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@ -299,42 +299,32 @@ jiggle(5) # 5±ε. 使用 set.seed(2716057) 后, jiggle(5)==5.005043
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#########################
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#########################
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# 单维度
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# 单维度
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# You can vectorize anything, so long as all components have the same type
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# 你可以将目前我们学习到的任何类型矢量化,只要它们拥有相同的类型
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#你可以将任何东西矢量化,因此所有的组分都有相同的类型
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vec <- c(8, 9, 10, 11)
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vec <- c(8, 9, 10, 11)
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vec # 8 9 10 11
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vec # 8 9 10 11
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# The class of a vector is the class of its components
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# 矢量的类型是这一组数据元素的类型
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#矢量class表示这一组分的类型
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class(vec) # "numeric"
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class(vec) # "numeric"
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# If you vectorize items of different classes, weird coercions happen
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# If you vectorize items of different classes, weird coercions happen
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#如果你强制的将不同类型的classes矢量化,会发生超自然形式的函数,例如都转变成数值型、字符型
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#如果你强制的将不同类型数值矢量化,会出现特殊值
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c(TRUE, 4) # 1 4
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c(TRUE, 4) # 1 4
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c("dog", TRUE, 4) # "dog" "TRUE" "4"
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c("dog", TRUE, 4) # "dog" "TRUE" "4"
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# We ask for specific components like so (R starts counting from 1)
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#我们这样来取内部数据,(R 的下标索引顺序 1 开始)
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#我们可以找寻特定的组分,例如这个例子(R从1算起)
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vec[1] # 8
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vec[1] # 8
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# We can also search for the indices of specific components,
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# 我们可以根据条件查找特定数据
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#我们也可以从这些特定组分中找寻这些指标
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which(vec %% 2 == 0) # 1 3
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which(vec %% 2 == 0) # 1 3
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# or grab just the first or last entry in the vector
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# 抓取矢量中第一个和最后一个字符
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#抓取矢量中第1个和最后一个字符
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head(vec, 1) # 8
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head(vec, 1) # 8
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tail(vec, 1) # 11
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tail(vec, 1) # 11
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#如果指数结束或不存在即"goes over" 可以获得NA
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#如果下标溢出或不存会得到 NA
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# If an index "goes over" you'll get NA:
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vec[6] # NA
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vec[6] # NA
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# You can find the length of your vector with length()
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# 你可以使用 length() 获取矢量的长度
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#你也可以找到矢量的长度
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length(vec) # 4
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length(vec) # 4
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# You can perform operations on entire vectors or subsets of vectors
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# 你可以直接操作矢量或者矢量的子集
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#你可以将整个矢量或者子矢量集进行展示
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vec * 4 # 16 20 24 28
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vec * 4 # 16 20 24 28
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#
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vec[2:3] * 5 # 25 30
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vec[2:3] * 5 # 25 30
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# and there are many built-in functions to summarize vectors
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# 这里有许多内置的函数,来表现向量
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#这里有许多内置的功能函数,并且可对矢量特征进行总结
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mean(vec) # 9.5
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mean(vec) # 9.5
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var(vec) # 1.666667
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var(vec) # 1.666667
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sd(vec) # 1.290994
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sd(vec) # 1.290994
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@ -342,40 +332,32 @@ max(vec) # 11
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min(vec) # 8
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min(vec) # 8
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sum(vec) # 38
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sum(vec) # 38
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# TWO-DIMENSIONAL (ALL ONE CLASS)
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# 二维(相同元素类型)
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#二维函数
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# You can make a matrix out of entries all of the same type like so:
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#你可以为同样类型的变量建立矩阵
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#你可以建立矩阵,保证所有的变量形式相同
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mat <- matrix(nrow = 3, ncol = 2, c(1,2,3,4,5,6))
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mat <- matrix(nrow = 3, ncol = 2, c(1,2,3,4,5,6))
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#建立mat矩阵,3行2列,从1到6排列,默认按列排布
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mat
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mat
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# =>
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# =>
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# [,1] [,2]
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# [,1] [,2]
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# [1,] 1 4
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# [1,] 1 4
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# [2,] 2 5
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# [2,] 2 5
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# [3,] 3 6
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# [3,] 3 6
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# Unlike a vector, the class of a matrix is "matrix", no matter what's in it
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# 和 vector 不一样的是,一个矩阵的类型真的是 「matrix」,而不是内部元素的类型
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class(mat) # => "matrix"
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class(mat) # => "matrix"
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# Ask for the first row
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# 访问第一行的字符
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#访问第一行的字符
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mat[1,] # 1 4
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mat[1,] # 1 4
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# Perform operation on the first column
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# 操作第一行数据
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#优先输入第一列,分别×3输出
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3 * mat[,1] # 3 6 9
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3 * mat[,1] # 3 6 9
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# Ask for a specific cell
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# 访问一个特定数据
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#访问特殊的单元,第3行第二列
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mat[3,2] # 6
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mat[3,2] # 6
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# Transpose the whole matrix
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# 转置整个矩阵(译者注:变成 2 行 3 列)
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#转置整个矩阵,变成2行3列
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t(mat)
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t(mat)
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# =>
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# =>
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# [,1] [,2] [,3]
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# [,1] [,2] [,3]
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# [1,] 1 2 3
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# [1,] 1 2 3
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# [2,] 4 5 6
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# [2,] 4 5 6
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# cbind() sticks vectors together column-wise to make a matrix
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# 使用 cbind() 函数把两个矩阵按列合并,形成新的矩阵
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把两个矩阵按列合并,形成新的矩阵
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mat2 <- cbind(1:4, c("dog", "cat", "bird", "dog"))
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mat2 <- cbind(1:4, c("dog", "cat", "bird", "dog"))
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mat2
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mat2
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# =>
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# =>
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@ -385,36 +367,27 @@ mat2
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# [3,] "3" "bird"
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# [3,] "3" "bird"
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# [4,] "4" "dog"
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# [4,] "4" "dog"
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class(mat2) # matrix
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class(mat2) # matrix
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#定义mat2矩阵
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# Again, note what happened!
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# Again, note what happened!
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#同样的注释
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# 注意
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# Because matrices must contain entries all of the same class,
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# 因为矩阵内部元素必须包含同样的类型
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#矩阵必须包含同样的形式
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# 所以现在每一个元素都转化成字符串
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# everything got converted to the character class
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#每一个变量都可以转化成字符串形式
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c(class(mat2[,1]), class(mat2[,2]))
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c(class(mat2[,1]), class(mat2[,2]))
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# rbind() sticks vectors together row-wise to make a matrix
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# 按行合并两个向量,建立新的矩阵
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#按行合并两个向量,建立新的矩阵
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mat3 <- rbind(c(1,2,4,5), c(6,7,0,4))
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mat3 <- rbind(c(1,2,4,5), c(6,7,0,4))
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mat3
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mat3
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# =>
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# =>
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# [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
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# [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
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# [1,] 1 2 4 5
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# [1,] 1 2 4 5
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# [2,] 6 7 0 4
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# [2,] 6 7 0 4
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# Aah, everything of the same class. No coercions. Much better.
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# 哈哈,数据类型都一样的,没有发生强制转换,生活真美好
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# TWO-DIMENSIONAL (DIFFERENT CLASSES)
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# 二维(不同的元素类型)
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##二维函数(不同的变量类型)
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# For columns of different classes, use the data frame
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# 利用 data frame 可以将不同类型数据放在一起
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利用数组可以将不同类型放在一起
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dat <- data.frame(c(5,2,1,4), c("dog", "cat", "bird", "dog"))
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dat <- data.frame(c(5,2,1,4), c("dog", "cat", "bird", "dog"))
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#dat<-数据集(c(5,2,1,4), c("dog", "cat", "bird", "dog"))
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names(dat) <- c("number", "species") # 给数据列命名
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names(dat) <- c("number", "species") # name the columns
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#给每一个向量命名
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class(dat) # "data.frame"
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class(dat) # "data.frame"
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#建立数据集dat
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dat
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dat
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# =>
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# =>
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# number species
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# number species
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@ -425,18 +398,16 @@ dat
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class(dat$number) # "numeric"
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class(dat$number) # "numeric"
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class(dat[,2]) # "factor"
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class(dat[,2]) # "factor"
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# The data.frame() function converts character vectors to factor vectors
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# The data.frame() function converts character vectors to factor vectors
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#数据集,将字符特征转化为因子矢量
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# data.frame() 会将字符向量转换为 factor 向量
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# There are many twisty ways to subset data frames, all subtly unalike
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# 有很多精妙的方法来获取 data frame 的子数据集
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#这里有许多种生成数据集的方法,所有的都很巧妙但又不相似
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dat$number # 5 2 1 4
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dat$number # 5 2 1 4
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dat[,1] # 5 2 1 4
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dat[,1] # 5 2 1 4
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dat[,"number"] # 5 2 1 4
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dat[,"number"] # 5 2 1 4
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# MULTI-DIMENSIONAL (ALL OF ONE CLASS)
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# 多维(相同元素类型)
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#多维函数
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# Arrays creates n-dimensional tables
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# 利用数组创造一个 n 维的表格
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#利用数组创造一个n维的表格
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# You can make a two-dimensional table (sort of like a matrix)
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# You can make a two-dimensional table (sort of like a matrix)
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#你可以建立一个2维表格(类型和矩阵相似)
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#你可以建立一个2维表格(类型和矩阵相似)
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array(c(c(1,2,4,5),c(8,9,3,6)), dim=c(2,4))
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array(c(c(1,2,4,5),c(8,9,3,6)), dim=c(2,4))
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