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Merge pull request #2200 from divayprakash/typos-fix9
fixed whitespaces, content extending beyond 80 chars
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@ -24,9 +24,12 @@ Version control is a system that records changes to a file(s), over time.
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### Centralized Versioning VS Distributed Versioning
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* Centralized version control focuses on synchronizing, tracking, and backing up files.
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* Distributed version control focuses on sharing changes. Every change has a unique id.
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* Distributed systems have no defined structure. You could easily have a SVN style, centralized system, with git.
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* Centralized version control focuses on synchronizing, tracking, and backing
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up files.
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* Distributed version control focuses on sharing changes. Every change has a
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unique id.
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* Distributed systems have no defined structure. You could easily have a SVN
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style, centralized system, with git.
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[Additional Information](http://git-scm.com/book/en/Getting-Started-About-Version-Control)
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@ -42,7 +45,6 @@ Version control is a system that records changes to a file(s), over time.
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## Git Architecture
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### Repository
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A set of files, directories, historical records, commits, and heads. Imagine it
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@ -53,7 +55,8 @@ A git repository is comprised of the .git directory & working tree.
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### .git Directory (component of repository)
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The .git directory contains all the configurations, logs, branches, HEAD, and more.
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The .git directory contains all the configurations, logs, branches, HEAD, and
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more.
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[Detailed List.](http://gitready.com/advanced/2009/03/23/whats-inside-your-git-directory.html)
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### Working Tree (component of repository)
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@ -63,16 +66,16 @@ referred to as your working directory.
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### Index (component of .git dir)
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The Index is the staging area in git. It's basically a layer that separates your working tree
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from the Git repository. This gives developers more power over what gets sent
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to the Git repository.
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The Index is the staging area in git. It's basically a layer that separates
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your working tree from the Git repository. This gives developers more power
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over what gets sent to the Git repository.
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### Commit
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A git commit is a snapshot of a set of changes, or manipulations to your Working
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Tree. For example, if you added 5 files, and removed 2 others, these changes
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will be contained in a commit (or snapshot). This commit can then be pushed to
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other repositories, or not!
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A git commit is a snapshot of a set of changes, or manipulations to your
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Working Tree. For example, if you added 5 files, and removed 2 others, these
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changes will be contained in a commit (or snapshot). This commit can then be
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pushed to other repositories, or not!
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### Branch
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@ -86,11 +89,14 @@ functionality to mark release points (v1.0, and so on)
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### HEAD and head (component of .git dir)
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HEAD is a pointer that points to the current branch. A repository only has 1 *active* HEAD.
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head is a pointer that points to any commit. A repository can have any number of heads.
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HEAD is a pointer that points to the current branch. A repository only has 1
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*active* HEAD.
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head is a pointer that points to any commit. A repository can have any number
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of heads.
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### Stages of Git
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* Modified - Changes have been made to a file but file has not been committed to Git Database yet
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* Modified - Changes have been made to a file but file has not been committed
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to Git Database yet
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* Staged - Marks a modified file to go into your next commit snapshot
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* Committed - Files have been committed to the Git Database
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@ -99,14 +105,12 @@ head is a pointer that points to any commit. A repository can have any number of
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* [Git For Computer Scientists](http://eagain.net/articles/git-for-computer-scientists/)
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* [Git For Designers](http://hoth.entp.com/output/git_for_designers.html)
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## Commands
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### init
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Create an empty Git repository. The Git repository's settings, stored information,
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and more is stored in a directory (a folder) named ".git".
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Create an empty Git repository. The Git repository's settings, stored
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information, and more is stored in a directory (a folder) named ".git".
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```bash
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$ git init
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@ -117,7 +121,6 @@ $ git init
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To configure settings. Whether it be for the repository, the system itself,
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or global configurations ( global config file is `~/.gitconfig` ).
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```bash
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# Print & Set Some Basic Config Variables (Global)
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$ git config --global user.email "MyEmail@Zoho.com"
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@ -158,13 +161,11 @@ $ echo "temp/" >> .gitignore
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$ echo "private_key" >> .gitignore
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```
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### status
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To show differences between the index file (basically your working copy/repo)
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and the current HEAD commit.
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```bash
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# Will display the branch, untracked files, changes and other differences
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$ git status
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@ -175,8 +176,8 @@ $ git help status
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### add
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To add files to the staging area/index. If you do not `git add` new files to the
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staging area/index, they will not be included in commits!
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To add files to the staging area/index. If you do not `git add` new files to
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the staging area/index, they will not be included in commits!
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```bash
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# add a file in your current working directory
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@ -194,7 +195,8 @@ working directory/repo.
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### branch
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Manage your branches. You can view, edit, create, delete branches using this command.
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Manage your branches. You can view, edit, create, delete branches using this
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command.
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```bash
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# list existing branches & remotes
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@ -221,54 +223,64 @@ Manage your tags
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```bash
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# List tags
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$ git tag
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# Create a annotated tag
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# The -m specifies a tagging message,which is stored with the tag.
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# If you don’t specify a message for an annotated tag,
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# Git launches your editor so you can type it in.
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$ git tag -a v2.0 -m 'my version 2.0'
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# Show info about tag
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# That shows the tagger information, the date the commit was tagged,
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# and the annotation message before showing the commit information.
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$ git show v2.0
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# Push a single tag to remote
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$ git push origin v2.0
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# Push a lot of tags to remote
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$ git push origin --tags
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```
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### checkout
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Updates all files in the working tree to match the version in the index, or specified tree.
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Updates all files in the working tree to match the version in the index, or
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specified tree.
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```bash
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# Checkout a repo - defaults to master branch
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$ git checkout
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# Checkout a specified branch
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$ git checkout branchName
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# Create a new branch & switch to it
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# equivalent to "git branch <name>; git checkout <name>"
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$ git checkout -b newBranch
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```
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### clone
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Clones, or copies, an existing repository into a new directory. It also adds
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remote-tracking branches for each branch in the cloned repo, which allows you to push
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to a remote branch.
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remote-tracking branches for each branch in the cloned repo, which allows you
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to push to a remote branch.
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```bash
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# Clone learnxinyminutes-docs
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$ git clone https://github.com/adambard/learnxinyminutes-docs.git
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# shallow clone - faster cloning that pulls only latest snapshot
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$ git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/adambard/learnxinyminutes-docs.git
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# clone only a specific branch
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$ git clone -b master-cn https://github.com/adambard/learnxinyminutes-docs.git --single-branch
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```
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### commit
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Stores the current contents of the index in a new "commit." This commit contains
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the changes made and a message created by the user.
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Stores the current contents of the index in a new "commit." This commit
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contains the changes made and a message created by the user.
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```bash
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# commit with a message
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@ -383,7 +395,8 @@ $ git pull origin master
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$ git pull
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# Merge in changes from remote branch and rebase
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# branch commits onto your local repo, like: "git pull <remote> <branch>, git rebase <branch>"
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# branch commits onto your local repo, like: "git pull <remote> <branch>, git
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# rebase <branch>"
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$ git pull origin master --rebase
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```
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@ -409,8 +422,8 @@ $ git push
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### stash
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Stashing takes the dirty state of your working directory and saves it on a stack
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of unfinished changes that you can reapply at any time.
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Stashing takes the dirty state of your working directory and saves it on a
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stack of unfinished changes that you can reapply at any time.
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Let's say you've been doing some work in your git repo, but you want to pull
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from the remote. Since you have dirty (uncommited) changes to some files, you
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@ -441,7 +454,8 @@ nothing to commit, working directory clean
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```
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You can see what "hunks" you've stashed so far using `git stash list`.
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Since the "hunks" are stored in a Last-In-First-Out stack, our most recent change will be at top.
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Since the "hunks" are stored in a Last-In-First-Out stack, our most recent
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change will be at top.
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```bash
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$ git stash list
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@ -471,7 +485,8 @@ Now you're ready to get back to work on your stuff!
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### rebase (caution)
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Take all changes that were committed on one branch, and replay them onto another branch.
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Take all changes that were committed on one branch, and replay them onto
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another branch.
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*Do not rebase commits that you have pushed to a public repo*.
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```bash
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@ -485,8 +500,8 @@ $ git rebase master experimentBranch
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### reset (caution)
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Reset the current HEAD to the specified state. This allows you to undo merges,
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pulls, commits, adds, and more. It's a great command but also dangerous if you don't
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know what you are doing.
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pulls, commits, adds, and more. It's a great command but also dangerous if you
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don't know what you are doing.
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```bash
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# Reset the staging area, to match the latest commit (leaves dir unchanged)
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@ -504,11 +519,12 @@ $ git reset 31f2bb1
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# after the specified commit).
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$ git reset --hard 31f2bb1
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```
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### revert
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Revert can be used to undo a commit. It should not be confused with reset which restores
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the state of a project to a previous point. Revert will add a new commit which is the
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inverse of the specified commit, thus reverting it.
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Revert can be used to undo a commit. It should not be confused with reset which
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restores the state of a project to a previous point. Revert will add a new
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commit which is the inverse of the specified commit, thus reverting it.
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```bash
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# Revert a specified commit
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@ -550,4 +566,3 @@ $ git rm /pather/to/the/file/HelloWorld.c
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* [Pro Git](http://www.git-scm.com/book/en/v2)
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* [An introduction to Git and GitHub for Beginners (Tutorial)](http://product.hubspot.com/blog/git-and-github-tutorial-for-beginners)
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