (begin
+      (push-k-control 'nock-10-k-2)
+      (push-k-data (nock-10-k-2 ra b err-k trace))
+      (set-register 'ra subject)
+      (set-register 'rb d)
+      (set-register 'rc gates)
+      (set-register 'rd err-k)
+      (set-register 're trace)
+      (nock-noun-cps)))
+    ([list 'nock-10-k-2 (var u) (var b) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (begin
+      (set-register 'rc ra)
+      (set-register 'ra u)
+      (set-register 'rb b)
+      (set-register 'rd err-k)
+      (set-register 're trace)
+      (nock-tree-edit)))
+    ([list 'nock-11-k (var subject) (var b) (var d) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (if (member b (list (tas "hunk") (tas "hand") (tas "lose") (tas "mean") (tas "spot")))
+      (begin
+       (set-register 're (cons (cons b ra) trace))
+       (set-register 'ra subject)
+       (set-register 'rb d)
+       (set-register 'rc gates)
+       (set-register 'rd err-k)
+       (nock-noun-cps))
+      (begin
+       (set-register 'ra subject)
+       (set-register 'rb d)
+       (set-register 'rc gates)
+       (set-register 'rd err-k)
+       (set-register 're trace)
+       (nock-noun-cps))))
+    ([list 'nock-12-k-1 (var subject) (var path) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (begin
+      (push-k-control 'nock-12-k-2)
+      (push-k-data (nock-12-k-2 gates err-k trace ra))
+      (set-register 'ra subject)
+      (set-register 'rb path)
+      (set-register 'rc gates)
+      (set-register 'rd err-k)
+      (set-register 're trace)
+      (nock-noun-cps)))
+    ([list 'nock-12-k-2 (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace) (var u)]
+      (let*
+       [(gate (car (car gates)))
+        (outer-err-k err-k)
+        (err-k (car (cdr (car gates))))
+        (outer-trace trace)
+        (trace (cdr (cdr (car gates))))
+        (gates (cdr gates))
+        (core (cons (car gate) (cons (cons u ra) (cdr (cdr gate)))))]
+       (begin
+        (push-k-control 'nock-12-k-3)
+        (push-k-data (nock-12-k-3 u ra outer-err-k outer-trace))
+        (set-register 'ra core)
+        (set-register 'rb (car core))
+        (set-register 'rc gates)
+        (set-register 'rd err-k)
+        (set-register 're trace)
+        (nock-noun-cps))))
+    ([list 'nock-12-k-3 (var u) (var v) (var outer-err-k) (var outer-trace)]
+     (if (equal? 0 ra)
+      ; ~
+      (begin
+       (set-register 'ra outer-err-k)
+       (set-register 'rb (cons 1 (cdr v)))
+       (apply-err-k))
+      (if (equal? 0 (car ra))
+       (begin
+        (set-register 'ra outer-err-k)
+        (set-register 'rb (cons 2 (cons (cons (tas "hunk") (cons u v)) outer-trace)))
+        (apply-err-k))
+       (begin
+        (set-register 'ra (cdr (cdr ra)))
+        (apply-k)))))
+    ([list 'nock-tree-edit-car-k (var tree)]
+     (begin
+      (set-register 'ra (cons ra (cdr tree)))
+      (apply-k)))
+    ([list 'nock-tree-edit-cdr-k (var tree)]
+     (begin
+      (set-register 'ra (cons (car tree) ra))
+      (apply-k)))
+    ([list 'nock-tree-edit-k (var subtree) (var tree)]
+     (begin
+      (set-register 'rb ra)
+      (set-register 'ra subtree)
+      (set-register 'rc tree)
+      (nock-tree-edit-reversed)))
+    ([list 'nock-tree-find-k (var tree)]
+     (begin
+      (set-register 'rb ra)
+      (set-register 'ra tree)
+      (nock-tree-find-reversed)))
+    ((var k^) #:when (procedure? k^) (k^ ra))))))
+
+; ra - err continuation
+; rb - err trace
+(define (apply-err-k) (ra))
+
+;; macro for %tas literals:
+;; converts input string into a numeric literal of that string represented as a %tas, i.e. an
+;; atom with the ascii bytes of the string in sequence (first->LSB, last->MSB)
+(define-syntax (tas str)
+ (quasisyntax
+  (unsyntax
+   (foldr
+    (lambda (char atom) (bitwise-ior (bitwise-and #xFF (char->integer char)) (arithmetic-shift atom 8)))
+    0
+    (string->list (car (cdr (syntax->datum str))))))))
+
+(define nock-here 1)
+(define (nock-car address) (* address 2))
+(define (nock-cdr address) (+ 1 (* address 2)))
+(define (get-0 x) (cons 0 x))
+(define (literal-1 x) (cons 1 x))
+(define (eval-2 x y) (cons 2 (cons x y)))
+(define (cell?-3 x) (cons 3 x))
+(define (inc-4 x) (cons 4 x))
+(define (=-5 x y) (cons 5 (cons x y)))
+(define (if-6 x y z) (cons 6 (cons x (cons y z))))
+(define (compose-7 x y) (cons 7 (cons x y)))
+(define (declare-8 x y) (cons 8 (cons x y)))
+(define (call-9 x y) (cons 9 (cons x y)))
+(define (update-10 x y z) (cons 10 (cons (cons x y) z)))
+(define (hint-11 x y) (cons 11 (cons x y)))
+(define lootru 0)
+(define loofal 1)
+
+(define test-tree (cons (cons 4 5) 3))
+(define decrement-4-core
+  (cons
+   (if-6 (=-5 (get-0 (nock-car (nock-cdr nock-here))) (inc-4 (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))))
+    (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))
+    (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (update-10 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)) (inc-4 (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))) (get-0 nock-here))))
+   (cons 4 0)))
+
+(define (nock-test subject formula) (nock-noun subject formula '() test-err-k '()))
+
+; rb - err trace
+(define (test-err-k)
+ (printf "Error: ~v" ra)
+ (error 'nock-err))
+
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 nock-here) ) test-tree "tree address 1")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-car nock-here))) (car test-tree) "tree address 2")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-cdr nock-here))) (cdr test-tree) "tree address 3")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-car (nock-car nock-here)))) (car (car test-tree)) "tree address 4")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-car nock-here)))) (cdr (car test-tree)) "tree address 5")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (literal-1 test-tree)) test-tree "literal")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (eval-2 (literal-1 test-tree) (literal-1 (get-0 2)))) (car test-tree) "eval")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (cell?-3 (get-0 1))) lootru "test cell true")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (cell?-3 (get-0 3))) loofal "test cell false")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (inc-4 (literal-1 0))) 1 "increment")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (=-5 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 1))) lootru "test equals true")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (=-5 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) loofal "test equals false")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (if-6 (literal-1 lootru) (literal-1 5) (get-0 100))) 5 "test if tru")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (if-6 (literal-1 loofal) (get-0 100) (literal-1 5))) 5 "test if false")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (compose-7 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) (car test-tree) "test compose")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (declare-8 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) test-tree "test declare")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (literal-1 decrement-4-core))) 3 "test call")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (update-10 (nock-cdr nock-here) (literal-1 (cons 6 7)) (literal-1 test-tree))) (cons (cons 4 5) (cons 6 7)) "test update")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (update-10 (nock-car (nock-cdr nock-here)) (literal-1 8) (literal-1 decrement-4-core)))) 7 "test slam i.e. update sample and call")
+; test 11 static and dynamic
diff --git a/fifth-pass/nock-l-imperative-cons.rkt b/fifth-pass/nock-l-imperative-cons.rkt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d3bdd1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fifth-pass/nock-l-imperative-cons.rkt
@@ -0,0 +1,639 @@
+#lang racket
+
+(require rackunit)
+
+;; This pass makes cons, car, and cdr operations explicitly
+;; imperative and places their results in registers
+;;
+
+(define stack '())
+(define (push-k-data k)
+ (set! stack (cons k stack))) 
+
+(define control-stack '())
+(define (push-k-control k)
+ (set! control-stack (cons k control-stack)))
+
+(define ra 0)
+(define rb 0)
+(define rc 0)
+(define rd 0)
+(define re 0)
+(define rf 0)
+(define rg 0)
+(define rh 0)
+(define ri 0)
+(define rj 0)
+(define rk 0)
+
+(define (set-register register x)
+ (match register
+  ('ra (set! ra x))
+  ('rb (set! rb x))
+  ('rc (set! rc x))
+  ('rd (set! rd x))
+  ('re (set! re x))
+  ('rf (set! rf x))
+  ('rg (set! rg x))
+  ('rh (set! rh x))
+  ('ri (set! ri x))
+  ('rj (set! rj x))
+  ('rk (set! rk x))))
+
+(define (cell! register x y)
+ (set-register register (cons x y)))
+
+(define (car! register x)
+ (set-register register (car x)))
+
+(define (cdr! register x)
+ (set-register register (cdr x)))
+
+(define (cell?! register x)
+ (if (pair? x)
+  (set-register register 0)
+  (set-register register 1)))
+
+(define (tru? x)
+ (= x 0))
+
+; interface with non-CPS, non-registerized calling convention
+(define (nock-noun subject formula gates err-k trace)
+ (begin
+  (push-k-control 'empty-k)
+  (push-k-data empty-k)
+  (set-register 'ra subject)
+  (set-register 'rb formula)
+  (set-register 'rc gates)
+  (set-register 'rd err-k)
+  (set-register 're trace)
+  (nock-noun-cps)))
+
+; ra - subject
+; rb - formula
+; rc - gate stack
+; rd - err continuation
+; re - err trace
+(define (nock-noun-cps)
+ (begin
+  (car! 'rf rb)
+  (cdr! 'rg rb)
+  (cell?! 'rh rf)
+  (cond
+   [(tru? rh)
+    (begin
+     (push-k-control 'nock-cons-k-1)
+     (push-k-data (nock-cons-k-1 ra rg rc rd re))
+     (car! 'rh rf)
+     (cdr! 'ri rf)
+     ; ra already set
+     (cons! 'rb rh ri)
+     ; rb already set
+     ; rc already set
+     ; rd already set
+     ; re already set
+     (nock-noun-cps))]
+   [(= rf 0)
+    (begin
+     ; b in rg
+     (set-register 'rb rg)
+     (set-register 'rc rd)
+     (set-register 'rd re)
+     (nock-tree-find))]
+   [(= rf 1)
+    (begin
+     ; b in rg
+     (set-register 'ra rg)
+     (apply-k))]
+   [(= rf 2)
+    (begin
+     (car! 'rh rg)
+     (cdr! 'ri rg)
+     ; b in rh
+     ; c in ri
+     (push-k-control 'nock-2-k-1)
+     (push-k-data (nock-2-k-1 ra ri rc rd re))
+     (set-register 'rb rh)
+     (nock-noun-cps))]
+   [(= rf 3)
+    (begin
+     (push-k-control 'nock-3-k)
+     (push-k-data nock-3-k)
+     ; b in rg
+     (set-register 'rb rg)
+     (nock-noun-cps))]
+   [(= rf 4)
+    (begin
+     (push-k-control 'nock-4-k)
+     (push-k-data nock-4-k)
+     ; b in rg
+     (set-register 'rb rg)
+     (nock-noun-cps))]
+   [(= rf 5)
+    (begin
+     (car! 'rh rg)
+     (cdr! 'ri rg)
+     (push-k-control 'nock-5-k-1)
+     ; b in rh
+     ; c in ri
+     (push-k-data (nock-5-k-1 ra ri rc rd re))
+     (set-register 'rb rh)
+     (nock-noun-cps))]
+   [(= rf 6)
+    (begin
+     (car! 'rh rg)
+     (cdr! 'ri rg)
+     (car! 'rj ri)
+     (car! 'rk ri)
+     ; b in rh
+     ; c in rj
+     ; d in rk
+     (push-k-control nock-6-k)
+     (push-k-data (nock-6-k ra rj rk rc rd re))
+     (set-register 'rb rh)
+     (nock-noun-cps))]
+   [(= rf 7)
+    (begin
+     (car! 'rh rg)
+     (cdr! 'ri rg)
+     ; b in rh
+     ; c in ri
+     (push-k-control 'nock-7-k)
+     (push-k-data (nock-7-k ri rc rd re))
+     (set-register 'rb ri))]
+   [(= rf 8)
+    (begin
+     (car! 'rh rg)
+     (cdr! 'ri rg)
+     ; b in rh
+     ; c in ri
+     (push-k-control 'nock-8-k)
+     (push-k-data (nock-8-k ra ri rc rd re))
+     (set-register 'rb b)
+     (nock-noun-cps))]
+   [(= rf 9)
+    (begin
+     (car! 'rh rg)
+     (cdr! 'ri rg)
+     ; b in rh
+     ; c in ri
+     (push-k-control 'nock-9-k-1)
+     (push-k-data (nock-9-k-1 rh rc rd re))
+     (set-register 'rb ri)
+     (nock-noun-cps))]
+   [(= rf 10)
+    (begin
+     (car! 'rh rg)
+     (cdr! 'ri rg)
+     (car! 'rj rh)
+     (cdr! 'rk rh)
+     ; b in rj
+     ; c in rk
+     ; d in ri
+     (push-k-control 'nock-10-k-1)
+     (push-k-data (nock-10-k-1 ra ri rj rc rd re))
+     (set-register 'rb rk)
+     (nock-noun-cps))
+    [(= rf 11)
+     (begin
+      (car! 'rh rg)
+      (cell?! 'ri rh)
+      (if (tru? ri)
+       (begin
+        (cdr! 'ri rg)
+        (car! 'rj rh)
+        (cdr! 'rk rh)
+        ; b in rj
+        ; c in rk
+        ; d in ri
+        (push-k-control 'nock-11-k-1)
+        (push-k-data (nock-11-k ra rj ri rc rd re))
+        (set-register 'rb rk)
+        (nock-noun-cps))
+       (begin
+        (cdr! 'ri rg)
+        ; b in rh
+        ; c in ri
+        (set-register 'rb c)
+        (nock-noun-cps))))]
+    [(= rf 12)
+     (begin
+      (car! 'rh rg)
+      (cdr! 'ri rh)
+      ; ref in rh
+      ; path in ri
+      (push-k-control 'nock-12-k-1)
+      (push-k-data ra ri rc rd re)
+      (set-register 'rb rh)
+      (nock-noun-cps))])))
+
+; ra - address to reverse
+(define (reverse-address)
+ (begin
+  ; ra already set
+  (set-register 'rb 1)
+  (reverse-address-acc)))
+
+; ra - address to reverse
+; rb - accumulator for reversed address
+(define (reverse-address-acc)
+ (if (= ra 1)
+  (begin
+   (set-register 'ra rb)
+   (apply-k))
+  (begin
+   (set-register 'rb (bitwise-ior (arithmetic-shift rb 1) (bitwise-and ra 1)))
+   (set-register 'ra (arithmetic-shift ra -1))
+   (reverse-address-acc))))
+
+; ra - tree to find subtree of
+; rb - reversed address to find
+(define (nock-tree-find-reversed)
+ (if (= rb 1)
+  ; ra already set
+  (apply-k)
+  (if (even? rb)
+   (begin
+    (set-register 'ra (car ra))
+    (set-register 'rb (arithmetic-shift rb -1))
+    (nock-tree-find-reversed))
+   (begin
+    (set-register 'ra (cdr ra))
+    (set-register 'rb (arithmetic-shift rb -1))
+    (nock-tree-find-reversed)))))
+
+; ra - tree to find subtree of
+; rb - address of subtree
+; rc - err continuation
+; rd - err trace
+(define (nock-tree-find)
+ (if (= rb 0)
+  (begin
+   (set-register 'ra rc)
+   (set-register 'rb (cons 2 rd))
+   (apply-err-k))
+  (begin
+   (push-k-control 'nock-tree-find-k)
+   (push-k-data (nock-tree-find-k ra))
+   (set-register 'ra rb)
+   (reverse-address))))
+
+; ra - subtree to place at address
+; rb - reversed address
+; rc - tree to edit
+(define (nock-tree-edit-reversed)
+ (if (= rb 1)
+  ; ra already set
+  (apply-k)
+  (if (even? rb)
+   (begin
+    (push-k-control 'nock-tree-edit-car-k)
+    (push-k-data (nock-tree-edit-car-k rc))
+    ; ra already set
+    (set-register 'rb (arithmetic-shift rb -1))
+    (set-register 'rc (car rc))
+    (nock-tree-edit-reversed))
+   (begin
+    (push-k-control 'nock-tree-edit-cdr-k)
+    (push-k-data (nock-tree-edit-cdr-k rc))
+    ; ra already set
+    (set-register 'rb (arithmetic-shift rb -1))
+    (set-register 'rc (cdr rc))
+    (nock-tree-edit-reversed)))))
+
+; # operator in nock spec: tree editing
+; ra - subtree to place at address
+; rb - address
+; rc - tree to edit
+; rd - err continuation
+; re - err trace
+(define (nock-tree-edit)
+ (if (= rb 0)
+  (begin
+   (set-register 'ra rd)
+   (set-register 'rb (cons 2 re))
+   (apply-err-k))
+  (begin
+   (push-k-control 'nock-tree-edit-k)
+   (push-k-data (nock-tree-edit-k ra rc))
+   (set-register 'ra rb)
+   (reverse-address))))
+
+(define empty-k '())
+(define (nock-cons-k-1 subject d gates err-k trace) (list subject d gates err-k trace))
+(define (nock-cons-k-2 u) (list u))
+(define (nock-2-k-1 subject c gates err-k trace) (list subject c gates err-k trace)) 
+(define (nock-2-k-2 u gates err-k trace) (list u gates err-k trace))
+(define nock-3-k '())
+(define nock-4-k '())
+(define (nock-5-k-1 subject c gates err-k trace) (list subject c gates err-k trace))
+(define (nock-5-k-2 u) (list u))
+(define (nock-6-k subject c d gates err-k trace) (list subject c d gates err-k trace))
+(define (nock-7-k c gates err-k trace) (list c gates err-k trace))
+(define (nock-8-k subject c gates err-k trace) (list subject c gates err-k trace))
+(define (nock-9-k-1 b gates err-k trace) (list b gates err-k trace))
+(define (nock-9-k-2 u gates err-k trace) (list u gates err-k trace))
+(define (nock-10-k-1 subject d b gates err-k trace) (list subject d b gates err-k trace))
+(define (nock-10-k-2 u b err-k trace) (list u b err-k trace))
+(define (nock-11-k subject b d gates err-k trace) (list subject b d gates err-k trace))
+(define (nock-12-k-1 subject path gates err-k trace) (list subject path gates err-k trace))
+(define (nock-12-k-2 gates err-k trace u) (list gates err-k trace u))
+(define (nock-12-k-3 u v outer-err-k outer-trace) (list u v outer-err-k outer-trace))
+(define (nock-tree-find-k tree) (list tree))
+(define (nock-tree-edit-car-k tree) (list tree))
+(define (nock-tree-edit-cdr-k tree) (list tree))
+(define (nock-tree-edit-k subtree tree) (list subtree tree))
+
+; apply the continuation from the top of the stack
+; ra - result
+(define (apply-k)
+ (let
+  [(data (car stack))
+   (k (car control-stack))]
+  (begin
+   (set! stack (cdr stack))
+   (set! control-stack (cdr control-stack))
+   (match (cons k data)       
+    ([list 'empty-k] ra)
+    ([list 'nock-cons-k-1 (var subject) (var d) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (begin
+      (push-k-control 'nock-cons-k-2)
+      (push-k-data (nock-cons-k-2 ra))
+      (set-register 'ra subject)
+      (set-register 'rb d)
+      (set-register 'rc gates)
+      (set-register 'rd err-k)
+      (set-register 're trace)
+      (nock-noun-cps)))
+    ([list 'nock-cons-k-2 (var u) (var k^)]
+     (begin
+      (set-register 'ra (cons u ra))
+      (apply-k)))
+    ([list 'nock-2-k-1 (var subject) (var c) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (begin
+      (push-k-control 'nock-2-k-2)
+      (push-k-data (nock-2-k-2 ra gates err-k trace))
+      (set-register 'ra subject)
+      (set-register 'rb c)
+      (set-register 'rc gates)
+      (set-register 'rd err-k)
+      (set-register 're trace)
+      (nock-noun-cps)))
+    ([list 'nock-2-k-2 (var u) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (begin
+      (set-register 'rb ra)
+      (set-register 'ra u)
+      (set-register 'rc gates)
+      (set-register 'rd err-k)
+      (set-register 're trace)
+      (nock-noun-cps)))
+    ([list 'nock-3-k]
+     (if (pair? ra)
+      (begin
+       (set-register 'ra 0)
+       (apply-k))
+      (begin
+       (set-register 'ra 1)
+       (apply-k))))
+    ([list 'nock-4-k]
+     (begin
+      (set-register 'ra (+ 1 ra))
+      (apply-k)))
+    ([list 'nock-5-k-1 (var subject) (var c) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (begin
+      (push-k-control 'nock-5-k-2)
+      (push-k-data (nock-5-k-2 ra))
+      (set-register 'ra subject)
+      (set-register 'rb c)
+      (set-register 'rc gates)
+      (set-register 'rd err-k)
+      (set-register 're trace)
+      (nock-noun-cps)))
+    ([list 'nock-5-k-2 (var u)]
+     (if (eqv? u ra)
+      (begin
+       (set-register 'ra 0)
+       (apply-k))
+      (begin
+       (set-register 'ra 1)
+       (apply-k))))
+    ([list 'nock-6-k (var subject) (var c) (var d) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (if (= 0 ra)
+      (begin
+       (set-register 'ra subject)
+       (set-register 'rb c)
+       (set-register 'rc gates)
+       (set-register 'rd err-k)
+       (set-register 're trace)
+       (nock-noun-cps))
+       (if (= 1 ra)
+        (begin
+         (set-register 'ra subject)
+         (set-register 'rb d)
+         (set-register 'rc gates)
+         (set-register 'rd err-k)
+         (set-register 're trace)
+         (nock-noun-cps))
+        (begin
+         (set-register 'ra err-k)
+         (set-register 'rb (cons 2 trace))
+         (apply-err-k)))))
+    ([list 'nock-7-k (var c) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (begin
+      ; ra already set
+      (set-register 'rb c)
+      (set-register 'rc gates)
+      (set-register 'rd err-k)
+      (set-register 're trace)
+      (nock-noun-cps)))
+    ([list 'nock-8-k (var subject) (var c) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (begin
+      (set-register 'ra (cons ra subject))
+      (set-register 'rb c)
+      (set-register 'rc gates)
+      (set-register 'rd err-k)
+      (set-register 're trace)
+      (nock-noun-cps)))
+    ([list 'nock-9-k-1 (var b) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (begin
+      (push-k-control 'nock-9-k-2)
+      (push-k-data (nock-9-k-2 ra gates err-k trace))
+      ; ra already set
+      (set-register 'rb b)
+      (set-register 'rc err-k)
+      (set-register 'rd trace)
+      (nock-tree-find)))
+    ([list 'nock-9-k-2 (var u) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (begin
+      (set-register 'rb ra)
+      (set-register 'ra u)
+      (set-register 'rc gates)
+      (set-register 'rd err-k)
+      (set-register 're trace)
+      (nock-noun-cps)))
+    ([list 'nock-10-k-1 (var subject) (var d) (var b) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (begin
+      (push-k-control 'nock-10-k-2)
+      (push-k-data (nock-10-k-2 ra b err-k trace))
+      (set-register 'ra subject)
+      (set-register 'rb d)
+      (set-register 'rc gates)
+      (set-register 'rd err-k)
+      (set-register 're trace)
+      (nock-noun-cps)))
+    ([list 'nock-10-k-2 (var u) (var b) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (begin
+      (set-register 'rc ra)
+      (set-register 'ra u)
+      (set-register 'rb b)
+      (set-register 'rd err-k)
+      (set-register 're trace)
+      (nock-tree-edit)))
+    ([list 'nock-11-k (var subject) (var b) (var d) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (if (member b (list (tas "hunk") (tas "hand") (tas "lose") (tas "mean") (tas "spot")))
+      (begin
+       (set-register 're (cons (cons b ra) trace))
+       (set-register 'ra subject)
+       (set-register 'rb d)
+       (set-register 'rc gates)
+       (set-register 'rd err-k)
+       (nock-noun-cps))
+      (begin
+       (set-register 'ra subject)
+       (set-register 'rb d)
+       (set-register 'rc gates)
+       (set-register 'rd err-k)
+       (set-register 're trace)
+       (nock-noun-cps))))
+    ([list 'nock-12-k-1 (var subject) (var path) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (begin
+      (push-k-control 'nock-12-k-2)
+      (push-k-data (nock-12-k-2 gates err-k trace ra))
+      (set-register 'ra subject)
+      (set-register 'rb path)
+      (set-register 'rc gates)
+      (set-register 'rd err-k)
+      (set-register 're trace)
+      (nock-noun-cps)))
+    ([list 'nock-12-k-2 (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace) (var u)]
+      (let*
+       [(gate (car (car gates)))
+        (outer-err-k err-k)
+        (err-k (car (cdr (car gates))))
+        (outer-trace trace)
+        (trace (cdr (cdr (car gates))))
+        (gates (cdr gates))
+        (core (cons (car gate) (cons (cons u ra) (cdr (cdr gate)))))]
+       (begin
+        (push-k-control 'nock-12-k-3)
+        (push-k-data (nock-12-k-3 u ra outer-err-k outer-trace))
+        (set-register 'ra core)
+        (set-register 'rb (car core))
+        (set-register 'rc gates)
+        (set-register 'rd err-k)
+        (set-register 're trace)
+        (nock-noun-cps))))
+    ([list 'nock-12-k-3 (var u) (var v) (var outer-err-k) (var outer-trace)]
+     (if (equal? 0 ra)
+      ; ~
+      (begin
+       (set-register 'ra outer-err-k)
+       (set-register 'rb (cons 1 (cdr v)))
+       (apply-err-k))
+      (if (equal? 0 (car ra))
+       (begin
+        (set-register 'ra outer-err-k)
+        (set-register 'rb (cons 2 (cons (cons (tas "hunk") (cons u v)) outer-trace)))
+        (apply-err-k))
+       (begin
+        (set-register 'ra (cdr (cdr ra)))
+        (apply-k)))))
+    ([list 'nock-tree-edit-car-k (var tree)]
+     (begin
+      (set-register 'ra (cons ra (cdr tree)))
+      (apply-k)))
+    ([list 'nock-tree-edit-cdr-k (var tree)]
+     (begin
+      (set-register 'ra (cons (car tree) ra))
+      (apply-k)))
+    ([list 'nock-tree-edit-k (var subtree) (var tree)]
+     (begin
+      (set-register 'rb ra)
+      (set-register 'ra subtree)
+      (set-register 'rc tree)
+      (nock-tree-edit-reversed)))
+    ([list 'nock-tree-find-k (var tree)]
+     (begin
+      (set-register 'rb ra)
+      (set-register 'ra tree)
+      (nock-tree-find-reversed)))
+    ((var k^) #:when (procedure? k^) (k^ ra))))))
+
+; ra - err continuation
+; rb - err trace
+(define (apply-err-k) (ra))
+
+;; macro for %tas literals:
+;; converts input string into a numeric literal of that string represented as a %tas, i.e. an
+;; atom with the ascii bytes of the string in sequence (first->LSB, last->MSB)
+(define-syntax (tas str)
+ (quasisyntax
+  (unsyntax
+   (foldr
+    (lambda (char atom) (bitwise-ior (bitwise-and #xFF (char->integer char)) (arithmetic-shift atom 8)))
+    0
+    (string->list (car (cdr (syntax->datum str))))))))
+
+(define nock-here 1)
+(define (nock-car address) (* address 2))
+(define (nock-cdr address) (+ 1 (* address 2)))
+(define (get-0 x) (cons 0 x))
+(define (literal-1 x) (cons 1 x))
+(define (eval-2 x y) (cons 2 (cons x y)))
+(define (cell?-3 x) (cons 3 x))
+(define (inc-4 x) (cons 4 x))
+(define (=-5 x y) (cons 5 (cons x y)))
+(define (if-6 x y z) (cons 6 (cons x (cons y z))))
+(define (compose-7 x y) (cons 7 (cons x y)))
+(define (declare-8 x y) (cons 8 (cons x y)))
+(define (call-9 x y) (cons 9 (cons x y)))
+(define (update-10 x y z) (cons 10 (cons (cons x y) z)))
+(define (hint-11 x y) (cons 11 (cons x y)))
+(define lootru 0)
+(define loofal 1)
+
+(define test-tree (cons (cons 4 5) 3))
+(define decrement-4-core
+  (cons
+   (if-6 (=-5 (get-0 (nock-car (nock-cdr nock-here))) (inc-4 (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))))
+    (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))
+    (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (update-10 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)) (inc-4 (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))) (get-0 nock-here))))
+   (cons 4 0)))
+
+(define (nock-test subject formula) (nock-noun subject formula '() test-err-k '()))
+
+; rb - err trace
+(define (test-err-k)
+ (printf "Error: ~v" ra)
+ (error 'nock-err))
+
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 nock-here) ) test-tree "tree address 1")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-car nock-here))) (car test-tree) "tree address 2")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-cdr nock-here))) (cdr test-tree) "tree address 3")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-car (nock-car nock-here)))) (car (car test-tree)) "tree address 4")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-car nock-here)))) (cdr (car test-tree)) "tree address 5")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (literal-1 test-tree)) test-tree "literal")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (eval-2 (literal-1 test-tree) (literal-1 (get-0 2)))) (car test-tree) "eval")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (cell?-3 (get-0 1))) lootru "test cell true")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (cell?-3 (get-0 3))) loofal "test cell false")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (inc-4 (literal-1 0))) 1 "increment")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (=-5 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 1))) lootru "test equals true")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (=-5 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) loofal "test equals false")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (if-6 (literal-1 lootru) (literal-1 5) (get-0 100))) 5 "test if tru")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (if-6 (literal-1 loofal) (get-0 100) (literal-1 5))) 5 "test if false")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (compose-7 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) (car test-tree) "test compose")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (declare-8 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) test-tree "test declare")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (literal-1 decrement-4-core))) 3 "test call")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (update-10 (nock-cdr nock-here) (literal-1 (cons 6 7)) (literal-1 test-tree))) (cons (cons 4 5) (cons 6 7)) "test update")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (update-10 (nock-car (nock-cdr nock-here)) (literal-1 8) (literal-1 decrement-4-core)))) 7 "test slam i.e. update sample and call")
+; test 11 static and dynamic
diff --git a/nock-a.rkt b/nock-a.rkt
index 6e5e622..5498345 100644
--- a/nock-a.rkt
+++ b/nock-a.rkt
@@ -2,6 +2,10 @@
 
 (require rackunit)
 
+;; This is a naive, direct, structurally recursive interpretation of Nock according
+;; to the nock specification, with cells represented as cons cells and atoms represented
+;; as Racket natural numbers.
+
 (define (nock-noun subject formula)
  (match formula
   ([cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d)]
diff --git a/nock-b-scry.rkt b/nock-b-scry.rkt
index b17448c..9ff73ea 100644
--- a/nock-b-scry.rkt
+++ b/nock-b-scry.rkt
@@ -2,6 +2,12 @@
 
 (require rackunit)
 
+;; This interpreter adds to (a) handling for a stack of scry gates
+;; 
+;; Thus, it implements "nock 12" from the ++mink metacircular Nock interpreter
+;; This is necessary so that the system nock interpreter can be used to jet
+;; ++mink, resulting in virtualized Nock computations.
+
 (define (nock-noun subject formula gates)
  (let*
   [(recur-on-noun (lambda (subject formula)
diff --git a/nock-c-exceptions.rkt b/nock-c-exceptions.rkt
index 133be70..9ab14bb 100644
--- a/nock-c-exceptions.rkt
+++ b/nock-c-exceptions.rkt
@@ -2,6 +2,11 @@
 
 (require rackunit)
 
+;; This interpreter builds on (b) by adding an explicit exception-handling mechanism
+;; in the form of an error continuation and a trace.
+;;
+;; Traces are updated by specific static hints for nock 11 paired with specific dynamic hints.
+
 (define (nock-noun subject formula gates err-k trace)
  (let*
   [(recur-on-noun (lambda (subject formula)
diff --git a/nock-d-inline.rkt b/nock-d-inline.rkt
index 01838f8..73302a0 100644
--- a/nock-d-inline.rkt
+++ b/nock-d-inline.rkt
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 
 (require rackunit)
 
+;; This pass inlines top-level recursion helpers resulting in direct calls to `nock-noun`
+
 (define (nock-noun subject formula gates err-k trace)
  (match formula
   ([cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d)]
diff --git a/nock-e-optimize-edit.rkt b/nock-e-optimize-edit.rkt
index 0c6a89f..61ce6a8 100644
--- a/nock-e-optimize-edit.rkt
+++ b/nock-e-optimize-edit.rkt
@@ -2,6 +2,9 @@
 
 (require rackunit)
 
+;; This pass optimizes the nock-tree-edit (and nock-tree-find) functions by reversing the atom
+;; passed as an address
+
 (define (nock-noun subject formula gates err-k trace)
  (match formula
   ([cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d)]
diff --git a/nock-f-cps.rkt b/nock-f-cps.rkt
index f1e9d69..9699ab3 100644
--- a/nock-f-cps.rkt
+++ b/nock-f-cps.rkt
@@ -2,6 +2,11 @@
 
 (require rackunit)
 
+;; This interpreter is a translation of the interpreter in (e) into continuation-passing style (CPS).
+;;
+;; Rather than return a result, functions take a function (called a continuation) to which to pass
+;; their result, and invoke it. This creates a linear sequence of invocations rather than nested expressions.
+
 (define (nock-noun subject formula gates err-k trace)
  (nock-noun-cps subject formula gates err-k trace empty-k))
 
diff --git a/nock-g-explicit-apply.rkt b/nock-g-explicit-apply.rkt
index 7dda9f9..c183db7 100644
--- a/nock-g-explicit-apply.rkt
+++ b/nock-g-explicit-apply.rkt
@@ -2,6 +2,9 @@
 
 (require rackunit)
 
+;; This interpreter adds an explicit function for applying continuations,
+;; a necessary pre-requisite to closure conversion
+
 (define (nock-noun subject formula gates err-k trace)
  (nock-noun-cps subject formula gates err-k trace empty-k))
 
diff --git a/nock-h-closure-convert.rkt b/nock-h-closure-convert.rkt
index 80ed338..a3c6064 100644
--- a/nock-h-closure-convert.rkt
+++ b/nock-h-closure-convert.rkt
@@ -2,6 +2,10 @@
 
 (require rackunit)
 
+;; This interpreter removes all nested lambdas by converting them
+;; into a tagged union, which is matched by the continuation-application
+;; function to invoke the body of the lambda.
+
 (define (nock-noun subject formula gates err-k trace)
  (nock-noun-cps subject formula gates err-k trace empty-k))
 
diff --git a/nock-i-k-stack.rkt b/nock-i-k-stack.rkt
index e451db4..dd68ce2 100644
--- a/nock-i-k-stack.rkt
+++ b/nock-i-k-stack.rkt
@@ -2,6 +2,15 @@
 
 (require rackunit)
 
+;; This interpreter converts the implicit stack of continuations from (j)
+;; (represented by every continuation closure other than empty-k receiving
+;; the current continuation as its last argument) into an explicit stack.
+;;
+;; It removes the continuation variable from all continuation closures
+;; and adds a `push-k` operation to push a continuation closure onto the stack.
+;;
+;; The apply-k function now functions explicitly as a stack-popping operation.
+
 (define stack '())
 (define (push-k k)
  (set! stack (cons k stack))) 
diff --git a/nock-j-registerize.rkt b/nock-j-registerize.rkt
index e77b9f1..4e4486a 100644
--- a/nock-j-registerize.rkt
+++ b/nock-j-registerize.rkt
@@ -426,11 +426,11 @@
     ([list 'nock-11-k (var subject) (var b) (var d) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
      (if (member b (list (tas "hunk") (tas "hand") (tas "lose") (tas "mean") (tas "spot")))
       (begin
+       (set-register 're (cons (cons b ra) trace))
        (set-register 'ra subject)
        (set-register 'rb d)
        (set-register 'rc gates)
        (set-register 'rd err-k)
-       (set-register 're (cons (cons b ra) trace))
        (nock-noun-cps))
       (begin
        (set-register 'ra subject)
diff --git a/nock-k-separate-control-stack.rkt b/nock-k-separate-control-stack.rkt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f6491c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nock-k-separate-control-stack.rkt
@@ -0,0 +1,601 @@
+#lang racket
+
+(require rackunit)
+
+;; This pass builds on the mutable state (the continuation stack) introduced in (i)
+;; and adds mutable registers, which are updated by the `set-register` function.
+;;
+;; Procedures no longer take language-native arguments, but have an explicit convention
+;; for the globally-defined registers in which they expect their arguments.
+
+(define stack '())
+(define (push-k-data k)
+ (set! stack (cons k stack))) 
+
+(define control-stack '())
+(define (push-k-control k)
+ (set! control-stack (cons k control-stack)))
+
+(define ra 0)
+(define rb 0)
+(define rc 0)
+(define rd 0)
+(define re 0)
+
+(define (set-register register x)
+ (match register
+  ('ra (set! ra x))
+  ('rb (set! rb x))
+  ('rc (set! rc x))
+  ('rd (set! rd x))
+  ('re (set! re x))))
+
+; interface with non-CPS, non-registerized calling convention
+(define (nock-noun subject formula gates err-k trace)
+ (begin
+  (push-k-control 'empty-k)
+  (push-k-data empty-k)
+  (set-register 'ra subject)
+  (set-register 'rb formula)
+  (set-register 'rc gates)
+  (set-register 'rd err-k)
+  (set-register 're trace)
+  (nock-noun-cps)))
+
+; ra - subject
+; rb - formula
+; rc - gate stack
+; rd - err continuation
+; re - err trace
+(define (nock-noun-cps)
+ (match rb
+  ([cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d)]
+   (begin
+    (push-k-control 'nock-cons-k-1)
+    (push-k-data (nock-cons-k-1 ra d rc rd re))
+    ; ra already set
+    (set-register 'rb (cons b c))
+    ; rc already set
+    ; rd already set
+    ; re already set
+    (nock-noun-cps)))
+  ([cons 0 (var b)]
+   (begin
+    ; ra already set
+    (set-register 'rb b)
+    (set-register 'rc rd)
+    (set-register 'rd re)
+    (nock-tree-find)))
+  ([cons 1 (var b)]
+   (begin
+    (set-register 'ra b)
+    (apply-k)))
+  ([cons 2 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (begin
+    (push-k-control 'nock-2-k-1)
+    (push-k-data (nock-2-k-1 ra c rc rd re))
+    ; ra already set
+    (set-register 'rb b)
+    ; rc already set
+    ; rd already set
+    ; re already set
+    (nock-noun-cps)))
+  ([cons 3 (var b)]
+   (begin
+    (push-k-control 'nock-3-k)
+    (push-k-data nock-3-k)
+    ; ra already set
+    (set-register 'rb b)
+    ; rc already set
+    ; rd already set
+    ; re already set
+    (nock-noun-cps)))
+  ([cons 4 (var b)]
+   (begin
+    (push-k-control 'nock-4-k)
+    (push-k-data nock-4-k)
+    ; ra already set
+    (set-register 'rb b)
+    ; rc already set
+    ; rd already set
+    ; re already set
+    (nock-noun-cps)))
+  ([cons 5 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (begin
+    (push-k-control 'nock-5-k-1)
+    (push-k-data (nock-5-k-1 ra c rc rd re))
+    ; ra already set
+    (set-register 'rb b)
+    ; rc already set
+    ; rd already set
+    ; re already set
+    (nock-noun-cps)))
+  ([cons 6 (cons (var b) (cons (var c) (var d)))]
+   (begin
+    (push-k-control 'nock-6-k)
+    (push-k-data (nock-6-k ra c d rc rd re))
+    ; ra already set
+    (set-register 'rb b)
+    ; rc already set
+    ; rd already set
+    ; re already set
+    (nock-noun-cps)))
+  ([cons 7 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (begin
+    (push-k-control 'nock-7-k)
+    (push-k-data (nock-7-k c rc rd re))
+    ; ra already set
+    (set-register 'rb b)
+    ; rc already set
+    ; rd already set
+    ; re already set
+    (nock-noun-cps)))
+  ([cons 8 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (begin
+    (push-k-control 'nock-8-k)
+    (push-k-data (nock-8-k ra c rc rd re))
+    ; ra already set
+    (set-register 'rb b)
+    ; rc already set
+    ; rd already set
+    ; re already set
+    (nock-noun-cps)))
+  ([cons 9 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (begin
+    (push-k-control 'nock-9-k-1)
+    (push-k-data (nock-9-k-1 b rc rd re))
+    ; ra already set
+    (set-register 'rb c)
+    ; rc already set
+    ; rd already set
+    ; re already set
+    (nock-noun-cps)))
+  ([cons 10 (cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d))]
+   (begin
+    (push-k-control 'nock-10-k-1)
+    (push-k-data (nock-10-k-1 ra d b rc rd re))
+    ; ra already set
+    (set-register 'rb c)
+    ; rc already set
+    ; rd already set
+    ; re already set
+    (nock-noun-cps)))
+  ([cons 11 (cons (cons (var b) (var c)) (var d))]
+   (begin
+    (push-k-control 'nock-11-k)
+    (push-k-data (nock-11-k ra b d rc rd re))
+    ; ra already set
+    (set-register 'rb c)
+    ; rc already set
+    ; rd already set
+    ; re already set
+    (nock-noun-cps)))
+  ([cons 11 (cons (var b) (var c))]
+   (begin
+    ; ra already set
+    (set-register 'rb c)
+    ; rc already set
+    ; rd already set
+    ; re already set
+    (nock-noun-cps)))
+  ([cons 12 (cons (var ref) (var path))]
+   (begin
+    (push-k-control 'nock-12-k-1)
+    (push-k-data (nock-12-k-1 ra path rc rd re))
+    ; ra already set
+    (set-register 'rb ref)
+    ; rc already set
+    ; rd already set
+    ; re already set
+    (nock-noun-cps)))))
+
+; ra - address to reverse
+(define (reverse-address)
+ (begin
+  ; ra already set
+  (set-register 'rb 1)
+  (reverse-address-acc)))
+
+; ra - address to reverse
+; rb - accumulator for reversed address
+(define (reverse-address-acc)
+ (if (= ra 1)
+  (begin
+   (set-register 'ra rb)
+   (apply-k))
+  (begin
+   (set-register 'rb (bitwise-ior (arithmetic-shift rb 1) (bitwise-and ra 1)))
+   (set-register 'ra (arithmetic-shift ra -1))
+   (reverse-address-acc))))
+
+; ra - tree to find subtree of
+; rb - reversed address to find
+(define (nock-tree-find-reversed)
+ (if (= rb 1)
+  ; ra already set
+  (apply-k)
+  (if (even? rb)
+   (begin
+    (set-register 'ra (car ra))
+    (set-register 'rb (arithmetic-shift rb -1))
+    (nock-tree-find-reversed))
+   (begin
+    (set-register 'ra (cdr ra))
+    (set-register 'rb (arithmetic-shift rb -1))
+    (nock-tree-find-reversed)))))
+
+; ra - tree to find subtree of
+; rb - address of subtree
+; rc - err continuation
+; rd - err trace
+(define (nock-tree-find)
+ (if (= rb 0)
+  (begin
+   (set-register 'ra rc)
+   (set-register 'rb (cons 2 rd))
+   (apply-err-k))
+  (begin
+   (push-k-control 'nock-tree-find-k)
+   (push-k-data (nock-tree-find-k ra))
+   (set-register 'ra rb)
+   (reverse-address))))
+
+; ra - subtree to place at address
+; rb - reversed address
+; rc - tree to edit
+(define (nock-tree-edit-reversed)
+ (if (= rb 1)
+  ; ra already set
+  (apply-k)
+  (if (even? rb)
+   (begin
+    (push-k-control 'nock-tree-edit-car-k)
+    (push-k-data (nock-tree-edit-car-k rc))
+    ; ra already set
+    (set-register 'rb (arithmetic-shift rb -1))
+    (set-register 'rc (car rc))
+    (nock-tree-edit-reversed))
+   (begin
+    (push-k-control 'nock-tree-edit-cdr-k)
+    (push-k-data (nock-tree-edit-cdr-k rc))
+    ; ra already set
+    (set-register 'rb (arithmetic-shift rb -1))
+    (set-register 'rc (cdr rc))
+    (nock-tree-edit-reversed)))))
+
+; # operator in nock spec: tree editing
+; ra - subtree to place at address
+; rb - address
+; rc - tree to edit
+; rd - err continuation
+; re - err trace
+(define (nock-tree-edit)
+ (if (= rb 0)
+  (begin
+   (set-register 'ra rd)
+   (set-register 'rb (cons 2 re))
+   (apply-err-k))
+  (begin
+   (push-k-control 'nock-tree-edit-k)
+   (push-k-data (nock-tree-edit-k ra rc))
+   (set-register 'ra rb)
+   (reverse-address))))
+
+(define empty-k '())
+(define (nock-cons-k-1 subject d gates err-k trace) (list subject d gates err-k trace))
+(define (nock-cons-k-2 u) (list u))
+(define (nock-2-k-1 subject c gates err-k trace) (list subject c gates err-k trace)) 
+(define (nock-2-k-2 u gates err-k trace) (list u gates err-k trace))
+(define nock-3-k '())
+(define nock-4-k '())
+(define (nock-5-k-1 subject c gates err-k trace) (list subject c gates err-k trace))
+(define (nock-5-k-2 u) (list u))
+(define (nock-6-k subject c d gates err-k trace) (list subject c d gates err-k trace))
+(define (nock-7-k c gates err-k trace) (list c gates err-k trace))
+(define (nock-8-k subject c gates err-k trace) (list subject c gates err-k trace))
+(define (nock-9-k-1 b gates err-k trace) (list b gates err-k trace))
+(define (nock-9-k-2 u gates err-k trace) (list u gates err-k trace))
+(define (nock-10-k-1 subject d b gates err-k trace) (list subject d b gates err-k trace))
+(define (nock-10-k-2 u b err-k trace) (list u b err-k trace))
+(define (nock-11-k subject b d gates err-k trace) (list subject b d gates err-k trace))
+(define (nock-12-k-1 subject path gates err-k trace) (list subject path gates err-k trace))
+(define (nock-12-k-2 gates err-k trace u) (list gates err-k trace u))
+(define (nock-12-k-3 u v outer-err-k outer-trace) (list u v outer-err-k outer-trace))
+(define (nock-tree-find-k tree) (list tree))
+(define (nock-tree-edit-car-k tree) (list tree))
+(define (nock-tree-edit-cdr-k tree) (list tree))
+(define (nock-tree-edit-k subtree tree) (list subtree tree))
+
+; apply the continuation from the top of the stack
+; ra - result
+(define (apply-k)
+ (let
+  [(data (car stack))
+   (k (car control-stack))]
+  (begin
+   (set! stack (cdr stack))
+   (set! control-stack (cdr control-stack))
+   (match (cons k data)       
+    ([list 'empty-k] ra)
+    ([list 'nock-cons-k-1 (var subject) (var d) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (begin
+      (push-k-control 'nock-cons-k-2)
+      (push-k-data (nock-cons-k-2 ra))
+      (set-register 'ra subject)
+      (set-register 'rb d)
+      (set-register 'rc gates)
+      (set-register 'rd err-k)
+      (set-register 're trace)
+      (nock-noun-cps)))
+    ([list 'nock-cons-k-2 (var u) (var k^)]
+     (begin
+      (set-register 'ra (cons u ra))
+      (apply-k)))
+    ([list 'nock-2-k-1 (var subject) (var c) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (begin
+      (push-k-control 'nock-2-k-2)
+      (push-k-data (nock-2-k-2 ra gates err-k trace))
+      (set-register 'ra subject)
+      (set-register 'rb c)
+      (set-register 'rc gates)
+      (set-register 'rd err-k)
+      (set-register 're trace)
+      (nock-noun-cps)))
+    ([list 'nock-2-k-2 (var u) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (begin
+      (set-register 'rb ra)
+      (set-register 'ra u)
+      (set-register 'rc gates)
+      (set-register 'rd err-k)
+      (set-register 're trace)
+      (nock-noun-cps)))
+    ([list 'nock-3-k]
+     (if (pair? ra)
+      (begin
+       (set-register 'ra 0)
+       (apply-k))
+      (begin
+       (set-register 'ra 1)
+       (apply-k))))
+    ([list 'nock-4-k]
+     (begin
+      (set-register 'ra (+ 1 ra))
+      (apply-k)))
+    ([list 'nock-5-k-1 (var subject) (var c) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (begin
+      (push-k-control 'nock-5-k-2)
+      (push-k-data (nock-5-k-2 ra))
+      (set-register 'ra subject)
+      (set-register 'rb c)
+      (set-register 'rc gates)
+      (set-register 'rd err-k)
+      (set-register 're trace)
+      (nock-noun-cps)))
+    ([list 'nock-5-k-2 (var u)]
+     (if (eqv? u ra)
+      (begin
+       (set-register 'ra 0)
+       (apply-k))
+      (begin
+       (set-register 'ra 1)
+       (apply-k))))
+    ([list 'nock-6-k (var subject) (var c) (var d) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (if (= 0 ra)
+      (begin
+       (set-register 'ra subject)
+       (set-register 'rb c)
+       (set-register 'rc gates)
+       (set-register 'rd err-k)
+       (set-register 're trace)
+       (nock-noun-cps))
+       (if (= 1 ra)
+        (begin
+         (set-register 'ra subject)
+         (set-register 'rb d)
+         (set-register 'rc gates)
+         (set-register 'rd err-k)
+         (set-register 're trace)
+         (nock-noun-cps))
+        (begin
+         (set-register 'ra err-k)
+         (set-register 'rb (cons 2 trace))
+         (apply-err-k)))))
+    ([list 'nock-7-k (var c) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (begin
+      ; ra already set
+      (set-register 'rb c)
+      (set-register 'rc gates)
+      (set-register 'rd err-k)
+      (set-register 're trace)
+      (nock-noun-cps)))
+    ([list 'nock-8-k (var subject) (var c) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (begin
+      (set-register 'ra (cons ra subject))
+      (set-register 'rb c)
+      (set-register 'rc gates)
+      (set-register 'rd err-k)
+      (set-register 're trace)
+      (nock-noun-cps)))
+    ([list 'nock-9-k-1 (var b) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (begin
+      (push-k-control 'nock-9-k-2)
+      (push-k-data (nock-9-k-2 ra gates err-k trace))
+      ; ra already set
+      (set-register 'rb b)
+      (set-register 'rc err-k)
+      (set-register 'rd trace)
+      (nock-tree-find)))
+    ([list 'nock-9-k-2 (var u) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (begin
+      (set-register 'rb ra)
+      (set-register 'ra u)
+      (set-register 'rc gates)
+      (set-register 'rd err-k)
+      (set-register 're trace)
+      (nock-noun-cps)))
+    ([list 'nock-10-k-1 (var subject) (var d) (var b) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (begin
+      (push-k-control 'nock-10-k-2)
+      (push-k-data (nock-10-k-2 ra b err-k trace))
+      (set-register 'ra subject)
+      (set-register 'rb d)
+      (set-register 'rc gates)
+      (set-register 'rd err-k)
+      (set-register 're trace)
+      (nock-noun-cps)))
+    ([list 'nock-10-k-2 (var u) (var b) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (begin
+      (set-register 'rc ra)
+      (set-register 'ra u)
+      (set-register 'rb b)
+      (set-register 'rd err-k)
+      (set-register 're trace)
+      (nock-tree-edit)))
+    ([list 'nock-11-k (var subject) (var b) (var d) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (if (member b (list (tas "hunk") (tas "hand") (tas "lose") (tas "mean") (tas "spot")))
+      (begin
+       (set-register 're (cons (cons b ra) trace))
+       (set-register 'ra subject)
+       (set-register 'rb d)
+       (set-register 'rc gates)
+       (set-register 'rd err-k)
+       (nock-noun-cps))
+      (begin
+       (set-register 'ra subject)
+       (set-register 'rb d)
+       (set-register 'rc gates)
+       (set-register 'rd err-k)
+       (set-register 're trace)
+       (nock-noun-cps))))
+    ([list 'nock-12-k-1 (var subject) (var path) (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace)]
+     (begin
+      (push-k-control 'nock-12-k-2)
+      (push-k-data (nock-12-k-2 gates err-k trace ra))
+      (set-register 'ra subject)
+      (set-register 'rb path)
+      (set-register 'rc gates)
+      (set-register 'rd err-k)
+      (set-register 're trace)
+      (nock-noun-cps)))
+    ([list 'nock-12-k-2 (var gates) (var err-k) (var trace) (var u)]
+      (let*
+       [(gate (car (car gates)))
+        (outer-err-k err-k)
+        (err-k (car (cdr (car gates))))
+        (outer-trace trace)
+        (trace (cdr (cdr (car gates))))
+        (gates (cdr gates))
+        (core (cons (car gate) (cons (cons u ra) (cdr (cdr gate)))))]
+       (begin
+        (push-k-control 'nock-12-k-3)
+        (push-k-data (nock-12-k-3 u ra outer-err-k outer-trace))
+        (set-register 'ra core)
+        (set-register 'rb (car core))
+        (set-register 'rc gates)
+        (set-register 'rd err-k)
+        (set-register 're trace)
+        (nock-noun-cps))))
+    ([list 'nock-12-k-3 (var u) (var v) (var outer-err-k) (var outer-trace)]
+     (if (equal? 0 ra)
+      ; ~
+      (begin
+       (set-register 'ra outer-err-k)
+       (set-register 'rb (cons 1 (cdr v)))
+       (apply-err-k))
+      (if (equal? 0 (car ra))
+       (begin
+        (set-register 'ra outer-err-k)
+        (set-register 'rb (cons 2 (cons (cons (tas "hunk") (cons u v)) outer-trace)))
+        (apply-err-k))
+       (begin
+        (set-register 'ra (cdr (cdr ra)))
+        (apply-k)))))
+    ([list 'nock-tree-edit-car-k (var tree)]
+     (begin
+      (set-register 'ra (cons ra (cdr tree)))
+      (apply-k)))
+    ([list 'nock-tree-edit-cdr-k (var tree)]
+     (begin
+      (set-register 'ra (cons (car tree) ra))
+      (apply-k)))
+    ([list 'nock-tree-edit-k (var subtree) (var tree)]
+     (begin
+      (set-register 'rb ra)
+      (set-register 'ra subtree)
+      (set-register 'rc tree)
+      (nock-tree-edit-reversed)))
+    ([list 'nock-tree-find-k (var tree)]
+     (begin
+      (set-register 'rb ra)
+      (set-register 'ra tree)
+      (nock-tree-find-reversed)))
+    ((var k^) #:when (procedure? k^) (k^ ra))))))
+
+; ra - err continuation
+; rb - err trace
+(define (apply-err-k) (ra))
+
+;; macro for %tas literals:
+;; converts input string into a numeric literal of that string represented as a %tas, i.e. an
+;; atom with the ascii bytes of the string in sequence (first->LSB, last->MSB)
+(define-syntax (tas str)
+ (quasisyntax
+  (unsyntax
+   (foldr
+    (lambda (char atom) (bitwise-ior (bitwise-and #xFF (char->integer char)) (arithmetic-shift atom 8)))
+    0
+    (string->list (car (cdr (syntax->datum str))))))))
+
+(define nock-here 1)
+(define (nock-car address) (* address 2))
+(define (nock-cdr address) (+ 1 (* address 2)))
+(define (get-0 x) (cons 0 x))
+(define (literal-1 x) (cons 1 x))
+(define (eval-2 x y) (cons 2 (cons x y)))
+(define (cell?-3 x) (cons 3 x))
+(define (inc-4 x) (cons 4 x))
+(define (=-5 x y) (cons 5 (cons x y)))
+(define (if-6 x y z) (cons 6 (cons x (cons y z))))
+(define (compose-7 x y) (cons 7 (cons x y)))
+(define (declare-8 x y) (cons 8 (cons x y)))
+(define (call-9 x y) (cons 9 (cons x y)))
+(define (update-10 x y z) (cons 10 (cons (cons x y) z)))
+(define (hint-11 x y) (cons 11 (cons x y)))
+(define lootru 0)
+(define loofal 1)
+
+(define test-tree (cons (cons 4 5) 3))
+(define decrement-4-core
+  (cons
+   (if-6 (=-5 (get-0 (nock-car (nock-cdr nock-here))) (inc-4 (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))))
+    (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))
+    (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (update-10 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)) (inc-4 (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-cdr nock-here)))) (get-0 nock-here))))
+   (cons 4 0)))
+
+(define (nock-test subject formula) (nock-noun subject formula '() test-err-k '()))
+
+; rb - err trace
+(define (test-err-k)
+ (printf "Error: ~v" ra)
+ (error 'nock-err))
+
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 nock-here) ) test-tree "tree address 1")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-car nock-here))) (car test-tree) "tree address 2")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-cdr nock-here))) (cdr test-tree) "tree address 3")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-car (nock-car nock-here)))) (car (car test-tree)) "tree address 4")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (get-0 (nock-cdr (nock-car nock-here)))) (cdr (car test-tree)) "tree address 5")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (literal-1 test-tree)) test-tree "literal")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (eval-2 (literal-1 test-tree) (literal-1 (get-0 2)))) (car test-tree) "eval")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (cell?-3 (get-0 1))) lootru "test cell true")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (cell?-3 (get-0 3))) loofal "test cell false")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (inc-4 (literal-1 0))) 1 "increment")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (=-5 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 1))) lootru "test equals true")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (=-5 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) loofal "test equals false")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (if-6 (literal-1 lootru) (literal-1 5) (get-0 100))) 5 "test if tru")
+(check-equal? (nock-test test-tree (if-6 (literal-1 loofal) (get-0 100) (literal-1 5))) 5 "test if false")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (compose-7 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) (car test-tree) "test compose")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (declare-8 (literal-1 test-tree) (get-0 2))) test-tree "test declare")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (literal-1 decrement-4-core))) 3 "test call")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (update-10 (nock-cdr nock-here) (literal-1 (cons 6 7)) (literal-1 test-tree))) (cons (cons 4 5) (cons 6 7)) "test update")
+(check-equal? (nock-test 0 (call-9 (nock-car nock-here) (update-10 (nock-car (nock-cdr nock-here)) (literal-1 8) (literal-1 decrement-4-core)))) 7 "test slam i.e. update sample and call")
+; test 11 static and dynamic